... The reaction times of these new, environmentally friendly technologies must be sped up while still producing biodiesel of high calibre. In order to do this, a variety of techniques have lately been investigated, including microwave (Changmai et al., 2019;Das, Shi, Halder, & Lalthazuala Rokhum, 2022;Motasemi & Ani, 2012;Soltani, Rashid, Yunus, & Taufiq-Yap, 2015), membrane (Shuit, Ong, Lee, Subhash, & Tan, 2012), ultrasonic (Badday et al., 2012;Luo, Fang, & Smith, 2014;Rajkumari et al., 2021), hydrodynamic cavitation (Chuah, Yusup, Abd Aziz, Bokhari, & Abdullah, 2016), plasma discharge (Troter, Todorović, Dokić-Stojanović, Stamenković, & Veljković, 2016), reactive distillation, cosolvent, rotatory, supercritical methods (Tan & Lee, 2011), and plug flow reactors (Buchori, Istadi, & Purwanto, 2016) for the generation of biodiesel (Laskar et al., 2018). ...