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α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from the Roots of Codonopsis lanceolata Trautv.
Abstract
Codonopsis lanceolata Trautv. is a plant of the Campanulaceae
family, which is distributed throughout Korea, Japan and
China. C. lanceolata has been cultivated and its roots have
been used as food especially in Korea. Other Codonopsis
species, C. pilosula and C. tangshen were used as medicine
(Tang-Sam) for ulcers, memory improvement and immunostimulating;
however, C. lanceolata was treated as an
adulterant in Japan and China.1,2) Several studies of the
chemical constituents of C. pilosula, C. tangshen and C.
ussuriensis have been reported in the literatures.3-6) There are
some reports on secondary metabolites of C. lanceolata; on
the isolation of triterpenoid, saponin and alkaloid from the
roots7-10) and the isolation of flavonoids from the leaves.11) The
present report deals with the isolation, structure determination
and α-glucosidase inhibition activity of tangshenoside I and
adeonsine from the roots of C. lanceolata.
... 8,9 The roots of C. lanceolata have been used in Korea as a crude tonic drug and an edible plant. 10 The aerial parts of C. nervosa are utilised in Tibetan folk medicine to treat arthritis, leprosy, neuralgia, beriberi and hysteria. 11 In addition, roots of some least explored species of Codonopsis including C. cordifolioidea, C. bulleyana, and C. subglobosa are well-known vegetables in south-western China and have been used as food since ancient times. ...
Introduction: Chromatography and spectroscopy are nowadays well-validated tech
... Phytochemical Studies of the Extracts: From n-hexane anf EtOAc extracts, eleven compounds were isolated. The isolated compounds were identified as (24E,24R)-methylcholesta-5,7,22-trien-3β-ol (ergosterol) (1) [11], (22E,24R)-ethylcholesta-5,7,22-trien-3β-ol (7-dehydroporiferasterol) (2) [11], (22E,24R)-ethylcholesta-7,22-dien-3β,5α,6β-triol (3) [12], (22E,24R)-ethylcholesta-5,22-dien-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (poriferasterol glucoside) (4) [13], perlolyrine (5) [14], pyrrolezanthine-6-methyl ether (6) (11) and βadenosine (10) with IC50 of 56.4 μM and 9.3 mM were previously reported [21,22]. The nitrogen containing moiety in compound 5 and 6 may increase their binding affinity with target enzyme and result in lower IC50 values with higher therapeutic efficiency [23]. ...
... The roots of C. lanceolate have been cultivated and used as a food. Other Codonopsis species such as C. pilosula and C. tangshen have been used as medicines (Tang-Sam) for ulcers treatment, memory improvement, and immune stimulation [78,79].Various reports have indicated that the isolated secondary metabolites of C. lanceolata roots e.g., triterpenoid, saponin, and alkaloids, show tangshenoside I and β-adenosine with an IC 50 of 1.4 and 9.3 mM for α-glucosidase inhibition, respectively [80]. It has been demonstrated previously that Lobelia sessilifolia can potently inhibit rice α-glucosidase, and crude extracts and coffee beans can be very specific and potent α-galactosidase inhibitors [81]. ...
Type-II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) results from a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, and the prevalence of T2DM is increasing worldwide. Clinically, both α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes inhibitors can suppress peaks of postprandial glucose with surplus adverse effects, leading to efforts devoted to urgently seeking new anti-diabetes drugs from natural sources for delayed starch digestion. This review attempts to explore 10 families e.g., Bignoniaceae, Ericaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Campanulaceae, Geraniaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, Acanthaceae, Rutaceae, and Moraceae as medicinal plants, and folk and herb medicines for lowering blood glucose level, or alternative anti-diabetic natural products. Many natural products have been studied in silico, in vitro, and in vivo assays to restrain hyperglycemia. In addition, natural products, and particularly polyphenols, possess diverse structures for exploring them as inhibitors of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Interestingly, an in silico discovery approach using natural compounds via virtual screening could directly target α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes through Monte Carto molecular modeling. Autodock, MOE-Dock, Biovia Discovery Studio, PyMOL, and Accelrys have been used to discover new candidates as inhibitors or activators. While docking score, binding energy (Kcal/mol), the number of hydrogen bonds, or interactions with critical amino acid residues have been taken into concerning the reliability of software for validation of enzymatic analysis, in vitro cell assay and in vivo animal tests are required to obtain leads, hits, and candidates in drug discovery and development.
... Kai He và cộng sự chứng minh được rằng Codonopsis pilosula có khả năng hạ đường huyết ở chuột bị tiểu đường do streptozotocin bằng việc ức chế tốt enzym α-glucosidase [21]. Suk Whan Jung và cộng sự cũng nghiên cứu trên rễ của Codonopsis lanceolata có chứa 2 hợp chất tangshenoside và β-adenosine có tác dụng ức chế α-glucosidase in vitro yếu với IC50 lần là 1,4 và 9,3 mM [22]. Một số hợp chất được phân lập từ rễ Hồng đảng sâm có tiềm năng điều trị ĐTĐ và các bệnh mắc kèm do stress oxy hóa gây ra. ...
This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant ability and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of Codonopsisjavanica extract to elucidate its mechanism in the treatment of diabetes type 2. The roots of Codonopsisjavanica were extracted with ethanol solvents and fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol solvents. The total extract and the fractions were evaluated for free radical scavenging by 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in vitro. The study results show that ethyl acetate fraction from Codonopsisjavanica roots had the strongest antioxidant activity with a value of IC50 of 80.6 ± 2.8 µg/mL and a strong α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity with a value of IC50 of 80.4 ± 5 µg/mL. These data suggest that ethyl acetate fraction from Codonopsisjavanica roots may have potential for the prevention and treatment of diabetes type 2. Keywords Codonopsisjavanica, diabetes type 2, α-glucosidase, antioxidant ability, fraction. 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DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 20(1) (2012) 37.[11] D.T. Bao. Free radicals. Journal of Pharmacy 6((2001) 29.[12] M. Carocho, I.C. Ferreira. A review on antioxidants, prooxidants and related controversy: natural and synthetic compounds, screening and analysis methodologies and future perspectives. Food and chemical toxicology 51((2013) 15.[13] National Institute of Medicinal Materials. Method for studying the pharmacological effects of herbal drugs. Science and Technology Publishing House, 2006.[14] J.W. Baynes. Role of oxidative stress in development of complications in diabetes. Diabetes 40(4) (1991) 405.[15] S.M. Jeon, S.Y. Kim, I.H. Kim, J.S. Go, H.R. Kim, J.Y. Jeong, et al. Antioxidant activities of processed Deoduck (Codonopsis lanceolata) extracts. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 42(6) (2013) 924.[16] C.S. Yoo, S.J. Kim. Methanol extract of Codonopsis pilosula inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase and protein oxidation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated raw cells. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 12(5) (2013) 705.[17] J.Y.W. Chan, F.C. Lam, P.C. Leung, C.T. Che, K.P. Fung. Antihyperglycemic and antioxidative effects of a herbal formulation of Radix Astragali, Radix Codonopsis and Cortex Lycii in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives 23(5) (2009) 658.[18] S. Kumar, S. Narwal, V. Kumar, O. Prakash. α-glucosidase inhibitors from plants: A natural approach to treat diabetes. Pharmacognosy reviews 5(9) (2011) 19.[19] K. Tadera, Y. Minami, K. Takamatsu, T. Matsuoka. Inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase by flavonoids. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology 52(2) (2006) 149.[20] C.W. Choi, Y.H. Choi, M.-R. Cha, D.S. Yoo, Y.S. Kim, G.H. Yon, et al. Yeast α-glucosidase inhibition by isoflavones from plants of Leguminosae as an in vitro alternative to acarbose. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 58(18) (2010) 9988.[21] K. He, X. Li, X. Chen, X. Ye, J. Huang, Y. Jin, et al. Evaluation of antidiabetic potential of selected traditional Chinese medicines in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology 137(3) (2011) 1135.[22] S.W. Jung, A.J. Han, H.J. Hong, M.G. Choung, K.S. Kim, S.H. Park. alpha-glucosidase inhibitors from the roots of Codonopsis lanceolata Trautv. Agricultural Chemistry and Biotechnology 49(4) (2006) 162.[23] R. Gupta, A.K. Sharma, M. Dobhal, M. Sharma, R. Gupta. Antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of β‐sitosterol in streptozotocin‐induced experimental hyperglycemia. Journal of diabetes 3(1) (2011) 29.[24] R. Khanra, N. Bhattacharjee, T.K. Dua, A. Nandy, A. Saha, J. Kalita, et al. Taraxerol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid, from Abroma augusta leaf attenuates diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic rats. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 94((2017) 726.[25] A.I. Alagbonsi, T.M. Salman, H.M. Salahdeen, A.A. Alada. Effects of adenosine and caffeine on blood glucose levels in rats. Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences 4(2) (2016) 35.[26] A.M. Mahmoud, O.E. Hussein. Hesperidin as a promising anti-diabetic flavonoid: the underlying molecular mechanism. Int J Food Nutr Sci| Volume 3(3) (2014) 1.
... 항종 양 효과는 만삼 다당류와 더덕 부탄올 분획물, 사포닌 및 구성 화학성분인 codonoposide, codonoside 1c 등을 대상으로 다양 한 암세포에 대한 증식 억제 및 세포독성 작용전이 등이 보고된 바 있다(Lee et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2005; Kim et al., 2009c; Wang et al. 2011a;Yu et al., 2011;Xin et al., 2012;Xu et al., 2012;Yang et al., 2013). 항당뇨 효과는 만삼 다당류, 더덕 추 출물 및 구성 화학성분인 thangshenoside I, adenoshin을 대상 으로 수행한 결과, 당뇨유발인자를 유의적으로 억제하는 효과 가 밝혀진 바 있다(Shim et al., 2004;Jung et al., 2006;Fu et al., 2008). 간 보호 효과는 더덕 추출물 및 사포닌이 알코올 성 지방간 및 스트레스로 인한 간 손상을 보호하는 것으로 확인 졌으며, 일반더덕 추출물보다 증숙하거나 발효 처리한 더덕에 서 효과가 높은 것으로 나타났다. ...
The present study was carried out to identify traditional konwledges on Korean Campanulaceae plants and conduct a comprehensive review of them through analyzing phytochemistry and pharmacology of Korean Campanulaceae plants. According to the literature study, the ethnobotanical plants of Korean Campanulacae consisted of a total 18 taxa. Of them, 12 taxa including Platycodon grandiflorus, Adenophora triphylla var. japonica, Codonopsis lanceolata and others have been used as ethnomedicinal plants. These plants have been used for the treatment of 49 diseases such as cold, asthma and postnatal care. Phytochemical studies have identified the constituents present from Korean Campanulaceae (Adenophora, Codonopsis, Platycodon, Campanula and Asyneuma). A wide range of chemical compounds comprised 109 triterpenes, 8 sterols, 4 polyacetylenes, 21 alkaloids, 14 flavonoids, 14 phenolic acids, 11 phenolic glycosides, 8 phenylpropanoids and 22 other compounds. Pharmacological studies of these compounds have demonstrated immuno-stimulating, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, apophlegmatic and anti-allergic effects. They have also shown antioxidant, estrogenic, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antinociception and anti-tumor activities, as well as anti-obesity and cardiovascular effects. In light of traditional knowledge and phytochemical and pharmacological studies summarized, uses of Korean Campanulaceae based on traditional knowledge (for the treatment diseases and conditions of respiratory, pregnancy, childbirth, puerperium, genitourinary, circulatory, musculoskeletal and other systems) have been supported by phytochemical and pharmacological studies.
Introduction:
Chromatography and spectroscopy are nowadays well-validated techniques allowing to isolate and purify different class of natural products from the genus Codonopsis. Several categories of phytochemicals with drug like properties have been selectively extracted, isolated, characterised by this methodology.
Objectives:
The present review aims to provide up-to-date and comprehensive information on the chromatography, phytochemistry and pharmacology of natural products of Codonopsis with an emphasis on the search for natural products having various biological activities and the semi-synthetic derivatives of bioactive ones and to highlight current gaps in knowledge.
Materials and methods:
A literature search was performed in the SciFinder Scholar, PubMed, Medline, and Scopus databases.
Results:
During the period covered in this review, several classes of compounds have been reported from genus Codonopsis. Codonopsis pilosula and Codonopsis lanceolata are the most popular in the genus especially as per phytochemical and bioactive studies. Phytochemical investigation demonstrates that Codonopsis species contain mainly xanthones, flavonoids, alkaloids, polyacetylenes, phenylpropanoids, triterpenoids and polysaccharides, which contribute to numerous bioactivities. The major bioactive compounds isolated were used for semi-synthetic modification to increase the chance to discover lead compound.
Conclusions:
It can be concluded that genus Codonopsis has been used as traditional medicines and food materials around the world over years due to chemical constituents with diverse structural types, exhibiting extensive pharmacological activities in immune system, blood system, cardiovascular system, central nervous system, digestive system, and so forth, with almost no obvious toxicity and side effect. Therefore, Codonopsis can be used as a promising ethnopharmacological plant source.
Codonopsis lanceolata is an herbaceous perennial plant predominantly cultivated in East Asia and used for medicinal purposes. However, genetic information of C. lanceolata is lacking. Therefore, we sequenced genomic DNA using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and searched for simple sequence repeats (SSRs) to develop molecular markers in C. lanceolata. A total of 250,455 SSRs were identified, and di-nucleotides and tri-nucleotides accounted for the majority of all the SSRs. Among these SSRs, we designed 26,334 primer sets from di- to octa-nucleotide motifs. We used an in silico approach to investigate 2626 SSRs (tri- to penta-nucleotide motifs) and found 573 SSRs showing polymorphism. Of the 573 SSRs showing polymorphism in silico, we randomly selected 39 SSRs and verified polymorphism in 16 C. lanceolata accessions. The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 13, and the mean polymorphic information content value was 0.54. Therefore, we successfully designed 39 SSR markers for use in breeding and genetic studies of C. lanceolata.
The roots of Boesenbergia rotunda are prominent ingredients in the cuisine of several Asian countries, including Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, India, and China. Recently, fingerroot (Boesenbergia rotunda) was successfully cultivated in South Korea. In this study, the radical scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of Korean fingerroot extracts obtained using different extraction methods (i.e., organic solvent and hot water extractions) were investigated. More specifically, the antioxidant activities were evaluated using the hydroxyl and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+) radical scavenging assays, while the anti-diabetic effects of the various solvent extracts of fingerroot were tested using the α-glucosidase inhibitory assay. Among the tested samples the 80% methanolic (MeOH) extract showed the most potent activities, with IC50 values of 82.3±2.3 and 75.0±2.4 μg/mL, respectively for the hydroxyl and ABTS+ radical scavenging activities. Also, the 80% MeOH extract exhibited the greatest α-glucosidase inhibitory effects, with an IC50 value of 151.6±3.6 μg/mL. Finally, the total phenolic content of 80% MeOH extract was found to be 106.0±1.7 mg equivalent of gallic acid per g of extract. These results suggest that the 80% MeOH extract of fingerroot can be considered as a new effective source of natural antioxidant and anti-diabetic materials.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Codonopsis Radix is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, and has the effect of strengthening spleen and tonifying lung, nourishing blood and engendering liquid. In addition, it is also used as important food materials.
Aim of the study
The aim of the study was to explain the underlying correlations between chemical constituents and pharmacological effects and explore the bioactive markers of Codonopsis Radix.
Materials and methods
Codonopsis Radix samples from Min county, Gansu province processed with different methods were taken as the materials, UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis was conducted to identify the compounds and establish UPLC fingerprint. Meanwhile, hematopoietic and immunologic functions of Codonopsis Radix were investigated to obtain relevant pharmacological index. Then, the correlation analysis between chemical constituents in UPLC fingerprints and pharmacological effects was carried out. The plant name was confirmed to the database “The Plant List” (www.theplantlist.org).
Results
According to the results of canonical correlation analysis, tryptophan, syringin, tangshenoside I, codonopyrrolidium A, lobetyolin and two unknown compounds might be the potential bioactive markers related to the hematopoietic and immunologic functions of Codonopsis Radix, which could be recommended as the index compounds.
Conclusion
This study illustrated the underlying correlations between chemical constituents and pharmacological effects, explored the pharmacological material basis, and could lay a foundation for the improvement of quality standard of Codonopsis Radix.
The effect of water stress and herbicide treatment on the phenolic compound concentration and photosynthesis rate in transgenic Codonopsis lanceolata plants over-expressing the γ-tmt gene was investigated and compared to that in control non-transgenic C. lanceolata plants. The total phenolic compound content was investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with diode array detection in C. lanceolata seedlings 3 weeks after water stress and treatment with glyphosate. Changes in the composition of phenolic compounds were observed in leaf and root extracts from transformed C. lanceolata plants following water stress and treatment with glyphosate. The total concentration of phenolic compounds in the leaf extracts of transgenic samples after water stress ranged from 3455.13 ± 40.48 to 8695.00 ± 45.44 µg g⁻¹ dry weight (DW), whereas the total concentration phenolic compound in the leaf extracts of non-transgenic control samples was 5630.83 ± 45.91 µg g⁻¹ DW. The predominant phenolic compounds that increased after the water stress in the transgenic leaf were (+) catechin, benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, rutin, vanillic acid, and veratric acid. The total concentration of phenolic compounds in the leaf extracts of transgenic samples after glyphosate treatment ranged from 4744.37 ± 81.81 to 12,051.02 ± 75.00 µg g⁻¹ DW, whereas the total concentration of the leaf extracts of non-transgenic control samples after glyphosate treatment was 3778.28 ± 59.73 µg g⁻¹ DW. Major phenolic compounds that increased in the transgenic C. lanceolata plants after glyphosate treatment included kaempherol, gallic acid, myricetin, p-hydroxybenzjoic acid, quercetin, salicylic acid, t-cinnamic acid, catechin, benzoicacid, ferulic acid, protocatechuic acid, veratric acid, and vanillic acid. Among these, vanillic acid showed the greatest increase in both leaf and root extracts from transgenic plants relative to those from control C. lanceolata plants following treatment with glyphosate, which could affect the 5-enol-pyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase, an enzyme in the shikimate pathway. We observed enhanced stomatal conductance (gs) and photosynthesis rate (A) in the transgenic plants treated with water stress and glyphosate treatment. The results of this study demonstrated large variations in the functioning of secondary metabolites pathway in response glyphosate and water stress in transgenic C. lanceolata.
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