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Averting Lemur Extinctions Amid Madagascar's Political Crisis

  • February 2014
  • Science 343(6173):842-843
DOI:10.1126/science.1245783
Authors:
Christoph Schwitzer at Zoological Society of Ireland
Christoph Schwitzer
  • Zoological Society of Ireland
Russell A Mittermeier at Conservation International
Russell A Mittermeier
Steig Johnson at The University of Calgary
Steig Johnson
Giuseppe Donati at Oxford Brookes University
Giuseppe Donati
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Abstract and Figures

The most threatened mammal group on Earth, Madagascar's five endemic lemur families (lemurs are found nowhere else) (1), represent more than 20% of the world's primate species and 30% of family-level diversity. This combination of diversity and uniqueness is unmatched by any other country—remarkable considering that Madagascar is only 1.3 to 2.9% the size of the Neotropics, Africa, or Asia, the other three landmasses where nonhuman primates occur. But lemurs face extinction risks driven by human disturbance of for-est habitats. We discuss these challenges and reasons for hope in light of site-specific, local actions proposed in an emergency con-servation action plan (2). Political Crisis, Remarkable Threat An International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission (SSC) Red List reassessment found that 94% of lemur species are threatened (2) (Fig. S1 and Table S1), up from 74% in 2008, which makes lemurs the most imperiled group of large vertebrates. Although other large mammals are also under pres-sure, for the vast majority of taxa in an entire infraorder (Lemuriformes) to be threatened is new, notable, and disturbing. This reevaluation has resulted from both the deterioration of habitat and the recent application of genetic data to phylogenetic analyses (increasing the number of extant lemur species from 43 to 101) (3), revealing more species with smaller ranges. This unique primate diversity relies on for-est habitats that are shrinking under persistent anthropogenic destruction and disturbance. Remaining intact forest habitat was estimated to cover 92,200 km 2 in 2010, only 10 to 20% of Madagascar's original forest cover and down from 106,600 km 2 in 1990 (4); much of this habitat is inadequately or not at all protected. Habitat and lemur conservation are interdependent: Lemurs have important ecological roles and are essential to maintaining the island's unique forests. Their loss would likely trigger extinction cascades (5). Challenges to in situ lemur conservation are immense. Madagascar is one of the poor-est countries in the world; more than 92% of Malagasy live on less than U.S. $2/day (6). Although there is a paucity of published data compared to other lemur-related subjects, lemur poaching for bushmeat has drastically increased since the onset of the political crisis in 2009 (7, 8). Illegal logging of rosewood and ebony, mining, and slash-and-burn agriculture are all causing lemur population declines, by habitat loss, fragmentation, and alteration. Protected areas have not been spared; for example, armed timber poachers extracting valuable hardwoods targeted Masoala and Marojejy National Parks in the northeast once local law enforcement broke down (9). Foreign demand, as well as political turmoil and corruption, drive these
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Supplementary resource (1)

Schwitzer et al 2014 Science SM
Data
February 2014
Marni LaFleur · Christoph Schwitzer · Russell A Mittermeier · Steig Johnson · Patricia Wright
... Extant Malagasy lemurs comprise more than 100 species which fall into five families and 15 genera with almost all species being categorized as threatened with extinction by the IUCN (www.redlist. org, Schwitzer et al., 2014). All of them are endemic to Madagascar and inhabit various forest habitat types on the island. ...
... Past and ongoing habitat loss and fragmentation are severe anthropogenic threats to the remaining Malagasy forest habitats and consequently to the lemurs (Schwitzer et al., 2014). It has been estimated that the island has lost about 44% of its forest cover between 1953 and 2014 (Vieilledent et al., 2018), and ongoing deforestation has been documented ever since . ...
Variation in abundance and habitat use of the critically endangered Microcebus gerpi across its fragmented range
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A link between the abundance of species and their degree of ecological specialization has previously been suggested within the primate order. Many species of lemurs were only recently described and even basic ecological data are not yet available for them. We investigated the habitat use, abundance, and habitat characteristics of the critically endangered Microcebus gerpi and evaluated potential impacts of vegetation structure and human disturbances on variations in its abundance. We determined abundance by systematic nocturnal surveys along 13 transects that were also used for characterizing the vegetation structure in seven study sites that were widely distributed within its range. Although M. gerpi occurred in all studied lowland rainforest and littoral forest fragments in central eastern Madagascar and therefore has a higher ecological plasticity and wider distribution than previously thought, its actual Area of Occupancy is very small (339.78 km ² ) due to an extreme degree of habitat fragmentation throughout its range. M. gerpi occurred with a mean encounter rate of 3.04 individuals/km but abundance varied substantially between sites (0.75–4.5 individuals/km). Statistical modeling revealed that the cover of small‐ to medium‐sized trees had a positive impact on the abundance of M. gerpi , whereas a composite disturbance score (CDS), formed on the basis of information on the prominence of fires, cattle, charcoal production and wood extraction inside and around the forest, had a negative impact on abundance. These results suggest that M. gerpi is slightly less threatened than expected because of its larger geographic range, but also that it responds negatively to human disturbances. These findings raise strong conservation concerns and question the long‐term viability of the remaining small and isolated populations of this arboreal solitary forager.
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... Whilst simplistic, rapid survey assessments and inventories provide valuable data that can inform updated species distributions and occurrences. This is particularly important in Madagascar, where high rates of endemism and an escalating deforestation rate have made it one of the most important biodiversity conservation priority areas (Myers et al., 2000;Mittermeier et al., 2010;Schwitzer et al., 2014). Madagascar's enigmatic lemurs are now the most endangered mammals in the world (90% of the 120 species are threatened; Mittermeier et al., 2010;Rakotomanana et al., 2016;Herrera, 2017). ...
... Madagascar's enigmatic lemurs are now the most endangered mammals in the world (90% of the 120 species are threatened; Mittermeier et al., 2010;Rakotomanana et al., 2016;Herrera, 2017). Comprehensive biodiversity surveys are therefore critical for lemur conservation, especially outside of protected areas, within the fragmented forests where many populations of these endangered lemurs live (Irwin et al., 2005;Mittermeier et al., 2010;Schwitzer et al., 2014). These surveys provide crucial information used to update species' range maps, determine their conservation statuses (e.g., via the IUCN Red List), and assess the viability of different populations across fragments and sites (Irwin et al., 2005;Rabearivony et al., 2015). ...
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Madagascar’s high rates of endemism, paired with its escalating deforestation rates, has made it one of the most important conservation priorities on the planet. In southeastern Madagascar, the Corridor Forestier d’Ambositra Vondrozo (COFAV) is an unprotected rainforest corridor that sustains ∼15 species of lemurs, most of which are endangered. The COFAV connects many protected areas and is therefore essential for gene flow, dispersal, and the long-term sustainability of animal populations in the area. The corridor has not been surveyed extensively since the 1990s, and even so, only a fraction of the sites have been sampled multiple times. The goal of our study was to survey the COFAV, from Ranomafana National Park to the Mananara River, to provide updated species occurrences and ranges. Combining data across multiple teams using different inventorying methods, we surveyed a total area of 227 km ² throughout an eight-month period. We recorded every lemur occurrence (sighting or vocalization) and noted the species, date, time, group size, and GPS coordinates. We found 11 lemur species and one putative hybrid species. The geographic ranges for three species ( Hapalemur aureus , H. griseus , Propithecus edwardsi ) were larger than previously thought. The range of Varecia variegata should be shortened and adjusted accordingly, as the species appears transient (at best) in the northern parts of Ranomafana National Park and was not found south of the Ambohimahamasina/Ikongo region. This study provides updated geographic ranges for lemur species in the COFAV, important information for future censuses, species assessments, and conservation measures for future implementation.
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... This fluctuating trend can be explained by introgression and loss of genetic elements through stochastic or unpredictable mechanisms such as drift and gene flow (Gilpin and Soulé 1986, Lacy 1987, Frankham 1998 populations indicated the 2 sites of TGK1 and S17 as potential origins of dispersal. The first of these locations, TGK1, is part of the Tsitongambarika Protected Area, a large continuous lowland rainforest that has received official protection since 2008 (Birdlife International 2011, Schwitzer et al. 2014). The area is estimated to contain one of the largest remaining populations of collared brown lemurs (Campera et al. 2019). ...
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Post-release monitoring is important to improve translocation success because it provides an opportunity to identify factors relevant to the survival of local populations. We studied a population of the endangered collared brown lemur (Eulemur collaris) translocated from a degraded forest fragment to a nearby littoral forest within the Mandena Conservation Area in southeast Madagascar from 2000-2011. We compared genetic surveys of mitochondrial and nuclear markers with the genetic profile of nearby populations to examine the dispersal capacity of the collared brown lemur. We also performed a landscape analysis to assess changes in connectivity between forest fragments. There was a fluctuating trend characterized by a phase of demographic and genetic stability shortly after translocation, followed by an increase in genetic diversity coinciding with a population decrease and a gradual recovery Journal of Wildlife Management 2023;e22500. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jwmg |
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... Similarly, Morelli et al. (2020) reported on the severe effect of human activities on rainforest habitat losses, specifically, that the eastern rainforest habitat of Madagascar could be almost entirely lost before the year 2080. In fact, many lemur taxa are unable to cope with varying degrees of habitat fragmentation, so as viable habitat contracts; the resulting extirpation may be widespread (Eppley et al., 2020;Mittermeier et al., 2023;Ralimanana et al., 2022;Schwitzer et al., 2014). ...
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The world's primates have been severely impacted in diverse and profound ways by anthropogenic pressures. Here, we evaluate the impact of various infrastructures and human-modified landscapes on spatial patterns of primate species richness, at both global and regional scales. We overlaid the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) range maps of 520 primate species and applied a global 100 km 2 grid. We used structural equation modeling and simultaneous autoregressive models to evaluate direct and indirect effects of six human-altered landscapes variables (i.e., human footprint [HFP], croplands [CROP], road density [ROAD], pasture lands [PAST], protected areas [PAs], and Indigenous Peoples' lands [IPLs]) on global primate species richness, threatened and non-threatened species, as well as on species with decreasing and non-decreasing populations. Two-thirds of all primate species are classified as threatened (i.e., Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable), with ~86% experiencing population declines, and ~84% impacted by domestic or international trade. We found that the expansion of PAST, HFP, CROP, and road infrastructure had the most direct negative effects on primate richness. In contrast, forested habitat within IPLs and PAs was positively associated in safeguarding primate species diversity globally, with an even stronger effect at the regional level. Our results show that IPLs and PAs play a critical role in primate species conservation, helping to prevent their extinction; in contrast, HFP growth and expansion has a dramatically negative effect on primate species worldwide. Our findings support predictions that the continued negative impact of anthropogenic pressures on natural habitats may lead to a significant decline in global primate species richness, and likely, species extirpations. We advocate for stronger national and international policy frameworks promoting alternative/sustainable livelihoods and reducing persistent anthropogenic pressures to help mitigate the extinction risk of the world's primate species.
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... The island of Madagascar is a globally important biodiversity hotspot with high rates of endemism [1][2][3]. Yet, habitat loss, mainly via deforestation, poses an urgent threat to the conservation of biodiversity, in particular to endemic species on the island [4,5]. Since the 1950s, Madagascar has lost approximately 44% of its total forest area, leading to a patchwork of habitat fragments exposed to edge effects and surrounded by non-habitat matrix [6]. ...
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... During our work in the IHF, we observed lemur traps in and around the forest. Hunting is one of the main drivers of lemur population decline, and has resulted in local extinctions in different regions of Madagascar (Jenkins et al., 2011;Schwitzer et al., 2014;Thompson et al., 2023). We hope that hunting in the IHF will decrease in coming years since it is part of the IPA, which was established in 2021. ...
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... The island of Madagascar is a globally important biodiversity hotspot with high rates of endemism [1,2,3]. Yet habitat loss, mainly via deforestation, poses an urgent threat to the conservation of biodiversity, in particular to endemic species on the island [4,5]. Since the 1950s, Madagascar has lost approximately 44% of its total forest area leading to a patchwork of habitat fragments exposed to edge effects and surrounded by non-habitat matrix [6]. ...
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