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Chemical Constituents of the Essential Oils of Cyperus difformis L. and Cyperus arenarius Retz from Iran
Abstract
The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of aerial part of Cyperus difformis L., and Cyperus arenarius Retz grown in Iran were analyzed by GC-MS. Analysis oils showed the predominance of sesquiterpenes compounds in addition to monoterpenes. Twenty-three components of C. arenarius and Twentynine components of C. difformis representing 87.8 % and 89.8 % of the oils were identified, respectively. Cyperene (21.9 %) and cyperotundone (12.5 %) were the major components of C. arenarius, whereas in the oil of C. difformis, cyperene (34.8 %), cyperotundone (7.8 %), isorotundene (7.8 %) were the main constituents. Both oils were richer in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes.
... Characterized by the presence of quinines [8], flavonoids [9,10] and sesquiterpenes [11]. The chemical composition of essential oils of different Cyperus species have been reported, the major compounds identified in oil samples are mostly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes [12][13][14]. ...
... There are some studies on the chemical composition of the essential oil of Cyperus species. Essential oils of some Syperus species including C. rotundus [13,15], C. difformis L. and C. arenarius [12] were studied regarding their chemical composition. In addition, chemical compositions of the three Egyptian Cyperus species; C. articulatus, C. esculentus and C. papyrus were showed by comparison [16]. ...
Purpose: To investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil of Cyperus fuscus burs as well as the antimicrobial activities of the ethanol extracts and essential oil. Methods: Fresh burs roots of C. fuscus were collected at the flowering stage in an open area in Güdül (Ankara, Turkey). Preparation of the ethanol extract, hydrodistillation of the essential oil, GC-FID-MS analysis, and agar diffusion and MIC agar dilution assays were performed to determine various parameters for the oil and extracts. Results: The major compounds of the essential oil were dehydroaromadendrene (10.7 %), azulenone (8.5 %), α-selinene (7.5 %), α-ylangene (6.0 %) and β-caryophyllene (5.6 %). The essential oil of Cyperus fuscus exhibited activity against Gram-negative bacteria with minimum ınhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 1000 to 31.25 μl/mL. Similarly, the ethanol extract of the burs showed good antimicrobial activity with the MIC of the ethanol extracts on ranging from 1000 μg/mL (Escherichia coli) to 250 µg/mL (Pseudomonas. Aeruginosa, p < 0.05). However, the ethanol extract was inactive against yeast strains. Conclusion: Thus, the essential oil and ethanol extract of the studied plant can potentially be used as antimicrobial agent. © Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, 300001 Nigeria and 2018 The authors.
... This sedge protects soil from wind erosion and is grazed by animals. Furthermore, C. arenarius is economically important as a source of essential-oil components, Cyperene and cyperotundone (Feizbakhsh et al., 2012). Because salinity and plant density can be a major determinant of C. arenaulis in its natural habitat, this research was designed to find out the ability of C. arenarius to tolerate sea-water salinity under various levels of intraspecific competition. ...
... For example, Cyperus arenarius Retz. (English name: Dwarf sedge), which is a perennial grass of the Cyperaceae family, has high value as a landscaping grass in the urbanization activities of sandy and coastal saline habitats [16,17]. ...
... Recently, several reports concerning the volatile oil constituents of the Cyperus species were published. For example, the chemical composition of essential oil of C. rotundus, C. difformis and C. laevigatus, C. articulatus, C. esculentus and C. papyrus were studied 14 17,18 reported the identified of the essential oils composition of C. rotundus, C. difformis and C. arenarius Retz growing in Iran, that showed the predominance of sesquiterpenoids and monoterpenoids. This work includes a comparative study of volatile oil of the two Egyptian wild Cyperus species, C. capitatus and C. difformis. ...
This study aims to identify the chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) of the aerial parts of two wild Egyptian Cyperus plants. Eos of aerial parts of Cyperus capitatus L. and Cyperus difformis L were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. Forty volatile compounds were identified from both C. capitatus and C. difformis representing (90.67% and 91.52%) from the total mass, respectively. Terpenes were the major Eos constituents by ratios of 79.34% and 78.93% respectively. Sesquiterpenoids (oxygenated and non-oxygenated) represented (58.34% and 61.27%) of the total terpenes, While, monoterpenoids represented (21% and 17.66%) in both plants. Cyprene is the major compound (42.93% and 44.31%), followed by cyperotundone (10.66% and 11.57%) in both plants.
... However, there are qualitative and quantitative variations among these sesquiterpenes [7,. Cyperene, a major component of essential oil of several species [7,12,18,20,21,[27][28][29]31,32] was detected in small quantity in our present study. Other major constituents of Cyperus oils such as β-selinene, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, 1,4-hydroxy-9-epi-βcaryophyllene, α-humulene, piperitone, δcadinene and cedrol were not present in this study [13,15,16,19,26]. ...
... Some reports were published for the chemical study of the Cyperus species. For examples the chemical composition of essential oil of Cyperus rotundus [11][12][13][14] , Cyperus difformis L. and Cyperus arenarius 15 were studied. Recently, a comparative study of chemical composition of the three Egyptian Cyperus species; Cyperus articulatus, Cyperus esculentus and Cyperus papyrus was reported 16 . ...
Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 18 (2) 2015 pp 416 - 422, 2015
... Some reports were published for the chemical study of the Cyperus species. For examples the chemical composition of essential oil of Cyperus rotundus [11][12][13][14] , Cyperus difformis L. and Cyperus arenarius 15 were studied. Recently, a comparative study of chemical composition of the three Egyptian Cyperus species; Cyperus articulatus, Cyperus esculentus and Cyperus papyrus was reported 16 . ...
Accepted paper. J of Essential Oil Bearing plants
The study examined the precise properties of the Chemical content and Micromophology of pollen grains characteristers of some species belonging to the Cyperaceae family, which included four species of Cyperus L. which it: C.difformis L., C.rotundus L., C.odoratus L. and C.alternifolius L. and one species of genus Bolboschoenus maritimus L. The samples were collected from the banks and sides of the Diwaniyah River and specifically (Sania area, Dagara district, Center of Diwaniyah and al-Sedair district) beginning from 15/10/2016 to 15/3/2017 During the autumn and winter season.
The Chemical content of leaves, flowers and tubers, which was characterized by its abundance in both genus, was studied. The chemical compounds were identified using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). The richness of the species under study in secondary metabolites, which ranged from: Terpenes, phenols, steroids, Fatty acids, alkanes, alkaloids and esters. and all phytochemicals of the species participated in five compounds which it :Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1 (hydroxymethyl ethyl ester, Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z) -, gamma.-Sitosterol, and l - (+) - Ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate. It was characterized by high concentrations of different species that helped to isolate them clearly from each other, also Some species were involved in the same compounds like: Squalene and Coumaran.Also distinguished and separated from each other by other compounds such as : Phenol, 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl and Cyperene in the species C.difformis and C.rotundus which reinforced the taxonomic importance of this study.
The study examined the Micromorphology of the pollen and showed variations, which helped to isolate the taxa at the level of genus and specie.
The study went on the shape and size of the polar and Equatorial view and wall thickness, using the Light Microscope (LM) besides the number of apertures and length of the grooves and the shape of the surface decoration using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)The results showed that there was a variance of most of the above-mentioned traits. At the level of the shape, the pollen grains showed that the pollen was in two shapes: Oblate Spheroidal in specie C.alternifolius and Sub Oblate in other species. As for size, B.maritimus recorded the largest size of the pollen while the species C.difformis The smallest size also gave the number of apertures a taxonomic importance that can not be ignored as it was possible to divide the species into two groups and The prevailing model was Tetracolporate. The Ornamentation surface showed clear variations, and all species were isolated, which increased the taxonomic importance of this characteristic. The thickness of the wall did not appear to be of great importance for the separation of the species of Cyperus L. While a high taxonomic value was observed in gender segregation under study
The present study concluded that five species of Cyperaceae family were diagnosed along the Diwaniyah River. Two species were recorded for the first time on the river: C.odoratus and C.alternifolius.
Essential Oils (EOs) are expensive hydrocarbons produced exclusively by specific species in the plant kingdom. Their applications have deep roots in traditional herbal medicine, which lacks scientific evidence. Nowadays, more than ever, there is a growing global interest in research-based discoveries that maintain and promote health conditions. Consequently, EOs became a much attractive topic for both research and industry, with revenues reaching billions of dollars annually. In this work, we provide key guidance to all essential oil-bearing plants growing in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The comprehensive data were collected following an extensive, up-to-date literature review. The results identified 137 plant species, including indigenous and naturalized ones, in the UAE, citing over 180 published research articles. The general overview included plant botanical names, synonyms, common names (Arabic and English), families and taxonomic authority. The study acts as a baseline and accelerator for research, industry and discoveries in multiple disciplines relying on essential oil-bearing plants.
Antagonism of plant pathogenic fungi by endophytic fungi is a well-known phenomenon. In plate assays, the antagonism could be due to mycoparasitism, competition for space or antibiosis, involving a chemical diffusate, or a volatile organic compound (VOC). In this study, we demonstrate that besides mycoparasitism, VOCs play a major role in antagonism of pathogenic fungi by four endophytic fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma. Using a double-plate assay, we show that all the four endophytic Trichoderma species significantly inhibited mycelial growth of three of the four pathogens, (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum-TSS, Sclerotium rolfsii-CSR and Fusarium oxysporum-CFO), while that of Macrophomina phaseolina-CMP was not affected. GC-MS analysis of the pure cultures of one of the endophytic fungi studied, namely, Trichoderma longibrachiatum strain 2 (Acc. No. MK751758) and the pathogens, F. oxysporum-CFO and M. phaseolina-CMP revealed the presence of several VOCs including hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, acids, ethers and different classes of terpenes. In mixed double plates, where the endophyte was grown along with either of the two plant pathogens, F. oxysporum-CFO or M. phaseolina-CMP, there was an induction of a number of new VOCs that were not detected in the pure cultures of either the endophyte or the pathogens. Several of these new VOCs are reported to possess antifungal and cytotoxic activity. We discuss these results and highlight the importance of such interactions in endophyte-pathogen interactions.
Essential oils hydrodistilled from the rhizomes of Cyperus papyrus L. growing wild in two localities (KwaDlangezwa and Richard’s Bay) of uMhlathuze City, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa has been studied. The major components of KwaDlangezwa oil were caryophyllene oxide (12.7%), cyperene (10.2%) and 1,8-cineole (8.4%). The oil of Richard’s Bay comprised mainly of caryophyllene oxide (24.4%), humulene epoxide II (13.2%), aristolene (9.1%) and aromadendrene epoxide II (7.3%). The antibacterial activity of the oils was assayed using agar-disc diffusion and broth-microdilution methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) revealed that the oil samples inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 3983 and ATCC 6538), with MIC of 1.25 and 0.31 mg/mL for each oil. Streptococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212; MIC of 1.25 and 0.6 mg/mL, respectively) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 4983; MIC of 1.25 mg/mL for both oils). Only the Richard Bay oil showed activity against Bacillus cereus and Bacillus pumilus with MIC of 1.25mg/mL, respectively.
Essential oil from the tubers of Cyperus rotundus, obtained by steam distillation, was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In total, 33 compounds were identified. The oil was characterized by its high content of sesquiterpenes with cyperene (30.9%) being major. The antibacterial activity of oil from tubers of Cyperus rotundus, showed more important activity against Gram-positive bacteria specially Staphylococcus aureus than Gram-negative bacteria. The antimutagenic activity was tested by the “SOS Chromotest” and the “Ames” test. C. rotundus oil acted as an antimutagen against Afl atoxin B1 in both Salmonella strains (TA100 and TA98) and Escherichia coli strain (PQ37) and against nifuroxazide in Escherichia coli strain (PQ37), where its mutagenicity is not expressed. The highest rates of AFB1 mutagenesis inhibition tested by Ames assay, ranged from about 82.56% for TA100 strain to 85.47% for TA98 strain at the same dose of 50 μg AFB1 per plate. Whereas, the mutagenic effect of respectively nifuroxazide and AFB1 (50 μg/assay) were reduced by aproximately 58.19% and 81.67% when tested by the SOS chromotest assay.
The phylogeny of suprageneric groups inCyperaceae has been examined by cladistic analysis ofrbcL sequence data of 80 species in 40 genera. The results support the family as monophyletic and derived from a juncaceous grade.Oxychloe (Juncaceae) has moderate support as the sister taxon toCyperaceae. Several monophyletic groups correspond to previously recognised tribes, and some similarities are noted between this analysis and previous cladistic analyses of primarily morphological data. Support is also given for the removal ofHellmuthia from tribeHypolytreae, the transfer ofIsolepis nodosa toFicinia, and the inclusion ofOxycaryum andKyllingiella in tribeCypereae. A polytomy comprisingCyperus, Juncellus, Kyllinga andPycreus indicates a broader circumscription ofCyperus. The greatest uncertainty lies with the generic and tribal status of theScirpeae.
A checklist of Cyperaceae recorded as having economic, ethnobotanical and horticultural importance is presented. Data have been obtained from the literature and herbarium material. Forty-five genera and 502 species/infraspecific taxa are included.
The composition of the essential oil as well as the corresponding SPME-headspace volatiles of Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperacae) roots/tubers from South-India were investigated by gas chromatographic-spectroscopic (GC-FID and GC-MS) and olfactoric methods. Especially sesquiterpenes were found to be dominating constituents of this essential root/tuber oil (concentrations higher than 4%, calculated as relative %-peak area of GC-FID analysis), with totally more than 90 compounds identified, and the SPME-headspace of C. rotundus (about 70 volatiles identified) as follows: α-copaene (11.4%), valerenal (9.8%), caryophyllene oxide (9.7%), cyperene (8.4%), nootkatone (6.7%) and trans-pinocarveol (5.2%) – essential oil; α-copaene (12.1%), cyperene (11.7%), valerenal (8.7%), caryophyllene oxide (7.8%), trans-pinocarveol (7.4%) and valencene (5.1%).
Cyperus capitatus contains a homologous series of 11 6-alkyl-2-hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinones, with chain length C17 to C27. Those with a C17, C19 and C21 side chain were isolated and named as capiquinones A, C and E.
A new monocyclic sesquiterpenic diketone, mandassidione, was isolated from the rhizomes of Cyperus articulatus, along with mustakone and isopatchoul-4(5) en-3-one. The structures were established from spectroscopic and chemical evidence.
The essential oils from the tuber parts of Cyperus articulatus var. articulatus, C. articulatus var nodosus, C. prolixus and C. rotundus cultivated in the State of Pará were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. The oils of C. articulatus var. articulatus and C. articulatus var. nodosus showed mustakone (9.8–14.5% and 6.6–14.5%, respectively) and caryophyllene oxide (4.6–10.8% and 5.4–13.7%, respectively) as major components. The oils of C. prolixus were characterized by a higher amount of caryophyllene oxide (6.9–26.9%), α-cyperone (13.5–20.6%), and 14-hydroxy-9-epi-β-caryophyllene (9.6–16.7%). α-cyperone (22.8%) and cyperotundone (12.1%) were the main compounds from the oil of C. rotundus. The oils of the two varieties of C. articulatus differed from those of the two other species studied here by the presence of mustakone. α-Pinene and β-pinene were higher in the oils of C. articulatus than in those of C. prolixus and C. rotundus. Concerning the two varieties of C. articulatus cultivated in Pará for commercialization in perfumery, we agree that the minor quantitative variations observed in the chemical composition probably do not modify the scent of their oils to any great extent.
The synflorescence structure of Cyperaceae is revised. It is postulated that the wide diversity shown by the synflorescences can be explained by the analysis of some processes that operate in different ways combined or independently. Twenty-five of such processes are identified and described as responsible for the great diversity detected in the synflorescences of Cyperaceae. Based on these processes, it is possible to recognize the origin of the different types of synflorescences. The paniculodium appears to be the basal unit of inflorescence within the Cyperaceae. Homogenization and truncation possibly are controlling the passage from Juncaceae to Cyperaceae. The diverse processes and the resulting structures were mapped in the phylogeny of the family, demonstrating that the trends of diversification of the synflorescence between the different tribes and within the tribes are mainly reductive.
An aurone has been isolated from Cyperus capitatus which was identified by spectral means as 6,3′,4′-trihydroxy-4-methoxy-5-methylaurone.
Aureusidin, 6,3′-dihydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxy-5-methylaurone and 4,6,3′,4′-tetramethoxyaurone were isolated from Cyperus capitas. The compounds were identified by spectral means.
Hydrodistillation of Cyperus tuberosus Rottb. rhizomes yielded an essential oil (0.65%, fresh weight basis). The chemical composition of the volatile oil was investigated in detail by means of a combination of gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Of the 43 compounds that were identified, humulene, β caryophyllene and four of their isomeric epoxides accounted for more than 70% of the oil. The other 37 constituents amounted to only 25%. The essential oil from Cyperus rotundus L. rhizomes was also analysed and significant compositional differences were found between the two essential oils. These variations may be chemotaxonomically significant.
Three antifeedants were isolated from the basal stem of Cyperus nipponicus and C. distans. One was identified by spectral analysis as the coumaran, remirol, and the others as the furoquinones, cyperaquinone and scabequinone. The significance of the above compounds in the chemical defense of weeds is discussed.
Currently there has been an increased interest globally to identify antioxidant compounds that are pharmacologically potent and have low or no side effects for use in preventive medicine and the food industry. As plants produce significant amount of antioxidants to prevent the oxidative stress caused by photons and oxygen, they represent a potential source of new compounds with antioxidant activity. Traditional herbal medicines form an important part of the healthcare system of India. Ayurveda, supposed to be the oldest medical system in the world, provides potential leads to find active and therapeutically useful compounds from plants. Considering the growing interest in assessing the antioxidant capacity of herbal medicine in this review we discuss about rarely reviewed 24 plants reported to have antioxidant properties. Some of the plants reviewed are part of multi-herbal preparations while others are used singly. Certain herbs like Amaranthus paniculatus, Aerva lanata, Coccinia indica and Coriandrum sativum are used as vegetables indicating that these plants could be source of dietary antioxidant supplies, which is another emerging area of research.
The world's worst weeds
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A Dictionary of Iranian Plant Names
- V Mozaffarian
Mozaffarian, V. (1996). A Dictionary of Iranian Plant Names. Farhang Moaser, Tehran.
European Pharmacopoeia
- Council
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Council of Europe (1997). European Pharmacopoeia. 3rd edn., Strasbourg.