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The theories of religion and spirituality in psychology and cognitive sciences.

Authors:

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/-
//
/-$
/7/
7/
/73-
87
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
Introduction: the beginnings and later development of the research of religious and spiritual
phenomena in psychology
5/-/
  7     -  / / 
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6//
  /     /   - $
/-9//
7/72: -$6/
//7/
;(<2:==>'2:?@>A2:@2:@2:=:>A//2:? 
2:2 2:=22:==2:?@2:!BC6  / 
;A2:!B>72:?B2:D2>"2:!2C/;6
( 2:=D 2:? 2:?? 2:!2> E 2:=C-     
/;6/
%2::=>2:: 92::?C;<( C-
 /   6  
-/7
//6
//;.2:::C-#
77/6/
/       6   / 
/6/-
Psychological models and theories of religion
/  6  
   ; 2>  & 2::@C- 2   / 
     >    
6/
7-
$    7      / 
/AA//'E7-$
/ ;A2:@C A   /
/
-$.5;2:= CA6
*F7/-
//6 
7-/
77//F
;--?DC-)/-
%)//
//
        /  
- A/ 7      7 
/   /  6/   3 - $ 
6/3
3/7//-
67/;6C
//6-
(           
  / - &/ ;7 2:?B 2:D2>
"2:!2C357A;2:?BC
 ///  3/
; / // /C-  ;% 2::=>
2:: 92::?C77//
7-
A/7/
/////
/-//
/-9
/
         
/-/
7$7-
6/
//
-       /  /  
/   ;/
6   
-C-/7
//-$/
  /  6/       
//-
(7 /  /   /  
/ 7     ;/  /  
/C-/
/;6C
G6;
C-
2-
7/-
Theoretical background
or approach
Representative
authors
Crucial concepts Method
Psychoanalytical
(psychodynamic)
6
A +/
/

"
/


5

;
/6 C
(  .7

"/;%
)HC/

";
/

C
'E7 +
;/C
I;/C
./
/

Phenomenological
&/
(7
"
"
/
"35
+/



6
/7
/
'6

A "/
/
///
 %
9
"/
/7

Empirical
Psychometric
.
+

+
)/

.



 +/

;/6


-C
"6
/
/

/
.
/
6/


/
/
Spirituality and spiritual intelligence
"///G7
;'//2:::C-//
;J< C-6/
7//%;2:::C
//;E5<82::DC-
J   ; C      /  
   / //  
///77/
3/-
E//
////G;8
-2::?>8</ >7< C-
(//7///E";E
/ "K $ -2:::C 
A5$;A5$-2:::C-
Religious and spiritual experience in neuroscience
     6   /   
;( 2>(2::@>#7 B>#7,(G"
 2>+2:@D2::=>"/E2::@2::@C-
67//
5;3C7/- 
77 
/ - /     / /  
///6-
.+;2:@DC//6
 %       L%    M ;"/ 
E2::@C-;/&6$C
/7-)N(G#7;2::@C  
67%573
/-#7; BC///
/-
Evolutionary approach to the religion and spirituality
A        7 
6; C-('
/6/7-
/ /  /    /  
/7/6-
76-
         
/  6-(    ; C
  /  /
  6  /   7 /- 7 
6/-
/-
/        6  
//-$//
7/
7/-
The empirical research of religious and spiritual experience in Slovenia
$/7
    /  73   - (
/  /   /
3G
;<1 BCO;2::=>2::@> C
///;EA$>
<2:::C/73)N
;2:@BC7-
    7 /
   -E     G
/7; !PPC-E7
/77/
77//-$
775
  / -     7
     
75-E
7/  7 73
; C 7    7 6  
  7   ; /     /
//C-
-
      7    / 
73-
 
Value orientations
 32?;PPC 32:B;PPC
 32??;PPC 32B!;PPC
 322:;PC 32D;PPC
+ 2BB;PPC  @
)/ 32 ;PC  ?D
  @  @!
  ?D 2?@;PPC
. 32?:;PPC  B2
. 3 B 22 ;PC
(5 32@?;PPC 322B;PC
" D2;PPC ???;PPC
Personality dimensions
'6 322 3=:;PPC
( 2!2;PC :2;PPC
. 3 ?2 3 =!
#/ 3 @  D
 32!:;PC 3 ?
Psychological well-
being
 =2;PPC =?:;PPC
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
/
      6-     
6/-
 6       7-     
/$/67
/?B/-/
6  A2-   6/
3////;%C
3  7- A 6/ 3 
/6/*//
7-=//7
///-

A2-/-
=-
GENERAL (g)
SPIRITUALITY
HARMONYMEANING
GROWTHHARMONY MEANING
MEANING HARMONY FAITH GROWTH FORGIVING
FACETS FACETS FACETS FACETS FACETS
FIRST-ORDER FACTORS
SECOND-ORDER FACTORS
THIRD-ORDER FACTORS
GENERAL FACTOR
FACETS
)/-
)$'#$# )'."$+$# Q+$.($'
'(#$#% 
6

/
/

9/7
/
9$////
7
&("#Q &/

>>

$67
$//7//
/
$/
$//
A($&
;"'$%$$QC
"
/
$7/$/
$/
$7$5%
/
$
%"9& 
73
/
$/7$7$7/
/$/-
$$
$/$7
A"%$O$#% A

$7/
$//77/
/7
$7$7
Conclusions
  /  5    
6-6//
/-
  /        / 
;///K/C-
///-
A/7/
6/7/
  /  73  7      /
-
"
((-<'-;2:==C-Religion and Psychology-A-
(%-9-;2:=DC-Personality: A psychological interpretation.#7Q*&"9-
(%-9- ;2:? C-The individual and his religion.#7Q*/-
(%-9-;2:??C-Becoming.#7&.*Q+-
(%-9-;2:!2C-Pattern and growth in personality.#7Q*&"9-
(- 2-The “God” Part of the Brain: A Scientific Interpretation of Human Spirituality and God -#7
Q*"-
(-;2::@C- Zen and the brain: toward an understanding of meditation and consciousness. ./*
.
E"-;2:=C-Cosmic consciousness-#7Q*)-
E5-8(-Head first-)**KK777---KKKK2 -/
."-;2:::C-The secular mind-+-+-
)'-;2:@BC-73-Psychological Bulletin, 95,?B3?D?-
A5$#$(9%*//"
&"-;2:::C-A Report of a National Working Group Supported by the
Fetzer Institute in Collaboration With the National Institute on Aging. 8/5$*A5$
2:::-
AO-'-;2:!C-Man's search for meaning: An introduction to logotherapy-EE+-
A-;2:@C-The future of an illusion-9-)-"3-#7Q*-
A- ;2:@C-Totem and taboo: Resemblances between the psychic lives of savages and neurotics-#7Q*
)-
A-;2:= C-Civilization and its Discontents-$-;'-C'./
+9/AO-2-*&+2:!-
A-;2:=:C-Moses and monotheism-*&+$+-
A//'-;2:? C-Psychoanalysis and religion-#7&*Q-
%&-;2:::C-Intelligence reframed.#7Q*EE-
%- ;2::=CThe holotropic mind. #7Q*&A-
&"-9--;2::@C-+-$9-&-7-<+-8;'-CEncyclopedia of religion
and society,-=@@3=:2-9..(*(/-
$'---(-'.-%-%-8-8#--%-+/8-$-+7-&-
7-%-9/)-"-; =C-///K
-)**KK777-5-K"K//RKS A5
S ES -
/9-;2:@K2: C-The varieties of religious experience-#7Q*+E-
.-%-;2:2K2:D2C-+-$The collected works of C. G. Jung (Vol. 6).+#*
++-
.-%-;2:=2K2:!:C--$The collected works of C. G. Jung (Vol. 8)-+
#*++-
.-%- ;2:==C-Modern man in search of a soul-#7Q*&E-
.-%-;2:?@C-Psychology of religion: West and east-*"8+-
.-%-;2:!BC-Man and his symbols-#7Q*)-
8-;2::?C"A$7"E-Psychological Medicine 25*
22?322=B-
8-+-/(-; 2C"A$7"E*
/3-Psychological Medicine 31*2 2?I2 =
7(-&-;2:D2C-O/TU-$&--OE-)-/;'-C Personality
theory. A source book-;-B23B= C-#7Q*(3.3.-
.-; C-'%3*($G$9#9A
$/)'6-Evolution and Cognition@;2C*-V@:32 D-
-;2::=C-Osebnost in vrednote.-'-
-;2::=C-/*/-Studia Psychologica
;EC=?B3?=23=!-
-;2::@C-+-Studia Psychologica
;EC2::@B 23BD3?:-
-; C-Nova psihološka teorija vrednot.*'-
-((-; C-+5-Anthropos, 34, 1-3,B23!@-
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#7(-; BC-Why won't God go awayW)**KK777-7-7-/KG-
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*A-
#7(-,(G'-"O-; 2C-Why God won't go away: Brain science and the biology of belief -
#7Q*E-
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+-(-;2::=C-O//
6-Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76:2?3:= -
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Clinical Neuroscience-A2=;BC*?2?3?B-
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.-;'-C;2:: CTranspersonal psychologies. #7Q*&<"7
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)"'6A(+/.O&3
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Article
Full-text available
Religion is a belief-based activity system which functions in the realms of social and reflective aspects in line with human growth and excellence. Present study was conducted aiming to investigate the relationship between cognitive style and religious orientation of the students of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. This research was correlational and Statistical population included all of the students of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University in the academic year 2015-16. The research sample was comprised of 211 students selected via convenience sampling. Religious orientation and Cognitive style questionnaires were used for data collection. Data analysis was conducted by Pearson correlation statistical method and simultaneous multiple regression via SPSS statistical software. The results depicted that there is a significant relationship between Cognitive Style (experimentalism and rationalism) and religious orientation. Also, experimentalism and rationalism showed a significant relationship with the components of religiosity (p<0.05), praise (p<0.05), and pleasure seeking (p<0.01). The results indicated that individuals employ both experimentalism and rationalism in religious orientation.
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