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The Journal of Ethnobiology and Traditional Medicine. Photon 121 (2014) 761-766
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Original Research Article. ISJN: 6642-3194
The Journal of Ethnobiology and Traditional Medicine Ph ton
Plants Used in the Treatement of Leucoderma by the Tribals of
Yerramalai Forest of Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, India
S. Khaleel Basha
a*
, E. Anjaneyulu
b
, S. Gopi Krishna
b
, D. Niaz Parveen
c
, G. Sudarsanam
b
a
Department of Botany,Osmania Degree and PG, College, Rayalaseema Univisrsity, Kurnool, India
b
Department of Botany, S.V. University, Tirupati, India
c
Degree and PG College, Rayalaseema Univisrsity, Kurnool, India
Article history:
Received: 06 December, 2013
Accepted: 16 December, 2013
Available online: 12 January, 2014
Corresponding Author:
Basha S.K.*
Associate Professor
Email: khaleelbasha24@gmail.com
Phone No: +919700789688
Anjaneyulu E., Ph.D,
Research Scholar
Email: anjiphd2012@gmail.com
Phone No: +919985431474
Krishna S.G., Ph.D,
Research Scholar
Email: sgkgopi13@gmail.com
Phone No: +919052562863
Parveen D.N.
Asiatant Professor
Email: niazparveen7@gmail.com
Phone No: +919949203590,
Sudarsanam G.
Professor
Email: sudarsanamg@gmail.com
Phone No: +919989053632
Abstract
Leucoderma also known as vitiligo is a skin disorder
that affects nearly 2% of the world population.
Conservation of natural resources is the only way of
prosperity. An Ethnobotanical survey medicinal
Plants used for leucoderma by Sugali tribes of
Yerramalais forest of Kurnool district was carried
out during 2011-2012. Twenty one plant species
belonging to 21 genera and 15 families were found
to be used specifically in the treatment of
leucoderma. Sugali tribal community of Eastern
Ghats is rich in ethno-biological knowledge. The
present study is emphasized that there is an urgent
need to record the data available with the tribes
other wise the human beings has to loose vital
traditional medicinal knowledge. Scientific
investigations through the evaluation of plants for
their biological activity need to be carried out.
Citation:
Basha S.K., Anjaneyulu E., Krishna S.G., Parveen D.N.,
Sudarsanam G., 2014. Plants Used In the Treatement of
Leucoderma by the Tribals of Yerramalai Forest of
Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, India. The Journal of
Ethnobiology and Traditional Medicine. Photon 121, 761-
766.
1. Introduction
Nature has provided a complete storehouse of
remedies to cure ailment of mankind.
Medicinal plants have been used for centuries
as remedies for diseases because they
contain component of therapeutic values.
Herbal medicines are used as the major
remedy in traditional medical system. Herbal
medicines are being used by nearly about
80% of the world population, primarily in
developing countries for primary health care
(Charak 1996). Utilization of Medicinal plants
for medicinal purposes in India has been
documented long back in ancient literature
(Ellis, 1987, Jain, and Goel 1995). Eastern
Ghats is veritable niche of growing healing
herbs, which are being used in Indian system
of medicine like Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani.
Traditional healing system play an important
role in maintaining the physical and
psychological well being of the vast majority
of tribal people in India. The Eastern Ghats are
a series of discontinuous low ranges running
generally northeast-southwest parallel to the
coast of the Bay of Bengal. The Nallamalais
forms a series of parallel ranges in the Eastern
Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. The region falls
under tropical monsoon climate rainfall from
both south-west monsoon and north–east
retreating monsoon.
The present paper deals with the Sugalis one
of the largest and advanced nomadic tribes of
Andhra Pradesh, inhabiting the Yerraamalais
range of Eastern Ghats of Kurnool
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district(Fig2.) of Andhra Pradesh. Amidst the
Yerramalai forest near kalva bugga, Bugga
Rameswara temple is present, where sugalis
worship Chennakeswa Swami. The data were
collected from 15 Sugali settlements namely,
Alayabad Thanda, Lakshaiahkunta Thanda,
Gummitham Thanda, Sugali Thanda,
Chinnarajupalem Thanda., Undutla Lobai
Thanda.Most of the sugali families carry
agriculture collection of wood,preparation of
country liquor, pastoralism are the mainstay of
their economy. The main objective of this
paper is to analyze how the Sugali tribal
people use medicinal plants to cure
Leucoderma. However, the Kurnool part of
Yerramlais is relatively unexplored and little
work has been done in context of ethnobotany
(Kamboj, 2000), so the present study was
undertaken on information of ethnobotanical
plants used by Sugalis of Kurnool district, for
the Leucoderma recorded by the authors
during field trips has been documented in the
study. Leucoderma, a Latin word, meaning
‘white skin' is caused by the destruction of
melanocytes; the cells responsible for skin
color. The disorder is said to affect all races
and genders equally and in 95% of cases,
leucoderma manifests before age 40. As for a
possible hereditary link, approximately one
third of cases report a family history. The most
commonly afflicted areas of the body are the
sun-exposed tops of hands and faces, and
hyper-pigmented areas of the body, such as
the groin, nipples, genitalia and axilla. It is also
true that all white spots are not of leucoderma.
Leucoderma is characterized as a chronic skin
disease that causes loss of pigment, resulting
in patches of irregular pale skin. The disorders
take place when the melanocytes, cells
responsible for skin pigmentation, are
destroyed or unable to function. The cells that
make pigment in the skin, the tissues lining the
inside of the mouth, nose, genital and rectal
areas and the inner layer of the eye are mostly
all areas that may be affected by this
distressing disorder. It can also cause hair loss
or premature graying of hair.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
Kurnool district is situated between eastern
longitudes of 76° 58’-78° 56’ and northern
latitudes of 14° 54’-16° 14’. Yerramalai forest
(Fig, 1) show deciduous forest at Racherla,
north Dhone, Gani, L. thanda, Betham cherla
and Ramallakota forest etc.
2.2 Data collection
An Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants
used for leucoderama by sugali tribes hamlets
was carried out during 2011-2012 visiting
twice in a year following the method of Jain
and Goe (Khaleel Basha et al.,2011). The
information of plants used as traditional
medicine against Leucoderma was gathered
and ethnobotanical survey was carried based
on interviews with local doctors called local
Vaidyas or traditional healers, villagers and
house wives, and people involved in traditional
herbal medicine. About 15 Sugalis of different
Thandas(Fig.2) were interviewed. First hand
information on their traditional medicine was
recorded; repeated enquiries were made to
understand their knowledge, and methods of
diagnosis and treatment. Data were collected
on the specific part of the plants used
collection, method of usage of the drug. The
medicinal plants are indentified with the help of
the local floras (Maheswari, and Harish Singh,
1990).
2.3 Identification of Plants
Plants species were collected from the forest
with the help of local elder tribal head and are
identified with local flora Flora of Kurnool
(Pullaiah and Raju, 1995). The vouchers
specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of
Botany department, Osmania Degree and PG
College, Kurnool.
3. Results and Discussion
The study reveals that in the absence of
modern health facility sugali tribal people in
this area depend on plants for medicinal
purposes. Yerramalais forest has a variety of
medicinal plants which are used by the Sugali
tribals for their primary healthcare. During the
interview 10 informants whose age ranged
form 50-80 years old, displayed specimens of
plants. In all, the people use 22 different plants
for curing leucoderma, out of which 08 were
herbs, 09 shrubs and 08 trees. In most of the
cases leaves were used many times followed
by stembark. seed and root. Stem and flowers
were the least used plant parts. The
investigation revealed that 21 medicinal plant
species belonging to 21 genera and 15
families commonly used leucoderma by sugali
tribes in the survey of Yerramalais forest .The
information on scientific name, family,
vernacular name of the plant, plant part used
and mode of use has been provided in
(Table.1). The plants are arranged in
alphabetic order.
Yerramalais forest has a variety of medicinal
plants which are used by the Sugali tribals for
their primary healthcare. The present study
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identified that Sugali traditional healers or
Vaidyas used plants for leucoderma .Based on
the present information, it has been found that
the Sugali tribal community of Eastern Ghats
are rich in ethno-biological knowledge. These
methods used for curing leucoderma have
been found to be different from one tribe to
another tribe. The present study emphasized
that their is a profound and growing knowledge
gap between old and younger generations.
Aged people know more about wild plants
products when compared to younger (Pandey
and Bisaria, 1997; Singh, and Ali, 1998). The
tribals have acquired unique knowledge about
the properties and uses of wild plants, most of
which are not known to the outside world. The
observation of present study showed that
traditional medicine plays a significant role.
Table 1: List of Medicinal plants used for leucoderma
S.
No Scientific Name/Family Ver. name Habit Part
Used Mode of Use
1. Abrus precatorius (l.) gurivindha S L Apply leaf extract on the spots
2 Acacia chundra (Roxb)
Mimosoideae sundra T SB Bark and leaf paste is applied on the spots
3 Albizia lebbeck (L.), dirisena T SB Bark and leaves paste is applied on spots
4 Andrographis paniculata
(butm.f.) Acanthaceae nelavemu H WP whole plant paste is applied
5 Aristolochia indica
Malvaceae gadida
gadapa S L leaf juice is applied over spots
6 Clitoria ternatea L.
Fabaceae sankupulu S R Root paste is applied on the patches
7 Cassia auriculata L
Caeslpinaceae thangedu S F flower paste is applied on patches
8 Cassia tora L
Caeslpinaceae pedda
kasindha T S Equal parts of Seeds of Cassia tora, seeds
of Psoralea corylifolia and wood of Melia
azadiarachta made into paste with rose
wate is applied.
9 Curcuma longa L
Zingiberaceae pasupu S RH Grind and soak about 500 gm of turmeric in
8 lit water overnight. Heat it in the
morningtill only 1 lit of the solution is left
.Strain and mix with 500gm of mustrard oil
and heat the mixture till only oli is left apply
this every morning on the affected
area.Take a tsp. of turmeric powder twice
daily in the morning and evening with hot
milk for six months. It is beneficial in
leucoderma.
10 Holoptelea integrifolia
(rox) Ulmaceae Nemali nara T SB&L Bark and leaf paste of plant are applied
externally on the spots.
11 Indigofera tinctoria L
Fabaceae seed and bark paste is applied on spots
12 Ocimum sanctum L
Lamiaceae tulasi H Drinking an infusion made from the stem of
the basil plant prevents
leucoderma. Take a basil plant with its
roots, wash it and clean it well, pound it and
cook it slowlyin ½ liter oil. When the water
evaporates and only the oil is left mash and
strain it to get the basil oil. Apply it on white
spots. Mix leaf juice with camphor and
apply on
13 Pandanus fascicularis L
Pandanaceae Mugali
chettu T L leaf paste is applied on spots.
14 Pongamia pinnata L
Fabaceae Ganuga T L leaf juice is applied on the spots.
15 Psoralea corylifolia (L.)
Fabaceae Bavanchalu H S Vakuchi Most sources suggest taking
vakuchi internally as well as topically. The
seeds, as a powder are recommended for
internal use reocmmendef for internal use.
The parts of the plant used for topical
application are the the essential oil
extracted from the seeds. As a diluted
essentila oils. when topically applied to
white depigmented patches, it is reporeted
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to act" on both the rouget's cells and the
melanoblastic cells of the skin gradually
stimultion by the oil leads to form and exude
pigment which diffuses into the decolorized
areas".
16 Punica granatum L
Punicaceae Dannima T L Put pomegranate leaves to dry in the
shade, grind them into a fine powder, sieve
it and take 8 gms of it each in the morning
and evening with fresh water.
17 Raphanus sativus
Brassicaceae mullangi H S Radish seeds are also highly beneficial for
treating this condition. Powder around 25
gm of radish seeds and add them to red
vinegar. Apply it regularly on the white
patches to treat this disorder
18 Trichodesma
zeylanicum (Burm.f.)
Boraginaceae
Adavi nugu
teega S L leaves applied as pasted.
19 Vitex negundo L.
Vitaceae Nalla Vavila T S&L Stem and leaf juice is used
20 Vigna radiate (L.)
Fabceae Pesalu S S Black gram seed paste applied regularly for
several months proves to be useful.
21 Vernonia anthelmintica
(L.) Asteraceae sahadevi S S 1. The powdered seeds of this herb taken
with a decoctin of Emblic myrobalns and
catechu. (2) The powdered seeds taken
alone (1 tsp.) (3)The powdered black seeds
taken with black daily in the morining with
pepper or sesame seeds in equal parts,with
warm wate , just after perspiring. It is
indicated that if one of the above methods
is folloed for one year, resolution of one
year, resolution of vitiligo will occur.
22 Withania somnifera (L.)
Solanceae Aswagandha S RB The mixture of Withanina somnifera root
bark, bark of Embelia ribes (vaibidang),
leaves of Plumbago zeylanica (chitrak),
seeds of Croton tiglium (jamalgota), and
fruit pulp of Cassia fistula (amaltas) with
cow's urine are applied on white patche for
2-3 moths.
H-Herb, S-shurub. T- Tree
Figure 1:
Figure 1:
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Justification of Research
The crude traditional method of treatment was
tried by Sugali tribes in its original form and
found to most effective against leucoderma.
The present paper emphasis that there is need
for scientific validation of these practices and
their efficiency, credibility and applicability
need to be established by Pharmaceutical
companies and Government Research
institutes through photochemical
pharmacological screening.
Research Highlights
• Our research paper reveals that 21 medicinal
plant species belonging to 21 genera and 15
families commonly used for leucoderma by
Sugali tribes who live deep forest.
• This paper gives payment for pharmaceutical
industries in preparation on new drug to cure
leucoderma.
• This study on medicinal plants is right and
timely documentation to the modern world
about traditional medicine importance.
• The plant-based traditional medical systems
continue to provide the primary health care to
more than three-quarters of the world’s
population hence one has to take-up this type
of research.
• According to the World Health Organization,
it has estimated that over 80% of the global
populations rely chiefly on traditional medicine
inspite of modern medicine.
• The importance of medicinal plants in
traditional healthcare practices, providing
clues to new areas of research and in
biodiversity conservation is now well
recognized.
Limitations
This paper may serve as a gateway to many
disciplines but it lack research support. It is
one the link to conserve biology and
environment education. This knowledge is
confined to poor counties only. There are less
research funding agencies are present to do
research work related to this field.
Recommendations
Medicinal plants play an important role in
providing knowledge to the researchers in the
field of ethonobotany and ethno
pharmacology, so this research article will
attract the attention of ethno
botanists, phytochemists and pharmacologists
for further critical investigation of
medicinal plants present used by the tribal
people.
Conclusion
The present study was initiated, with an aim to
identify knowledgeable resource persons and
document their knowledge of on the utilization
of medicinal plants in Yerramalaias forest. The
incoming of roads and coming up of the area
as an important tourist destination has allured
the younger generation towards market
economy, this certainly will have larger
implications. Thus, the present documentation
of traditional knowledge from an area where
novel information has been generated will not
only provide recognition to this knowledge but
will also help in its conservation vis-à-vis
providing pharmacological leads for the
betterment of human society.
The practice of using herbal medicines is
widely spread in this region with higher
percentage of tribal as well as non tribal
population relying on it. It is because of lack of
awareness, shyness and lack of modern
medical facilities available in their region and
the high cost of modern medical system
for treatment are unaffordable by tribal.
Author’s Contribution and Competing
Interests
Sugali tribal community of Eastern Ghats is
rich in ethno-biological knowledge.
Leucoderma is not infectious disease; no
specific treatments are available in allopathic
medical system only herbal medicine may
treat it. The present study is emphasized that
there is an urgent need to record the data
available with the tribes other wise the human
beings has to loose vital traditional medicinal
knowledge. Moreover, lack of documentation
of traditional healing methods has resulted in
confusion amongst users. Thus, the present
study has strongly recommended the
necessity of proper documentation of the
actual healing methods, along with the main
characteristic features of the medicinal plants.
Most remedies were given as external
application. To improve the acceptability of
certain oral remedies, additives are frequently
used. No side effects were reported by the
informants as a result of the use of different
remedies. Indigenous practices and
knowledge regarding the sustainable harvest
and utilization of plant resources as medicine
should be documented and preserved before
they disappear. Scientific investigations
through the evaluation of plants for their
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biological activity need to be carried out in
various pharmaceutical industries and National
laboratories which will lead to develop new
natural drug molecules so as to reach the
benefit of research for the welfare of human
beings
.
Funding and Policy
To encourage research work in this field the
Government has to set up Traditional
Knowledge Library as repository for various
medicinal formulations. Establishment of
intellectual Property Rights Policy which can
put all traditional knowledge into the realm of
Knowledge commons distinguishing this from
public domain.
Acknowledgement
Authors are thankful to the Madam Azra
Javeed saheba Secretary and Correspondent
of Osmania College for her encouragement
and permitting us to carry on this exploration
work. I am also expressing my sincere thanks
to the Forest Department who helped us in
tracing out the tribal villages and
accompanying in the forest.
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