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Feeding behavior of Harlequin Shrimp Hymenocera picta Dana, 1852 (Hymenoceridae) on Sea Star Linckia laevigata (Ophidiasteridae)
Abstract
Caridean shrimps did not display any selective feeding regimes. However, the shrimp belongs the genus Hymenocera (Caridea: Hymenoceridae) exclusively feeds on starfish, causes potential crisis to the hobbyists those wish to accommodate them in reef aquaria. The present observation deals with the documentation about the feeding behavior of Harlequin Shrimp Hymenocera picta Dana feeds on its favorite prey Blue Star Linckia laevigata (Ophidiasteridae) in captivity. The upliftment continues for 30-60 minutes and feeding was initiated by removing the ambulacral feet and gonadal tissues of the Starfish.
... The most particular characteristic of the species is its unique coloration (red or blue blotches in the body), and the morphology of the chela (Debelius 1999). Feeding habits of the Harlequin Shrimp are based exclusively on starfish of the Class Asteroidea Blainville, 1830 (Wickler 1973;Prakash & Kumar 2013), being currently referred to as an important biological control of Fromia monilis (Perrier, 1869), Linckia laevigata (Linnaeus, 1758), Mithrodia fisheri Holly, 1932, Asteropsis carinifera (Lamarck, 1816), Nidorellia armata (Gray, 1840), and Acanthaster planci (Linnaeus, 1758) populations (Wickler 1973;Juncker & Poupin 2009;Prakash & Kumar 2013). ...
... The most particular characteristic of the species is its unique coloration (red or blue blotches in the body), and the morphology of the chela (Debelius 1999). Feeding habits of the Harlequin Shrimp are based exclusively on starfish of the Class Asteroidea Blainville, 1830 (Wickler 1973;Prakash & Kumar 2013), being currently referred to as an important biological control of Fromia monilis (Perrier, 1869), Linckia laevigata (Linnaeus, 1758), Mithrodia fisheri Holly, 1932, Asteropsis carinifera (Lamarck, 1816), Nidorellia armata (Gray, 1840), and Acanthaster planci (Linnaeus, 1758) populations (Wickler 1973;Juncker & Poupin 2009;Prakash & Kumar 2013). ...
... Although Hymenocera picta is abundant in the Indo-Pacific regions (Wickler 1973;Seibt & Wickler 1979;Prakash & Kumar 2013), it has also been recorded in the eastern tropical Pacific in the Galapagos Island (Hickman & Zimmerman 2000), Gorgona Island, Colombia (Juan Felipe Lazarus Agudelo, pers. comm. ...
The Harlequin Shrimp Hymenocera picta is abundant in the Indo-Pacific and Central Pacific regions, but there are few reports of it from the eastern Pacific. Two pairs of the Harlequin Shrimp were observed feeding on the Sea Star Phataria unifascialis (Gray, 1840) in the reefs of Huatulco National Park, Mexican Pacific. This paper reports the occurrence of H. picta in Mexican Pacific waters and extends its previous distribution by 1,270km north of El Ocotal, Costa Rica in the eastern Pacific equatorial zone. In addition, we evaluate the potential distribution of H. picta along the tropical eastern Pacific using the Maximum-Entropy modelling algorithm.
... The most particular characteristic of the species is its unique coloration (red or blue blotches in the body), and the morphology of the chela (Debelius 1999). Feeding habits of the Harlequin Shrimp are based exclusively on starfish of the Class Asteroidea Blainville, 1830 (Wickler 1973;Prakash & Kumar 2013), being currently referred to as an important biological control of Fromia monilis (Perrier, 1869), Linckia laevigata (Linnaeus, 1758), Mithrodia fisheri Holly, 1932, Asteropsis carinifera (Lamarck, 1816), Nidorellia armata (Gray, 1840), and Acanthaster planci (Linnaeus, 1758) populations (Wickler 1973;Juncker & Poupin 2009;Prakash & Kumar 2013). ...
... The most particular characteristic of the species is its unique coloration (red or blue blotches in the body), and the morphology of the chela (Debelius 1999). Feeding habits of the Harlequin Shrimp are based exclusively on starfish of the Class Asteroidea Blainville, 1830 (Wickler 1973;Prakash & Kumar 2013), being currently referred to as an important biological control of Fromia monilis (Perrier, 1869), Linckia laevigata (Linnaeus, 1758), Mithrodia fisheri Holly, 1932, Asteropsis carinifera (Lamarck, 1816), Nidorellia armata (Gray, 1840), and Acanthaster planci (Linnaeus, 1758) populations (Wickler 1973;Juncker & Poupin 2009;Prakash & Kumar 2013). ...
... Although Hymenocera picta is abundant in the Indo-Pacific regions (Wickler 1973;Seibt & Wickler 1979;Prakash & Kumar 2013), it has also been recorded in the eastern tropical Pacific in the Galapagos Island (Hickman & Zimmerman 2000), Gorgona Island, Colombia (Juan Felipe Lazarus Agudelo, pers. comm. ...
The Harlequin Shrimp Hymenocera picta is abundant in the Indo-Pacific and Central Pacific regions, but there are few reports of it from the eastern Pacific. Two pairs of the Harlequin Shrimp were observed feeding on the Sea Star Phataria unifascialis (Gray, 1840) in the reefs of Huatulco National Park, Mexican Pacific. This paper reports the occurrence of H. picta in Mexican Pacific waters and extends its previous distribution by 1,270km north of El Ocotal, Costa Rica in the eastern Pacific equatorial zone. In addition, we evaluate the potential distribution of H. picta along the tropical eastern Pacific using the Maximum-Entropy modelling algorithm.
... In addition, their secondary metabolites can provide chemical defense against potential predators. However, they can not escape very quickly from some predators, such as fishes and crabs (Amaral et al., 2008), anemones (Bos, Gumanao & Salac, 2008), polychaetes (Glynn, 1984), shrimps (Prakash & Kumar, 2013), birds (Wootton, 1997) and even other species of sea stars (McClintock et al., 2008). In the defensive context against consumers or potential predation, the diverse and sophisticated arsenal of secondary metabolites constitute a primary chemical defense system used by adults, eggs, embryos, larvae, and juveniles of sea stars (McClintock, Amsler & Baker, 2013). ...
To date, evidence regarding the performance of secondary metabolites from larval stages of sea stars as an anti-predation defense relates only to a few species/specimens from a few geographic ranges. Unfortunately, this hinders a comprehensive global understanding of this inter-specific predator-prey interaction. Here, we present laboratory experimental evidence of chemical defense action in the early developmental stages and adults of the sea star Echinaster (Othilia) brasiliensis from Brazil against sympatric and allopatric invertebrate consumers. Blastulae, early and late brachiolarias of E. (O.) brasiliensis were not consumed by the sympatric and allopatric crabs Mithraculus forceps. Blastulae were also avoided by the sympatric and allopatric individuals of the anemone Anemonia sargassensis, but not the larval stages. Extracts from embryos (blastula) and brachiolarias of E. (O.) brasiliensis from one sampled population (João Fernandes beach) significantly inhibited the consumption by sympatric M. forceps, but not by allopatric crabs and A. sargassensi anemone. In this same site, extracts from adults E. (O.) brasiliensis significantly inhibited the consumption by sympatric and allopatric specimens of the crab in a range of concentrations. Whereas equivalent extract concentrations of E. (O.) brasiliensis from other population (Itaipu beach)inhibited the predation by allopatric M. forceps, while sympatric individuals of this crab avoided the only the higher level tested. Then, early stages and adult specimens of E. (O.) brasiliensis can be chemically defended against consumers, but this action is quite variable, depending on the type (anemone or crab) and the origin of the consumer (sympatric or allopatric).
... This shrimp is an obligate and voracious echinoderm predator (Wickler 1973). To feed it, hobbyists must have plenty of starfishes available (Prakash and Kumar 2013). For instance, the estimated annual costs of starfish for feeding one pair of harlequin shrimps in the USA is $260-390 USD per year. ...
The pet trade in aquatic organisms is a significant source of non-indigenous species introductions. In comparison with ornamental animals, unintentionally transported invertebrate assemblages are easily overlooked by traders and keepers. Moreover, hitchhiking species detection and identification is difficult even for experts. The densities of "hitchhikers" in aquaria may be relatively higher than those in the wild. These phenomena are known in freshwater aquaria but poorly studied in marine ones. We found 17 species of non-ornamental marine invertebrates in one of the leading importers of aquarium species in the Czech Republic in November 2017. The set comprised six gastropods, two bivalves, three cnidarians, two echinoderms, two crustaceans, and two polychaete worms. In one case, a symbiont was also detected, associated with the host "hitchhiker". No "live rocks" are traded by the surveyed wholesaler. Thus, the found animals were not imported together with this item as larvae or eggs. Contrary to the transport of targeted ornamental species, it is clear that transport of "hitchhikers" is occurring despite standard legislative regulations and should be brought to the attention of conservationists, wildlife managers, policymakers and other stakeholders.
... Caridean shrimps found in deep waters tend to be of widespread distribution. Few are recorded in the Lakshadweep waters viz Pycnocaris chagoae and Hymenocera picta (Prakash et al. 2011Prakash et al. , 2013). Previously S. marmoratus was reported from the Gulf of Kachchh and West Bengal from Indian waters (Radhakrishnan et al. 2012) as well as from the Hawaii, Eastern Australia, Red sea, East coast of Africa and Iran (Miyake and Hayashi 1966; SheibaniTezerji and Sari 2007; Poupin and Junkcker 2010) and currently it is being reported from the Agatti Island, Lakshadweep , India. ...
Two juvenile specimens of Saron marmoratus (Olivier, 1811) were collected from the inter tidal lagoon area of Eastern side of Agatti Island, Lakshadweep on November 4, 2013. These shrimp are brown and slightly green in color with yellow and white speckled spot and having a typical tuft of cirri on the back. Marbled shrimps are highly demanded and good priced in the marine aquarium trade. This is a new record to the Lakshadweep waters.
In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Hymenocera picta is reported for the first time. The length of genome is 15,786 bp, including 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and 21 transfer RNA genes. Nucleotide composition of the whole mitogenome was 37.26% A, 28.42% T, 21.92% C, and 12.40% G. The AT and GC skewness of mitogenome sequence was 0.135 and 0.277, respectively. The reconstructed phylogenetic relationships of 22 Decapoda species based on 13 protein-coding genes were highly supported and the clade of all Palaemonoidea shrimps included had a high support value. Our results shall provide a better understanding in the evolutionary histories of the Decapoda.
Crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci are a significant predator of scleractinian corals, with outbreak populations continuing to impose large-scale mortality on coral reef communities. We measured mortality rates of small post-settlement juvenile A. planci in a caging experiment on the Great Barrier Reef. Starfish 3 mm in diameter suffered mortality rates of 2.6% d⁻¹, of which 73.0% was attributed to mobile predators. Starfish 13 mm in diameter had a lower rate of mortality of 0.82% d⁻¹. There were no differences in mortality rates between sites, and localised effects, such as the presence of specific predators like the shrimp Hymenocera sp., affected within-site variability in mortality rates. The coral rubble habitat where the experiments were conducted had a large suite of generalist putative predators including both fish and invertebrates. The results from this and previously published studies were used to develop a model of size- and age-dependent mortality, which, when applied with the commonly accepted destructive outbreak threshold for adult A. planci of 10 ha⁻¹ at age 2.5 yr, would require larval settlement rates of 5 m⁻². Parameterising the magnitude of likely settlement rates and rates of post-settlement mortality provides a significant advance in understanding and modelling the population dynamics of this important coral predator.
Marine ornamental shrimps found in tropical coral reef waters are widely recognized for the aquarium trade. Our survey of ornamental shrimps in the Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu (India) has found three species, which we identify as Stenopus hispidus Olivier, 1811, Lysmata debelius Bruce, 1983, and L. amboinensis De Man, 1888, based on morphology and color pattern. Tese shrimps are recorded for the first time in Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu. Detailed information, including the description of specimens, habitat, and distribution, is provided.
Eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) coral habitats host functionally complex biological communities. Corals and their associated biota, from charismatic reef fishes to cryptic invertebrate infauna, drive and maintain diverse ecosystem functioning in reef environments. This chapter provides a photographic guide to key and otherwise notable species present in ETP coral habitats. The objectives of this inclusion are to both facilitate field identification and to make accessible key information (i.e. habitat, relative abundance, ecological role, geographic and depth distributions, and pertinent references) available for these coral-associated species. Represented in this guide are 11 species of algae, 102 invertebrates of which 53 are cnidarians, and 28 fishes, with bias towards comprehensive inclusion of cnidarians (corals) and fishes. Effort was made to include cryptic species easily overlooked, warranting select ex situ photographs, as well as to visually describe polymorphism and behavior encountered in the field.
The majority of the almost 1,000 species of Palaemonidae, the most speciose family of caridean shrimp, largely live in symbioses with marine invertebrates of different phyla. These associations range from weak epibiosis to obligatory endosymbiosis and from restricted commensalism to semi-parasitism, with the specialisation to particular hosts likely playing a role in the diversification of this shrimp group. Our study elucidates the evolutionary history of symbiotic palaemonids based on a phylogenetic analysis of 87 species belonging to 43 genera from the Indo-West Pacific and the Atlantic using two nuclear and two mitochondrial markers. A complementary three-marker analysis including taxa from GenBank raises this number to 107 species from 48 genera. Seven larger clades were recovered in the molecular phylogeny; the basal-most one includes mostly free-living shrimp, albeit with a few symbiotic species. Ancestral state reconstruction revealed that free-living forms likely colonised cnidarian hosts initially, and switching between different host phyla occurred multiple times in palaemonid evolutionary history. In some cases this was likely facilitated by the availability of analogous microhabitats in unrelated but morphologically similar host groups. Host switching and adaptations to newly colonised host groups must have played an important role in the evolution of this diverse shrimp group.
Many penaeoid prawns are of considerable value for the fishing
industry and aquaculture operations. The annual estimated
average landing of prawns from the fishery in India was 3.98
lakh tonnes (2008-10) of which 60% were contributed by
penaeid prawns. An additional 1.5 lakh tonnes is produced from
aquaculture. During 2010-11, India exported US $ 2.8 billion
worth marine products, of which shrimp contributed 3.09% in
volume and 69.5% in value of the total export. With nearly 438
known species from the Indian subcontinent, the order
Decapoda, comprising the suborders Dendrobranchiata and
Pleocyemata, is the most diverse of the Eucaridean orders
containing almost all the best known edible and commercially
important prawns. The checklist of prawns contains 142 species
under 43 genera of the suborder Dendrobranchiata and 295
species under 88 genera of the suborder Pleocyemata. Since
previous compilation of the fauna, several additional species
have been recorded. The present annotated checklist is intended
to update the scientific nomenclature of all the species recorded
from Indian EEZ including the fresh and brackishwater species
and to assist ecologists and crustacean taxonomists in future
systematic work in view of the important role of prawns in the
ecosystem as well as the importance of the resource from the
fishery and trade point of view. The common English names and
geographic distribution of species have also been included.
We know from earlier work that the shrimp Hymenocera picta is able to chemically recognize food (starfish), conspecifics, their sex and sexual readiness and even individuals. This recognition is accomplished by sensory organs situated on the antennules. In the present paper the anatomical fine structure of these organs is examined (by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy) and compared with the relevant structures of other decapods. Mode and range of antennule movement are analysed from films and are discussed as an adaptation to the habitat. The cleaning of the aesthetascs with the third maxillipeds is described.ZusammenfassungDie Aestheten auf den Antennulen von Hymenocera picta wurden licht-, raster- und transmissionselektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Das Innere der haarförmigen Sensillen ist völlig von Dendriten erfüllt, die sich zum Apex hin zunehmend aufzweigen. Die feinsten Ausläufer enthalten je einen Mikrotubulus.Poren konnten weder in der seitlichen Kutikula noch an der Spitze gefunden werden. Da jedoch die Haarumhüllung nur etwa die doppelte Stärke einer Zellmembran hat und nicht sehr elektronendicht ist, vermuten wir eine Durchlässigkeit für organische Verbindungen.Die entlang der unteren zwei Drittel der Haare festgestellte periodische Kutikula-Ringelung ermöglicht vermutlich ein gleichmäßiges Abbiegen über die gesamte Länge der zarten Haare, was während der ortenden Antennulenbewegungen und dem Reinigen durch die 3. Kieferfüße von Bedeutung sein kann.Aus Filmaufnahmen wurden Bewegungsweise und Bewegungsumfang der Antennule analysiert. Durch 2 Gelenke kann die Antennule praktisch den gesamten Raum um den Körper kontrollieren. Die verschiedenen Positionen der Antennulen und der Sinneshaare werden im Detail dargestellt. Die Asymmetrie der Fahnenform wird als mögliche Anpassung an eine unterschiedliche Strömungsnutzung zum Heben oder Senken der Antennule bei ihrer Vor- bzw. Rückdrehung gedeutet.Die 3. Kieferfüße tragen an der Innenkante Bürsten, die ausschließlich die Antennulen-Außengeißeln reinigen, während alle anderen Körperteile und -anhänge von den 1. Thoracalbeinen gereinigt werden.Das korrelierte Auftreten bestimmter Sinneshaarmerkmale wird diskutiert im Hinblick auf zwei verschiedene Strukturtypen der Aestheten bei Decapoden.
ZusammenfassungHymenocera picta bildet dauerhafte heterosexuelle Paare. Untersucht wurde, was die Paarpartner zusammenhält. In Frage kommen dafür Orts- und Partnerbindung. Bindungen werden erkennbar an Bevorzugungen; Voraussetzung dafür sind Wahlmöglichkeiten.Die Individuen halten sich bevorzugt an bestimmten Orten auf, haben also eine Ortsbindung. Außerdem suchen sie — am deutlichsten die ♂♂ — bevorzugt die Nähe zum Partner auf. Versuche, in denen die Paare künstlich getrennt und Partner versetzt wurden, beweisen, daß die Partner einander an individuellen Merkmalen erkennen und wiederfinden. Neben der Ortsbindung gibt es also eine Partnerbindung. Diese zeigt sich nur im Paarsitzen (die Partner sitzen dabei unmittelbar nebeneinander). Wenn sie nicht beieinander sitzen, ist der mittlere Abstand der Paarpartner zueinander nicht vom mittleren Abstand zu den anderen Individuen verschieden.Andere soziale und sexuelle Verhaltensweisen werden nicht bevorzugt auf den Partner gerichtet.Wahlversuche im Y-Labyrinth weisen nach, daß die Partner einander an geruchlichen Signalen individuell und auf Distanz erkennen. Ferner erkennen sie — ebenfalls geruchlich und auf Distanz — Nahrung (Seesterne) und Artgenossen. Die ♂♂ erkennen an einem Pheromon die Kopulationsbereitschaft der ♀♀.Die Tiere können ferner jederzeit das Geschlecht eines Artgenossen erkennen, brauchen aber dazu möglicherweise unmittelbaren Kontakt.Die für die geruchlichen Erkennungsleistungen verantwortlichen Sinnesorgane sind die Haare auf den Antennulen.
The painted shrimp exhibits a social system of “relative monogamy”. The selective consequences of mate attachment for the individuals have been studied by long term observations and experiments.
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