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Basic Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Review ISSN 2315-6880 Vol. 2(10) pp. 195-201 November 2013
Available online http//www.basicresearchjournals.org
Copyright ©2012 Basic Research Journal
Full Length Research Paper
Livestock production challenges and strategies for
tropical agro ecosystem, Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, India
Subhash Chand1, Naresh Kumar1 and S. Dam Roy2
Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, 181 P.B., Andaman and Nicobar Islands
*Corresponding author email: scchand46@gmail.com, Tel.: 9474206538
Accepted 21 November, 2013
The Andaman and Nicobar islands are the largest archipelago system in the Bay of Bengal, consisting
of 576 islands situated between 6˚45’ N to 13˚ 41’ N latitude and 92˚ 12’E to 93˚ 57’ E longitude. The total
geographical area is 8, 249 km2 with a coast line of 1, 962 km. This large archipelago is separated from
mainland India by 1200 km; the nearest landmass in the north is Myanmar, roughly 280 km north of
Landfall Island. The livestock population in the islands consists of non-descript cattle, buffaloes, pigs,
and goats. As per the 2010 census, total livestock population on the islands was 175655 including
crossbred. The livestock population in year 2003 (pre tsunami) was 12% higher than the Post tsunami.
The total milk production was 25 lakh liters in year 2012 and per capita availability at Island level is 185
ml/day. The average per day yield is about 1.5 liters for cows and 1.5-2.0 liters for buffaloes. The
productivity of milch animal is less. The per capita meat/eggs availability is about one kg/ annum and
168 eggs are annually available at island level. It may be due to continuous inbreeding. The livestock
supports the agriculture in the form of draught animal power (DAP). Majority of farmers are following
the concept of integrated farming in these islands for optimum use of land. The total poultry population
was 800950 in year 1997 and it further increased to 930878 in the year 2003. Per capita about three birds
are reared. This has resulted in self sufficiency in poultry production. Meeting the demand for feeds and
fodder including healthcare and potential germplasm are the big challenge. Maize cultivation in islands
has been found to be a new hope for supplementing the part of demand of concentrate feed as well as
fodder in addition to provide extra income through sale of fresh cobs, tourist points and baby corn in
peri urban area and for the demand of hoteliers. Scientific effort and extension agencies need to work
together for technology development and transfer so that challenges can be bridged.
Keywords: Livestock, challenges, prospects, constraints and scope
INTRODUCTION
India has a long coastline of more than 7500 km. Its
marine resources are spread over in the Indian Ocean,
Arabian Sea, and Bay of Bengal. The exclusive economic
zone (EEZ) of the country has an area of 2.02 million sq
km comprising 0.86 million sq km on the west coast, 0.56
million sq km on the east coast and 0.6 million sq km
around the Andaman and Nicobar islands. The Livestock
provide not only food and income from milk, eggs, meat,
wool, hide and draught animal power but also provide
social status, insurance and cultural values, employment
especially of women which are still highly regarded by
farming communities in most part of the country.
Livestock rearing is done mostly by small and marginal
farmers and landless labourers with holding size of 1-3
cattle/ buffalo and some sheep per household. Medium to
large herds of cattle and buffaloes also exist in the
periphery of large towns and cities mainly for supply of
milk. Poultry are reared by fanners in small numbers to
meet their own requirement of eggs and meat; surplus
are sold in local markets. India continues to be the largest
producer of milk in the world and India produced 13.1 per
cent of the total milk produced in the world. Hence, India
has attained the first rank in milk production in the world.
Now milk production is increased to 108.5 million tonnes
in 2008-09, 2009-10 respectively. Poultry is one of the
fastest growing segments of the agricultural sector in
India today. Their growth rate has been rising at 8 to 10
percent per annum. As a result, India is now the world's
fifth largest egg producer and the eighteenth largest
producer of broilers. The organized sector of poultry
industry is contributing nearly 70% of the total output and
the rest 30% in the unorganized sector in India. Presently
production of eggs is estimated to number about 37
billion, that of broilers 895 million, and that of poultry
meat 735,000 tonnes. Egg production has increased from
21 billion in 1990-91 to 51 billion numbers in 2006-07 and
53.5 billion numbers in 2008. India ranks fifth in the world
with annual egg production of 1.61 million tonnes.
Another concern as percentage of biomass utilization in
small farms, with integration of crop and animals in the
less developed countries (LDC) are higher both in terms
of energy and in terms of protein as compared to that in
US farms (McDowell 1991). Only 39% of the total energy
and 20% of the total plant protein are recovered from a
crop of corn in the US, while small farms in the LDC
effectively utilize 51 % of the energy and 30% of the
protein from the corn crop. Most of the land is used for
cereal cultivation and a negligible portion (3.8%) is under
permanent pastures and grazing lands. The main
sources and types of greenhouse gases from livestock
systems are carbon dioxide (CO2) from land use and its
changes (feed production, deforestation), which accounts
for 32% of emissions from livestock; nitrous oxide (N2O)
from manure and slurry management, which accounts for
31%; and methane (CH4) production from ruminants,
which accounts for 25% of emissions. Livestock products
contribute 17 per cent to kilocalorie consumption and 33
per cent to protein consumption globally, but there are
large differences between rich and poor countries
(Rosegrant et al., 2009). Livestock systems have both
positive and negative effects on the natural resource
base, public health, social equity and economic growth.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was conducted based on primary and
secondary information from A and N Islands. Total
population of these islands was 3.8 lakh (Census; 2011)
and literacy rate more than 82%. The Union Territory
(UT) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is divided into
Subhash et al. 196
three districts namely South Andaman, North and Middle
Andaman and Nicobar and four subdivisions with 11
Tehsils and 204 revenue villages (Census villages 547).
This immigration is enhanced by subsidised ship fares,
subsidised food, and availability of jobs on daily wages.
The aspects covered in primary data collection were
mostly education level, family size, landholding size,
source of income, occupation, number of animal
possessed, farm and non farm assets, constraints in
livestock production system, total milk production and
related other information. The secondary sources were
also used to generate comprehensive database for the
study. The order of the merit assigned by the
respondents, is converted into scores by using the
formula given by Garrett and Wood worth (1977). The
percent position estimated was converted into scores.
The factor with highest mean score was considered the
most important factor.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Demographic feature of Andaman and Nicobar
Islands
India is one of the 12 mega biodiversity centres in the
world. The country is divided into 10 biogeography
regions. The Andaman and Nicobar islands are the
largest archipelago system in the Bay of Bengal,
consisting of 576 islands situated between 6˚45’ N to 13˚
41’ N latitude and 92˚ 12’E to 93˚ 57’ E longitude. The
total geographical area is 8, 249 km2 with a coast line of
1, 962 km. Among the northern group of islands, the
Andaman group is having an area of 6, 408 km2 and the
Nicobar group is 1, 841 km2.This large archipelago is
separated from mainland India by 1200 km; the nearest
landmass in the north is Myanmar, roughly 280 km north
of Landfall Island. The 90 percent of land area of the
Andaman Group constitutes. Figure 1. indicate the
geographical location of the study area, as reserve or
protected forest of which 36 percent is tribal reserve. The
Andaman and Nicobar Islands are a group of 572 big and
small Islands and Islets in the South Eastern part of Bay
of Bengal. The total area of Andaman covers 6340 sq.
kms and Nicobar group covers 1841 sq. kms. Mono
cropping of paddy, haphazard planting of coconut,
arecanut, and few fruit trees in the backyard were the
usual practices in the agricultural sector. However, great
loss in terms of increase (about 6000 ha.) due to tsunami
had disturbed the agriculture and allied sectors of these
islands. Amongst the field crops, rice is the major crop
occupying about 7685.47 ha, with productivity of about
2.20 t/ha, cropping intensity as revealed by dismally low
at 105 percent. The livestock farming depends on the
success of agriculture and its thrives in tandem with
agriculture, here in this region it has suffered mostly due
to low intensity of crop production and several other
197. Basic Res. J. Agric. Sci. Rev.
Figure 1. Geographical location of the studied area.
location specific problems viz. poor germplasm
unavailability of good quality forage, higher cost of feed,
unfavorable environment, animal health problems and
transportation and marketing difficulties. However,
recently livestock and poultry farming in these islands has
gained a significant improvement and emerged as one of
the major source of self-employment and subsidiary
income. The land distribution system in general allowed
each settler 4.4 ha of land consisting of 2 ha of paddy
land, 2 ha of hilly land and 0.4 ha land for the homestead.
In the last three decades, there has been a spurt of
immigration from mainland India, mainly from West
Bengal and Tamil Nadu. The Gross State Domestic
Product (GSD) at current price has increased from 5 to
13 percent as against 2 to 10 percent at constant prices
(1991 to 2010). However, due to earthquake followed by
Tsunami (26th December 2004), GSDP was reduced to
3055 percent. Overall growth rate of GSDP remain about
6 percent during land decade (2000 to 2010). Sectorial
contribution indicates that service sector which is
predominated has contributed about 57 percent and
primary sector contributes 31.76 percent whereas
secondary sector (12.2%) to the GSD of these islands.
However, tertiary sector also contribute to the extent of
about 4 percent but there are not much manufacturing
and processing industries existed.
The per capita income at current price has shown
steady increase from 2000 to 2010 about was more than
the country average accept during 2004-05 due to
tsunami impact (Subhash et al., 2012).The A and N
islands constant price per capita income was more than
that of all India average. As country per capita income
has gradually increased from Rs 15881 to Rs. 20858 and
this has indicated about 4.65 per cent decade growth.
While A and N Island, per capita income from Rs. 24005
to Rs.49500 (Economic and statistics, 2010). The
livestock population in the islands consists of non-
descript cattle, buffaloes, pigs, and goats and have been
depicted in table 1 for the year 1997 and 2003. As per the
1997 census, total livestock population on the islands
was 188311 including 5400 crossbred. It is clear from the
table that the livestock population in year 2003 (pre
tsunami) was 12% higher than the year 1997. The total
milk production was 25 lakh litres in year 2012. The
average per day yield is about 1.5 liters for cows and 1.5-
2.0 liters for buffaloes. The productivity of milch animal is
less. It may be due to continuous inbreeding. The
livestock supports the agriculture in the form of draught
animal power (DAP). Majority of farmers are following the
concept of integrated farming in these islands for
optimum use of land. The total poultry population was
800950 in year 1997 and it further increased to 930878 in
the year 2003. Common feature of people in the A and N
Islands to have some poultry birds in the back yard.
Animal Husbandry sector provides large self-employment
opportunities. Presuming that one family member is
employed in looking after the livestock, 25 million people
are estimated to be employed with the livestock rearing
activity. This sector is playing very important role in the
rural economy as support sector of the economy.
Especially 70 million rural households primarily, small
and marginal farmers and landless labourers in the
country are getting employment opportunities in dairy.
Dairying has become an important secondary source of
income for millions of rural families. Poultry is also
another way of getting food and food security in India.
Apart from food security it has provides employment to
about 1.5 million people. Livestock Sector not only
provides essential protein and nutritious human diet
through milk, eggs, meat etc but also plays an important
role in utilization of non-edible agricultural by-products.
Livestock also provides raw material/by products such as
hides and skins, blood, bone, fat etc.
Live stock resources of Andaman and Nicobar
Islands
The loss of livestock due to Tsunami was about 157577.
The total loss in financial term worked out to be about Rs.
38.68 crores. Andaman and Nicobar island administration
has formulated and initiated number of
measures/Intervention to bring the life to a normal level of
affected people. To revival, the livestock in these islands
especially tsunami affected areas many measures and
Subhash et al. 198
Table 1. General features of A and N Islands
S.No.
Particulars
A & N Islands
Name of District
Sou
th Andaman
North &
Middle
Nicobar
1. Total geographical area (SqKm) 8249 3106 3302 1841
Per capita Geographical area (ha) 2.17 1.31 3.13 5.00
2. Total forest area (sqKm) 6629 2673 2956 1542
Per capita forest area (Ha.) 1.74 1.13 2.80 4.19
3. Total population (No.) 379944 237586 105539 36819
4. Sex Ratio 966 961 977 961
5. Literacy rate (%) 86.27 88.49 84.25 77.5
6. SC/ST Population (%) 7.05 11.24 10.29 78.51
7. Total No. of land holdings 11349 5072 5853 665
8. Operational holdings in Ha. 22688 7956 13088 1644
9. Total No. of livestock 175655 55325 74827 43471
9.1 Per capita livestock 0.46 0.23 7.09 1.18
10. Total Milk production (Tonnes/Annum) 25760 12300 10770 2690
10.1 Per capita/day milk availability (ml) 185.75 141.84 279.58 200.16
11. Total meat production (Kg/Annum) 338840 185100 122570 31170
11.1 Per capita availability of meat
(Kg/Annum)
0.89 0.78 1.16 0.85
12. Total Eggs production (000 No.) 63894 37091 23111 3694
12.1 Per capita eggs availability
(No./annum)
168.17 156.11 218.98 100.30
13. Total Milk imported (Litre/Annum) 1620000 950000 - 670000
13.1 Meat imported (Kg/Annum) 145000 100000 - 45000
14. Total No. Poultry 978565 568115 353906 56544
14.1 Per capita no. of poultry 2.58 2.39 3.35 1.54
Table 2. Number and Growth of livestock and poultry during pre and post tsunami
Category
Before
tsunami
2003-04
Growth
previous
census (%)
After
tsunami
2005-06
Growth over
2003 (pre
tsunami) (%)
2007
-
08
Growth
over 2003
census (%)
2011
-
12
Growth
over 2007
census (%)
Cattle
63487 5.61 60610 -4.85 49364 -28.61 49791 0.86
Buffalo
16211 14.13 15155 -23.23 10091 -60.65 9986 -1.05
Goats
79765 11.7 63142 -25.46 66721 -19.55 67472 1.11
Pigs
52201 21.86 13755 -279.5 47730 -9.37 48406 1.40
Total 211185 10.91 152662 -38.34 173906 -21.44 175655 1.00
Total
poultry &
ducks
930878 16.22 832156 -11.86 978565 4.87 980920 0.24
Source: Department of Animal Husbandry, A &N, Islands Administration, 2011-12
strategies under A and N, administration are in force.
Table 2 indicates that growth of livestock and poultry
before, tsunami and after tsunami. It was observed that
after tsunami growth rate was –ve in the case of livestock
as well as for poultry birds. The highest –ve growth rate
was observed in the case of pigs (279%) flowed by goats.
However, overall growth rate was about 38 percent. The
negative growth rate was due to death of all species of
livestock and poultry during tsunami. However, efforts of
A and N Administrations and research institution have
shown encouraging results in terms of increased growth
rate after tsunami (2011-12) for all species except
buffaloes. This may be due to the fact that slows growth
and not availability of heifers ad lactating buffaloes.
Livestock found in Andaman and Nicobar Islands:
Table 3 is self explanatory and showing the common
livestock ie. Cattle, buffaloes, goats, pigs found in A and
N Islands. This is a unique germaplasm needs to be
conserved and protected for future generation. Therefore,
government policy and research efforts may be paid
more attention towards insitu conservation of livestock.
Poultry Birds found in A and N Islands
The avifauna of Andaman and Nicobar Island is unique.
199. Basic Res. J. Agric. Sci. Rev.
Table 3. Livestock found in Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Sl.
No.
Common
name
Scientific
Name
Habitat
Status
Adaptation
Disease
resistance
1 Jangli gai Bos indicus Andaman and
Campbell Bay
Not endangered. Adapted to humid
tropical climate
Islands
Resistant to
common
diseases.
2 Trinket
Cattle
Bos taurus only on (Trinket
Island)
Endangered Adapted to tropical
climate Island
Do.
3 Jersey &
HF or
cross
Bos indicus Andaman Islands Not Endangered Adapted to humid
climate of Islands
Do
1 Barren
goat
Capra
hircus
Barren Island
(Volcanic Island)
Endangered and
post tsunami
status not known
Adapted to the
dreadful and hostile
environment of
Barren Island
Acquired
resistance to
common
diseases
2 Teressa
goat
Capra
hircus
Terresa, Katchal,
and Bambooka
Islands
Endangered and
post Tsunami
Status not known
Adapted to hot and
humid climate
Resistant to
common
diseases
3. Andaman
goat
Capra
hircus
Andaman group of
islands
Not endangered Adapted to hot and
humid climate
Resistant to
common
diseases
4 Malabari
goat
Capra
hircus
Andaman group of
islands
Not endangered Adapted to hot and
humid climate
do
1 Nicobari
Pig
Sus
domesticus
Nicobar group of
islands.
Not ending-ered. Adapted to hot and
humid climate
islands
Resistant to
common pig
diseases
2 Andama
n wild
pig
Sus scrofa
andamanen
sis
Andaman group of
Islands
Endangered Adapted to hot and
humid climate
islands
do
Table 4. Poultry found in Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Commo
n name
Scientifi
c name
Habitat Status No. of bird Common characteristics Adaptation
Egg. prod. Wgt/Bird (Kg)
Brown
Nicobari
Gallus
domesti
cus
Found in A
& N Islands
Endangered 7000
approx.
140-150
eggs/
annum
1.1-1.3 Adapted to hot
and humid
climate
Black
Nicobari
-Do- -Do- -Do- 150 - 160
eggs /
annum
1.4 do
White
Nicobari
-Do- -Do- -Do- 162 - 170
eggs/
annum
1.3 do
Naked
Neck
Gallus
domes-
ticus
-Do- Not
Endangered
Not
available
75 – 90
eggs/
annum
Male 2.0-3.0
Female1.4-
1.6
do
Frizzle
fowl
Gallus
domes-
ticus
-Do- Endangered Not
available
70 - 80
eggs/
annum
Male: 2.0-2.5
Female:1.3-
1.4
do
Long period of isolation from mainland has brought
various genotypic and phenotypic variations in the
Island’s avifauna. A few indigenous birds such as Naked
Neck, Red jungle, Nicobari fowl and Frizzel fowl are
found at these Islands and maintain their genetic identity
due to their habitat in the isolated Islands. The non-
descript birds found in these islands seems to be the
crosses of the following breeds like Australorp, Sussex,
Rhod Island Red, New Hampshire, Plymouth Rock, White
Leghorn, Aseel, Naked Neck, nicobari, Frizzle and many
other non-descript desi birds (table 4).
Existing Infrastructure for livestock management in A
and N Islands
The animal husbandry department is also trying their
level best to develop the livestock in these islands. For
this, they are having nine veterinary hospitals and 11
veterinary dispensaries and other infrastructure facilities
for development of livestock in these islands.
Feeds and fodder requirement, availability and gap
for livestock in A an N Islands
It was observed that the requirement, availability and
deficit of feeds and fodder in A and N Islands. It was
observed that green fodder was deficit about 99%
followed by concentrates (97%).However, dry fodder was
deficit about 52 percent. The non availability of feeds and
fodder is the major challenge to sustain the livestock.
Due to heavy rains for about eight months, green fodder
cultivation is difficult. Similarly, cereals, which can be
used as source of, feed also not possible. The only option
remain with the islanders controlled grazing and
utilization of forest resources as source of fodder with
participatory management. Thus, livestock production
can only be sustained if these challenges are minimized.
Constraints and problems in livestock production
system
The information on constraints were recorded on 0-6
scale. Maximum score i.e. 6 were given to the constraint
which were ranked higher in intensity by the respondents
followed by 5 to 1 score according to their intensity.
These Islands are far away from mainland and the input
supplies are mainly dependent on mainland, which is
most often uncertain. The major five constraints as
expressed by the respondents have reflected that
shortage of fodder especially during dry season followed
by shortage of fodder during rainy season. After Tsunami
most of the valley lands used for grazing inundated by
sea and hence, farmers are facing severe deficiency of
fodder. Similarly, during dry spell of summer farmer face
acute deficiency of fodder.
Strategies for mitigate the challenges of livestock
and poultry production in Andaman
The technological model cannot be copied as such from
the productive mainland or else areas to these islands
due to variation in socio economic and climatic
conditions. Therefore, to improve the productivity,
suitable policy, environment and supporting infrastructure
have to be provided. In view of the technological and
socio economic constraints to livestock production
system, proper strategies need to be devised.
Subhash et al. 200
Enhancement of fodder availability
The shortage of fodder can be tackled by utilizing of
traditional/ local feeds/ fodder crops with proper
intercropping system. The annual and perennial fodder
crop/ trees can be incorporated in the crop calendar. The
suitable storage mechanism for the fodder and feeds may
be adopted with proper technology backup. Recent
feasibility studies have shown some hope for partly
fulfilling the requirement of feed and fodder through
maize cultivation in islands. Exploratory trails done at
CARI, Port Blair indicated that maize can be successfully
grown islands throughout the year. The best strategy is to
grow maize for fodder during rainy period at uplands and
as intercrop in hilly terrains along in young plantation
crops. The F2 seed of Quality Protein Maize (QPM) and
baby corn hybrids provide excellent fodder with higher
digestibility and bio efficiency. While the seed purpose
the maize can be grown during October to March when
rains recede. Currently maize is grown in about 200 ha
area only but this area is under nonspecific and poor
seed material and hence productivity is low. With the
improved seed material the potential yield of maize is 8
ton per ha which is almost double than that of rice. The
corn Stover is similar to straw and can be utilized as
fodder. Green fodder is also available while the surplus
green stover can be used for silage. However, scientific
practices and extension is required to translate the
results into farming community.
Improved breed and health management programme
The selection of breed adaptable to the existing agro
climatic conditions that can thrives on unconventional
feed and fodder resources should be given priority in
livestock management programme. There is need to
encourage the farmers to breed local non descript animal
with improved breeds through Artificial Insemination (AI)
and adopt pregnancy diagnosis (PD) as a tool to avoid
the losses.
Improved feeding practices
The efforts from the extension agencies should be made
to make aware the farmers, of importance and functions
of minerals in animal diets. The dissemination of simple
and cost effective technologies like chaffing of fodder,
urea ammonisation of straw and supplementation of
mineral salt could enhance the productive and
reproductive efficiency of the livestock and poultry. The
201. Basic Res. J. Agric. Sci. Rev.
cost on feed can be reduced by growing maize locally
and utilizing same for feed.
Conclusions and policy implications
Indian livestock industry makes up for a significant
amount of world's livestock resources. Both the national
economy as well as the socio-economic growth of the
country is backed by the livestock sector. Besides,
offering great potential and outstanding contribution in the
agricultural sector over the past years. The livestock
sector is performing well in the manner of production,
value addition and export of dairy, fishery, wool, poultry
and other products. Apart from its performance there are
some threats also exist we need to re-correct it and take
the global market opportunities. The flora and fauna of
these islands is still insufficiently known and is unique.
Settlers of these islands brought them from different part
of the mainland has brought genetic variation in the
genome of these islands livestock and poultry. However,
some of the indigenous genetic resources are preserved
in these emerald islands – they are Trinket cattle, Barren
island goat, teressa goat, Nicobary pig, Andaman wild pig
and Nicobary fowl. It is suggested that the unique
germplasm of these islands needs a detail study for its
conservation and development. Use of soil conservation
methods and silvopastoralism, together with controlled
livestock exclusion from sensitive areas; payment
schemes for environmental services in livestock-based
land use to help reduce and reverse land degradation.
Credit is a critical input for small farmers required for day
to day management of their household enterprises.
Access to credit can enable to adopt technologies
developed and would enable them to cross the poverty
line and become viable Kisan. Proper market
infrastructure and veterinary facilities will increase the
production of livestock and poultry production in these
islands. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a
tremendous scope of increasing milk, eggs and meat
production from the existing livestock resources by
improving the breeding, feeding and health management.
It was pointed out that even Kisan Credit Cards deny
livestock farmers access to cash credit while mixed crop
livestock farmer the same farmer has access to cash
through Kisan Credit Card for crop production.
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