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CEMob: Critical Data Transmission in Emergency with Mobility Support in WBANs
Abstract
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are playing promising role in healthcare field by allowing remote monitoring of patients. In such networks, designing a energy efficient routing topology is of main concern. For this purpose, we propose CEMob; Critical data transmission in Emergency with Mobil-ity support in WBANs, as a routing layer protocol. CEMob avoid continuous transmission of information, thereby, preserving nodes' energy. Simulation results of CEMob are compared with that of contemporary routing protocols i.e. ATTEMPT and RE-ATTEMPT. Comparison justify that CEMob has reduced energy consumption and is more efficient than the compared protocols.
... Nevertheless, uniterrupted information communication resulted extra energy consumption. [13] proposed CeMob which enhances M-ATTEPT and RE-ATTEMPT by infrequent transmission of information. The improvement was arrived at by comparing the non-emergency data to the previously sense non-emergency data and if there is a diffence, the data is sent, if there is no difference, the transmission is ignored. ...
... This section analyzes the performance of NEAT protocol in terms of performance metrics such as Network lifetime and Throughput. Firstly, the performance was analyzed with MATLAB computing environment whereby our work was compared with the works of [12] and [13]. The performance metrics used in the comparison are Network lifetime, stability period and Throughput. ...
... Network lifetime is referred to as the active period of the network all through which it can accomplish the dedicated task(s) and stability duration is typically described as the time when the network starts operating to the time the first node in the network dies. Fig. 3 shows that NEAT has a higher stability duration than the works proposed in [13] and [12]. This is as a result of ignoring of regular-data transmission and avoidance of continuous transmission which are implemented in our proposed protocol. ...
... Nevertheless, uniterrupted information communication resulted extra energy consumption. [13] proposed CeMob which enhances M-ATTEPT and RE-ATTEMPT by infrequent transmission of information. The improvement was arrived at by comparing the non-emergency data to the previously sense non-emergency data and if there is a diffence, the data is sent, if there is no difference, the transmission is ignored. ...
... This section analyzes the performance of NEAT protocol in terms of performance metrics such as Network lifetime and Throughput. Firstly, the performance was analyzed with MATLAB computing environment whereby our work was compared with the works of [12] and [13]. The performance metrics used in the comparison are Network lifetime, stability period and Throughput. ...
... Network lifetime is referred to as the active period of the network all through which it can accomplish the dedicated task(s) and stability duration is typically described as the time when the network starts operating to the time the first node in the network dies. Fig. 3 shows that NEAT has a higher stability duration than the works proposed in [13] and [12]. This is as a result of ignoring of regular-data transmission and avoidance of continuous transmission which are implemented in our proposed protocol. ...
... A.Ahmad et al, [10] proposed a routing protocol for delivery of normal data and emergency data using single and multihop communication. ...
... Energy consumed in multi-hop communication is given as: (10) In eq. 10, number of hops denoted by h and d enotes energy consumed in data aggregation. denotes energy consumed in receiving data. ...
In wireless body area networks (WBANs), movement of nodes plays a very important role in designing an energy efficient routing algorithm. The topology of a BAN changes due to the movement of nodes, the distance between the nodes and sink varies and also energy consumption of the nodes also changes. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient threshold based data transmission using forwarder node technique based on mobility of nodes for heterogeneous wireless body area networks. Data transmission takes place only if threshold conditions applied for the data to be transmitted and required energy for data transmission are satisfied, thereby individual nodes energy is preserved. Child node selects parent node as a forwarder node based on cost function metric with high residual energy and less distance node for a successful data transmission to sink. Comparison results are obtained using MATLAB tool, justifies that MT-SIMPLE has less energy consumption, path loss, propagation delay and is more efficient in terms of stability, residual energy and throughput compared to existing protocols.
... Authors in [9] proposed a routing protocol with mobility support called CEM ob. The proposed routing strategy is based on a minimum hop counts metric. ...
... EAWD does not consider different traffic classes as done in [9]. Then, in Enhanced EAWD we will explicitly express the traffic class in the model, by considering both normal and emergency traffic. ...
In recent years, Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) have gained increasing interest in the research community and become an emerging technology, especially in healthcare services. This position paper focuses on the energy optimization issue and the joint routing and MAC protocols in WBANs. We extend upon our previous model on the Energy-Aware Topology Design for WBANs (EAWD), so as to include PHY and MAC-layer WBAN specifications. Indeed, EAWD model considered the topology constraints by minimizing the number of relay nodes, in order to reduce the total energy consumption, as well as the total network installation cost. Yet, EAWD involved quite rough assumptions, omitting overhead considerations, due to MAC routing and physical clear channel assessment problems. Therefore, we first introduce the EAWD model and discuss its limitations. Then, we present our proposal, the Enhanced EAWD (EEAWD), and assess its performance through a synthesis comparison with EAWD and related proposals in the literature.
... Single-hop (star) and multihop (mesh) topologies can be both used for intra-WBAN. Although single-hop strategy could be basically sufficient considering the supported range and human body dimensions, multi-hop strategy, even if more complex in realization, might be however necessary for reliability reasons especially in outdoor settings [7], moreover, it was reported that multi-hop in addition to possibly reducing diffraction-caused path losses, contributes in the well-distribution of power consumption among sensors [25], as it was done for the energy-efficient routing protocol in [26]; a comparison between single and multi hop topologies can be consulted in [25]. For this, adaptation of short range communication technology for such situations as previously seen might need the implementation of additional protocols through advanced features, as it was done for 802.15.1 LE in [27] for example. ...
... If for example, in a given application, some of the data historization at remote side is not used while their processing is not complex, this latter can be performed at the base station and only emergency data or alerts are transmitted such as in [2], whereas for the rest of data, a periodic transmission can still be performed. Another examples are to proceed to the transmission only if values changed, or also to differentiate between in-home and outdoor communications in the way that in in-home where remote connectivity can be costless, all data can be transmitted periodically while in outdoor where transmission's cost is more important, thresholds can be for example used and only data exceeding this latter are sent [26,35]; or, only data that might need a remote processing for computing power needs for example are transmitted. Appropriate transmission scheme would therefore depend on data processing, prioritization and real-time requirements. ...
The aim of this work is to investigate main techniques and technologies enabling user's mobility in wearable health monitoring systems. For this, design requirements for key enabling mechanisms are pointed out, and a number of conceptual and technological recommendations are presented. The whole is schematized and presented into the form of a design framework covering design layers and taking in consideration patient context constraints. This work aspires to bring a further contribution for the conception and possibly the evaluation of health monitoring systems with full support of mobility offering freedom to users while enhancing their life quality
... Results showed higher throughput and minimum energy consumption. In extension to the previous work, Yousaf et al. (2014b) proposed a data communication technique for mobile nodes in the WBAN. The number of neighbour nodes in the path is limited. ...
... Results showed higher throughput and minimum energy consumption. In extension to the previous work, Yousaf et al. (2014b) proposed a data communication technique for mobile nodes in the WBAN. The number of neighbour nodes in the path is limited. ...
... The main drawback of this protocol is when a node is disconnected from its current parent, it will be affected a new parent which will introduce extra energy consumption and delay. In [224], authors propose a routing protocol with mobility support CEMob which is an improvement of [93]. The proposed routing strategy is based on a minimum hop counts metric. ...
The rapid advances in sensors and ultra-low power wireless communication has enabled a new generation of wireless sensor networks: Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN).
In WBAN, tiny devices, deployed in/on or around human body, are able to detect and collect the physiological phenomena of the human body (such as: temperature, blood pressure, ECG, SpO2, etc.), and transmit this information to a collector point (i.e Sink) that will process it, take decisions, alert and reply.
WBAN is a recent challenging area. There are several concerns in this area ranging from energy efficient communication to designing delay efficient protocols that support nodes dynamic induced by human body mobility. Links have a very short range and a quality that varies with the wearer’s posture. The transmission power is kept low to improve devices autonomy and to reduce wearers electromagnetic exposition. Consequently, the effect of body absorption, reflections and interference cannot be neglected and it is difficult to maintain a direct link (one-hop) between the Sink and all WBAN nodes. Thus, multi-hop communication represents a viable alternative.
In this work we investigate energy-efficient multi-hop communication protocols in WBAN. We are interested in WBAN where sensors are placed on the body. We focus on two communication primitives: broadcast and converge-cast. We analyze several strategies inspired from the area of DTN and WSN. These investigations open new and challenging research directions to design novel protocols for multi-hop communication including a cross-layer approach.
... Results showed a higher throughput and minimum energy consumption. A data communication technique for mobile nodes in the WBAN is proposed in [24]. The amount of neighbor nodes in the path is limited and the emergency information was transmitted by the use of data comparison techniques. ...
In current study and design, the technology used in wireless body area networks has revolutionized the future of healthcare systems by remote and personalized monitoring to improve diagnosis and evolution of many pervasive diseases at early stages. In this paper, we proposed an energy-efficient computing technique to transmit the emergency data during critical conditions using bio-sensors and highly advanced nodes. During transmission and communication, energy consumption is minimized by applied threshold values to the sensed data and found the most efficient path using the cost value metric to decrease the energy consumption of the entire network. For optimizing energy constraints and to maintain a balance throughout the network lifetime, a suitable transceiver characteristic is selected and used in the design. Obtained results exhibit an increased stability period, network lifetime, throughput, remaining energy after data communication and a reduction in path loss, propagation delay compared to existing advanced node direct and multi-hop routing techniques. © 2018
... Small and smart sensors are attached to the human body as a result of the development of microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems. These devices collect vital signs of patient and send them to medical personnel such as pharmacists and nurses for more experiments and analysis [2,3]. ...
Due to increasing developments of medical science, early detection and receiving exact information in treatment of diseases and even preventing them are very important. Body Area Networks (BANs), a subset of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), can deliver vital signs of patients to physician by collecting and analysis of patients' data and with applying different types of medical sensors. In this paper, a new link aware and energy efficient routing algorithm is introduced. In this algorithm, packets are divided into two categories: high-priority and low-priority packets and used for efficient next hop selection node. Selecting the next hop node based on the parameters such as the number of hops, delay and path loss is carried out. Results of simulation show that proposed algorithm improve average energy consumption and throughput compared to the similar routing algorithm.
... In addition to them, there is still remaining research work to address the other issues such as unbalanced energy consumption. [28] to prevent duplicated data transmission by taking priority of packets. In CEMob, two types of communications, single-hop and multi-hop communications, are adaptively selected according to a person's movement. ...
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) have attracted research interests from the community, as more promising healthcare applications have a tendency to employ them as underlying network technology. While taking design issues, such as small size hardware as well as low power computing, into account, a lot of research has been proposed to accomplish the given tasks in WBAN. However, since most of the existing works are basically developed by assuming all nodes in the static state, these schemes therefore cannot be applied in real scenarios where network topology between sensor nodes changes frequently and unexpectedly according to human moving behavior. However, as far as the authors know, there is no survey paper to focus on research challenges for mobility support in WBAN yet. To address this deficiency, in this paper, we present the state-of-the-art approaches and discuss the important features of related to mobility in WBAN. We give an overview of mobility model and categorize the models as individual and group. Furthermore, an overview of networking techniques in the recent literature and summary are compiled for comparison in several aspects. The article also suggests potential directions for future research in the field.
In the current era of wireless body area network (WBAN), pervasive computing technology brings healthcare to a new level of personalization. Integrating this kind of energy‐efficient routing protocol networks with the more advanced and emerging technologies like mobile phones and personal digital assistance devices (PDAs) makes the network more fascinating and advanced toward the growth and rapid delivery of critical data with less amount of energy during data transmission. In this chapter, we proposed a novel energy‐efficient computing method called threshold‐based routing protocol to route the critical data in WBANs during emergency condition. Biosensors are deployed to fixed locations on the human body to measure important vital signs and perform computing in a regular and continuous manner. Different threshold values are assigned for heterogeneous biosensors, based on the values assigned data is generated for transmission to the sink in case of critical health condition. During transmission, energy condition has to be satisfied to reach the sink. Based on the changes in threshold condition, data is generated and forwarded to the sink. Cost function parameter is used for the selection of intermediate node/forwarder node (FN) based on the maximum residual energy and less distance between the nodes. Thus, there is a balance between energy consumption among the nodes and successful packet distribution to the sink. Simulation is performed using MATLAB tool and obtained results exhibit that our proposed work enhances the stability period, network lifetime, throughput to sink, and residual energy of nodes.
Energy efficient and reliable communication is extremely crucial in most of the applications of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). Communication between sensor nodes is the major cause of energy consumption that limits the network lifetime, and hence, disrupts WBAN's operation. Moreover, unreliability in wireless communication caused by the channel impairments, such as shadowing and fading, further exacerbate the situation. In this thesis, we investigate a multi-hop and three cooperative routing schemes to improve Energy Efficiency (EE) and reliability of WBANs. Firstly, we propose a protocol; Critical data transmission in Emergency with Mobility support in WBANs (CEMob), which utilizes both single-hop and multi-hop communication modes and avoids continuous data transmission to preserve energy of sensor nodes. Performance comparison of CEMob is made with contemporary routing protocols, Adaptive Threshold based Thermal-aware Energy-efficient Multi-hop ProTocol (ATTEMPT) and Reliability Enhanced-Adaptive Threshold based Thermal-unaware Energy-efficient Multi-hop ProTocol (RE-ATTEMPT). Simulation results show that CEMob is 71% and 55% more energy efficient than ATTEMPT and RE-ATTEMPT, respectively. Later on, to improve the achieved throughput by CEMob, we introduce the concept of cooperative routing in Cooperative Critical data transmission in Emergency for Static WBANs (Co-CEStat). In this protocol, network throughput is enhanced by propagating independent signal through different paths. Simulation results reveal that Co-CEStat has 51% and 52% more throughput than its counterpart protocols, RE-CEStat (static CEMob) and RE-ATTEMPT, respectively. Availability of multiple links, for the propagation of same data, increases reliability of network at the cost of extra energy consumption by cooperative nodes. To improve EE and Packet Error Rate (PER) of Co-CEStat, we further analyze incremental cooperative communication schemes with different number of relays. We propose a new incremental cooperative communication scheme with 3-
stage relaying and compare it with already existing incremental cooperative schemes in literature. Taking
into account the effect of PER, analytical expressions for EE of proposed 3-stage cooperative
communication scheme are also derived. Our proposed scheme proves to be more reliable with less PER
at the cost of some extra energy consumption. In the last, 3-stage incremental relaying and contemporary
2-stage incremental relaying schemes are implemented in two routing protocols; Incremental Cooperative
Critical data transmission in Emergency for Static WBANs (InCo-CEStat) and Enhanced InCo-CEStat
(EInCo-CEStat), respectively. Simulation results of incremental cooperative protocols are compared with
Co-CEStat and it is observed that incremental cooperation is more energy efficient than cooperation
approach utilized in Co-CEStat. Results also reveal that EInCo-CEStat proves to be more reliable than
InCo-CEStat with 12% more throughput and has less PER by providing three redundant links for a source
node. Whereas, InCo-CEStat proves to be more energy efficient with 24% more stability period than
EInCo-CEStat, by utilizing two cooperative links for a single source node.
Wireless body area network (WBAN) is a network composed of tiny sensor nodes that can be placed on/in/around the body to measure physiological parameters in real time and transmit it through the Internet to a caregiver. The main aim of WBAN is to improve the overall quality of life. However, limited battery life is a major constraint especially for in vivo sensors since replacing and recharging the battery are not always feasible. Hence, EN-NEAT (ENhanced eNergy-efficient threshold based Emergency dAta Transmission) protocol is proposed in this work which is energy efficient, reliable and has high throughput. Furthermore, EN-NEAT utilizes multi-hop communication to reduce energy depletion and maximizes network longevity by: Firstly, avoiding the transmission of normal data. Secondly, comparing the sensed information, and if there is a variation, a transmission occurs, otherwise no transmission occurs. Lastly, a minimum cost function was proposed to carefully choose parent or forwarder node that has the highest residual energy and the shortest distance to sink. In addition, we model our proposed protocol mathematically using linear programming for the maximization of network lifetime, minimization of continuous data transmission and minimization of end-to-end delay. Our MATLAB simulation results prove that EN-NEAT protocol outperforms the compared routing protocols.
Wireless sensor networks consist of low power lightweight sensor nodes that are often placed remotely for applications like wildlife monitoring, rainforest monitoring, military surveillance, forest fire detection etc. Here energy is a critical issue as nodes cannot be recharged and/or replaced frequently. In this paper we propose an energy efficient hierarchical routing protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks to increase network lifetime. Here the cluster head is selected based on the residual energy, distance of the node from the base station, how recently the node was selected as cluster-head etc. Along with this, the proposed solution can also detect malicious nodes in the network and can prevent them from becoming cluster heads. The simulation results show that proposed solution provides good performance in terms of extending network lifetime, uniform selection of nodes as cluster head that eliminates the probability of a single node from draining away its power by its repetitive selection as a cluster head.
In this paper, we propose Energy-efficient Adaptive Scheme for Transmission (EAST) in WSNs. EAST is IEEE 802.15.4 standard compliant. In this approach, open-loop is used for temperature-aware link quality estimation and compensation. Whereas, closed-loop feedback helps to divide network into three logical regions to minimize overhead of control packets on basis of Threshold transmitter power loss (RSSI loss) for each region and current number of neighbor nodes that help to adapt transmit power according to link quality changes due to temperature variation. Simulation results show that pro-pose scheme; EAST effectively adapts transmission power to changing link quality with less control packets overhead and energy consumption compared to classical approach with sin-gle region in which maximum transmitter power assigned to compensate temperature variation. Index Terms— IEEE 802.15.4; Link quality; Transmitter
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) represent one of the most promising approaches for improving the quality of life, allowing remote patient monitoring and other healthcare applications. In such networks, traffic routing plays an important role together with the positioning of relay nodes, which collect the information from biosensors and send it towards the sinks. This work investigates the optimal design of wireless body area networks by studying the joint data routing and relay positioning problem in a WBAN, in order to increase the network lifetime. To this end, we propose an integer linear programming model which optimizes the number and location of relays to be deployed and the data routing towards the sinks, minimizing both the network installation cost and the energy consumed by wireless sensors and relays. We solve the proposed model in realistic WBAN scenarios, and discuss the effect of different parameters on the characteristics of the planned networks. Numerical results demonstrate that our model can design energy-efficient and cost-effective wireless body area networks in a very short computing time, thus representing an interesting framework for the WBAN planning problem.
Modern health care system is one of the most popular Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBASN) applications and a hot area of research subject to present work. In this paper, we present Reliability Enhanced-Adaptive Threshold based Thermal-unaware Energy-efficient Multi-hop ProTocol (RE-ATTEMPT) for WBASNs. The proposed routing protocol uses fixed deployment of wireless sensors (nodes) such that these are placed according to energy levels. Moreover, we use direct communication for the delivery of emergency data and multihop communication for the delivery of normal data. RE-ATTEMPT selects route with minimum hop count to deliver data which downplays the delay factor. Furthermore, we conduct a comprehensive analysis supported by MATLAB simulations to provide an estimation of path loss, and problem formulation with its solution via linear programming model for network lifetime maximization is also provided. In simulations, we analyze our protocol in terms of network lifetime, packet drops, and throughput. Results show better performance for the proposed protocol as compared to the existing one.
In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol for heterogeneous Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks (WBASNs); Mobility-supporting Adaptive Threshold-based Thermal-aware Energy-efficient Multi-hop ProTocol (M-ATTEMPT). A prototype is defined for employing heterogeneous sensors on human body. Direct communication is used for real-time traffic (critical data) or on-demand data while Multi-hop communication is used for normal data delivery. One of the prime challenges in WBASNs is sensing of the heat generated by the implanted sensor nodes. The proposed routing algorithm is thermal-aware which senses the link Hot-spot and routes the data away from these links. Continuous mobility of human body causes disconnection between previous established links. So, mobility support and energy-management is introduced to overcome the problem. Linear Programming (LP) model for maximum information extraction and minimum energy consumption is presented in this study. MATLAB simulations of proposed routing algorithm are performed for lifetime and successful packet delivery in comparison with Multi-hop communication. The results show that the proposed routing algorithm has less energy consumption and more reliable as compared to Multi-hop communication.
Advances in wireless communication, system on chip and low power sensor nodes
allowed realization of Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). WBAN comprised of
tiny sensors, which collect information of patient's vital signs and provide a
real time feedback. In addition, WBAN also supports many applications including
Ubiquitous HealthCare (UHC), entertainment, gaming, military, etc. UHC is
required by elderly people to facilitate them with instant monitoring anywhere
they move around. In this paper, different standards used in WBAN were also
discussed briefly. Path loss in WBAN and its impact on communication was
presented with the help of simulations, which were performed for different
models of In-Body communication and different factors (such as, attenuation,
frequency, distance etc) influencing path loss in On-Body communications.
The term wireless body area network (WBAN) is used to describe a network of devices connected wirelessly for communication on, in and near the body. In this paper, we survey the current state of various aspects of WBAN technologies that are being used in healthcare applications. In particular, we examine the following areas: monitoring and sensing, power efficient protocols, system architectures, routing, and security. We conclude by discussing open research issues, their potential solutions and future trends.
The distributed nature and dynamic topology of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) introduces very special requirements in routing protocols that should be met. The most important feature of a routing protocol, in order to be efficient for WSNs, is the energy consumption and the extension of the network's lifetime. During the recent years, many energy efficient routing protocols have been proposed for WSNs. In this paper, energy efficient routing protocols are classified into four main schemes: Network Structure, Communication Model, Topology Based and Reliable Routing. The routing protocols belonging to the first category can be further classified as flat or hierarchical. The routing protocols belonging to the second category can be further classified as Query-based or Coherent and non-coherent-based or Negotiation-based. The routing protocols belonging to the third category can be further classified as Location-based or Mobile Agent-based. The routing protocols belonging to the fourth category can be further classified as QoS-based or Multipath-based. Then, an analytical survey on energy efficient routing protocols for WSNs is provided. In this paper, the classification initially proposed by Al-Karaki, is expanded, in order to enhance all the proposed papers since 2004 and to better describe which issues/operations in each protocol illustrate/enhance the energy-efficiency issues.
With increase in ageing population, health care market keeps growing.
There is a need for monitoring of health issues. Wireless Body Area
Network (WBAN) consists of wireless sensors attached on or inside human
body for monitoring vital health related problems e.g, Electro
Cardiogram (ECG), Electro Encephalogram (EEG), ElectronyStagmography
(ENG) etc. Due to life threatening situations, timely sending of data is
essential. For data to reach health care center, there must be a proper
way of sending data through reliable connection and with minimum delay.
In this paper transmission delay of different paths, through which data
is sent from sensor to health care center over heterogeneous multi-hop
wireless channel is analyzed. Data of medical related diseases is sent
through three different paths. In all three paths, data from sensors
first reaches ZigBee, which is the common link in all three paths.
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access (WiMAX), Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
(UMTS) are connected with ZigBee. Each network (WLAN, WiMAX, UMTS) is
setup according to environmental conditions, suitability of device and
availability of structure for that device. Data from these networks is
sent to IP-Cloud, which is further connected to health care center.
Delay of data reaching each device is calculated and represented
graphically. Main aim of this paper is to calculate delay of each link
in each path over multi-hop wireless channel.
Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks (WBASNs) consist of on-body or in-body
sensors placed on human body for health monitoring. Energy conservation of
these sensors, while guaranteeing a required level of performance, is a
challenging task. Energy efficient routing schemes are designed for the
longevity of network lifetime. In this paper, we propose a routing protocol for
measuring fatigue of a soldier. Three sensors are attached to soldier's body
that monitor specific parameters. Our proposed protocol is an event driven
protocol and takes three scenarios for measuring the fatigue of a soldier. We
evaluate our proposed work in terms of network lifetime, throughput, remaining
energy of sensors and fatigue of a soldier.
In recent years, interests in the applications of Wireless Body Area Sensor
Network (WBASN) is noticeably developed. WBASN is playing a significant role to
get the real time and precise data with reduced level of energy consumption. It
comprises of tiny, lightweight and energy restricted sensors, placed in/on the
human body, to monitor any ambiguity in body organs and measure various
biomedical parameters. In this study, a protocol named Distance Aware Relaying
Energy-efficient (DARE) to monitor patients in multi-hop Body Area Sensor
Networks (BASNs) is proposed. The protocol operates by investigating the ward
of a hospital comprising of eight patients, under different topologies by
positioning the sink at different locations or making it static or mobile.
Seven sensors are attached to each patient, measuring different parameters of
Electrocardiogram (ECG), pulse rate, heart rate, temperature level, glucose
level, toxins level and motion. To reduce the energy consumption, these sensors
communicate with the sink via an on-body relay, affixed on the chest of each
patient. The body relay possesses higher energy resources as compared to the
body sensors as, they perform aggregation and relaying of data to the sink
node. A comparison is also conducted conducted with another protocol of BAN
named, Mobility-supporting Adaptive Threshold-based Thermal-aware
Energy-efficient Multi-hop ProTocol (M-ATTEMPT). The simulation results show
that, the proposed protocol achieves increased network lifetime and efficiently
reduces the energy consumption, in relative to M-ATTEMPT protocol.
In this paper, we propose Energy-efficient Adaptive Scheme for
Transmission (EAST) in WSNs. EAST is IEEE 802.15.4 standard compliant.
In this approach, open-loop is used for temperature-aware link quality
estimation and compensation. Whereas, closed-loop feedback helps to
divide network into three logical regions to minimize overhead of
control packets on basis of Threshold transmitter power loss (RSSIloss)
for each region and current number of neighbor nodes that help to adapt
transmit power according to link quality changes due to temperature
variation. Simulation results show that propose scheme; EAST effectively
adapts transmission power to changing link quality with less control
packets overhead and energy consumption compared to classical approach
with single region in which maximum transmitter power assigned to
compensate temperature variation.
Wireless Multi-hop Networks (WMhNs) provide users with the facility to
communicate while moving with whatever the node speed, the node density and the
number of traffic flows they want, without any unwanted delay and/or
disruption. This paper contributes Linear Programming models (LP_models) for
WMhNs. In WMhNs, different routing protocols are used to facilitate users
demand(s). To practically examine the constraints of respective LP_models over
different routing techniques, we select three proactive routing protocols;
Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), Fish-eye State Routing (FSR) and
Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR). These protocols are simulated in two
important scenarios regarding to user demands; mobilities and different network
flows. To evaluate the performance, we further relate the protocols strategy
effects on respective constraints in selected network scenarios.
This paper presents an energy efficient routing algorithm for heterogeneous
Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks (WBASNs). A prototype is defined for
employing heterogeneous sensors on human body. Direct communication is used for
real-time traffic (critical data) and on-demand data while multi-hop
communication is used for normal data delivery in this proposed routing
algorithm. One of the prime challenges in WBASNs is sensing of heat generated
by implanted sensor nodes. The proposed routing algorithm is thermal-aware
which sense the link Hot-spot and routes the data away from these links.
Continuous mobility of human body causes disconnection between previous
established links. We introduce mobility support and energy-management to
overcome the problem of disconnection due to continuous mobility of human body.
MATLAB simulations of proposed routing algorithm are performed for lifetime and
reliability in comparison with multi-hop communication. The results show that
the proposed routing algorithm has less energy consumption and more reliable as
compared to multi-hop communication.
Patient monitoring systems are gaining their importance as the fast-growing global elderly population increases demands for caretaking. These systems use wireless technologies to transmit vital signs for medical evaluation. In a multi-hop ZigBee network, the existing systems usually use broadcast or multicast schemes to increase the reliability of signals transmission; however, both schemes lead to significantly higher network traffic and end-to-end transmission delay. In this work, we present a reliable transmission protocol based on anycast routing for wireless patient monitoring. Our scheme automatically selects the closest data receiver in an anycast group as a destination to reduce the transmission latency as well as the control overhead. The new protocol also shortens the latency of path recovery by initiating route recovery from the intermediate routers of the original path. On the basis of a reliable transmission scheme, we implement a ZigBee device for fall monitoring, which integrates fall detection, indoor positioning and ECG monitoring. When the tri-axial accelerometer of the device detects a fall, the current position of the patient is transmitted to an emergency center through a ZigBee network. In order to clarify the situation of the fallen patient, four-second ECG signals are also transmitted. Our transmission scheme ensures the successful transmission of these critical messages. The experimental results show that our scheme is fast and reliable. We also demonstrate that our devices can seamlessly integrate with the next generation technology of wireless wide area network, WiMAX, to achieve real-time patient monitoring.
Patient monitoring systems are gaining their importance as the fast-growing global elderly population increases demands for caretaking. These systems use wireless technologies to transmit vital signs for medical evaluation. In a multihop ZigBee network, the existing systems usually use broadcast or multicast schemes to increase the reliability of signals transmission; however, both the schemes lead to significantly higher network traffic and end-to-end transmission delay. In this paper, we present a reliable transmission protocol based on anycast routing for wireless patient monitoring. Our scheme automatically selects the closest data receiver in an anycast group as a destination to reduce the transmission latency as well as the control overhead. The new protocol also shortens the latency of path recovery by initiating route recovery from the intermediate routers of the original path. On the basis of a reliable transmission scheme, we implement a ZigBee device for fall monitoring, which integrates fall detection, indoor positioning, and ECG monitoring. When the triaxial accelerometer of the device detects a fall, the current position of the patient is transmitted to an emergency center through a ZigBee network. In order to clarify the situation of the fallen patient, 4-s ECG signals are also transmitted. Our transmission scheme ensures the successful transmission of these critical messages. The experimental results show that our scheme is fast and reliable. We also demonstrate that our devices can seamlessly integrate with the next generation technology of wireless wide area network, worldwide interoperability for microwave access, to achieve real-time patient monitoring.
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