Species Composition, Richness and Diversity in Miombo Woodland of Bereku Forest Reserve, Tanzania

Abstract

There is increased interest in the academic world with regards to tree and shrub species richness and diversity within the Miombo Woodlands and to determine the potential for biodiversity conservation. This study assessed species richness, diversity, dominance and exploitation of tree and shrub in Bereku Forest Reserve. Plant inventory was carried out in 80 systematically selected sample plots. The information recorded includes: diameter at breast height, species name and frequency of regenerants. Analysis of inventory data was done by using Microsoft Excel. A total of 110 species belonging to 53 families were identified. Results showed Shannon-Wiener Index and Simpson Diversity Index of 4.27 and 0.043 respectively for the Miombo woodland of Bereku. Moreover, the findings in this study show mean stems density and mean total density of regenerants of 616 stems per hectare and 2780 stems per hectare respectively. The paper concludes that despite the Miombo Woodland providing products and services to the surrounding communities the woodland is still fairly stocked with high tree and shrub species diversity. The study recommends in-depth forest inventory, preparation of management plan and promotion of good governance in management of Bereku forest reserve.

Full text

Species Composition, Richness and Diversity in Miombo
Woodland of Bereku Forest Reserve, Tanzania
Richard A. Giliba1, Emmanuel K. Boon2, Canisius J. Kayombo1, Emmanuel B. Musamba3,
Almas M. Kashindye1 and Philipina F. Shayo1
1Forestry Training Institute, Olmotonyi, Tanzania
E-mail: richiea78@yahoo.com
2Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium, 3Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Tanzania
KEYWORDS Species Diversity. Species Dominance. Species Composition. Miombo Woodland
ABSTRACT There is increased interest in the academic world with regards to tree and shrub species richness and diversity
within the Miombo Woodlands and to determine the potential for biodiversity conservation. This study assessed species
richness, diversity, dominance and exploitation of tree and shrub in Bereku Forest Reserve. Plant inventory was carried
out in 80 systematically selected sample plots. The information recorded includes: diameter at breast height, species name
and frequency of regenerants. Analysis of inventory data was done by using Microsoft Excel. A total of 110 species
belonging to 53 families were identified. Results showed Shannon-Wiener Index and Simpson Diversity Index of 4.27 and
0.043 respectively for the Miombo woodland of Bereku. Moreover, the findings in this study show mean stems density
and mean total density of regenerants of 616 stems per hectare and 2780 stems per hectare respectively. The paper concludes
that despite the Miombo Woodland providing products and services to the surrounding communities the woodland is still
fairly stocked with high tree and shrub species diversity. The study recommends in-depth forest inventory, preparation of
management plan and promotion of good governance in management of Bereku forest reserve.
1. INTRODUCTION
Miombo Woodland is the most extensive veg-
etation type in Africa, covering an estimated 2.7
million km2 in regions receiving greater than 700
mm mean annual rainfall on nutrient-poor soils
(Campbell et al. 1996). Miombo Woodland is
distinguished from other African savanna, wood-
land and forest formations by the dominance of
tree species in the family Fabaceae, subfamily
Caesalpinioideae, particularly in the genera
Brachystegia, Julbernardia and Isoberlinia
(Frost 1996). These genera are seldom found
outside Miombo. Although this dominance by
Caesalpinioideae is characteristic, their contri-
bution to numbers and biomass varies extensively
within and between communities (Frost 1996).
What factors favour this dominance is an inter-
esting but as yet largely unanswered question,
though the widespread occurrence of ectomy-
corrhizae in their roots may enable them to ex-
ploit porous, infertile soils more efficiently than
groups lacking ectomycorrhizae (Högberg and
Nylund 1981). The composition and structure of
Miombo Woodland appears superficially to be
relatively uniform over large regions, suggest-
ing a broad similarity in key environmental con-
ditions. Woody plants comprise 95-98% of the
aboveground biomass of undisturbed stands;
grasses and herbs make up the remainder (Chi-
dumayo 1993a). The woodlands typically com-
prise an upper canopy of umbrella shaped trees;
a scattered layer, often absent, of subcanopy
trees; a discontinuous understorey of shrubs and
saplings; and a patchy layer of grasses (Campbell
1966). The uniformity in appearance is due in
part to the remarkably similar physiognomy of
the dominant canopy trees, no doubt a reflection
of their origins in the Caesalpinioideae. Differ-
ences in species composition, diversity and struc-
ture are more apparent at a local scale. The ori-
gin of these differences is unclear: geomorphic
evolution of the landscape (Cole 1986); edaphic
factors, principally soil moisture and soil nutri-
ents (Campbell et al. 1988) and past and present
land use and other anthropogenic disturbances
(Chidumayo 1987c), have all been implicated.
According to Chidumayo (1989a), anthropoge-
nic activities play a big role in the dynamics of
miombo woodlands. The species diversity and
composition have been shaped in many ways by
human beings, and it is believed no part of it re-
mains absent of human influence (WWF-SARPO
2001). Knowledge of the extent to which tree
and shrub diversity have been shaped is inad-
equate. This study assessed species richness, di-
versity and dominance of tree and shrub in
Bereku Forest Reserve (BFR). BFR is a Central
Government owned forest located in Manyara
region. It is managed through Joint Forest Man-
© Kamla-Raj 2011J Biodiversity, 2(1): 1-7 (2011)

agement (JFM). It is against this background that
the area is selected for this study since it is a
good representative of a forest managed jointly
in Northern part of Tanzania and as such it is
worthy assessing species diversity under this for-
est management regime.
2. MATERIAL AND METHOD
2.1 The Study Area Description
Babati district is located at latitude 4°132
South and longitude 35°452 East, 1300-1800
m.a.s.l, Manyara Region, northern part of Tan-
zania. The district has a total area of 6069 km2.
It is bordered to the north by the Arusha Region,
to the southeast by the Simanjiro District, to the
south by the Dodoma Region, to the southwest
by the Hanang District, and to the northwest by
the Mbulu District. The Bereku forest has a total
area of about 5670 ha (Fig. 1). The forest is typi-
cal dry Miombo woodland located within the Rift
valley, about 20 km south of Babati township,
accessed by road.
According to the 1988 population census of
Tanzania, the district hosts 208,000 people com-
pared to 95 411 people in 1928. Currently, more
than 379 000 people live in Babati district.
Bereku forest reserve is surrounded by 9 villages
with a total population of about 17 000 people.
Most of the villages are linked by paths except
Babati
NN
Legend
Bereku_forest
02050 4100 8200 Kilometers0187.5 375 750 Kilometers
Fig. 1. The study area map
for a few that link the main roads. The main socio-
economic activities of the people in study area
include agricultural production and livestock
keeping. Other activities include: beekeeping,
fishing and lumbering. Cultivated food crops in-
clude: maize, beans, simsim, paddy and ground-
nuts. Cash crops which are given high priority in
the area include: pigeon peas and sunflower.
Livestock keeping is mainly extensive though
there are some zero grazing and semi-intensive
systems. Part of the grazing is done in the forest
reserve, which is a key contributor to land deg-
radation.
2.1 Data Collection
Forest inventory was conducted to understand
tree and shrub species diversity, their distribu-
tion and estimate the available stock in the wood-
land. Forest inventory is defined as the proce-
dure for obtaining information on the quantity
and quality of the woodland resources and other
characteristics of the land on which the trees and
shrubs are growing (Malimbwi 1997). The ac-
tual inventory was preceded by a reconnaissance
survey which involved establishing transects and
plot laying-out on the map of the forest reserve.
To cover the whole woodland area and variation
between vegetation cover. Systematic sampling
design was adopted in this study. In this study,
systematic sampling design ensured an even
RICHARD A. GILIBA, EMMANUEL K. BOON, CANISIUS J. KAYOMBO ET AL.
2

spread of the samples throughout the woodland
area and thus increase the chances of including
all vegetation types in the woodland (Philip
1994).
This study adopted a sampling intensity of
0.1% which is equivalent to 80 sample plots.
Reasons behind this include limited finances and
time constraint. Synnot (1979) recommended
sampling intensity within a range of 0.5% to 0.7%
for tropical natural forest inventories. However,
according to Malimbwi and Mugasha (2002) and
Malimbwi et al. (2005), financial and time con-
straints and purpose of the forest inventory may
dictate the sampling unit to be as low as 0.01%.
Circular shaped sample plots were adopted be-
cause they are easy to use, they reduce edge ef-
fects in the samples and counting errors during
inventory of border trees are minimised. The ef-
fects are less on the circle plots than in square
and rectangular plots (Krebs 1989). The sample
plot was divided into three areas of 5m, 10m and
15m radius. The information that was recorded
from each sample plot includes: diameter at
breast height (dbh), tree and shrub species names,
regenerants frequency, Geographical Positioning
System (GPS) readings, indicators of human dis-
turbances such as trees cut, poles cut, charcoal
kilns, pit sawing, burnt areas and grazing.
2.3 Data Analysis
The data were analysed for species composi-
tion, richness, diversity, Species Importance
Value Index (IVI). Species importance values
were computed as the average of the relative
basal area, density and frequency. The IVI for a
species is a composite of three ecological pa-
rameters – density, frequency and basal area,
which measure different features and character-
istics of a species in its habitat. Ecologically,
density and frequency of a species measure the
distribution of a species within the population
while basal area measures the area occupied by
the stems of trees. Species diversity was com-
puted using Shannon’s and Simpson’s diversity
indices. The Shannon Diversity Index was com-
puted as (H’ = ΣPi*ln Pi) where H’ is the index
of diversity, Pi is the importance value of a spe-
cies as a proportion of all species. Simpson’s
Diversity Index was computed as C = ΣPi2 where
C is the index number and Pi as defined above
(Munishi et al. 2008). The knowledge of species
diversity is useful for establishing the influence
of biotic disturbance, and the state of succession
and stability in the environment (Misra 1989).
This species diversity index increases with the
number of species in the community (Krebs
1989).
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Species Composition and Richness
Table 1 shows the general characteristics of
Bereku tree resources. A total of 110 tree and
shrub species were identified, out of these trees
constituted 75% while shrubs were 25%. The
species richness (110) of trees and shrub obser-
ved in this study compares well with the Miom-
bo forest occurring in other areas. Luoga (2000)
enumerated 79 species in Kitulanghalo Forest
Reserve while Backeus (2006) found 86 species
around Ihombwa village. Njana (2009) and Ma-
fupa (2006) found 82 and 46 species in Urumwa
forest reserve and Igombe river forest reserve
respectively. The high number of species rich-
ness in the study area is attributed to the pres-
ence of the riverine forest that contributes to the
growth of many species. Climatic, edaphic vari-
ability and anthropogenic activities are other fa-
ctors associated to the difference in species ri-
chness. Chidumayo (1989a) reported that anth-
ropogenic activities play big role in the dynam-
ics of Miombo Woodlands.
Table 1: Characteristics of tree and shrub resources in
the Bereku forest reserve
Parameter Values
Richness (Total number of species) 110
Density (stems/ha) 616
Density of regenerants (stems/ha) 2780
Shannon’s Index 4.27
Simpson’s Index 0.04
3.2 Species Diversity
The study revealed Shannon-Wiener Index of
diversity (H’) of 4.27 for the Miombo Wood-
land (Table 1). This index tells about species rich-
ness (number of species) and evenness (species
distribution) (Magurran 1988), the larger the
value of H’ the greater the species diversity and
vice versa. An ecosystem with H’ value greater
than 2 has been regarded as medium to high di-
SPECIES COMPOSITION, RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY IN MIOMBO WOODLAND 3

verse in terms of species (Barbour et al. 1999).
Thus, Miombo Woodland of Bereku has ratio-
nally high species diversity. Species noted to ha-
ve contributed to high species diversity include:
Brachystegia microphylla Harms (0.42), Bra-
chystegia spiciformis Benth (0.22), Julbernadia
globiflora (Benth.) Troupin (0.24), Combretum
molle R.Br ex G. Don (0.17) and Markhamia
obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague (0.14). Comparative
studies elsewhere in Miombo Woodlands by a
number of scholars have shown small values.
Nduwamungu (1997) and Zahabu (2001) re-
ported H’ value of 3.79 and 3.13 respectively in
Miombo Woodlands of Kitulangalo forest re-
serve in Morogoro, Tanzania. Recent studies in
Miombo Woodlands of Urumwa forest reserve
Tabora, Tanzania by Njana (2008), Igombe river
forest reserve, Tabora, Tanzania by Mafupa
(2006) and Handeni Hill forest reserve, Tanga,
Tanzania by Mohamed (2006) reported H’ val-
ues of 3.40, 2.90 and 3.10 respectively. The big-
ger the value (4.27) from present study is associ-
ated with the presence of riverine forest that
found rich in species composition and diversity
in miombo woodland of Bereku forest reserve.
3.3 Species Dominance
The study came up with index of dominance
(ID) of 0.043 for Miombo Woodland (Table 1).
The lower the index value, the lower the domi-
nance of a single or few species (Edward 1996).
Misra (1989) reported the greater the value of
index of dominance the lower the species diver-
sity and vice versa in the scale of 0 to 1. The
index of dominance value in this study is rela-
tive smaller compared to what has been found
by other studies in Miombo Woodlands imply-
ing that the probability of picking randomly two
individuals belonging to the same species is very
low or the probability that any species encoun-
tered at random would be different species. Njana
(2008) reported ID value of 0.056 in miombo
woodlands of Urumwa forest reserve Tabora,
Tanzania, Mafupa (2006) reported ID value of
0.088 and 0.135 in undisturbed and disturbed
strata of miombo woodlands of Igombe river for-
est reserve, Tabora, Tanzania respectively while
Malimbwi and Mugasha (2002) and Mohamed
(2006) recorded ID values of 0.073 and 0.063
respectively in miombo woodlands of Handeni
Hill forest reserve, Tanga, Tanzania.
3.4 Importance Value Index (IVI)
Importance value index provides knowledge
on important species of a plant community. Based
on IVI Brachystegia microphylla Harms was
most dominate species followed by Brachyste-
gia spiciformis Benth, Julbernadia globiflora
(Benth.) Troupin, Combretum molle R.Br ex G.
Don, Parinari curetellifolia Planch. Ex Benth
and Markhamia obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague.
Others were Dombeya rotundifolia (Hochst.)
Planch., Vernonia amygdalina Delile, Faurea
rochetiana (A. Rich.) Pic.Serm and Bridelia
micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. Figure 2 shows the
distribution of important tree and shrub species
in the woodland. These results disclose that, the
most important species in Bereku forest reserve
have high diversity in the scale of Shannon-
Weiner Index of Diversity. The IVI rank species
in a way as to give an indication on which spe-
cies come out as important element of the
miombo trees (Munishi et al. 2008).
3.5 Stem Density of Standing Trees and
Shrubs (N)
The total mean stems density in UFR was
found to be 616 ± 46 for trees and shrubs with
greater than 4 cm diameter at breast height. Fig-
ure 3 shows an inverted ‘J’ shape which is com-
mon for natural forests with active regeneration
(Phillip 1983) and recruitment. Accordingly, ac-
tive regeneration and recruitment in miombo
woodland of BFR as portrayed in this study is a
good sign of sustainability of the woodland stock
which has chances of insuring sustainable sup-
ply of products and services; and hence sustained
livelihoods of the woodland dependants.
3.6 Stem Density of Regenerants
The results show that, mean total density of
regenerants was 2780 ± 20 stems per hectare.
Figure 3 shows the distribution of regenerants in
the miombo woodland. It shows that,
Brachystegia microphylla (19%), Brachystegia
spiciformis (14%), Jubernadia globiflora (11%),
Brachystegia utilis (8%), Parinari curatellifolia
(5%), Dodonea viscosa (5%), and Markhamia
obtusifolia (4%) are among the most regenerat-
ing species in Bereku forest reserve (Figure 4).
From these results it suffices to conclude that,
the most regenerating species are possibly the
RICHARD A. GILIBA, EMMANUEL K. BOON, CANISIUS J. KAYOMBO ET AL.
4

% Importance value index
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Brachy-
stegia
micro-
phylla
Brachy-
stegia
speci-
formis
Julber-
nadia
globi-
flora
Comb-
retum
molle
Parinari
curatelli-
folia
Markhamia
obtusifolia Dombeya
rotundi-
folia
Bridelia
micrantha Vernonia
amigda-
lina
Faurea
rochetiana
Species
Fig. 2. Tree and shrub species richness according to IVI in Bereku forest
Stems/ha
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 >50
Diameter class
Fig. 3. Distribution of number of stems per hectare of
standing trees by diameter class (Sample plots = 80)
most exploited species by local communities in
their daily livelihood activities and the ones
browsed by domestic animals. Regeneration in
miombo is mainly from stump coppices, stump/
root sucker shoots and recruitment from old
stunted seedlings already present in grass layer
at the time of tree cut, fall or death (Chidumayo
1993, 1997). Moreover, comparing Figure 4 with
Figure 2, it can be deduced that the forest is
moving towards a more balanced one with a dif-
ferent composition of species, as the regenerants
of B. microphylla, which seems the “dominant”
species as a tree, give place to other species (38%
of trees against 19% of regenerants).
3.5 Tree and Shrub Species Exploitation
Regardless of high plant diversity in Bereku
forest reserve, valuable timber tree species have
been harvested illegally to the extent that it was
very occasional to encounter mature stems in the
forest during forest inventory. The tree species
include: Pterocarpus angolensis, Pterocarpus
rotundifolius, Albizia verscolor and Dalbergia
melanoxylon. This was evident in the number of
coppices observed from the stumps, indicating
that stems were cut. Presence of pits and wooden
platform for sawing in the forest also justifies
illegal harvesting of the mentioned tree species.
This is in line with study by Malambo and
Syampungani (2008) in Miombo Woodlands of
Zambia who reported that illegal and selective
logging of valuable species such as Pterocarpus
angolensis, Afzelia quanzensis, Dalbergia
melanoxylon and Isoberlinia angolensis contrib-
ute to over exploitation of these tree species.
Furthermore, the presence of cut stumps and old
earth kilns in the forest revealed that charcoal
making is crucial activity in the study area. Spe-
cies frequently used for charcoal were Combre-
tum molle, Brachystegia and Julbernadia spe-
cies. A study in western Tanzania by Monela et
al. (2007) reported that charcoal production
venture is growing high because it is taken as
part time job to supplement farmers’ income.
Sandalwood (Osyris lanceolata) was found to
be vulnerable plant species in the reserve. This
is because people illegally harvest entire plant
SPECIES COMPOSITION, RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY IN MIOMBO WOODLAND 5

Markham
i
a
obtusifo
l
i
a
4%
Dodenea viscose
5%
Brideliamicrantha
5%
P
a
r
i
n
a
r
i
c
u
r
a
t
e
l
l
i
f
o
l
i
a
5
%
J
u
b
e
r
n
a
d
i
a
g
l
o
b
i
f
l
o
r
a
1
0
%
Brachystegia utilis
13%
Others
30%
Brachystegia
microphylla
16%
B
r
a
c
h
y
s
t
e
g
i
a
s
p
i
c
i
f
o
r
m
i
s
1
2
%
Others 30%
Brachystegia
microphylla 16%
Brachystegia
spiciformis 12%
Jubernadia
globiflora 10%
Parinari
curatellifolia 5%
Markhamia
obtusifolia 4%
Dodenea viscose 5%
Bridelia micrantha 5%
Brachystegia utilis 13%
Fig. 4. Distribution of regenerant species in BFR (Number of species = 48)
body (root and stem) for sale. This limits the re-
generation of this species by seeds and coppices
from the stumps and roots. Sandalwood oil is
used for perfume manufacture and it is one of
the oldest known perfume materials.
4. CONCLUSION
The study revealed that the Miombo Wood-
land of Bereku forest reserve has a reasonably
good tree and shrub species composition and
richness. Species noted to be both dominant and
with high species diversity indices include:
Brachystegia spiciformis (0.41), Brachystegia
spiciformis (0.23), Julbernadia globiflora (0.24),
Combretum molle (0.18). These dominant as
well as highly diverse tree and shrub species fit
quite well within the general definition of Mio-
mbo Woodlands. However, species richness for
some timber tree species such as Pterocarpus
angolensis, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Pterocar-
pus rontundifolius, and Albizia verscolor was
very poor due to overexploitation. The harvest-
ing involves wood fuel collection and building
materials like timber, poles and withies. Gener-
ally, the regeneration of the Miombo Woodland
was found to be good. This indicates a good si-
gn of sustainability of the woodland stock which
has chances of ensuring sustainable supply of
products and services and hence sustains liveli-
hoods of the surrounding communities.
5. RECOMMENDATION
The study recommends in-depth forest inven-
tory, preparation of management plan and pro-
motion of good governance in management of
Bereku forest reserve.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to the Flemish Interuniver-
sity Council (VLIR) of Belgium for providing
financial support for this study. We are also thank-
ful to all people who assisted in the data collec-
tion in the study area as well as village leaders,
household heads, key informants and the Dis-
trict forest officers for providing the required
information and data for this study.
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