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Genetic analysis for seed size in three crosses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
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Seed size (determined by 100-seed weight) is an important component of trade and yield in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The present investigation was undertaken to study the possibility of maternal inheritance for seed size and to estimate relative importance of additive and non-additive gene effects on seed size in three chickpea crosses involving two desi (ICC 5002 and ICC 7672) and two kabuli (ICC 11255 and ICC 17109) genotypes. The study included parents, F-1, F-2, backcross generations, and their reciprocals. Differences in the reciprocal mean 100-seed weight of F-1, F-2, and backcross generations were not detected in any cross. No definite major gene segregation pattern was observed in the F-2 generation, and the continuous variation observed indicated quantitative inheritance. Generation mean analysis indicated the presence of additive gene effects controlling seed size in three crosses. Additive x additive type of non-allelic interactions were found significant in desi x kabuli crosses, ICC 5002 x ICC 17109 and ICC 7672 x ICC 11255. The selection and breeding procedure may be modified for maximum exploitation of the fixable additive x additive epistasis by delaying selection in later generations and by maintaining large populations prior to selection for maximum recombination of genes to occur.
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... To investigate the genetics of large seed size, several studies have been carried out from the 1950s to date [13,[25][26][27][28][29]. The inheritance of seed size was determined as monogenic, digenic and polygenic [12,13,[29][30][31][32][33]. Seed size in chickpeas was mapped using recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and some quantitative trait loci (QTL), and candidate genes were located in LG1, LG2, LG4, LG5, LG6, LG7 and LG8 [32,[34][35][36][37]. ...
... The days to first flowering and days to 50% flowering were recorded as phenological traits, whereas the plant height, first pod height, number of main stems, pods and seeds per plant, seed yield per plant, seed weight or seed size, number of pods per axil (as single or double pods) and leaf shape (as fern-like or unifoliolate leaves) were recorded as agro-morphological traits of each parent and progeny. The seed size in the present study as hereafter referred to is the 100-seed weight, determined by using following formula [13,33]: As reported by Auckland and van der Maesen [64], flowers of the female Sierra were emasculated at early morning and then pollinations were done using flowers of the pollen donor CA 2969 within one hour at the campus of Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey (30 • 38 E, 36 • 53 N, 51 m above sea level). F 1 , F 2 and F 3 plants were grown as single plant progeny and individually harvested in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. ...
... The days to first flowering and days to 50% flowering were recorded as phenological traits, whereas the plant height, first pod height, number of main stems, pods and seeds per plant, seed yield per plant, seed weight or seed size, number of pods per axil (as single or double pods) and leaf shape (as fern-like or unifoliolate leaves) were recorded as agro-morphological traits of each parent and progeny. The seed size in the present study as hereafter referred to is the 100-seed weight, determined by using following formula [13,33]: 100-seed weight (g) = [Total seed weight per plant (g)/Total number of seeds per plant] × 100 ...
A large seed size in the kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is important in the market not only due to its high price but also for its superior seedling vigor. The double-podded chickpea has a considerable yield and stability advantage over the single-podded chickpea. The study aimed at (i) integrating extra-large-seeded and double-podded traits in the kabuli chickpea, (ii) increasing variation by transgressive segregations and (iii) estimating the heritability of the 100-seed weight along with important agro-morphological traits in F2 and F3 populations. For these objectives, the large-seeded chickpea, Sierra, having a single pod and unifoliolate leaves, was crossed with the small-seeded CA 2969, having double pods and imparipinnate leaves. The inheritance pattern of the extra-large-seeded trait was polygenically controlled by partial dominant alleles. Transgressive segregations were found for all agro-morphological traits. Some progeny with 100-seed weights of ≥55 g and two pods had larger seed sizes than those of the best parents. As outputs of the epistatic effect of the double-podded gene in certain genetic backgrounds, three or more flowers or pods were found in some progeny. Progeny having imparipinnate leaves or two or more pods should be considered in breeding, since they had higher numbers of pods and seeds per plant and seed yields than their counterparts.
... Presence of non-allelic interactions also contributed significantly to the inheritance of quantitative traits (Malhotra and Singh 1989). Girase and Deshmukh (2000), Bhardwaj and Sandhu (2007), Hossain et al. (2010), Kumar et al. (2013) and Sharma et al. (2013) reported the contribution of non-allelic interaction for seed size. The aim of this study was to estimate the components of genetic variation for seed size and other traits in chickpea using generation mean analysis (Hayman 1958;Mather 1949). ...
... Presence of non-allelic interactions also contributed significantly to the inheritance of quantitative traits (Malhotra and Singh 1989). Girase and Deshmukh (2000), Bhardwaj and Sandhu (2007), Hossain et al. (2010), Kumar et al. (2013) and Sharma et al. (2013) reported the contribution of non-allelic interaction for seed size. The aim of this study was to estimate the components of genetic variation for seed size and other traits in chickpea using generation mean analysis (Hayman 1958;Mather 1949). ...
... Negative sign of dominance 9 dominance effect indicated ambidirectional dominance but the positive sign of additive 9 additive effect reflected the association of alleles in the parental lines. Similar results were found by Bhardwaj and Sandhu (2007) and Kumar et al. (2013), while according to Girase and Deshmukh (2000) only main effects, i.e., additive and dominance were important for plant height in chickpea. ...
Seed size, determined by 100-seed weight, is an important yield component and trade value trait in kabuli chickpea. In the present investigation, the small seeded kabuli genotype ICC 16644 was crossed with four genotypes (JGK 2, KAK 2, KRIPA and ICC 17109) and F1, F2 and F3 populations were developed to study the gene action involved in seed size and other yield attributing traits. Scaling test and joint scaling test revealed the presence of epistasis for days to first flower, days to maturity, plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant and 100-seed weight. Additive, additive × additive and dominance × dominance effects were found to govern days to first flower. Days to maturity and plant height were under the control of both the main as well as interaction effects. Number of seeds per pod was predominantly under the control of additive and additive × additive effects. For grain yield per plant, additive and dominance × dominance effects were significant in the cross ICC 16644 × KAK 2, whereas, additive × additive effects were important in the cross ICC 16644 × JGK 2. Additive, dominance and epistatic effects influenced seed size. The study emphasized the existence of duplicate epistasis for most of the traits. To explore both additive and non-additive gene actions for phenological traits and yield traits, selection in later generations would be more effective.
... Farmers (producers) prefer to produce large-seeded chickpeas due to consumer preference, since a larger seed size commands a higher price in regional and international markets. The inheritance of seed size was determined as monogenic, digenic and polygenic (Upadhyaya et al. 2006;Sundaram et al. 2019;Kumar and Singh 1995;Malhotra et al. 1997;Hovav et al. 2003;Hossain et al. 2010;Sharma et al. 2013). ...
... The inheritance pattern of the extra-large-seeded trait was polygenically controlled by partial dominant alleles (Kivrak et al. 2020). Several other consumer quality traits like seed mass, seed volume before and after soaking as well as swelling and hydration capacity show considerable phenotypic and genotypic variation Yadav et al. 2003;Sharma et al. 2013). The inheritance of seed colour, shape and size as well as a range of nutraceutical characteristics such as cotyledon and seed coat flavonoids has been studied and carotenoids (Abbo et al. 2005) and seed Ca concentration (Abbo et al. 2000). ...
Chickpea is the major pulse crop of India, and it accounts for about 45% of the total area and production of pulses grown in the country. Impressive progress has been made in development of cultivars suited to rainfed ecology. This has helped India in expanding chickpea area in central and southern India and compensating the loss in chickpea area that occurred earlier due to expansion of wheat in irrigated areas of northern India. The genetic variability available in the germplasm, particularly in wild species, should be exploited for broadening the genetic base of varieties and introgressing useful traits, such as resistance to insect pests and diseases. The barriers to interspecific hybridization have restricted utilization of several wild species, and, therefore, dedicated efforts are needed to access genes from these species. High-throughput precision phenotyping protocols need to be developed and used for screening of germplasm and breeding materials for different traits related to stress tolerance and nutritional quality. Rapid advancements in development of chickpea genomic resources during the past decade have made it possible to initiate genomics-assisted breeding in chickpea improvement. Molecular markers associated with several useful traits have been identified. Some of these markers have been validated and are being used in the breeding programmes. Efforts should be made on increasing the number of validated/diagnostic markers, so that genomics-assisted breeding becomes an integrated approach in chickpea breeding programmes. Marker-assisted selection can accelerate breeding process and facilitate combining different desired traits. Integration of these approaches would be important for improving precision and efficiency of chickpea breeding programmes. In this paper, we have reviewed the status of current research efforts and advancements in Indian and future research priorities to tackle newer challenges.KeywordsBreedingChickpeaGenetic improvementImproved varietiesResearch strategies
... Likewise, the mean sum of squares among the progenies (generations) for all the traits in all the crosses revealed that the variations among the five generations of each cross were significant except for harvest index. The results are in agreement with the observations of Kumar et al. (2013) for days to maturity, plant height, number of pods per plant, grain yield per plant (g), biological yield per plant (g) and 100-seed weight (g). ...
... ,Sharma and Saini (2010),Hossain et al. (2010),Srinivasan et al. (2011),Karami and Talebi (2013),Sharma et al. (2013) andShivkumar et al. (2013) in chickpea. For grain yield per plant high heritability coupled with high GAM was exhibited in C 1 . ...
... The 100 grain weight was slightly increases with the backcross thus resulted in the higher yield per plant. These results were contradictory to the reports of Sharma et al., (2013) as additive gene effects controlling 100-seed weight, there will not be any significant differences across the F1, F2 and backcross generations. So many yield related traits can be introgressed to the cultivated chickpea from C. reticulatum. ...
... Number of genes for the three seed traits was low (0, 91 to 2.02). According to the findings of Shivali et al. (2013) traits controlled by a small number of genes show high heritability in early generations. ...
Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.) is an edible, medicinal and decorative plant exhibiting wide genetic variation for fruit and seed characters, but it remains under-researched. This study assessed inheritance of fruit neck, fruit rind hardness, seed coat hardness and seed coat colour in bottle gourd, by crossing the egusi type with the calabash type. Results indicated that fruit neck is controlled by two genes, each with two alleles (N/n and R/r), with complementary gene action. Neckless fruit plants could be nnR−, N−rr or nnrr. A pair of alleles control each of fruit rind hardness (Hf /hf), seed coat hardness (Hs /hs) and seed coat colour (Y/y). Complete dominance of hard over soft was observed for fruit rind and seed coat hardness, whereas codominance of dark brown and yellow was observed for seed coat colour. These findings can hasten the efficiency of breeding and development of improved cultivars in L. siceraria.
... Number of genes for the three seed traits was low (0, 91 to 2.02). According to the findings of Shivali et al. (2013) traits controlled by a small number of genes show high heritability in early generations. ...
The concept of ‘crop ideotype’ is coined as a desirable plant model expected to better perform for seed yield, oils and other useful characteristics when developed as a cultivar, and it consists of two major approaches, namely, (i) ‘defect elimination’, that is, integration of disease resistance to a susceptible genotype from a resistant genotype and (ii) ‘selection for yield’ by improving yield after crosses between desirable parents. For consideration of these approaches, here we introduced an ideotype in kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) which is high-yielding, extra-large-seeded, and double- or multi-podded, has high plant height and imparipinnate-leafed traits, and is heat tolerant and resistant to ascochyta blight [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.], which causes considerable yield losses, via marker-assisted selection. F3 and F4 lines were evaluated for agro-morphological traits divided into six classes, namely, (i) imparipinnate-leafed and single-podded progeny, (ii) imparipinnate-leafed and double-podded progeny, (iii) imparipinnate-leafed and multi-podded progeny, (iv) unifoliolate-leafed and single-podded progeny, (v) unifoliolate-leafed and double-podded progeny, (vi) unifoliolate-leafed and multi-podded progeny. F3:4 lines having 100-seed weight ≥ 45 g and double- or multi-podded traits were additionally assessed for resistance to ascochyta blight using molecular markers including SCY17590 and CaETR-1. Superior lines having higher values than their best parents were determined for all studied traits indicating that economic and important traits including yield and seed size in chickpea could be improved by crossing suitable parents. Imparipinnate-leafed and multi-podded plants had not only the highest number of pods and seeds per plant but also the highest yield. On the other hand, imparipinnate-leafed and single podded progeny had the largest seed size, followed by imparipinnate-leafed and double-podded progeny. Multi-podded plants produced 23% more seed yield than that of single-podded plants, while multi-podded plants attained 7.6% more seed yield than that of double-podded plants. SCY17590 and CaETR-1 markers located on LG4 related to QTLAR2 and QTLAR1 were found in 14 lines among 152 F3:4 lines. Six superior lines were selected for being double- or multi-podded, imparipinnate-leafed, suitable for combine harvest, heat-tolerant, and resistant to ascochyta blight, and having both of two resistance markers and extra-large seeds as high as 50–60 g per 100-seed weight. Resistance alleles from two different backgrounds for resistance to ascochyta blight were integrated with double- or multi-podded kabuli chickpea lines having high yield, extra-large seeds, high plant height, imparipinnate-leaves and high heat tolerance, playing a crucial role for future demands of population and food security. These approaches seem to be applicable in ideotype breeding for other important crop plants.
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) has been a globally important source of nutrition for human and animal diets for several thousand years. In the U.S.A., chickpeas are integral components of dryland agriculture systems throughout the Pacific Northwest and Northern Plains but seed rot and pre‐emergent damping‐off of chickpea caused by metalaxyl‐resistant isolates of Pythium ultimum Trow have emerged as diseases of increasing importance in the U.S.A. Pacific Northwest. The objective of this study was to identify sources of resistance to metalaxyl‐resistant P. ultimum in chickpea. Resistance was evaluated based on the emergence of chickpea seedlings from soil artificially infested with the pathogen. Significant differences in emergence were consistently detected between the desi chickpea cultivar ‘Myles’ and the kabuli chickpea cultivar ‘Sierra’.These two cultivars were used as checks to screen two different chickpea minicore collections, including 39‐accession ‘mini‐core’ collection from the U.S.A. National Plant Germplasm System and 209 accessions from a chickpea mini‐core collection developed by International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). A total of 194 desi accessions and 41 kabuli accessions were significantly more resistant than Sierra. Whereas, 85 desi accessions identified from ICRISAT collection were highly resistant to both P.ultimum isolates. Accessions with pigmented seed coats were significantly more resistant than accessions with beige seed coats which is a characteristic of kabuli chickpeas. Two accessions, W6 25882 and W6 25884, may be especially promising parental materials for improving kabuli cultivars based on their consistent resistant reactions to P. ultimum isolates and.higher 100‐seed weight. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
This chapter discusses Hari Deo Upadhyaya, a plant breeder, geneticist and genetic resources specialist, and his contributions in management and utilization of genetic resources, molecular biology and biometrics, and in groundnut breeding. Hari's contributions in genetic resources include enriching germplasm collections; forming representative subsets in the form of core and/or mini-core collections in chickpea, groundnut, pigeonpea, pearl millet, sorghum, and six small millets; unlocking population structures, diversity and association genetics; and identifying genetically diverse and agronomically desirable germplasm accessions for use in crop breeding. The Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research (CGIAR) recognized his concept and process of forming mini-core collection as International Public Goods (IPGs) and researchers worldwide are now using mini core-collections as useful genetic resources in breeding and genomics of the aforementioned crops. A genebank manager's role isn't just confined to collection, maintenance, and archiving germplasm. Hari's spirited efforts prove so and they led many to realize the abundant opportunities to mine and enhance the value of the genetic resources in crop improvement programs. As a geneticist, his seminal work on wilt resistance in chickpea laid a strong foundation for the wilt resistance breeding programs globally. His contributions as a groundnut breeder resulted in the release of 27 cultivars in 18 countries, some widely grown, and 24 elite germplasm releases with unique characteristics made available to groundnut researchers worldwide. Hari's inimitable ability and scientific competence allowed him to collaborate with diverse groups and institutions worldwide. His scientific contributions in germplasm research and groundnut breeding have been recognized with several prestigious global awards and honors. A prolific writer and with immense passion for teaching, Hari Upadhyaya has established a school of his own for the management, evaluation and use of genetic resources for crop improvement.
The chickpea is an ancient crop that is still important in both developed and developing nations. This authoritative account by international experts covers all aspects of chickpea breeding and management, and the integrated pest management and biotechnology applications that are important to its improvement. With topics covered including origin and taxonomy, ecology, distribution and genetics, this book combines the many and varied research issues impacting on production and utilization of the chickpea crop on its journey from paddock to plate.
Chickpea is valued for its nutritive seed composition which is high in protein content and used increasingly as a substitute for animal protein. High quality seed has the potential to attract premium prices. Hence, the breeding of desirable quality traits, including seed size for desi and kabuli-types, is of major importance. For this, two RIL populations derived from intraspecific crosses of a kabuli-type (S95362; light cream colour) crossed to two desi-types (Howzat and ICC3996; medium tan and dark tan colour, respectively) were assessed across two environments. Fitting of seed size group ratios to inheritance models indicated that seed size is governed by two major complementary genes, where small size is dominant. The low genotype x environment interaction (<6.0% of the total variation for either population) suggests limited environmental influence on this trait. Subsequently, two major quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified, one on LG 4 (QTL 1) and one on LG 1 (QTL 2), that together accounted for 20% of the seed size trait and may be targeted for future fine mapping and associated selectable marker development. These same loci also accounted for 37% of the phenotypic variance for 100-seed weight across the two environments, indicating the close genetic relationship between seed size and weight.
Six lines with a range of seed size from 10.42 to 58.42 g per 100 seeds were used in a complete diallel cross set to study the inheritance of seed size in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Six parents, 15 F1s, 15 F2s, 15 BC1, and 15 BC2s were grown in a randomized complete block design with two replications at Tel Hadya, Syria during 1988-89. Data on 100-seed weight were recorded after the harvest of the experiment. Combining ability and generation mean analyses showed that both additive and non-additive gene effects were important with the preponderance of additive gene action for seed size. The combining ability, graphical and generation means analyses revealed the partial dominance of small seed size over large seed size suggesting that seed size is governed by recessive genes. Therefore, it is suggested that one backcross with a large-seeded parent may enhance the chances of large-seeded segregants. The generation mean analysis helped in detection of epistasis in 11 out of 15 crosses. Among epistatic effects, additive x additive effects, were noticed in six crosses, additive x dominance in four crosses, and dominance x dominance in six crosses. The narrow-sense heritability of seed size was >95%. As dominance and genic interactions also played a significant role, it is suggested to delay the selection of large seed size to F3 generations onward so that these effects are reduced. Bulk-pedigree method is suggested for the improvement of seed size in chickpea.
Path analysis was developed by Sewall Wright (1921, 1968, 1978) to explain correlations between variables under a linear model. This powerful method remained untapped in human genetics for a few decades despite its invention by a pioneer population geneticist; an exception to this is Wright’s own application to human IQ (1931). The human geneticists of the twenties and thirties were almost entirely confined to various aspects of biometrical genetics dependent on traditional methods of analysis of variance. As interests grew beyond biometrical methods, path analysis was introduced into human genetics during this decade (Jencks, 1972; Morton, 1974; Rao, Morton, and Yee, 1974), a few years after its rediscovery in social sciences (Duncan, 1966). Jencks in 1972 studied the consequences of phenotypic assortative mating on human IQ. It was in 1974 that a distribution theory was introduced giving tests of hypotheses in path analysis; emphasis on environmental indices greatly improved the power of resolution between biological and cultural causes of family resemblance (Morton, 1974; Rao, Morton, and Yee, 1974). Assortative mating was elaborated in two directions depending on whether the phenotypic marital correlation is considered secondary (called social homogamy: Rao and Morton, 1978; Morton and Rao, 1978) or primary (called phenotypic homogamy:Wright, 1978; Cloninger, Rice, and Reich, 1979). These two types have recently been combined into a general form called mixed homogamy (Morton and Rao, 1979; Rao, Morton, and Cloninger, 1979). In this chapter we shall present the underlying linear model, discuss the mechanics of assortative mating, present methods of analysis of quantitative data in nuclear families, and conclude with a few applications.
The semi-arid tropics (SAT) are defined in the context of Troll’s (1965) vegetation zone delineation as the region within the tropics where the mean monthly rainfall exceeds mean potential evapotranspiration during 2 to 7 months of the year. Within this region the areas where this excess lasts for 2 to 4.5 months are characterized by thorn Savannah vegetation and those where it lasts for 4.5 to 7 months are characterized by dry Savannah; these are called the dry SAT and wet-dry SAT, respectively.
Variation in cell population size and cell weight in the cotyledons are important factors in determining seed weight in Pisum sativum. The regulation of these parameters as well as that of growth rate has been examined. The use of reciprocal crosses between varieties of contrasting seed size has allowed the recognition of two systems of control-an intrinsic one dependent on the seed's own genotype, and the extrinsic control of the maternal environment. It is shown that the use of particular kinds of crosses can aid in discriminating the separate roles of sinks and sources as determinants of seed size.