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HEAT: Horizontal Moveable Energy-efficient Adaptive Threshold-Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks
Abstract
Approaches of using Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBASN) in health care applications are getting much popularity. WBASN is a hot topic among the research community. Our proposed Horizontal moveable Energy-efficient Adaptive Threshold-based (HEAT) protocol is well suited for horizontally moving (walking) human body. The on body nodes attached at arms and legs of human body move forward and backward to sink during horizontal movement. We use direct communication for emergency data and multi-hop communication strategy for normal data transmission. Simulation results show that our proposed protocol performs better in terms of stability period and network lifetime. The stability period of HEAT is comparative with direct communication, while it outperforms direct commu-nication in term of network lifetime.
... As a result, in WBAN, energy-efficient solutions are required to increase network's stability period, and, as a result, its enhance network lifetime [33]. ...
In this paper, we have reviewed and presented a critical overview of "energy-efficient and reliable routing solutions" in the field of wireless body area networks (WBANs). In addition, we have theoretically analysed the importance of energy efficiency and reliability and how it affects the stability and lifetime of WBANs. WBAN is a type of wireless sensor network (WSN) that is unique, wherever energy-efficient operations are one of the prime challenges, because each sensor node operates on battery, and where an excessive amount of communication consumes more energy than perceiving. Moreover, timely and reliable data delivery is essential in all WBAN applications. Moreover, the most frequent types of energy-efficient routing protocols include crosslayer, thermal-aware, cluster-based, quality-of-service, and postural movement-based routing protocols. According to the literature review, clustering-based routing algorithms are the best choice for WBAhinwidth, and low memory WBAN, in terms of more computational overhead and complexity. Thus, the routing techniques used in WBAN should be capable of energy-efficient communication at desired reliability to ensure the improved stability period and network lifetime. Therefore, we have highlighted and critically analysed various performance issues of the existing "energy-efficient and reliable routing solutions" for WBANs. Furthermore, we identified and compiled a tabular representation of the reviewed solutions based on the most appropriate strategy and performance parameters for WBAN. Finally, concerning to reliability and energy efficiency in WBANs, we outlined a number of issues and challenges that needs further consideration while devising new solutions for clustered-based WBANs.
... Here, nodes implanted closer to the sink node forward data of their follower nodes. According to HEAT [6] initially, all nodes are informed of the sink position. TDMA assigns a schedule activity to each node of the network. ...
According to the World Health Organization, most of the world population is affected by chronic diseases, obesity, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes while another dominant problem is of aging population. Thus, it is desirable to have cost effective solutions for health monitoring, especially for countries that have minimum conventionally trained healthcare staff and infrastructure. Healthcare has shifted from hospital dominant services to patient dominant services which has thrived WBANs to provide ubiquitous health monitoring by virtue of wearable or implantable sensor nodes that commonly monitor biological signals. As the society becomes more health conscious, WBANs have the potential to revolutionize the way people integrate their health and information technology. Hence, WBANs are desired to strengthen conventional healthcare systems. Notwithstanding the current achievements, technological advances, proposed solutions and commercialized products; WBANs still experience many obstacles in their foolproof adoption. This paper surveys the plethora of WBAN applications and network architecture in detail used for data collection, data transmission and data analysis that form sensor analyst system in the realm of Internet of Things. Wireless communicational technologies are also discussed in this paper. Also, we have categorized the routing protocols and have provided with their critical qualitative analysis. Towards the end we discuss several projects in the field of WBANs and some open research areas. These findings on how the sensor nodes, newest routing protocols and data analysis techniques influence ubiquitous health monitoring sets this survey apart from the already existing surveys on WBANs.
Wireless body area network (WBANs) is a recent and emerging technology for medical health monitoring wireless communication system. Its provides short range communication between the body surface and the wireless access point. Channel characteristics of WBAN is very peculiar one compare to others wireless channels, particularly when human body rotates and interferences of others human body shadowing and their own shadows. In this papers analysis the characteristics of recently proposed off-body WBAN channels can be achieved by modeling of channels and improved bit error performances when human body rotates as well as shadowing. In order to avoid the above demerits it is important to obtain the improved bit error performances, additionally another receive antenna is attached to the back side of human body. And also various diversity schemes where used to analyze the each performances of WBAN. Index Terms-wireless body areas networks (WBANs), off body channels, Rician K-factor, Diversity schemes.
In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol for heterogeneous Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks (WBASNs); Mobility-supporting Adaptive Threshold-based Thermal-aware Energy-efficient Multi-hop ProTocol (M-ATTEMPT). A prototype is defined for employing heterogeneous sensors on human body. Direct communication is used for real-time traffic (critical data) or on-demand data while Multi-hop communication is used for normal data delivery. One of the prime challenges in WBASNs is sensing of the heat generated by the implanted sensor nodes. The proposed routing algorithm is thermal-aware which senses the link Hot-spot and routes the data away from these links. Continuous mobility of human body causes disconnection between previous established links. So, mobility support and energy-management is introduced to overcome the problem. Linear Programming (LP) model for maximum information extraction and minimum energy consumption is presented in this study. MATLAB simulations of proposed routing algorithm are performed for lifetime and successful packet delivery in comparison with Multi-hop communication. The results show that the proposed routing algorithm has less energy consumption and more reliable as compared to Multi-hop communication.
Global routing protocols in wireless body area networks are considered. Global routing is augmented with a novel link cost function designed to balance energy consumption across the network. The result is a substantial increase in network lifetime at the expense of a marginal increase in energy per bit. Network maintenance requirements are reduced as well, since balancing energy consumption means all batteries need to be serviced at the same time and less frequently. The proposed routing protocol is evaluated using a hardware experimental setup comprising multiple nodes and an access point. The setup is used to assess network architectures, including an on-body access point and an off-body access point with varying number of antennas. Real-time experiments are conducted in indoor environments to assess performance gains. In addition, the setup is used to record channel attenuation data which are then processed in extensive computer simulations providing insight on the effect of protocol parameters on performance. Results demonstrate efficient balancing of energy consumption across all nodes, an average increase of up to 40% in network lifetime corresponding to a modest average increase of 0.4 dB in energy per bit, and a cutoff effect on required transmission power to achieve reliable connectivity.
Wireless body area networks (WBANs) have gained a lot of interest in the world of medical monitoring. Current implementations generally use a large single hop network to connect all sensors to a personal server. However recent research pointed out that multihop networks are more energy-efficient and even necessary when applied near the human body with inherent severe propagation loss. In this paper we present a slotted multihop approach to medium access control and routing in wireless body area networks, the wireless autonomous spanning tree protocol or WASP. It uses crosslayer techniques to achieve efficient distributed coordination of the separated wireless links. Traffic in the network is controlled by setting up a spanning tree and by broadcasting scheme messages over it that are used both by the parent and the children of each node in the tree. We analyze the performance of WASP and show the simulation results
Wireless body area networks (WBANs) have gained a lot of interest in the world of medical monitoring. Current implementations generally use a large single hop network to connect all sensors to a personal server. However recent research pointed out that multihop networks are more energy-efficient and even necessary when applied near the human body with inherent severe propagation loss. In this paper we present a slotted multihop approach to medium access control and routing in wireless body area networks, the wireless autonomous spanning tree protocol or WASP. It uses crosslayer techniques to achieve efficient distributed coordination of the separated wireless links. Traffic in the network is controlled by setting up a spanning tree and by broadcasting scheme messages over it that are used both by the parent and the children of each node in the tree. We analyze the performance of WASP and show the simulation results
The increasing use of wireless networks and the constant miniaturization of electrical devices has empowered the development
of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). In these networks various sensors are attached on clothing or on the body or even
implanted under the skin. The wireless nature of the network and the wide variety of sensors offer numerous new, practical
and innovative applications to improve health care and the Quality of Life. The sensors of a WBAN measure for example the
heartbeat, the body temperature or record a prolonged electrocardiogram. Using a WBAN, the patient experiences a greater physical
mobility and is no longer compelled to stay in the hospital. This paper offers a survey of the concept of Wireless Body Area
Networks. First, we focus on some applications with special interest in patient monitoring. Then the communication in a WBAN
and its positioning between the different technologies is discussed. An overview of the current research on the physical layer,
existing MAC and network protocols is given. Further, cross layer and quality of service is discussed. As WBANs are placed
on the human body and often transport private data, security is also considered. An overview of current and past projects
is given. Finally, the open research issues and challenges are pointed out.
TDMA is probably the best choice for an energy efficient multiple access protocol for wireless sensor networks. As such there exist many approaches of increased complexity, using different algorithms and combining information from other layers or multiple access techniques. There are many surveys detailing the protocols and their advantages and disadvantages, but we feel that they don't give a general image of TDMA techniques, which would be useful in choosing the protocol for a network deployment, or even for someone trying to develop a new MAC protocol. We analyze the different algorithms used in TDMA protocols and we present a list of characteristics that a robust TDMA protocol requires. We also give a brief survey of several protocols.
M-Health can be defined as “mobile computing, medical sensor, and communications technologies for health-care.” This emerging concept represents the evolution of e-health systems from traditional desktop “telemedicine” platforms to wireless and mobile configurations. Current and emerging developments in wireless communications integrated with developments in pervasive and wearable technologies will have a radical impact on future health-care delivery systems. This editorial paper presents a snapshot of recent developments in these areas and addresses some of the challenges and future implementation issues from the m-Health perspective. The contributions presented in this special section represent some of these recent developments and illustrate the multidisciplinary nature of this important and emerging concept.
In today's world, wireless sensor networks have become a very important and essential tool to solve many issues in human life. One of the issues is related to the healthcare and medical monitoring. Fortunately, as a subset of wireless sensor networks, wireless body area networks (WBANs) have been designed and developed to monitor the functions and surroundings of the human body. However, the sensor nodes used in WBANs are usually small in size and energy constrained, which means that the routing protocols designed for WBANs must consider the energy efficiency as one of design objectives. The main contribution of this paper is to review and discuss energy-aware routing protocols that have been proposed so far for WBANs. In this paper, we introduce the issues in the design of energy-aware routing protocols in WBANs and review the existing protocols. The comparative discussion of the protocols and their perspectives are also covered.
The growing number of patients with chronic diseases, the ageing population world wide, the rapid increase in hospital costs and in the cost of care personnel as well as the achieving medical objectives “increase the patient quality of life and survival” face Europe with a huge challenge. One of the solutions for reaching these challenges in the future is the deployment of complex eHealth systems in supporting information exchange between patients and healthcare providers. The eHealth systems architecture consists out of a series of components that are to be connected to each other. All these components have to be interoperable in order to reach a fully operational eHealth system. The interoperability is very difficult to achieve considering that the majority of components are designed and developed by various stakeholders. The paper does a thoroughly analysis of the interoperability state of the art concerning eHealth components. The results of the analysis indicates that the design and implementation of eHealth systems started to move slower into the right direction but without strong government or cross-border institutional regulations the objectives of obtaining a fully integrated and interoperable healthcare information infrastructure system is not possible.
In recent years, interests in the applications of Wireless Body Area Sensor
Network (WBASN) is noticeably developed. WBASN is playing a significant role to
get the real time and precise data with reduced level of energy consumption. It
comprises of tiny, lightweight and energy restricted sensors, placed in/on the
human body, to monitor any ambiguity in body organs and measure various
biomedical parameters. In this study, a protocol named Distance Aware Relaying
Energy-efficient (DARE) to monitor patients in multi-hop Body Area Sensor
Networks (BASNs) is proposed. The protocol operates by investigating the ward
of a hospital comprising of eight patients, under different topologies by
positioning the sink at different locations or making it static or mobile.
Seven sensors are attached to each patient, measuring different parameters of
Electrocardiogram (ECG), pulse rate, heart rate, temperature level, glucose
level, toxins level and motion. To reduce the energy consumption, these sensors
communicate with the sink via an on-body relay, affixed on the chest of each
patient. The body relay possesses higher energy resources as compared to the
body sensors as, they perform aggregation and relaying of data to the sink
node. A comparison is also conducted conducted with another protocol of BAN
named, Mobility-supporting Adaptive Threshold-based Thermal-aware
Energy-efficient Multi-hop ProTocol (M-ATTEMPT). The simulation results show
that, the proposed protocol achieves increased network lifetime and efficiently
reduces the energy consumption, in relative to M-ATTEMPT protocol.
Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBASN) is a technology employed mainly for
patient health monitoring. New research is being done to take the technology to
the next level i.e. player's fatigue monitoring in sports. Muscle fatigue is
the main cause of player's performance degradation. This type of fatigue can be
measured by sensing the accumulation of lactic acid in muscles. Excess of
lactic acid makes muscles feel lethargic. Keeping this in mind we propose a
protocol \underline{TH}reshold based \underline{E}nergy-efficient
\underline{FA}tigue \underline{ME}asurement (THE-FAME) for soccer players using
WBASN. In THE-FAME protocol, a composite parameter has been used that consists
of a threshold parameter for lactic acid accumulation and a parameter for
measuring distance covered by a particular player. When any parameters's value
in this composite parameter shows an increase beyond threshold, the players is
declared to be in a fatigue state. The size of battery and sensor should be
very small for the sake of players' best performance. These sensor nodes,
implanted inside player's body, are made energy efficient by using multiple
sinks instead of a single sink. Matlab simulation results show the
effectiveness of THE-FAME.
This work describes the implementation of a complete wireless body-area network (WBAN) system to deploy in medical environments. Issues related to hardware implementations, software and wireless protocol designs are addressed. In addition to reviewing and discussing the current attempts in wireless body area network technology, a WBAN system that has been designed for healthcare applications will be presented in detail herein. The wireless system in the WBAN uses medical bands to obtain physiological data from sensor nodes. The medical bands are selected to reduce the interference and thus increase the coexistence of sensor node devices with other network devices available at medical centers. The collected data is transferred to remote stations with a multi-hopping technique using the medical gateway wireless boards. The gateway nodes connect the sensor nodes to the local area network or the Internet. As such facilities are already available in medical centers; medical professions can access patients’ physiological signals anywhere in the medical center. The data can also be accessed outside the medical center as they will be made available online.
In recent years, interests in the application of Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) have grown considerably. Wireless Body Area Sensor networks consist of fixed sensor nodes. Sometimes, creating such a fixed sensor networks could be a daunting task. Wireless Body Area Sensor nodes assume deploying a stationary sensor network over a human body area. Even if an advanced method to make the deployment safer is used, diverse element will cause a coverage holes. Even though perfect coverage can be achieved initially, various factors such as body movements will certainly degrade network coverage as time goes on. However, mobile wireless body area sensor networks can solve some of the problems. Some node of mobile wireless body area sensor network has mobility. Mobility reinforces fault-tolerance and the scalability of the network. But conventional sensor routing protocols find it hard to deal with the mobile wireless body area sensor networks. Therefore, this study suggests an energy efficient routing scheme by using the location information of a global positioning system (GPS) and the energy levels of sensor nodes.
In this paper, measurements are performed on a real human using two half-wavelength dipoles, considering different parts of the human body separately. Path loss models are developed for the on- body channels along the arm and torso. The measurement results are verified with FDTD (Finite-Difference Time-Domain) simulations, using an anatomically correct configuration of the arms.
Using ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless sensors placed on a person to continuously monitor health information is a promising new application. However, there are currently no detailed models describing the UWB radio channel around the human body making it difficult to design a suitable communication system. To address this problem, we have measured radio propagation around the body in a typical indoor environment and incorporated these results into a simple model. We then implemented this model on a computer and compared experimental data with the simulation results. This paper proposes a simple statistical channel model and a practical implementation useful for evaluating UWB body area communication systems.
Sensors and Actuators A: Physical
- For Healthcare Systems
for healthcare systems, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Volume 162, Issue 1, July 2010, Pages 116-129, ISSN 0924-4247,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2010.06.004.