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Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Artemisia absinthium and Chemical Composition of its Essential Oil
Abstract and Figures
Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and has been isolated the number of modern drugs from natural resources. Artemisia absinthium used for a variety of medicinal purposes and therapeutic targets in all over the world, such as localized pains, contusion inflammation, anti-rheumatic, include fever reduction, digestive ailments and muscle pain.
This study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activity of essential oil and aqueous extract from Artemisia absinthium for the first time. Chemical compositions of the essential oil were determined by GC/MS. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice. Analgesic activity was assessed by acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin and hot plate tests in mice. Pretreatment with the essential oil (at the dose of 2, 4 and 8mg/kg) and aqueous extract (50, 100 and 200mg/kg) showed potential anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects to different level. The essential oil at 4 and 8 mg/kg significantly reduced carrageenan induced paw edema. The essential oil and aqueous extract produced significant decreased number of writhing in acetic acid-induced writhing model and increased the response latency in hot plate test after 30 min. Both Essential oil and aqueous extract significantly suppressed in a dose-dependent manner the nociceptive response in the formalin test, while the effect on the late phase was more pronounced. GC–MS analyses showed the presence of twenty components in essential oil. The essential oil and aqueous extract possesses excellent anti-inflammatory activity as well as antinociceptive properties especially peripheral analgesic.
Keywords: Artemisia absinthium, essential oil, aqueous extract, anti-inflammation, analgesic, GC/MS.
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... The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan-induced paw oedema in mice. [24] Analgesic activity was assessed by acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin and hot plate tests in mice. The essential oil and aqueous extract produced significant decreased number of writhing in acetic acidinduced writhing model and increased the response latency in hot plate test after 30 min. ...
... The essential oil and aqueous extract produced significant decreased number of writhing in acetic acidinduced writhing model and increased the response latency in hot plate test after 30 min. [24] Both essential oil and aqueous extract significantly suppressed in a dose-dependent manner the nociceptive response in the formalin test, while the effect on the late phase was more pronounced. The essential oil and aqueous extract possesses excellent anti-inflammatory activity as well as anti-nociceptive properties especially peripheral analgesic. ...
... The essential oil and aqueous extract possesses excellent anti-inflammatory activity as well as anti-nociceptive properties especially peripheral analgesic. [24] ...
In Unani system of medicine Afsantin (Artemisia absinthium Linn.) is a popular drug, usually known as the Sage Brush or Worm wood, belongs to the Asteraceae family and it grows as a perennial herb with fibrous roots and occurs throughout the year. The medicinal value of this plant is related to whole plant. It exhibits various pharmacological actions such as Anthelmentic, stomachic, liver tonic and anti-inflammatory etc. The plant is widely used in chronic fever since ancient period. In inflammatory condition, it uses locally and orally. Due to its characteristic odour it used as plant spray against pests, also acts as antidote of insects bite. In most of the problems it uses in form of decoction alone or with other suitable drugs. The aim of this paper is to explain and explore the medicinal properties of Afsantin the comprehensive way.
... [16] and in recent years, their use has significantly increased in developing countries [17]. Wormwood possesses analgesic, anti-inflammatory, astringent, warming, and healing properties for treating irreparable injuries and wounds [18][19][20][21]. It contains various compounds, including carbohydrates, alkaloids, saponins, phytosterols, proteins, amino acids, tannins, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. ...
Background
The physical and mental changes created during menopause cause sexual dysfunction, which affects the quality of life, self-esteem, and emotional relationships. Wormwood cream contains tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, phytosterols, and alkaloids. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of wormwood vaginal cream on the sexual satisfaction and quality of sexual life of postmenopausal women.
Method
This study was a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted on 112 postmenopausal women (45–65 years old) in 2021. The studied women were randomly assigned to two wormwood cream or placebo groups. Wormwood cream or placebo was used for 4 weeks and 3 times a week. The main data collection tools included the Larson Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire (LSSQ) and the Sexual Quality of Life Questionnaire (SQOL-F). SPSS software version 26 and independent t, Mann–Whitney, paired t and Wilcoxon tests were used for statistical analysis. P < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results
Before the intervention, the mean and standard deviation of sexual satisfaction was 73.57 ± 3.84 in the intervention group and 73.16 ± 4.52 in the placebo group. After the intervention, the mean and standard deviation of sexual satisfaction in the intervention group was 75.34 ± 3.85 and in the placebo group was 72.82 ± 4.32. The quality of women's sexual life before of the intervention in the intervention and placebo groups was 59.16 ± 14.10 and 57.18 ± 12.38, and after the intervention, it was 83.00 ± 11.51and 69.64 ± 12.97, respectively. At the end of 4 weeks, participants in the wormwood cream group showed a significant improvement in sexual satisfaction and the quality of women's sexual life (P < 0.001). It was meaningful.
Conclusion
Based on the findings of this trial, wormwood vaginal cream can be used as an uncomplicated topical supplement to improve sexual satisfaction and quality of sexual life in postmenopausal women with low sexual satisfaction and quality of sexual life.
... Research has shown that both the α and β forms of thujone in the volatile oil obtained from A. absinthium act as anthelmintics (Tariq et al., 2009). The essential oil and aqueous extract of A. absinthium have shown analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects as a result of the flavonoids present (Hadi et al., 2014). Also, some studies have shown that isolated chlorogenic acid from A. absinthium shows an inhibitory effect on carcinogenesis in the liver, colon and tongue, while another active component, artemisinin, extracted from A. absinthium showed a significant antitumor effect against melanoma B16 (Tsuchiya et al., 1996;Goff et al., 2008). ...
Bitter and sweet wormwoods are traditional plant species in the Asteraceae (Compositae). Their use in traditional medicine has long been known. Numerous preparations of bitter and sweet wormwood (teas, tinctures) are used in the treatment of diseases of the digestive system. The content of bioactive components (polyphenols and flavonoids) and antioxidant activity of Artemisia absinthium L. (bitter wormwood) and Artemisia annua L. (sweet wormwood) were examined in this paper. A series of extracts were prepared by mixing selected organic solvents (methanol, ethanol and acetone) and water in different volume ratios for both analyzed species. Antioxidant activity was tested using FRAP and DPPH methods. Extracts of sweet wormwood contain more bioactive components and have a higher antioxidant capacity compared to extracts of bitter wormwood. In terms of extraction efficiency, the mixture of acetone and water (20:30 v/v) proved to be the most efficient. Regarding pure organic solvents, the most effective for bioactive components isolation is ethanol, while acetone showed the weakest extraction power.
... The obtained data (Table 5) The pharmacological effect of the Canadian goldenrod is explained by the presence of a rich content of BAC, in particular flavonoids and tannins, which are part of the extract, because of which the permeability of blood vessels decreases, which leads to the involution of edema [33,34]. ...
S. canadensis L. and S. virgaurea L. are the most common species of Solidago L. in Europe and with a long tra-dition of use in medicine for various therapeutic purposes: diseases of the urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, diabetes, allergies and antiseptic purposes. Therefore, the research of species of the Solidago genus, which have a rich content of natural BACs, and the development of new effective medicinal products of plant origin are relevant.The aim. The method of work is the phytochemical and pharmacological study of extracts of the Canadian gold-enrod herb, obtained by ethanol solutions of various concentrations, for the innovative perspective of creating new medicines based on them with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activity.Materials and methods. The objects of the study were extracts of herb from Canadian goldenrod, obtained using purified water, 40 %, 70 % and 90 % ethanol. Phytochemical study of the extracts was performed by TLC and spec-trophotometry. Study of acute toxicity, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activity of extracts was carried out according to standard methods.Research results. A study of the phytochemical composition and pharmacological activity of extracts of herb from Canadian goldenrod obtained with different solvents. It was established that extracts of herb from Canadian goldenrod show anti-inflammatory activity. The most pronounced antiexudative activity is shown by the extract of the Canadian goldenrod herb (extractant – 40 % ethanol), reducing the degree of swelling by 24.77 %. Herb ex-tracts from from Canadian goldenrod in acute toxic liver damage show moderate hepatoprotective activity, which is somewhat inferior to the comparative drug “Silibor”. A more intense and effective effect on the hepatobiliary system was shown by the extract of the Canadian goldenrod herb (extractant – 40 % ethanol).Conclusions. The perspective of creation based on herb of Canadian goldenrod new drugs with hepatoprotective activity. The most promising substance turned out to be an extract of herb from Canadian goldenrod obtained with a 40 % ethanol solution
... which are mentioned in figure 2 and 3 showed that QAS possess potential analgesic activity. potency as an anti-nociceptive agent than AE in most cases [29]. Based on the above findings, it may be concluded that QAS being a polyherbal formulation consists of different chemical constituents like alkaloids, flavonoid, essential oils, and terpenoids which are responsible for its potential analgesic activity. ...
The study medicine is a multi-ingredient formulation composed of various herbs. It is suggested for the treatment of pyrexia and pain, as stated in classical literature. The study was designed to assess the effectiveness of the experimental medicine in reducing fever and pain in several animal models used for experimentation. Rats at 150 and 300 mg/kg bw were tested for antipyretic effectiveness in the yeast-induced pyrexia model compared to paracetamol (70 mg/kg bw p.o). The efficacy of the tested formulation in relieving pain was assessed using an acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice at dosage of 300 and 600 mg/kg bw, whereas diclofenac sodium was used as the standard control at a dose of 15 mg/kg bw orally. The analgesic effects in rats were evaluated using Eddy's hot plate test. Test drug was administered at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg bw, whereas buprenorphine was used as the standard control at a dose of 0.10 mg/kg via subcutaneous injection. Animals that received a high dose (300 mg/kg bw) of the medication showed a substantial (<0.001) decrease in rectal temperature 60 minutes after treatment, compared to the normal control group. The identical dosage also resulted in a decrease in rectal temperature at the 120-minute time point when compared to the normal control group, however this difference did not reach statistical significance. Both tested dosage levels exhibited analgesic effect in the acetic-induced writhing test, resulting in a reduction of writhes by 36.71% and 68.71% respectively, compared to the normal control. Therefore, based on the aforementioned discovery, it can be inferred that the tested formulation exhibits antipyretic and analgesic properties.
... Additionally, they suppress the expression of proinflammatory mediators such as iNOS, PGE2, COX-2, NF-κB, and TNF-α [49]. Anti-cancer: Cancer is a pathological condition characterised by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells in the body, resulting in the formation of a tumour that has the potential to metastasize to several organs [49][50][51][52][53][54]. The anticancer effect of A. absinthium extract is attributed to the activation of the MEK/ERK signalling pathway, which subsequently triggers the mitochondrial pathway of caspase activation. ...
Artemisia plants have traditional and ethnopharmacological uses in medicine, as well as in culinary items, seasonings, and drinks. Traditional medicine has used this genus as an anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-malarial, antioxidant, and anti-viral agent. All continents, except Antarctica, have seen its extensive spread. With this study, we want to compile all the available scientific information on the Artemisia genus, including its medicinal properties, chemical make-up, and distribution patterns. Using resources like Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed/MEDLINE, we culled information from articles written on Artemisia plants. Information on phytochemicals and molecular pathways from preclinical pharmacological experiments was among the articles chosen for this revised review. Also, we looked at several old books and manuscripts. Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone that can kill malaria parasites. Studies have also demonstrated the strong biological effects of other phytochemicals and essential oils from the Artemisia species. Artemisia absinthium L, one of the most well-known species of Artemisia, is the source of absinthe, a banned drink in most countries due to its neurotoxic effects. Research has shown that artemisia plants have several medicinal and traditional uses. Clinical and toxicological studies are the only ones that have provided any solid scientific evidence. As a result, these areas require further investigation in order to fully understand the molecular pharmacological process and therapeutic potential of this medicinal species.
... The inhibition of inflammatory regulators like bradykinins, histamine, prostaglandins, and serotonin are mediated by the plant's secondary metabolites, which include flavonoids and sesquiterpene-type compounds [27]. ...
... The inhibition of inflammatory regulators like bradykinins, histamine, prostaglandins, and serotonin are mediated by the plant's secondary metabolites, which include flavonoids and sesquiterpene-type compounds [27]. ...
Many products labeled as "traditional herbal remedies" have a lengthy history of usage by definition of the term "traditional." Large segments of the population in many developing countries rely on traditional healers and their arsenal of medicinal plants to meet their healthcare requirements. Because of historical and cultural factors, herbal treatments are still widely used in modern medicine, despite their antiquity. In industrialized nations, such things have become more accessible commercially. Current medical systems frequently recommend using chemicals in ways they weren't designed to be used. In certain parts of the world, the manufacture of herbal medicines is subject to tight regulations, but this is not the case in other parts. In Germany Pharmacological goods are bound to the same criteria of efficacy, safety, and quality as herbal remedies; they are sold as "phytomedicines. On the other hand, most herbal products are marketed and monitored as food supplements in the United States; no pre-approval is required for this product category in the United Kingdom. As numerous academics in Iraq and the Kurdistan area have indicated, herbs have been utilized as a traditional cure for a wide range of illnesses in the past. Tribulus terrestris, Artemisia splendens Willd, Crataegus azarolus, Teucrium chamaedrys, Adiantum capillus-veneris, and Matricaria chamomilla are the herbs discussed in this study, and their medicinal and traditional usage across the world, as well as some of the chemical components in these herbs' biological activity, are discussed.
Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L., Asteraceae) is an aromatic bitter herb that contains bitter-tasting metabolites
and essential oil. The composition and biological effects of A. absinthium essential oil have been widely
studied. However, the data on the content of the individual components vary significantly.
The aim. The aim of the study was to research the compositions of essential oils from A. absinthium herb, which are
on the market in various European countries and determine difference in their compositions, possible chemotypes,
and compliance of the essential oil samples with the European Pharmacopeia requirements.
Materials and methods. The composition of 16 essential oil samples of A. absinthium herb from different countries
was investigated using the gas chromatography method. Samples were obtained from retail pharmacies in 14 different
countries.
Research results. A total of 41 compounds were identified in the studied A. absinthium essential oils. In all the
samples, monoterpenes and monoterpenoids dominate (28.0–92.2 %), much less sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids
(0–18.9 %). The dominant components among the identified ones were sabinene (traces(tr.)–21,2 %),
myrcene (0.1–25.6 %), p-cymene (0.2–6.5 %), 1,8-cineole (0.1–18.0 %), artemisia ketone (tr.–14.9 %),
linalool (tr.–10.8 %), β-thujone (0.1–38.7 %), (E)-epoxyocymene (tr.–59.7 %), (E)-verbenol (tr.–7.9 %),
borneol (tr.–11.7 %), (E)-sabinyl acetate (tr.–70.5 %), neryl butyrate (0–13.9 %), spathulenol (tr.–9.2 %),
caryophyllene oxide (tr.–7.3 %). Both “pure”-chemotypes and “mixed”-chemotypes of A. absinthium have
been defined.
Conclusions. Two”pure”-chemotype consist of 70.5 % (E)-sabinyl acetate and 59,2 % (E)-epoxyocymene, respectively.
Also, eleven “mixed”-chemotypes of A. absinthium essential oils have been defined. Some correlations were
established between the content of terpenes in the A. absinthium essential oils
Adams, R. P. 2007. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry, 4th Edition. Allured Publ., Carol Stream, IL
Is out of print, but you can obtain a free pdf of it at
www.juniperus.org
