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A revision of Rhynchosia sections Arcyphyllum, Chrysoscias, Cyanospermum and Polytropia (Phaseoleae, Fabaceae).
Abstract
The genus Rhynchosia, which comprises ca. 230 species worldwide, is a member of the family Fabaceae, subfamily Papilionoideae, and is placed in the tribe Phaseoleae, subtribe Cajaninae. The southern African species are divided into five sections: Cyanospermum (1 sp.) Arcyphyllum (2 spp.), Chrysoscias (4 spp.), Polytropia (3 spp.) and Rhynchosia (Eurhynchosia) (59 spp.), with section Chrysoscias sometimes recognized as a separate genus. Rhynchosia is closely related to the genus Eriosema, the only difference being the point of funicular attachment of the seed in relation to the hilum. In Eriosema the funicular attachment is at the end of the hilum whereas in Rhynchosia the attachment is centric or subcentric. The South African species of the genus were last revised in 1923, and no subsequent study has been completed, although several new taxa have since been described. A taxonomic revision of the four sections (Arcyphyllum, Chrysoscias, Cyanospermum, Polytropia) is presented that illustrate details of the recognized species, diagnostic characters of the sections and distribution maps of all the species. Section Arcyphyllum is characterised by dense oblong, sessile or subsessile flowers and brown or black seeds; sec. Chrysoscias is characterised by pinnately trifoliolate leaves, leaf margins that are revolute, broad stipules, glands and bulbus hairs on the calyx; sec. Cyanospermum is characterised by relatively large leaflets compared to other sections, dark-blue seeds, racemose inflorescences with numerous flowers and sec. Polytropia characterised by pinnate or binnate leaves, prostrate stems and racemose flowers.
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A revision of the poorly known South African endemic genus Bolusafra, is presented. This monotypic genus is closely related to Rhynchosia and has not been revised since its description in 1891. The nomenclature and typification of the genus are given, together with distributional information. Illustrations of vegetative and reproductive characters, including the distinctive bulbous-based hairs and fleshy arils are provided.
A parsimony analysis was conducted on 319 rbcL sequences, comprising 242 from 194 genera of Leguminosae and 77 from other families. Results support earlier conclusions from rbcL and other molecular data that a monophyletic Leguminosae is part of a Fabales that includes Polygalaceae, Surianaceae, and the anomalous rosid genus Quillaja. Within legumes, results of previous analyses were also supported, such as the paraphyletic nature of Caesalpinioideae and monophyly of Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae. Most new data (74 sequences) were from Papilionoideae, particularly Phaseoleae, Millettieae, and allies. Although the overall topology for Papilionoideae was largely unresolved, several large clades were well-supported. The analysis contained a large sample of Phaseoleae and Millettieae, and not surprisingly showed both tribes to be polyphyletic, though with all taxa except Wisteria and allied Millettieae belonging to a single well supported clade. Within this clade was a strongly supported group that included Phaseoleae subtribes Erythrininae, Glycininae, Phaseolinae, Kennediinae, and Cajaninae, with only the last two being monophyletic. Desmodieae and Psoraleeae were also part of this clade. The monophyletic Phaseoleae subtribes Ophrestiinae and Diocleinae grouped with most Millettieae in a clade that included a group similar to the core Millettieae identified in other studies. All but one of the remaining Millettieae sampled formed an additional clade within the overall millettioid/phaseoloid group. Communicating Editor: Aaron Liston
An annotated species list of the alien vascular plant flora of the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve is presented. The flora comprises five gymnosperm and 68 angiosperm species that are definitely alien to the reserve and four angiosperm species that are possibly alien. The life-form distribution of the alien flora is shown to be significantly different from that of the indigenous flora; trees, shrubs and annual herbs are more important in the alien flora, and dwarf shrubs and perennial herbs are much less important. Biotic factors are suggested as being important in determining the success of alien invasions, in particular grazing by ungulates. The invasion rate is currently about one new species per year. By ceasing to introduce tree species and by restricting human disturbance, the rate of invasion of new species could be reduced.
Restriction map variation has been assayed in the slowly evolving chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) inverted repeat regions of 43 genera of the large and economically important legume tribe Phaseoleae and representatives of several allied tribes. Cladistic analyses of these data indicate that several plastome groups correspond well to subtribes recognized largely on the basis of morphological variation. Based on these cpDNA data, the tribe as a whole does not appear to be monophyletic, a result in accordance with current, morphologically-based hypotheses. Plastomes of several genera belonging to subtribes considered basal within Phaseoleae have as their sister groups plastomes of non-Phaseoleae tribes, notably Millettieae, the tribe considered to represent the ancestral stock from which diverse elements of Phaseoleae were derived. More unexpectedly, plastomes of the tribe Desmodieae fall within the clade that includes the most derived chloroplast genomes of Phaseoleae.
The pantropical genus Rhynchosia Lour. (1790: 425) comprises some 230 species (Schrire 2005), of which about 58 occur in South Africa (Germishuizen 2006). Rhynchosia is closely related to Eriosema (DC. 1825: 388) Rchb. (1828: 150) and is placed within the subtribe Cajaninae of the tribe Phaseoleae (Schrire 2005). The South African species were last studied by Baker (1923) who recognized 59 species, arranged into 5 sections, although several species have been synonymised in the recent checklist of South African plants (Germishuizen 2006). Several new species have also been described since Baker's revision (e. g. Stirton 1981; Germishuizen 1998, 2011) and the genus is currently the subject of ongoing taxonomic studies (Moteetee et al. 2012; Moteetee et al. submitted). While studying the collections of Rhynchosia at the Compton Herbarium, Cape Town, an as yet unnamed species of the section Rhynchosia (section Eurhynchosia sensu Baker 1923) was discovered among the indeterminatae and is described herein.
We review Rhynchosia section Cyanospermum in South Africa. It is characterised by a robust habit, racemose inflorescence of numerous flowers with a large, tomentose calyx with broad lobes, and dark blue seeds. The section is represented in the Flora of southern Africa Region by two species, R. hirta and R. resinosa. However, the latter species lacks the diagnostic dark blue seeds of the section and has not been included here. Rhynchosia hirta appears to be allied to the Madagascan R. leandrii from which it can be distinguished by its larger flowers and seeds.
The subtribal classification of the tribe Phaseoleae has drifted into disorder since Bentham's (1865) scheme in the Genera Plantarum. A revised classification is here proposed, which for the first time accounts for all of the currently recognized genera. This classification has seven subtribes: Cajaninae, Diocleinae, Kennediinae, Phaseolinae, Glycininae, Ophrestiinae, and Erythrininae, of which the Ophrestiinae is new. A survey for the free amino acid, canavanine, shows that it is most often present in the Diocleinae and Kennediinae and frequently absent in the rest of the tribe.
The genus Rhynchosia (Fabaceae), commonly known as snout bean, is recognized as consisting of five species and no infraspecific taxa in Alabama. The most common species are R. tomentosa, R. reniformis, and R. difformis. The least common species are R. cytisoides and R. minima. Dichotomous keys and descriptions were generated based on morphological features of the vegetative and reproductive structures of the more than 400 specimens studied during this project. Data for the county-level distribution maps were compiled entirely from herbaria vouchers. Phytologia 91(1):3-17,(April, 2009). Rhynchosia Loureiro, commonly known as snout bean, is a member of the legume family Fabaceae (Leguminosae), subfamily Papilionoideae, tribe Phaseoleae, subtribe Cajaninae (Lackey 1981). The genus consists of approximately 200 species and occurs in both the eastern and western hemisphere in warm temperate and tropical regions (Grear 1978). Fourteen species and two infraspecific taxa of Rhynchosia have been reported from the United States (NatureServe 2005). Of these, ten species and one infraspecific taxon have been reported from the southeastern United States (Isely 1990). Vail (1899) revised the genus for the taxa occurring in the United States. She recognized 16 taxa but used the genus Dolicholus Medikus and listed Rhynchosia as a synonym. For the next 60 years, the names Dolicholus and Rhynchosia were both used in the literature. It was not until 1959 when, under the provisions of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, Rhynchosia was conserved against Dolicholus (Rickett and Stafleu 1959).
Description d'une espèce nouvelle de Rhynchosia du Gabon.
R. smithiana 1. Leaves pinnately 2–3-jugate or plurijugate, or decompound, if rarely trifoliolate then with leaves ovate to elliptic
- Leaves Pinnately
Leaves pinnately trifoliolate............................................................................................ R. smithiana 1. Leaves pinnately 2–3-jugate or plurijugate, or decompound, if rarely trifoliolate then with leaves ovate to elliptic............................................................................................... 2
R. ferulaefolia 1. RHYNCHOSIA FERULAEFOLIA (Presl.) Benth. ex Harv., Fl. Cap. 2: 249. 1862; Baker f. in Bothalia 1: 117. 1923; Goldblatt and Manning, Cape Plants: A conspectus of the Cape Flora
- Leaves
- ........................................................................... Bipinnate
Leaves pedately bipinnate, trijugate, or decompound; leaflets lanceolate or linear lanceolate, peduncles 5–12-flowered............................................................................. R. ferulaefolia 1. RHYNCHOSIA FERULAEFOLIA (Presl.) Benth. ex Harv., Fl. Cap. 2: 249. 1862; Baker f. in Bothalia 1: 117. 1923; Goldblatt and Manning, Cape Plants: A conspectus of the Cape Flora: 510. 2000. Polytropia ferulaefolia Presl., Symb. Bot. 1: 22.
—TYPE: SOUTH AFRICA Precise locality unknown: " in arenosis fruticosis planitiei capensis Ecklon s. n. (lectotype: here designated PRC!; isolectotypes
- Eckl
- Je ! Zeyh
Eckl. and Zeyh., Enum. 2: 245. 1836.—TYPE: SOUTH AFRICA. Precise locality unknown: " in arenosis fruticosis planitiei capensis ", Ecklon s. n. (lectotype: here designated PRC!; isolectotypes: JE!, KIEL!, K!, W!). Psoralea prostrata L., Sp. Pl.: 762 (1753), DC., Prodr. 2: 398. 1825. LECTO-TYPE (designated by C.H.Stirton in Turland & Jarvis in Taxon 46: 480. 1997: [specimen annotated] " Psoralea prostrata Lotus mauritanicus prostratus " Herb. Burman (G)).
1800 & Fl. Cap.: 602. 1823.—TYPE: SOUTH AFRICA. Pre-cise locality unknown: 'Cap. Bonae Spae' [Cape of Fig. 1. Vegetative and reproductive morphology of species of Rhynchosia section Polytropia
- Galega
- Thunb
Galega pinnata Thunb., Prodr. Fl. Cap. 2: 133. 1800 & Fl. Cap.: 602. 1823.—TYPE: SOUTH AFRICA. Pre-cise locality unknown: 'Cap. Bonae Spae' [Cape of Fig. 1. Vegetative and reproductive morphology of species of Rhynchosia section Polytropia. A. R. ferulaefolia. B. R. pinnata. C. R. smithiana. A1, B1, C1. Flowering branch. A2, B2, C2. Calyx opened out with upper lobes to left. A3, B3, C3. Standard petal. A4, B4, C4. Wing petal. A5, B5, C5. Keel petal. A6, B6, C6. Stamens. A7, B7, C7. Pistil. A8, B8, C8. Lateral view of pod. A1–A7.
Scale bars: C1, 0.5 mm; C2–C7, 2 mm; C8, 3 mm. Delivered by Publishing Technology to: Annah Moteetee IP: 152.106.99
- H C Taylor
H.C. Taylor 7152 (PRE). Scale bars: C1, 0.5 mm; C2–C7, 2 mm; C8, 3 mm. Delivered by Publishing Technology to: Annah Moteetee IP: 152.106.99.20 on: Thu, 12 Feb 2015 10:39:56
Prodr. 2: 398. 1825. —TYPE: SOUTH AFRICA, Western Cape Province, Caledon: " Klynrivier " [Klein Rivier], Ecklon and Zeyher 1627 (lectotype: S!, here designated
- L Polytropia
- Sp
- Tcd ! Pl
Polytropia umbellata L., Sp. Pl.: 762. 1753, DC., Prodr. 2: 398. 1825. —TYPE: SOUTH AFRICA, Western Cape Province, Caledon: " Klynrivier " [Klein Rivier], Ecklon and Zeyher 1627 (lectotype: S!, here designated; isolectotypes: S!, TCD!).
Bredasdorp: De Hoop, Hamerkop); 1 mile [1.61 km] from turnoff to Elim from Fig. 2. Herbarium specimens of the three species of Rhynchosia section Polytropia showing variation in leaf morphology
- Carruthers Hill
Carruthers Hill, 16 Sept 1990, B-E. van Wyk 3160 (JRAU). Bredasdorp: De Hoop, Hamerkop, 6 Aug 1984, M. Morley 38 (PRE); 1 mile [1.61 km] from turnoff to Elim from Fig. 2. Herbarium specimens of the three species of Rhynchosia section Polytropia showing variation in leaf morphology. A. R. pinnata.
REVIEW OF RHYNCHOSIA SECTION POLYTROPIA Delivered by Publishing Technology to: Annah Moteetee IP: 152.106.99
- B R C R Ferulaefolia
- Moteetee Et Al
B. R. ferulaefolia. C. R. smithiana. 2014] MOTEETEE ET AL.: REVIEW OF RHYNCHOSIA SECTION POLYTROPIA Delivered by Publishing Technology to: Annah Moteetee IP: 152.106.99.20 on: Thu, 12 Feb 2015 10:39:56
Harv., Thes. Cap.: 50, t. 79. 1859 & Fl. Cap. 2: 250. 1862; Baker f. in Bothalia 1: 117. 1923; Goldblatt and Manning, Cape Plants: A conspectus of the Cape Flora: 510. 2000 (included in R. ferulaefolia). Polytropia pinnata Eckl. & Zeyh., Enum
- Rhynchosia Pinnata
- Eckl
- Zeyh
RHYNCHOSIA PINNATA (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Harv., Thes. Cap.: 50, t. 79. 1859 & Fl. Cap. 2: 250. 1862; Baker f. in Bothalia 1: 117. 1923; Goldblatt and Manning, Cape Plants: A conspectus of the Cape Flora: 510. 2000 (included in R. ferulaefolia). Polytropia pinnata Eckl. & Zeyh., Enum. Part 2: 246. 1836. —TYPE: SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape Province: Saldanha bay, Ecklon and Zeyher 1638 (lectotype: SAM!, here designated; isolectotype: TCD!).
Rhynchosia. Pp. 509–510 in Cape plants: A conspectus of the Cape Flora
- P Goldblatt
- J C Manning
Goldblatt, P. and J. C. Manning. 2000. Rhynchosia. Pp. 509–510 in Cape plants: A conspectus of the Cape Flora. Strelitzia 9. Pretoria: National Botanical Institute.
H. 1862. Leguminosae. Pp. 1–285 in Flora Capensis
- W Harvey
Harvey, W. H. 1862. Leguminosae. Pp. 1–285 in Flora Capensis vol. 2, eds. W. H. Harvey and O. W. Sonder. Dublin: Hodges, Smith and Co.
1830. Polytropia. Pp. 21–22 in Symbolae Botanicae, sive Descriptiones et icones plantarum novarum aut minus cognitaru Red list of South African plants. Strelitzia. Pretoria: South African National Bio-diversity Institute
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Presl, C. B. (ed). 1830. Polytropia. Pp. 21–22 in Symbolae Botanicae, sive Descriptiones et icones plantarum novarum aut minus cognitaru. Universitate Pragensi. Pragae: J. Spurny. Raimondo, D. L. von Staden, W. Foden, J. E. Victor, N. A. Helme, R. C. Turner, D. A. Kamundi, and P. A. Manyama, (eds). 2009. Red list of South African plants. Strelitzia. Pretoria: South African National Bio-diversity Institute. Schrire, B. D. 2005. Phaseoleae. Pp. 393–430 in Legumes of the world, eds. G. Lewis, B. D. Schrire, B. Mackinder, and M. Lock. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens.
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Gillett, J.B., Polhill, R.M., Verdcourt, B., 1971. Flora of Tropical East Africa,
Leguminosae: Subfamily Papilionoideae (Part 4). Crown Agents.
Tribe 10. Phaseoleae
- J A Lackey
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