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Post harvest fungal spoilage in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and acid lime (Citrus aurentifolia Swingla) at different stages of marketing
Abstract
A systematic survey was conducted during the year 2005–06 to estimate the losses caused by post harvest fungal diseases in sweet orange and acid lime at field, wholesale, retails and consumer levels. The extent of loss due to the post harvest fungal spoilage was varied at different stages of marketing. The post harvest fungal spoilage was mostly due to green mold (Pencillium digitatum), black mold (Aspergillus niger) and sour rot (Geotrichum candidum) while the other diseases were only to limited extent. Generally the fungal spoilage was more in sweet orange compared to acid lime. The extent of damage was high at retail level which is 43.8% in sweet orange and 36.8% in acid lime respectively.
... Among the post-harvest diseases of citrus, green mould (Penicillium digitataum) and blue mould rot (Penicillium italicum) are commonnly observed in all citrus growing areas throughout the world (Palou et al., 2001;Plaza et al., 2004) [27,30] . Disease severity from 9 to 14% caused by green mould was recorded in sweet oranges (Reddy et al., 2008) [33] . Higher incidence and severity of green mould has been reported in fruit markets located in tropical conditions (Smilanick and Sorenson, 2001) [38] . ...
... Among the post-harvest diseases of citrus, green mould (Penicillium digitataum) and blue mould rot (Penicillium italicum) are commonnly observed in all citrus growing areas throughout the world (Palou et al., 2001;Plaza et al., 2004) [27,30] . Disease severity from 9 to 14% caused by green mould was recorded in sweet oranges (Reddy et al., 2008) [33] . Higher incidence and severity of green mould has been reported in fruit markets located in tropical conditions (Smilanick and Sorenson, 2001) [38] . ...
... Hence, because of the importance of post-harvest losses we have surveyed different periods of markets in the Nellore district where acid lime is the major economic source of the farming community. In India, survey for the post-harvest spoilage of citrus fruits conducted by various workers revealed that several fungi such as Penicillium italicum, P. digitatum, Geotrichum candidum, Alternaria alternata, A. citri, Botryotinia fuckeliana, Botryodiplodia theobromae, and Glomerella cingulata are involved in causing different types of rots in this crop (Sharma, 2002;Naqvi, 2004 andReddy et al., 2008) [8] . An average disease severity of 49.63% caused by Penicillium digitatum in kinnow fruits recorded under ambient conditions (Alam et al. 2016) [1] . ...
... From this, we have calculated the Percent Disease Index (PDI) (Rose, 1974) [10] by using the following formula. ...
... It is caused not only by genetic factors but also by environmental factors (light, temperature, humidity, mineral nutrition, and plant growth regulators). Reddy et al. [15] reported that citrus fruit creasing was affected by the highest and lowest temperatures but not by the average temperature. Sudden changes in the relative humidity during the fruit colouring period will also result in fruit creasing [3]. ...
... Given that labour orientations have not widely been explored in the realm of PHL, especially in the citrus industry, this study makes significant contributions to this body of knowledge. Reddy et al. [15] alluded that labour-related PHLs were listed as a main challenge in citrus plantations and suggested the need for innovative technologies which reduce labour intensity and increase labour productivity. ...
Reducing postharvest losses (PHLs) in the South African citrus industry is fundamental in ensuring food, income, and nutrition security. However, there is limited knowledge on the extent of postharvest losses, their diversity, and the associated inhibiting factors. These factors compromise postharvest loss management strategies and how they can be scaled up across production zones in South Africa. The study adopted a pragmatic philosophy to assess the magnitude and diversity of PHLs for citrus crops and assess the determining factors. A standardized questionnaire was administered to 137 citrus producers from the Eastern Cape Province’s three production zones. Multistage sampling which combined purposive and stratified proportionate sampling was utilized to select the province, production zones, and farmers. The study employed the embedded research approach with a zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) model. The countfit and Vuong tests were used in Stata 15 to ascertain and correct for overdispersion and inflated zeros while isolating the model which best fitted the data. The ZIP regression model indicated that social (e.g., marital status, education, age), economic (e.g., yield), institutional (e.g., markets, extension, credit), and cross-cutting (e.g., pruning, cultivar) factors determined the magnitude of PHL exposure. Targeted and tailored capacity building on good agricultural practices in citrus production might help to reduce postharvest losses through the extension pillar. The production of Nova and Navel citrus cultivars may be promoted when these cultivars are easily accessible and available to farmers while researching other traits to reduce PHL incidences. Investment programs to support the use of water-efficient drip irrigation systems need to be initiated to reduce the chances of incurring considerable postharvest losses. Likewise, pest and disease control in citrus production should be intensified and targeted. Subsidized support for the maintenance of citrus plantations should be provided by the government and other stakeholders, such as citrus production associations.
... Several authors have reported the presence of fungi and bacteria in apple fruit deterioration (Oelofse et al. 2006). Bali et al. (2008) reported that the black mould produced by A. niger caused postharvest spoilage in sweet orange and acid lime on the field. Okereke et al. (2010) This study was carried out to use various morphological and molecular examination methods to identify fungi isolated from the fruit spoilage on apples collected in Ota market at three different locations. ...
The spoilage of apples remains a prevalent issue that significantly impacts the fruit industry. This study aimed to isolate and identify fungal species from deteriorated apples collected from three different locations in Ota market, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. Eighteen samples of red delicious and Granny Smith apples with obvious spoilage were collected and surface sterilized using 85% ethanol. The samples were then cultured on potato dextrose agar supplemented with chloramphenicol (30 mg/l) and incubated for 5–7 days at 30°C. Pure cultures of the resulting fungal colonies were obtained from the subcultures of the primary plates. The identification of fungi at the genus level was carried out through macroscopic and microscopic examinations, which included colony colour, shape, hyphae, conidia, conidiophores, and arrangement of spores. The fungal DNA was extracted and amplified using specific internal transcribed spacer primers (ITS1/ITS4) via PCR. A set of ten apple fruit spoilage fungi have been identified and classified into six distinct classes. From 40 isolates, the most prevalent isolate was Trametes polyzona strain MT9, accounting for 27.5%. Secondly, Geotrichum candidum strain MT10 had six isolates, representing 15%, while the least frequent was Fusarium sp. strain MT3, with only one isolate, amounting to 2.5%. Additionally, a sequence analysis of the ITS regions of the nuclear-encoded rDNA was conducted, revealing significant alignments with Aspergillus sp., Lasiodiplodia theobromae , Curvularia aeria , and Trametes polyzona . This research aids in the development of effective control and preservation strategies aimed at reducing the incidence of spoilage and preserving the quality of the fruit.
... The results agreed with those of [47], who isolated fungal pathogens from cocoyam that had been kept and sold in the market. A. niger was also blamed by [48] for postharvest deterioration in orange and lime at the field. A. niger, Alternaria spp, Botryodiplodia theobromae, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were isolated from the damaged cocoyam, according to [49]. ...
... The results in Table ( (Oelofse et al., 2006;Chatanta et al., 2008). As well as A. niger from tomatoes and oranges (Yıldız and Baysal, 2006;Reddy et al., 2008). Fusarium sp. is a moisture-loving fungus found on fruits high in moisture content such as Oranges (Tournas et al., 2005). ...
Background: The process of producing enzymes from microorganisms is one of the most current approaches with a bright future. Pectinase is an acidic polysaccharide that is produced by microorganisms, accounts for a large proportion of commercially marketed enzymes and is extremely important because they are used in a variety of industrial, food and medical applications. This study aimed to use the peels of some fruits as a basic material in the production of pectinase enzyme by some fungi isolated from some fruits and vegetables via both solid-state and submerged fermentation methods. Methods: The current study included the isolation and identification of some fungi from fruits and vegetables in the local markets of Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq, the detection of their capability to produce pectinase enzyme using the standard medium and the possibility of using the peels of some fruits as basic materials. Result: The results indicated the isolation and identification of 178 fungal isolates belonging to 11 genera at different frequency rates and it was found that the isolate P. expansum isolated from Apples was the most efficient isolate in producing pectinase enzyme and the use of Apple peels gave the highest production of the enzyme from the fungal isolate understudy compared to other fruit peels used.
... P. digitatum and A. flavus were isolated from only tomato. Similar findings on the isolation fungal pathogens from fruits stored and sold in the market have been reported by earlier researchers (Bali, 2008). Bali et al. stated that A. niger was the cause of post-harvest spoilage in sweet orange and acid lime at field. ...
... P. digitatum and A. flavus were isolated from only tomato. Similar findings on the isolation fungal pathogens from fruits stored and sold in the market have been reported by earlier researchers (Bali, 2008). Bali et al. stated that A. niger was the cause of post-harvest spoilage in sweet orange and acid lime at field. ...
A preliminary study was done to isolate fungal contaminants, particularly those responsible for spoilage of tomatoes, onions, cabbage and other vegetables sold at the local vegetable market of Hazaribag. The spoilt samples of tomato, onion, cabbage,, some other vegetables and some fruits were cut into pieces each with a sterile razor blade. The samples were then cultured on PDA and incubated at room temperature for 5 days after which the fungal growths were observed. The isolates were purified on Sabouroud's Dextrose Agar plates. A total of thirty five fungal isolates were obtained from the three samples. The fungi isolated and most commonly observed were A. niger, R. stolonifer, A. flavus, Mucor Spp, Penicillium Spp., A. flavus and some other common fungi were found to be associated with contamination of the above-mentioned vegetables and fruits. Based on these findings, it was observed that perishable food such as onion, tomato, and other vegetables and some fruits are susceptible to spoilage by fungi probably because the spores of these organisms are easily transmitted via the air which could lead to spoilage of these vegetables. This study, therefore, suggests that there is a need to wash as well as properly store these vegetables at the appropriate temperatures so as to minimize the level of contamination.
Citrus sinensis is a prominent tropical fruit with nutritional and economic benefits for humans. However, it can also be plagued by fungal diseases, causing global economic and production reduction. The extensive application of synthetic fungicides in agricultural systems has posed increased toxicological risks to humans and ecosystems. However, the varying phytochemicals found in medicinal plants have enabled them to be regarded as safe and effective alternatives. However, few studies have evaluated the use of Cassia fistula extracts as potential bio-fungicides. This research purposed to evaluate the antifungal activity of Cassia fistula leaflet extracts against phytopathogenic fungi. Ethanol as well as aqueous extracts of Cassia fistula leaves were assessed for antifungal activity. The agar well-diffusion technique was implemented for in vitro screening, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of all different extracts against isolated fungal species of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Geotrichum . All fungal isolates identified from the spoiled oranges were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Geotrichum sp. and Fusarium sp. Preliminary phytochemical screening exhibited the presence of carbohydrates, terpenoids, quinones and saponins in both ethanolic and aqueous extracts. At 1000 mg/ml, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts had the highest antifungal activity against A. flavus (40 mm) and Fusarium sp. (38 mm), respectively. Both extracts had no antifungal activity against A. fumigatus at 62.5 mg/ml but zones of inhibition were observed from the positive and negative controls of ketoconazole and DMSO, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were evaluated at 62.5 mg/ml and 250 mg/ml, respectively. This study’s findings demonstrated the antifungal potential of C. fistula leaf extracts as a bio-fungicidal agent against fungal invasion in plants.
This study assessed the nature and extent of postharvest quality losses
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