Muscari erdalii (Asparagaceae, Scilloidae), a new species from Turkey

Abstract

Muscari erdalii is described as a new species from Mersin, Southern Turkey. A description, photographs and identification key to the subgenus Leopoldia for Turkish species are given. The morphological differences between the new species and related taxa (M. tenuiflorum Tausch, M. babachii Eker & Koyuncu) are also presented. Also the karyomorphology of M. erdalii, M. tenuiflorum and M. babachii is presented and discussed. The chromosome number of the new species is 2n = 18.

Full text

38 Accepted by Lorenzo Peruzzi 20 Nov. 2013; published: 17 Dec. 2013
PHYTOTAXA
ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition)
ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition)
Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press
Phytotaxa 154 (1): 38–46 (2013)
www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.154.1.2
Muscari erdalii (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new species from Southern Turkey
SERPİL DEMİRCİ1*, NERİMAN ÖZHATAY1 & MİNE KOÇYİĞİT1
1Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, İstanbul University, 34116, İstanbul, Turkey;
e-mail: haziran.srpl@hotmail.com
*Author for correspondence
Abstract
Muscari erdalii is described as a new species from Mersin, Southern Turkey. A description, photographs and
identification key to the subgenus Leopoldia for Turkish species are given. The morphological differences between the
new species and related taxa (M. tenuiflorum Tausch , M. babachii Eker & Koyuncu) are also presented. Also the
karyomorphology of M. erdalii, M. tenuiflorum and M. babachii is presented and discussed. The chromosome number of
the new species is 2n = 18.
Key words: Muscari, Leopoldia, Mersin, taxonomy, Turkey
Introduction
The genus Muscari Miller (1754: 926) includes nearly 61 taxa distributed in the world (WCSP, 2013) and its
members mostly occur in the whole Mediterranean basin as far as the Caucasus, temperate Europe, North of
Africa and South West of Asia (Jafari et al. 2008). It is traditionally divided into three subgenera in Flora of
Turkey and the East Aegean Islands: M. subgen. Muscari, subgen. Leopoldia (Parlatore 1845: 440) Rouy
(1910:435) and subgen. Botryanthus (Kunth 1843: 313) Rouy (1910: 435).
The genus Muscari was revised by Davis & Stuart (1984) for the ‘Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean
Islands’, in which 20 species were recognized. After this study, 10 further new species have been described
from Turkey (Karlen 1987, Tan 1988, Speta 1989, Cowley et al. 1994, Güner & Duman 1999, Yıldırımlı &
Selvi 2002, Uysal et al. 2007, Eker & Koyuncu 2008, Doğu & Bağcı 2009 and Yıldırımlı 2010). Thus, the
total number of species have increased to 30 in the recent twenty years. Moreover, 20 out of 30 taxa are
endemic to Turkey and the endemism rate in this genus is consequently very high, about 60%. The total
number of Muscari subgen. Leopoldia taxa in Turkey rises to 9 with the new species.
In March 2011, during the bulb collection expedition for the project titled “Wild Turkish Geophytes and
their new cultivars”, Erdal Kaya collected around Mersin (Mut-Kırobası), together with many other bulbous
species including recently described species as Allium enginii Özhatay & Mathew (1995: 723), some
interesting Muscari specimens, which are here described as a new species.
Material and methods
In March 2011 bulbs were collected and cultivated in Geophyte Garden in Yalova Research Institution. In
May 2012 and May 2013 the plants flowered (Fig. 1). Hence, herbarium specimens were prepared and kept in
ISTE Herbarium. During the plant identification, it resulted that it is a new representative of subgen.
Leopoldia. It was possible to compare all the related species in the same condition, in the Geophyte Garden, in
flowering and fruiting time (Fig. 2 and Table).

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MUSCARI ERDALII, A NEW SPECIES FROM SOUTHERN TURKEY
Since the specimens differed in several features from other known taxa of subgen. Leopoldia, they were
examined in detail and compared with related species, such as M. tenuiflorum Tausch (1841: 225), M.
babachii Eker & Koyuncu (2009: 49) kept in ISTE Herbarium, as well as with records in the literature
(Boissier 1884, Post et al. 1933, Zahariadi 1980, Davis & Stuart 1984, Feinbrun 1986, Stuart 1970, Davis et
al. 1988, Özhatay 2000).
The plants were all grown in Geophyte Garden in Yalova Atatürk Central Horticultural Research Institute.
Root tips were collected on warm sunny mornings in April and May, and pre-treated with ABN (alpha
bromonaphtalene) for 24 hours at -4°C temperature. They were fixed with Carnoy (1:3 glacial acetic acid–
absolute ethanol) for at least 24 hours at 4 °C, hydrolyzed in 1 N HCl at 60 °C for 13 minutes, stained in
Feulgen solution and squashed in aceto–orcein. Preparations were studied using an Olympus BX53 light
microscope equipped digital camera. Also measurements of somatic chromosomes were made by program of
CAMERAM©, they were calculated with formula of the relative variation in chromosome lenght (CVCL),
mean centromeric asymmetry (MCA) in Zuo & Yuan (2011) and Peruzzi & Eroğlu (2013). Photographs of the
living material were taken from Leica DFC 295 stereo microscope with a digital camera.
In this study, the karyomorphology of the new species has been described and compared with the related
species. 10 different bulbs and specimens of all species have been investigated for karyological studies and
10–15 metaphase plates were studied. The classification of chromosomes as having centromeres in
metacentric (m), submetacentric (sm), subtelocentric (st), and telocentric (t) was used, according to Levan et
al. (1964). Karyograms and idiograms of M. erdalii, M. tenuiflorum and M. babachii were presented in
Figures 3 and 4.
Results
The morphological and karyological differences between the new species and related taxa (M. tenuiflorum, M.
babachii) are summarized in Table 1.
TABLE 1. Comparison of the morphological characters of M. erdalii, M. tenuiflorum, M. babachii.
Characters M. erdalii M. tenuiflorum M. babachii
Bulb diameter 2–3 cm 2–4 cm 2–3(–4) cm
Tunics brown pale greyish brown
Leaves 4–6, 15–20 cm × 5–15 mm,
glaucous, margin scabrid
3–7, 15–30(–40) cm × 4–20(–30) mm, not
glaucous, margin glabrous
3–5 generally 4, 18–50 cm × 3–13
mm, not glaucous, margin glabrous
Scape 18–27 cm (10–)20–60 cm 35–70 cm
Raceme 8–14 × 5 cm, 37–60-flowered 6–30 × 1.5–3 cm, 30–150-flowered 8–30 × 1–4 cm, 40–100-flowered
Pedicels of
fertile flowers
stout, horizont ally subpatent, 12–15
mm, longer than perigon
not stout, horizontally
spreading, 1–16(–20) mm, shorter than perigon
not stout, horizontally spreading, 1–
6 mm, shorter than perigon
Fertile flowers
in bud
greenish dusky violet ivory
Fertile flowers
at anthesis
9–11 × 3–4 mm, glaucous, greenish
ivory
5–9 mm, not glaucous, ivory to pale beige, ivory
to cream
4–13 × 2–4 mm, not glaucous, distal
part ivory green, proximal part
reddish brown, ivo ry
Pedicels of
sterile flowers
pale violaceous, horizontal-
ascending, 10–20 mm
bright violet, ascending-horizontal,
(2–)3.5–16 mm
ice blue, ascending-horizontal, 3–6
mm
Sterile flowers narrowly tubular, 3–9 mm, whitish-
pale violaceous
obovate to narrowly tubular, 3.5–16 mm, bright
violet
narrowly tubular, 3–7 mm, ice blue
to pinkish, white
Capsule 12–18 × 10–15 mm 12–16 mm 6–11 × 6–10 mm
Habitus rocky slopes P. nigra and P. brutia forest, Juniper scrub,
Artemisia steppe, pastures, rocky sl opes, on lime
stone, serpentine, gypsum and volcanic soils
under oaks and rocky places
Altitude 1000–1189 m 0–2400 m 1500–1788 m
Flowering time May–June April –July May –July

DEMİRCİ ET AL.40 • Phytotaxa 154 (1) © 2013 Magnolia Press
Description of the new species
Muscari erdalii N.Özhatay & S.Demirci sp. nov. (Fig. 1).
Bulb globose, 20–30 mm in diameter. Outer tunics papery, ivory-brown; middle tunics membranous, creamy; inner
tunics transparent, membranous. Leaves 4–6, subpatent, falcate in appearence, linear–lanceolate, 15–20 cm × 5–
10(–15) mm, longer than scape, canaliculate, glaucous, margin distinctly scabrid, apex acute-obtuse. Scape stout,
glaucous, (13–) 15–20(–27) cm, shorter than leaves or rarely equalling them. Raceme lax, cylindrical, 8–12 × 3–5
cm, 40–60 flowered. Pedicels of fertile flowers stout, horizontally-subpatent, 12–15 mm, longer 1.5–2 × than
perigone, not obviously elongated in fruit (to 16 mm). Fertile flowers in bud greenish, at anthesis narrowly oblong-
obconical, 9–11 × 3–4 mm, glaucous greenish ivory, shoulders sharply angled; lobes blackish, recurved, 0.5 mm.
Outer filaments 1 mm; inner filaments 1 mm; anther blackish, 1–1.5 mm. Pollen yellow. Ovary ovate, 2.5 mm, style
1 mm, stigma punctate. Pedicels of sterile flowers pale violaceous, horizontal to ascending, 10–20 mm, longer at
least × 1.5–2 than sterile flowers. Sterile flowers narrowly tubular, 3–9 mm, whitish-pale violaceous with brownish-
black apical lobes, deflexed. Capsule ovate to orbicular, trilobed, acute-obtuse, 12–18 × 10–15 mm, glaucous, valves
strongly compressed. Seeds 2 per capsule, 2.5 mm wide, ovoid, rugose, black.
Typ e:―TURKEY. C4 Mersin: Mut-Kırobası, 18 km of Mut, open lime soil, 1280 m, 15 June 1990, N. & E.Özhatay, Iter
Anatolicum 61829 (holotype ISTE!).
Other examined specimens (paratypes):―C4 Içel: 19 km E. from Mut on road & Kırobasi, open lime stone
rocky place, white friable soil, 1350 m, 15 June 1990, Cowley, Doherty et al. 72/90-334 (K!, as Muscarimia
massayanum); Between Mut and Kırobası, around Kıca village, 1189 m, 12 March 2011, cult. fl. 12 May
2012, E. Kaya 1640 (ISTE! n. 96672); Between Mut and Kırobası, around Kıca village, 1189 m, 12 March
2011, cult. fl. 19 May 2013, E. Kaya 1640 (ISTE! n. 96673).
Distribution:—M. erdalii is endemic to Turkey and distributed in the Mediterranean phytogeographical
region. It grows on rocky slopes between at the elevation of 1189–1640 m a.s.l. and it is known only from the
type locality (Fig. 5).
Etymology:—Named after Erdal Kaya, who is coordinator of Geophyte project and collector of the
specimens.
Karyology:—Subgen. Leopoldia has two pairs of long, strongly heterobrachial chromosomes, clearly
differentiated from three pairs of medium-sized chromosomes which may show slightly differences. There
remain four pairs of small chromosomes. Some globose satellites may be found on either the short or the long
arm. All Turkish species belonging to subgen. Leopoldia are diploid with 2n = 18 chromosomes (Stuart 1970,
Dalgıç 1990, Özhatay & Johnson 1996, Johnson & Brandham 1997, Özhatay 2000). Also M. erdalii resulted
diploid with 2n = 18 chromosomes, showing a karyotype closely related to those of M. tenuiflorum and M.
babachii, as follows:
M. erdalii: The karyotype formula is 2n = 2x = 18 = 8m + 4sm + 2st + 2stsat + 2t. Metaphase chromosome
length ranges from 1.8 to 6.6 μm; total haploid chromosome length is 17.3 μm±0.94 (Fig. 3A).
Intrachromosomal asymmetry (MCA) is 36.79 and interchromosomal asymmetry index (CVCL) is 46.14.
M. tenuiflorum: The karyotype formula is 2n = 2x = 18 = 8m + 6smsa t + 2st + 2t. Metaphase chromosome
length ranges from 3.3 to 8.3 μm; total haploid chromosome length is 21.8 μm±0.61 (Fig. 3B).
Intrachromosomal asymmetry (MCA) is 23.53 and interchromosomal asymmetry index (CVCL) is 36.60.
M. babachii: The karyotype formula is 2n = 2x = 18 = 8m + 6sm + 2stsat + 2tsat. Metaphase chromosome
length ranges from 3.6 to 9.7 μm; total haploid chromosome length is 27.3 μm ±0.43. Intrachromosomal
asymmetry (MCA) is 28.57 and interchromosomal asymmetry index (CVCL) is 38.36.
The chromosome number of M. babachii (Fig. 3C) and the chromosome number and morphology of M.
erdalii (Fig. 3A) are reported here for the first time.

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MUSCARI ERDALII, A NEW SPECIES FROM SOUTHERN TURKEY
FIGURE 1. Habit of M. tenuiflorum (A), M. babachii (B), M. erdalii (C).

DEMİRCİ ET AL.42 • Phytotaxa 154 (1) © 2013 Magnolia Press
FIGURE 2. Details of flowers of M. erdalii (A), M. tenuiflorum (B) and M. babachii (C): a) perigone, b) ovary, c)
capsule, d) capsule cross section, e) seeds, f) surface of seeds.
Taxonomic relationships:—M. erdalii is closely related to M. tenuiflorum and M. babachii, but
differs by having glaucous habit, shorter scape (15–20 cm), scabrid leaf margins, glaucous greenish
ivory fertile flowers (9–11 mm), whitish-pale violaceous sterile flowers (3–9 mm), pedicels of fertile
flowers (12–15 mm) longer than 1.5–2 × perigone, pale violaceous pedicels of sterile flowers (10–20
mm) and larger capsule (12–18 mm). Despite all examined species share the same diploid
chromosome number, M. erdalii differs from the related species in having 4 submetacentric (sm) and
4 subtelocentric (st) chromosome pairs. Also M. erdalii is distinguished from others species on the
scatter plot of the three karyotypes (Fig 6).
Identification key of the subgen. Leopoldia in Turkey (integrated from Davis et al. 1984)
1. Lobes of perigone cream, pale, beige or yellow; bulb tunics pinkish or brown to reddish.............................................................. 2.
- Lobes of perigone blackish or very dark brown; bulb tunics greyish or ivory ................................................................................ 4.
2. Perigone lobes bright yellow; bulb tunics deep brown to reddish .............................................................................Muscari weissii
- Perigone lobes cream or pale beige; bulb tunics pinkish .................................................................................................................3.
3. Sterile flowers shorter than fertile flowers, on long ascending pedicels; leaves gradually tapering above ...........Muscari comosum
- Sterile flowers longer than pedicels, as long as fertile flowers; leaves abruptly tapered above ........................Muscari caucasicum

Phytotaxa 154 (1) © 2013 Magnolia Press • 43
MUSCARI ERDALII, A NEW SPECIES FROM SOUTHERN TURKEY
4. Raceme dense or lax and stout; fertile flowers short pedicellate, coma of sterile flowers pink; capsule large, winged and decidu-
ous..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5.
- Raceme lax, stout or not; fertile flowers long pedicellate, coma of sterile flowers blue-violet or whitish; capsule lobed and persis-
tent .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6.
5. Scape 12 cm; raceme 5–12 cm and many flowered; leaves only one, margin scabrid, 8-13(–21) cm; pedicels of fertile flowers
only 1 mm ................................................................................................................................................................... Muscari mirum
- Scape 15–22 cm; raceme 5–8 cm and 9–36 flowered; leaves 2–4, to 25 cm; pedicels of fertile flowers 0.54(–6) mm .....................
......................................................................................................................................................................... Muscari massayanum
6. Ratio pedicel/fertile flower length above 2; elongated after fertilisation; capsule ovate-acute.............................. Muscari longipes
- Ratio pedicel/fertile flower less than 2; not elongated after fertilisation; capsule obovate-orbicular or ovate-triangular............... 7.
7. Scape short (15–20 cm), shorter than leaves or rarely equalling them; leaf margin distinctly scabrid; sterile flowers whitish-pale
violaceous with brownish-black apical lobes, 3–9 mm; fertile flowers at anthesis glaucous greenish ivory with blackish lobes .....
................................................................................................................................................................................... Muscari erdalii
- Scape long (20–70 cm), longer than leaves; leaves margin smooth; sterile flowers ice blue, pinkish or bright violet, 3–16 mm; fer-
tile flowers at anthesis ivory, beige or reddish brown with brown or black lobes .......................................................................... 8.
8. Sterile flowers bright violet, 3.5–16 mm; fertile flowers ivory to pale beige, 5–9 mm; capsule 12–16 mm… Muscari tenuiflorum
- Sterile flowers ice blue to pinkish-white with brownish black lobes, 3–7 mm; distal part of fertile flowers ivory green, proximal
part reddish brown, 4–13 mm; capsule 6–11 mm....................................................................................................Muscari babachii
FIGURE 3. Karyotypes of M. erdalii (A), M. tenuiflorum (B) and M. babachii (C).
Acknowledgements
The new species and related taxa have been collected during the field work on the “Cultivation studies of
Turkey’s geophytes and the giving obtained new species and cultivars related sectors” project financially
supported by TUBİTAK/ TBAG-110G007, the project has been continued under the coordination of Erdal
Kaya in Yalova Atatürk Research Institution. We would like to thank Director of Yalova Atatürk Research
Institution and finally Ministry of Agriculture.

DEMİRCİ ET AL.44 • Phytotaxa 154 (1) © 2013 Magnolia Press
FIGURE 4. Somatic chromosomes of M. erdalii (A), M. tenuiflorum (C) and M. babachii (E) (― scale bar 10 µm) and
Idiograms of M. erdalii (B), M. tenuiflorum (D) and M. babachii (F).

Phytotaxa 154 (1) © 2013 Magnolia Press • 45
MUSCARI ERDALII, A NEW SPECIES FROM SOUTHERN TURKEY
FIGURE 5. Distrubution map of M. erdalii (stars), M. babachii (squares), and M. tenuiflorum (triangles) in Turkey.
FIGURE 6. Scatter plot of the three Muscari karyotypes reported in Figure 4 against CVCL (coefficient of variation in
chromosome length) and MCA (mean centromeric asymmetry).
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