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Rediscovery and redescription of Hybocodon chilensis Hartlaub, 1905 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Comau Fiord, southern Chile
Abstract
Hybocodon chilensis Hartlaub, 1905, a poorly known species considered as of doubtful validity, is
redescribed. Material examined was collected in Comau Fiord (Chile), situated a short distance
from Calbuco, the original site where the type material was collected. Morphological features of
living specimens of H. chilensis are fully described and illustrated, and data are provided on the
cnidome. A table that compares polyp and medusa stages of species assigned to the genus
Hybocodon L. Agassiz, 1862 is presented. The systematic position of H. chilensis amongst the
other members is discussed, and an identification key for the medusae is given.
... The nematocysts are not known. For closely related species see Millard (1975), Schuchert (1996), and Galea (2006). BIOLOGY: The polyp is a littoral species occurring in shallow depths and even large, protected rock-pools, but has only rarely been found along the European coasts (Reykjavik: Saemundsson, 1899;Plymouth: Russell, 1957). ...
... Some nominal species originally described from the Pacific have not been included in the synonymy as they may pertain to other valid species. Galea (2006) recently reviewed the better known species and concludes that H. chilensis Hartlaub, 1905 is likely valid and distinct from H. prolifer as the medusa never produces secondary medusae. The medusae of the North Pacific (Uchida, 1927;Arai & Brinckmann-Voss, 1980), however, do produce secondary medusae and are thus likely H. prolifer. ...
This study concludes the series of reviews on European athecate hydroids and anthomedusae, providing updated classifications, descriptions, and illustrations of all species. The present work mainly treats the remaining capitate families, but taxonomic comments and updates on some filiferan taxa are also given. The genus name Russellia Kramp, 1957 is preoccupied and the new name Heterotentacula n. gen. and the family level name Heterotentaculidae n. fam. are proposed to replace them. Janiopsis Bouillon, 1980 is also a pre-occupied genus name. No replacement name is necessary as Janiopsis is regarded as congeneric with Merga Hartlaub, 1914. The frequently used genus name Heterotiara Maas, 1905 is invalid and must be replaced by Protiaropsis Stechow, 1919. Tubularia ralphi Bale, 1884, Tubularia gracilis von Lendenfeld. 1885, Tubularia australis Stechow, 1924, and Tubularia warreni Ewer, 1953 are all recognized as new synonyms of Ectopleura crocea (L. Agassiz, 1862). Mediterranean records of Ectopleura miners Mayer, 1900 are here attributed to E. wrighti and E.,ninerva does not likely occur in European waters. A reexamination of the type material of Corymorpha appelloefi Bonnevie, 1901 made it clear that it must be regarded as synonym of Corvmorpha rattans M. Sars, 1835. Meiorhopalon arenicolum Salvin-Plawen, 1987 is recognized as a new synonym of Euphvsa aurata Forbes, 1848. Examination of the type material of Corvne filiformis (Rees, 1936) showed that it is inseparable from Corvne pintneri Schneider, 1898. C. filiformis must thus be regarded as a new synonym of C. pintneri. Eugotoea petalina Margulis, 1989 is likewise a new synonym of Rhabdoon singulars Keferstein & Ehlers, 1861.
... The importance of hydrozoans and other " passive suspension feeders " has been underestimated for many years, but new evidence has determined they can play an important role in ecosystems food chains (Gili et al. 1998, Orejas et al. 2000a, 2000b, Genzano 2005). There have been recent efforts in the south of Chile to revise this taxon (Peña & Cantero 1999, Orejas et al. 2000b), to describe some new species (Galea 2006a) and redescribe others (Hybocodon chilensis (Hartlub, 1905) (Galea 2006b). The Chelicerata include the Halacaridae mites and the Pycnogonida. ...
A comprehensive literature review was conducted to determine the species richness of all the possible taxa of free-living benthic marine invertebrates in Chile. In addition, the extent of endemism to the Pacific Islands and deep-sea, the number of non-indigenous species, and the contribution that the Chilean benthic marine invertebrate fauna makes to the world benthic marine invertebrate fauna was examined. A total of 4,553 species were found. The most speciose taxa were the Crustacea, Mollusca and Polychaeta. Species richness data was not available for a number of taxa, despite evidence that these taxa are present in the Chilean benthos. The Chilean marine invertebrate benthic fauna constitutes 2.47 % of the world marine invertebrate benthic fauna. There are 599 species endemic to the Pacific Islands and 205 in the deep-sea. There are 25 invasive or non-indigenous species so far identified in Chile. Though the Chilean fauna is speciose there is still a considerable amount of diversity yet to be described, particularly amongst the small bodied invertebrates and from the less well explored habitats, such as the deep-sea.
... The importance of hydrozoans and other " passive suspension feeders " has been underestimated for many years, but new evidence has determined they can play an important role in ecosystems food chains (Gili et al. 1998, Orejas et al. 2000a, 2000b, Genzano 2005). There have been recent efforts in the south of Chile to revise this taxon (Peña & Cantero 1999, Orejas et al. 2000b), to describe some new species (Galea 2006a) and redescribe others (Hybocodon chilensis (Hartlub, 1905) (Galea 2006b). The Chelicerata include the Halacaridae mites and the Pycnogonida. ...
A comprehensive literature review was conducted to determine the species richness of all the possible taxa of free-living benthic marine invertebrates in Chile. In addition, the extent of endemism to the Pacific Islands and deep-sea, the number of non-indigenous species, and the contribution that the Chilean benthic marine invertebrate fauna makes to the world benthic marine invertebrate fauna was examined. A total of 4,553 species were found. The most speciose taxa were the Crustacea, Mollusca and Polychaeta. Species richness data was not available for a number of taxa, despite evidence that these taxa are present in the Chilean benthos. The Chilean marine invertebrate benthic fauna constitutes 2.47 % of the world marine invertebrate benthic fauna. There are 599 species endemic to the Pacific Islands and 205 in the deep-sea. There are 25 invasive or non-indigenous species so far identified in Chile. Though the Chilean fauna is speciose there is still a considerable amount of diversity yet to be described, particularly amongst the small bodied invertebrates and from the less well explored habitats, such as the deep-sea.
... Ectopleura colonies, depending on the species, are either small (only a few interconnected polyps) or large (hundreds of interconnected polyps on long, branched stalks) [7,8] ( Figure 1A). Other instances of coloniality are reported within Aplanulata, but these do not achieve the size or level of integration of Ectopleura colonies, as these other ''colonies'' are either loose aggregates that do not share gastrovascular tissues [4,9,10] or polyp buds that remain attached due to the presence of a soft substratum [11]. ...
Coloniality, as displayed by most hydrozoans, is thought to confer a size advantage in substrate-limited benthic marine environments and affects nearly every aspect of a species' ecology and evolution [1
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], to determine polyp-colony boundaries. Our results suggest that stalks beneath the neck do not have polyp identity and instead are specialized structures that interconnect polyps. Epithelial fusion, brooding behavior, and the presence of a skeleton were all key factors behind the evolution of this novel pathway to coloniality in Ectopleura.
... nambuccense was initially reported from eastern and south-eastern Australia (Watson 1985), but there are additional records from the Pacific coast of Brazil (Nogueira et al. 1997;Marques 2001). Hybocodon chilensis, initially described from Chile (Hartlaub 1905), was also reported from New Zealand (as H. prolifer in Schuchert 1996, see also Galea 2006b). ...
We identified 36 species of cnidarians (27 hydromedusae, 9 siphonophores) collected from the Moraleda, King, Darwin, and Pulluche channels, located in southern Chile. The hydromedusae Gossea brachymera, Hybocodon unicus, and Sarsia coccometra, and the siphonophores Rosacea cymbiformis and R. plicata were recorded for the first time in the southern channels. Diversity values were higher for Hydromedusae (2.66 bits) than for Siphonophorae (1.15 bits). The largest aggregates were found in the Moraleda and Pulluche channels, with densities that exceeded 7,000 ind·1000 m-3. The vertical distribution of the dominant species showed Solmundella bitentaculata to be located near the surface (0-20 m), whereas Sphaeronectes gracilis, Muggiaea atlantica, Clytia simplex, and Proboscidactyla ornata were found in subsurface waters (20-50 m) and Amphogona apicata in deeper waters (50-100 m). According to the Pearson analysis, salinity correlated positively with S. gracilis and S. bitentaculata and negatively with P. ornata. C. simplex was indirectly associated with temperature and the dissolved oxygen concentration.
Medusae collected in winter and spring 2007 were analyzed in a longitudinal transect made between the Boca de Guafo and Elefantes Fjord, southern Chile. A total of 30 species were identified, Hydromedusae (29) and Scyphozoa (1), where Bougainvillia macloviana, Hybocodon chilensis, Hydractinia tenuis, Laodicea pulcra, L. undulada, Modeeria rotunda and Chrysaora plocamia represent new records for the area. A significant increase in the jellyfish abundance was higher in spring than in winter (fourteen times higher), with 68% of common species in both seasons. The specific diversity was slightly higher in winter (3.4 bits) than spring (3.2 bits), the species richness instead was higher in spring than in winter, with a mean of 5 and 12 species, respectively. The vertical distribution showed the presence of surface (H. borealis), deep (A. apicata, C. peregrina and R. velatum) and wide bathymetric distribution (B. muscoides and B. muscus) species. Results from the area were compared with previous results (2002-2003) thus proving that most species identified are common in southern Chilean fjords and channels.
We identified 36 species of cnidarians (27 hydromedusae, 9 siphonophores) collected from the Moraleda, King, Darwin, and Pulluche channels, located in southern Chile. The hydromedusae Gossea brachymera, Hybocodon unicus, and Sarsia coccometra, and the siphonophores Rosacea cymbiformis and R. plicata were recorded for the first time in the southern channels. Diversity values were higher for Hydromedusae (2.66 bits) than for Siphonophorae (1.15 bits). The largest aggregates were found in the Moraleda and Pulluche channels, with densities that exceeded 7,000 ind·1000 m -3 . The vertical distribution of the dominant species showed Solmundella bitentaculata to be located near the surface (0-20 m), whereas Sphaeronectes gracilis, Muggiaea atlantica, Clytia simplex, and Proboscidactyla ornata were found in subsurface waters (20-50 m) and Amphogona apicata in deeper waters (50-100 m). According to the Pearson analysis, salinity correlated positively with S. gracilis and S. bitentaculata and negatively with P. ornata. C. simplex was indirectly associated with temperature and the dissolved oxygen concentration.
Medusae collected in winter and spring 2007 were analyzed in a longitudinal transect made between the Boca de Guafo and Elefantes Fjord, southern Chile. A total of 30 species were identified, Hydromedusae (29) and Scyphozoa (1), where Bougainvillia macloviana, Hybocodon chilensis, Hydractinia tenuis, Laodicea pulcra, L. undulada, Modeeria rotunda and Chrysaora plocamia represent new records for the area. A significant increase in the jellyfish abundance was higher in spring than in winter (fourteen times higher), with 68% of common species in both seasons. The specific diversity was slightly higher in winter (3.4 bits) than spring (3.2 bits), the species richness instead was higher in spring than in winter, with a mean of 5 and 12 species, respectively. The vertical distribution showed the presence of surface (H. borealis), deep (A. apicata, C. peregrina and R. velatum) and wide bathymetric distribution (B. muscoides and B. muscus) species. Results from the area were compared with previous results (2002-2003) thus proving that most species identified are common in southern Chilean fjords and channels.
The shallow-water hydroids and hydromedusae from the fjords region of southern Chile are surveyed. A total of 63 species
are described or mentioned. Of these, one species, Halecium fjordlandicum sp. nov., is new to science, five species
could be identified to genus only, and one species, Hebella cf. dispolians (Warren, 1909), is only tentatively identified.
The species have been assigned to nine families of athecates, 13 families of thecates, two families of narcomedusae and
one family of trachymedusae. Among the present material, twenty species are new records for Chile: Bougainvillia muscoides
(M. Sars, 1846), B. pyramidata (Forbes & Goodsir, 1851), Cordylophora caspia (Pallas, 1771), Hydractinia
tenuis (Browne, 1902), Eudendrium cf. nambuccense Watson, 1985, E. cf. scotti Puce, Cerrano & Bavestrello, 2002,
Calycella syringa (Linnaeus, 1767), Campanulina pumila (Clark, 1875), Egmundella gracilis Stechow, 1921, Lafoeina
longitheca Jäderholm, 1904, Filellum cf. magnificum Peña Cantero, Svoboda & Vervoort, 2004, Hebella cf. dispolians,
Sertularella argentinica El Beshbeeshy, 1991, S. fuegonensis El Beshbeeshy, 1991, S. gayi (Lamouroux, 1821), S. jorgensis
El Beshbeeshy, 1991, Campanularia cf. hincksii Alder, 1856, Clytia linearis (Thornely, 1900), C. paulensis (Vanhöffen,
1910) and Cunina octonaria McCrady, 1859. A number of species show affinities partly with the cold-temperate
Magellan region, and partly with Antarctica. The remaining species have either a cosmopolitan distribution, or are
restricted to the temperate part of the southern hemisphere. Finally, several species have a bipolar distribution. Two species,
Hydractinia pacifica Hartlaub, 1905 and Kirchenpaueria magellanica (Hartlaub, 1905) are here recorded for the
first time from Chile since their original description. Phialella chilensis (Hartlaub, 1905) is regarded as a synonym of P.
quadrata (Forbes, 1848), since there are available records of the medusa stage of the latter species from Chile. Some of
the well-known species are listed together with short remarks, while others are briefly described. Less common species
are redescribed, and new and uncertain species are fully described. Nearly all the species are illustrated, and their geographic
distributions along the coasts of Chile are indicated. A checklist of all hydroids and hydromedusae described or
mentioned from Chile is provided. Deposition of alcohol-preserved specimens and microslide preparations in the collections
of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle of Geneva is indicated.
This report supplements a series of earlier accounts on the hydrozoan fauna of Chile, and discusses 34 species of hydroids and one hydromedusa. The available collection was gathered from three distinct biogeographical regions: the southern border of the Peruvian Province around Punta de Choros, the southern Intermediate Zone around Corral, and the northern and southern parts of the Magellan Province, around Reloncaví Sound and in the Strait of Magellan, respectively. All the species are fully illustrated and, when necessary, data on the cnidome composition are provided. Six species, Halecium annuliforme, Sertularella curvitheca, Sertularella mixta, Symplectoscyphus patagonicus, Halopteris plumosa, and Clytia reloncavia, are described as new. The gonothecae of Halecium fjordlandicum Galea, 2007, Symplectoscyphus magellanicus (Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890), and Campanularia hartlaubi (El Beshbeeshy, 2011) are described for the
first time, while those of Kirchenpaueria curvata (Jäderholm, 1904) were rediscovered and are accurately redescribed. Morphological differences between C. hartlaubi and C. lennoxensis (Jäderholm, 1903), two species with similar trophosomes, are highlighted. Large, fertile specimens of Halecium pallens Jäderholm, 1904, as well as a female colony of Hydractinia parvispina Hartlaub, 1905, allowed new redescriptions to be made. Due to insufficient taxonomic information on several species created more than a century ago, two Chilean records are doubtfully assigned to Sertularella implexa (Allman, 1888) and Sertularella lagena Allman, 1876, respectively, the former represented by fertile specimens, and thus allowing the first description of its gonothecae. The long history of the confused taxonomy of South American "Symplectoscyphus subdichotomus (Kirchenpauer, 1884)" is now entirely settled. All the available records are confidently assigned to the synonymy of Symplectoscyphus filiformis (Allman, 1888), whose sexual dimorphism of gonothecae, first indicated by Totton (1930), is confirmed in light of the present material. Five species represent new
records for the country: Staurocladia vallentini (Browne, 1902), Samuraia tabularasa Mangin, 1991, H. pallens,
Sertularella blanconae El Beshbeeshy, 2011, and Symplectoscyphus paraglacialis El Beshbeeshy, 2011, the latter two being redescribed. Due to the scarcity of available material and the lack of gonophores of both sexes, six species of Eudendrium Ehrenberg, 1834 could be identified to genus only. Similarly, a species of Sertularella Gray, 1848 and two belonging to Symplectoscyphus Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890, are awaiting reliable identifications based on fertile specimens. A species of Clytia Lamouroux, 1812 could not be determined to species in the absence of life cycle studies.
The genus Hybocodon includes seven species, two of which (H. prolifer and H. unicus) have been recorded in the southwestern Atlantic. These reports were based on the medusa stage and only a few diagnostic characters were described, rendering some of these records rather doubtful. Additionally, H. prolifer has a boreal distribution, suggesting that the reports of this species from the southern hemisphere could correspond to other Hybocodon species. Recently, we sampled benthic and planktonic specimens of Hybocodon in the southwestern Atlantic and two species were identified: polyps and medusae of Hybocodon chilensis Hartlaub, 1905, and medusae of Hybocodon unicus (Browne, 1902). These samples allowed
us to review and discuss the geographical distribution and validity of previous records of Hybocodon species for this area. We conclude that H. chilensis and H. unicus are the only Hybocodon species presently known for the southwestern Atlantic Ocean.
The special location (40?42°S in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean) and the hydrodynamic regime (limited water exchange with open ocean) in San Matías Gulf (Argentina) seem to produce a particular fauna of planktonic cnidarians whose their abundances are mainly shaped by the Gulf circulation. Four oceanographic cruises, covering 93 stations in three different seasons during 2007 and 2008 were carried out to quantify species richness and abundance, as well as to analyse the distribution of these cnidarians. We identified 20 species of hydromedusae and one siphonophore, increasing the total number of types of hydromedusae for the area to 23. This value is similar to the one found in the abutting Argentine continental shelf (20), but with a different assemblage com- position. Hydromedusae abundances found were low, except for a bloom of the Leptomedusa Obelia spp. during the cold season. The only siphonophore found in the area, Pyrostephos vanhoeffeni, has previously been thought to be endemic to Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters, this being the first record for temperate waters of the Southwest Atlantic Ocean.
Pitipalena. La expedición se realizó en parte por tierra con dos camionetas y con lanchas puesto a disposición en los lugares. Participaron 4 científicos y dos asistentes durante 16 días con un total de 17 inmersiones en 13 sitios y en total más que 100 horas de buceo autónomo hasta profundidades de 30 m. Se recolectaron unas 750 muestras de organismos y agregaciones de organismos de las cuales se sacaron fotos en situ y en acuario antes de preservarlas. Las muestras se mandaron a especialistas taxonómicos para su identificación. El muestreo contribuye a la guía de identificación de la fauna bentónica de la región de los fiordos chilenos en la que científicos de la Fundación Huinay están trabajando.
The shallow-water hydrozoan fauna of fjordComau is surveyed. A total of thirty three specieswere recorded. They have been assigned to eightfamilies of Athecata, eight families of Thecata,two families of Narcomedusae and one family ofTrachymedusae. Their ecology is brieflydiscussed.
1996, The marine fauna of New Zealand: athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), 12786
This study provides a systematic account of the hydrozoan species collected up to now in the Mediterranean Sea. All species are described, illustrated and information on morphology and distribution is given for all of them. This work is the most complete fauna of hydrozoans made in the Mediterranean. The fauna includes planktonic hydromedusae, benthic polyps stages and the siphonophores. The Hydrozoa are taken as an example of inconspicuous taxa whose knowledge has greatly progressed in the last decades due to the scientific research of some specialists in the Mediterranean area. The number of species recorded in the Mediterranean almost doubled in the last thirty years and the number of new records is still increasing. The 457 species recorded in this study represents the 12% of the world known species. The fauna is completed with classification keys anda glossary of terms with the main purpose of facilitating the identification of ali Meditrranean hydrozoan species.
This work was started many years ago in the form of a card-index for my own use. At the beginning the building up of the index involved a great deal of work, but later on it saved me time for my studies, and it was not difficult to keep it up to date. One day my friends, Dr F. S. Russell, director of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Plymouth, and Dr W. J. Rees, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), London, saw this index, and they repeatedly urged me to put it into a form suitable for publication for the benefit of other students of medusae. I agreed, though hesitatingly, because my time was much occupied. A grant from the Browne Research Fund of the Royal Society of London, however, enabled me to employ an assistant, Mr J. Liitzen, who under my supervision could carry out the necessary revision and the typing, as well as some translation from Danish or other languages into English; he has done it remarkably well, and I wish to thank him for his industrious and painstaking collaboration.
H. cryptus -Tentacle bulb between two large swellings
- ............................................................................................................................. Tentacle Bulb Bean-Shaped
Tentacle bulb bean-shaped............................................................................ H. cryptus
-Tentacle bulb between two large swellings..................................................... H. unicus
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H. atentaculatus -With a well-developed tentacle
- ...................................................................................................................................................................... Without Tentacle
Without tentacle.....................................................................................H. atentaculatus
-With a well-developed tentacle.................................................................................... 2
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