Content uploaded by Nenko Nenov
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Nenko Nenov on Feb 04, 2014
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Low temperature extraction of essential oil bearing plants by liquefied gases. 10. Waste of chokeberry fruits (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx) Elliott.).
Abstract and Figures
The lipid composition from waste of chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx) Elliott.) extraction with freon134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluorethane) and with freon 134a+acetone was analyzed using GC and HPLC. The main components in the triacylglycerol fractions were linoleic (47.8 – 57.2%), oleic (26.4 – 28.4%) and palmitic (11.0 – 15.5%) acids.-Tocopherol (59.3 – 61.4%) predominated in the tocopherol fractions, and-sitosterol (74.3%) – in the sterol fraction.
Figures - uploaded by Nenko Nenov
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Nenko Nenov
Content may be subject to copyright.
The seeds of four prairie fruits—chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), thorny buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea), Woods’ rose (Rosa woodsii) and hawthorn (Crataegus×mordenensis)—from Southern Alberta were investigated. The lipid contents of the seeds were found to be 10.4, 11.5, 3.7 and 3.4%, respectively.
The tested seed lipids contained mainly linoleic acid in the range from 27.9 to 65.6% and oleic acid from 19.7 to 61.9%. The
thorny buffaloberry and Woods’ rose seed lipids contained 29.2 and 30.8% of linolenic acid, respectively. The contents of
palmitic and stearic acids ranged from 3.2 to 5.4% and 1.6 to 2.2%, respectively. The contents of total tocopherols in the
chokecherry, thorny buffaloberry, Woods’ rose and hawthorn seed lipids accounted for 595, 897, 2,358 and 2,837mg/kg, respectively.
The main sterols in the lipids were β-sitosterol, Δ5-avenasterol, cycloartenol, campesterol, stigmasterol and gramisterol. The results of the present study show that the lipids
from the seeds of the investigated prairie fruits could be a good source of valuable essential fatty acids, tocopherols and
sterols, thus suggesting their application as functional foods and nutraceuticals.
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate small and high molecular phenolics (tannins) and antioxidant activity of
Aronia melanocarpa berries, juice and pomace in order to find new potential sources of natural antioxidants. The fruits of Aronia melanocarpa Elliot were collected in the middle of October at a plantation near Wroclaw, Poland. The pomace has a much higher content
of phenolics in comparision to juice and fruits. Results showed that polymeric proanthocyanins, predominantly of (−)epicatechin,
are the major class of polyphenolic compounds in chokeberry, represent 66% of fruits polyphenols. The average concentration
ranged from 1578.79mg/100g of DW for chokeberry juice up to 8191.58mg/100g in pomace. The concentration of phenolic acids
(chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids) in juice was higher than in pomace. Anthocyanins in Aronia melanocarpa are second phenolic compound group and represent about 25% of total polyphenols, mixture of four different cyanidin glycosides:
3-galactoside, 3-glucoside, 3-arabinoside and 3-xyloside. The higher antioxidant activity expressed as TEAC was measured in
pomace >fruit >juice.
Aronia melanocarpa, native to eastern North America, has become popular in Eastern Europe and Russia. Aronia melanocarpa fruits are one of the richest plant sources of phenolic substances, mainly anthocyanins--glycosides of cyanidin. Anthocyanins are water soluble pigments accounting for the dark blue and even black color of the fruits. Administered orally they can be absorbed as intact glycosides. Aronia melanocarpa fruit juice and anthocyanins derived from the fruits have been studied intensively for the last 15 years. Most of the effects of Aronia melanocarpa anthocyanins are due to their high antioxidative activity. Our investigations have demonstrated a remarkable hepatoprotective, a very good gastroprotective and a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect of Aronia melanocarpa fruit juice in rats as well as a bacteriostatic activity in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and an antiviral activity against type A influenza virus. Research of other authors has demonstrated that Aronia melanocarpa anthocyanins can normalize the carbohydrate metabolism in diabetic patients and in streptozotocin-diabetic rats, have an in vitro antimutagenic activity and exhibit a distinct immunomodulatory activity in human lymphocyte cultures and in patients with breast cancer, suppress the growth of human HT-29 colon cancer cells, inhibit the N-nitrosamine formation in rats and decrease the toxicity and cumulation of cadmium in liver and kidneys. Currently, there are no data in literature about any unwanted and toxic effects of Aronia melanocarpa fruits, juice and extracts.
The lipid composition of chokeberry, black currant and rose hip seeds was investigated. The seeds contain 19.3 g kg⁻¹, 22.0 g kg⁻¹ and 8.2 g kg⁻¹ glyceride oil respectively. The content of phospholipids, mainly phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine, was 2.8 g kg⁻¹, 1.3 g kg⁻¹ and 1.4 g kg⁻¹, respectively. The total amounts of sterols were 1.2 g kg⁻¹, 1.4 g kg⁻¹ and 0.4 g kg⁻¹. The main component was β-sitosterol, followed by campesterol and Δ⁵ -avenasterol. In the tocopherol fraction (55.5 mg kg⁻¹ in chokeberry oil, 249.6 mg kg⁻¹ in black currant oil and 89.4 mg kg⁻¹ in rose hip oil), α-tocopherol predominated in chokeberry oil (70.6 mg kg⁻¹). γ-Tocopherol was the main component in black currant oil (55.4 mg kg⁻¹) and rose hip oil (71.0 mg kg⁻¹). The fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols, individual phospholipids and sterol esters was also identified. In the phospholipids and sterol esters, the more saturated fatty acids, mainly palmitic, stearic, and long chain fatty acids predominated.
Black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa Elliott), belonging to Rosaceae, is low wood of North America origin. It was introduced for the berry into Japan (Hokkaido) from former Soviet Union in 1976. Now in Hokkaido, it is cultivated in Sapporo (at Hokkaido National Agricultural Experiment Station), Ebetsu and Otaki. As for the cultivation, there were both trees of the North America derivation and the Russia derivation in Ebetu, and were the Russia derivation in the other places. In order to develop processed foods for Black chokeberry, chemical components and characteristics, i.e., proximate composition, organic acids and dietary fiber, polyphenol contents, mineral and vitamin contents, Brix, pH and one fruit weight, were investigated on 4 kinds of Black chokeberries in 3 places. The berries contained more β-carotene (770.6 μg/100 g), dietary fiber (5.62 g/100g) than other fruits and berries. The content of β-cryptoxanthin (463.0 μg/100g) and polyphenol (748.4 mg/100g) in these were also high. The berries of the Russia derivation, as compared with those of the North America derivation, tended to be higher content of vitamin C, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin and organic acids, but to be lower content of polyphenol.
Mit Hilfe der zweidimensionalen Gaschromatographie wurde die Sterinzusammensetzung von 9 Samenölen der Familie Apiaceae untersucht: Sellerie (Apium graveolens L.), Dill (Anethum graveolens L.), Kümmel (Carum Carvi L.), Kreuzkümmel (Cuminum cyminum L.), Koriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), Mohrrübe (Daucus carota L.), Fenchel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), Anis (Pimpinella anisum L.) und Petersilie (Petroselinum sativum L.). Der Steringehalt in den Samenölen beträgt 0.2 – 0.7%. Die Hauptkomponenten der Sterinfraktion sind Sitosterin – 33.0 bis 58.4% und Stigmasterin – 26.6 – 47.5%; Mikrokomponenten sind: Cholesterin, Brassicasterin, Campesterin, Δ7-Campesterin, Δ5-Avenasterin, Δ7-Stigmasterin und Δ7-Avenasterin.
Studies on Sterol Composition of Some Glyceride Oils from Family Apiaceae
Sterol composition in the 9 plant glyceride oils from Family Apiaceae: celery (Apium graveolens L.), fennel (Anethum graveolens L.), caraway (Carum carvi L.), cummin (Cuminum cyminum L.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), carrot (Daucus carota L.), fenchel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), anis (Pimpinella anisum L.) and parsley (Petroselinum sativum L.) have been studied using a gas liquid chromatography. Sterol content is 0.2 – 0.7% in glyceride oils. Sitosterol – 33.0 – 58.4% and stigmasterol – 26.6 – 47.5% have been identified as major components in all of these glyceride oils. Minor components are: cholesterol, brassicasterol, campesterol, Δ7-campesterol, Δ5-avenasterol, Δ7-stigmasterol and Δ7-avenasterol.
The lipid composition of chokeberry, black currant and rose hip seeds was investigated. The seeds contain 19.3 g kg−1, 22.0 g kg−1 and 8.2 g kg−1 glyceride oil respectively. The content of phospholipids, mainly phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine, was 2.8 g kg−1, 1.3 g kg−1 and 1.4 g kg−1, respectively. The total amounts of sterols were 1.2 g kg−1, 1.4 g kg−1 and 0.4 g kg−1. The main component was β-sitosterol, followed by campesterol and Δ5 -avenasterol. In the tocopherol fraction (55.5 mg kg−1 in chokeberry oil, 249.6 mg kg−1 in black currant oil and 89.4 mg kg−1 in rose hip oil), α-tocopherol predominated in chokeberry oil (70.6 mg kg−1). γ-Tocopherol was the main component in black currant oil (55.4 mg kg−1) and rose hip oil (71.0 mg kg−1). The fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols, individual phospholipids and sterol esters was also identified. In the phospholipids and sterol esters, the more saturated fatty acids, mainly palmitic, stearic, and long chain fatty acids predominated.© 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
The intention of this review is to contribute to a better understanding of the potentials of the nutritional contribution of ARONIA berries ( ARONIA MELANOCARPA). The paper gives a short background to their botanical classification and cultivation practice, going in detail to describe the chemical composition of the berries. The emphasis is laid thereby upon the phenolic constituents. The paper finally gives a short resume of their beneficial effects in biological systems IN VITRO, in animals, and in humans, thus underlining their medicinal potential.
Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins were characterized by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS coupled with a diode array and/or fluorescent detector in seven cultivars of Ribes nigrum (black currant) and Ribes rubrum (red currant, Red Lake), six cultivars of Ribes grossularia (gooseberries), Aronia melanocarpa(chokeberry), and Sambucus nigra (elderberry). Thirty-one different anthocyanins were detected in these berries, but not every anthocyanin was observed in each berry. A number of minor anthocyanins were identified from these berries for the first time. The concentrations of individual anthocyanins in all of the berries were quantified using relevant anthocyanidin 3-glucoside standards. Among the berries studied in this paper and in berries in general, chokeberry has the highest total anthocyanin concentrations [1480 mg/100 g of fresh weight (FW)], whereas the lowest total anthocyanin concentration in the berries studied was found in the gooseberry cv. Careless, which contained only 0.07 mg/100 g of FW. Two cultivars of gooseberries (Marigold and Leveller) did not contain any anthocyanins. Total proanthocyanidin concentrations in the berries studied ranged from 23 to 664 mg/100 g of FW in elderberry and chokeberry, respectively. Procyanidin or prodelphinidin polymers were the predominant components (>65% w/w) in most of the berries. The lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities were measured by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC(FL)) procedure. The total antioxidant capacity varied from 21 micromol of TE/g of FW in Careless gooseberry to 161 micromol of TE/g of FW in chokeberry. Total phenolics in the berries in general paralleled hydrophilic antioxidant capacity.