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Methods and Meanings: Credibility and Trustworthiness of Qualitative Research
Abstract
Historically, qualitative research has been viewed as "soft" science and criticized for lacking scientific rigor compared to quantitative research, which uses experimental, objective methods (Mays & Pope, 1995). Common criticisms are that qualitative research is subjective, anecdotal, subject to researcher bias, and lacking generalizability by producing large quantities of detailed information about a single, unique phenomenon or setting (Koch & Harrington, 1998). However, qualitative research is not inferior research, but a different approach in studying humans. Qualitative research emphasizes exploring individual experiences, describing phenomenon, and developing theory (Vishnevsky & Beanlands, 2004).
... Qualitative researchers promote trustworthiness in their work by safeguarding the credibility and confirmability of their methods and findings (Cope, 2014). Credibility is viewed as the direct connection between the participants' words and the findings of the study (Cope, 2014). ...
... Qualitative researchers promote trustworthiness in their work by safeguarding the credibility and confirmability of their methods and findings (Cope, 2014). Credibility is viewed as the direct connection between the participants' words and the findings of the study (Cope, 2014). Confirmability is the level to which interpretation of the texts are representative of the participants' meanings rather than the researchers' preconceptions or bias alone (Cope, 2014). ...
... Credibility is viewed as the direct connection between the participants' words and the findings of the study (Cope, 2014). Confirmability is the level to which interpretation of the texts are representative of the participants' meanings rather than the researchers' preconceptions or bias alone (Cope, 2014). In this study, we ensured credibility and confirmability through immersion in the texts and by developing a spreadsheet that we utilized to track the analysis process of transforming the participants' words into themes. ...
... Criticisms of interpretive methodologies for producing ungeneralizable findings (Davies & Fisher, 2018), fail to acknowledge the contextuality of interpretive research -favouring scientific concepts of external validity instead (Landers & Behrend, 2015). Descriptive interpretive research might achieve transferability between contexts through replication and case comparison, but not through the application of findings from samples directly to their populations (Cope, 2014;Gray, 2018). ...
... While interpretivist research does not aim to achieve generalisability or transferability, other dimensions of rigour can be applied within interpretivist research. Cope (2014) identifies four other overlapping criteria for evaluating the rigour of qualitative research: ...
... credibility, dependability, confirmability, and authenticity. Credibility is relevant to the inductive approach in this research, and is defined as the ability of the research to create knowledge that reflects participants' experiences and perspectives (Cope, 2014). ...
... Trustworthiness including; credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability was ensured [28,29]. ...
... In our study, only healthcare professionals who had received specialized training in mental health felt confident to screen and manage MMH conditions using a patient's medical history and psychometric tests like the MMSE, DSM-V, and PHQ-9, whereas nearly all nonspecialized care providers referred all women displaying signs of mental illness. The results of our study were supported by those of previous African studies [10,27,28,31] that revealed a general lack of confidence among non-specialized health professionals to screen and treat specific mental health illnesses. Our findings appear to indicate that a sizable population of women in southwestern Uganda with MMH problems is likely to go undiagnosed due to the small number of healthcare professionals with mental health training [20], who are capable of using neuropsychological tests to screen for and treat specific mental illnesses [31]. ...
... Our findings appear to indicate that a sizable population of women in southwestern Uganda with MMH problems is likely to go undiagnosed due to the small number of healthcare professionals with mental health training [20], who are capable of using neuropsychological tests to screen for and treat specific mental illnesses [31]. Because effective screening is the foundation of effective care, all healthcare professionals should be trained on how to use the MMH screening tools that are currently available as part of any future interventions aimed at improving the quality of MMH care in southwest Uganda and other resource-limited settings [28]. It is also critical to consider how user-friendly the available screening tools are. ...
Background
Maternal mental health (MMH) problems, such as perinatal depression, maternal anxiety, suicide ideation and puerperal psychosis among others, have a significant impact on maternal morbidity and mortality, as well as the health and development of children. One in every four pregnant women and one in every five postpartum women in low-income countries, suffer from maternal mental health (MMH) problems. Despite this, MMH screening, diagnosis, and reporting remain scanty in Uganda. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the knowledge, practices, and impediments that maternity care workers face when screening and managing women with maternal mental health disorders in health facilities in south-western Uganda.
Methods
In-depth interviews were conducted with 22 health-care professionals who work in maternity care departments in primary and tertiary healthcare facilities in southwestern Uganda to investigate their medical knowledge, clinical practices, and challenges related to the screening and management of maternal mental health problems. Using qualitative content analysis, distinct categories and subcategories were found.
Results
Medical staff especially midwives lacked specialized training in screening and managing women with maternal mental health problems They screened and managed MMH problems solely based on history and physical examination, and they referred nearly every mother displaying signs of mental illness because they felt ill-prepared to handle them. On the other hand, medical staff with some level of specialized training in mental health particularly staff working in mental health units, were more likely to use a mental health screening tool in addition to history and physical examination; and to treat any women exhibiting signs and symptoms of maternal mental problems without referring them. Lack of in-service training on maternal mental health, poorly coordinated referral systems, reluctance of mentally ill to visit medical facilities, scarcity of mental health specialists, and shortage of relevant medications were identified as the major challenges. Age, experience level, or gender had no effect on screening or management practices.
Conclusions
The results suggest that specialized training in mental health, and particularly maternal mental health, is essential for the effective screening and management of maternal mental health conditions in South Western Uganda.
... The researcher has been responsible for reviewing and actively reflecting throughout the research process. In this section, the trustworthiness of the included studies is reviewed according to the criteria for credibility, validity and transferability (Cope, 2014;Graneheim et al., 2017;Graneheim & Lundman, 2004;Näsman & Nyholm, 2015;Polit & Beck, 2017). Standards for reporting qualitative research (SRQR) (O'Brien et al., 2014) have also been followed in this review. ...
... The results of the data analyses are presented as themes and categories, which are confirmed with authentic quotes from the participants. Rich, vivid quotes by the participants need to be included so that the reader can personally evaluate the credibility of the analysis and confirm the interpretations (Cope, 2014). One challenge in the presentation of the studies has been the translation of quotes, as the interviews were conducted in Finnish and Swedish, and quotes have been translated into English. ...
... However, because of the novel nature of the research and the explorative design of the studies, transferability to other groups and contexts may be challenging. What is more, since the aim of these qualitative studies has not been to make generalizations about the research subject (Cope, 2014) the criteria for transferability can be difficult to achieve. Nonetheless, according to Graneheim & Lundman (2004), it is up to the reader's judgment whether or not the results are transferable to another context. ...
... Interviews are one method by which one's study results reach data saturation (Fusch & Ness, 2015). Triangulation is the process of using multiple research sources to draw conclusions (Cope, 2014). A direct link exists between data triangulation and data saturation as triangulation is a method to attain data saturation (Fusch & Ness, 2015). ...
... Transferability is a process performed by the readers or future researchers. Readers or future researchers note the specifics of the research situation and compare them to the particulars of an environment or case with which they are familiar (Cope, 2014). The methods used to collect data were semistructured interviews, participant observation, and document review. ...
... The interview process required that I planned time effectively, create an efficient structure for transcribing the interviews, and educate myself on interview protocols (see Appendix A). Triangulation is the process of using multiple research sources to draw conclusions (Cope, 2014). I used in-depth interviews, document reviews, field notes, methodological triangulation, and member checking to achieve data saturation in my A pilot case study is a preliminary case study aimed at developing, testing, or refining the planned research questions and procedures later included in the formal case study (Yin, 2018). ...
Hotel leaders face reduced profitability because of high employee turnover. Using
... Four criteria were used to ensure the rigour of the findings: credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). Credibility was established by having a prolonged period of engagement with the participants (Cope, 2014), peer debriefing with clinical researchers to discuss the transcripts and research process, (Lincoln & Guba, 1985) implementing investigator triangulation to cross-check interpretations of each interview with the coding team (Given, 2008) and completing member checking via facilitated discussion of the research team's findings (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). Transferability was enhanced by providing a comprehensive account of the research through thick description (Lincoln & Guba, 1985), the use of purposive sampling (Lincoln & Guba, 1985) and using theoretical saturation to guide data collection. ...
... To ensure confirmability, a reflexive journal was kept by the lead investigator for the duration of the study to demonstrate how interpretations were derived from the data (Thomas & Magilvy, 2011). Furthermore, rich quotes from the participants demonstrating their perspectives were provided to support the themes described and link the research team's interpretation directly to the data (Cope, 2014). ...
Aim:
To explore perceived barriers and enablers to weight management among people with obesity awaiting total knee or hip arthroplasty.
Design:
A nested qualitative study within a multi-centre, quasi-experimental pilot study comparing usual care weight management to a dietitian-led weight-loss diet.
Methods:
Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with adults with end-stage osteoarthritis and a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 waitlisted for primary total knee or hip arthroplasty. Participants with diverse sociodemographic characteristics and varied success with weight management in the pilot study were purposively sampled. Interviews were analysed using inductive thematic analysis, underpinned by constructivist-interpretivist epistemology. The Patient Activation Measure and Health Literacy Questionnaire were used for context when interpreting the findings.
Results:
Twenty-five participant interviews were conducted with a sociodemographically varied sample (aged 44-80 years, 9 born in Australia, 6 in paid employment and 11 lost ≥5% of their baseline weight). Four identified themes underpinned successful weight management: beliefs, adaptability, navigating healthcare and sociocultural context. Beliefs about whether weight was perceived as a problem, the expectation of weight loss and treatment-related beliefs influenced participants' perspectives towards weight loss. Adaptability, the ability to overcome barriers to weight loss, comprised three subthemes; readiness to act, degree of independence and problem-solving skills. Approaches towards navigating healthcare influenced uptake and adherence to weight management recommendations. Importantly, these themes were dependent on social and environmental circumstances, which influenced the type of barriers experienced and resources available to the individual.
Conclusion:
Differences in a person's beliefs, their ability to adapt and navigate healthcare and sociocultural context appear to explain successful weight management among people with end-stage arthritis.
Implications for the profession and/or patient care:
Clinicians should allow for individualisation cognisant of the identified themes when providing advice and treatment to promote adherence to weight management interventions.
Impact:
This study explored perceived barriers and enablers to weight management among people with obesity awaiting total knee or hip arthroplasty. Four identified themes underpinned successful weight management: beliefs, adaptability, navigating healthcare and sociocultural context. Beliefs about whether weight was perceived as a problem, the expectation of weight loss and treatment-related beliefs influenced participants' perspectives towards weight loss. Understanding and assessing the contribution of each factor may guide weight management from clinicians treating patients with obesity and osteoarthritis.
Reporting method:
The data are reported using the COREQ guidelines.
Patient or public contribution:
Patients contributed to the data collected.
... We considered credibility and trustworthiness criteria to ensure the high quality of the study. 44 Reflexivity not only facilitated bracketing of our own subjectivity but also informed specific measures to account for the potential impact of our positionality and perspectives. For example, given the pre-study contact between biomedical engineers (EL, MOC) and the interviewees, the biomedical engineers were not involved in data collection or analysis. ...
... We ensured confirmability by providing rich quotes to illustrate the connection between the data, findings, and interpretation. 44,47 We enhanced transferability by providing information about respondents and context in which the study was conducted. 48 All team members commented on the consecutive draft of the report. ...
Purpose:
Interpersonal processes, including therapeutic alliance, may modulate the impact of interventions on pain experience. However, the role of interpersonal context on the effects of technology-enhanced interventions remains underexplored. This study elicited therapists' perspectives on how a novel rehabilitative process, involving Phantom Motor Execution (PME), may impact phantom limb pain. The mediating role of therapeutic alliance, and the way PME influenced its formation, was investigated.
Methods:
A qualitative descriptive design, using a framework method, was used to explore therapists' (n=11) experiences of delivering PME treatment. Semi-structured online-based interviews were conducted.
Results:
A 3-way interaction between therapist, patient, and the PME device was an overarching construct tying four themes together. It formed the context for change in phantom limb experience. The perceived therapeutic effects (theme 1) extended beyond those initially hypothesised and highlighted the mediating role of the key actors and context (theme 2). The therapeutic relationship was perceived as a transformative journey (theme 3), creating an opportunity for communication, collaboration, and bonding. It was seen as a cause and a consequence of therapeutic effects. Future directions, including the role of expertise-informed adaptations and enabling aspects of customised solutions, were indicated (theme 4).
Conclusion:
This study pointed to intrapersonal, interpersonal, and contextual factors that should be considered in clinical implementation of novel rehabilitative tools. The results demonstrated that therapists have unique insights and a crucial role in facilitating PME treatment. The study highlighted the need to consider the biopsychosocial model of pain in designing, evaluating, and implementing technology-supported interventions.
... Trustworthiness in qualitative research can be assessed in four ways: credibility, confirmability, dependability and transferability. Credibility refers to the perceived authenticity and 'truth' of the participants' views, and how they have been represented by the researcher (Cope 2014). Confirmability is demonstrated by the researcher describing how conclusions and interpretation were established. ...
... Dependability refers to the constancy of the interview materials over similar conditions and context (although the need for this varies within the specific research paradigm). Finally, transferability refers to how findings may be applied to other related settings or groups of participants (Cope 2014); however, this concept may only be relevant if that is the intent of the research and would be signalled in the research objective and, often, in the research questions. Altogether, the overriding construct for establishing rigour in qualitative research is to have a transparent audit trail, documenting all decisions in the design and execution of the research process. ...
... Sample size provides a means to ensuring trustworthiness. Trustworthiness occurs when the research is credible and reflects the phenomenon faithfully (Cope, 2014). Data saturation was used as a criterion to ensure the study was trustworthy. ...
... Both credibility and transferability offer evidence for the validity of a study, while dependability and confirmability support a study's reliability (Amankwaa, 2016). Credibility supports trustworthiness when the descriptions or interpretations of a phenomenon accurately represent an individual or group experience with fidelity to reflect the truth of that experience (Cope, 2014). ...
This qualitative descriptive study explored how public-school
administrators acting in an instructional leadership role described the influence of
instructional leadership self-efficacy on their work engagement in a suburban region
located in the western United States. The theoretical framework was based on Skaalvik’s self-efficacy for instructional leadership model and Schaufeli et al. employee engagement theory. A sample of 20 public-school administrators acting in an instructional leadership role in one suburban K-12 school district responded to two research questions: How do public-school administrators acting in an instructional leadership role describe instructional leadership self-efficacy and how do public-school administrators acting in an instructional leadership role describe the influence of their instructional leadership self-efficacy on their work engagement? Data sources included a demographic questionnaire, individual interviews, and a single focus group. Descriptive statistics, thematic analysis,
and a description of the phenomenon were used in the data analysis. The findings of the study revealed 20 themes contributed to the understanding of how school leaders describe the beliefs in their ability to prepare for instructional leadership, provide instructional guidance, and build and sustain relationships. Results showed that public-school administrators believe their instructional leadership self-efficacy influences work engagement to improve school outcomes. Recommendations for future studies include qualitative and quantitative studies that explore a range of educator roles, instructional leadership self-efficacy, work engagement, and school outcomes.
... Participants' quotes were used to illustrate the themes in meta-data analysis to enhance 590 credibility (Cope, 2014). Additionally, discussions among all authors throughout the 591 study process ensured peer-debriefing and cross-validation (Finlay, 2006). ...
... The study's guiding theory was the cultural theory of hazard and risk. Using this theory, an author may study hazard and risk perceptions and ascertain how each member of a shared community considers hazards and risks (Cope, 2014). This allows an author to presume that the same professional community members will have comparable hazard and risk perceptions if certain factors are met (King, 2012). ...
This study aimed to explore emergency planning requirements for managing disasters in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
(KSA). The study adopted interpretivism; an inductive approach; a descriptive survey; and qualitative methods to address
its aim. The techniques used included a literature review and semi-structured interviews. The study sample consisted of
13 experts from the KSA General Directorate of Civil Defense (GDCD). The data were analyzed by using content analysis.
The study findings revealed that the emergency planning requirements are administrative requirements, including
regulations and legislation; technical requirements, which include equipment; human resources, including staff and
responders; identifying, analyzing, and evaluating risks; determining the tasks and responsibilities of the relevant agencies
and stakeholders; qualified leadership; determining the chain of command at national and local levels; coordination and
cooperation among stakeholders; knowledge gained from local or international experiences; updated database; the
availability of sufficient financial resources; completed infrastructure; and improved training and practice. The study also
found that although emergency planning requirements are more or less in place, there is a need for further improvement
and development; specifically, there is a need for better understanding, knowledge, and awareness. Consequently, it
strongly recommends that all emergency planning requirements developed from this study should be implemented
simultaneously and as an integrated whole. By doing so, it could help decision-makers and emergency planners at
government emergency agencies to improve, develop, and reinforce emergency planning, specifically in reducing disaster
risks.
... Other unprofessional conduct included professional and student nurses arriving late for work and taking long lunch breaks. Arriving late for work limits educational opportunities for student nurses and should be discouraged in the clinical learning environment [24]. Punctuality should be modelled by professional nurses, otherwise they may not be comfortable in reprimanding students who arrive late for work. ...
While working alongside professional nurses, student nurses develop professional identity and learn the professional nursing role, a process known as professional socialisation. Professional nurses should model professional behaviour to be emulated by student nurses. We used a qualitative exploratory design to explore if professional nurses behave in a manner that supports professional socialisation of student nurses in a clinical learning environment. According to our observations, two main categories emerged regarding professional nurses’ behaviour. The first category was unprofessional conduct with sub-categories that included disrespect, infringed patient privacy, breached confidentiality, inappropriate dress code and lack of punctuality. The second category was ward disorganisation which was related to delegating duties and structured orientation programmes for student nurses. In this study, professional nurses did not behave in a manner consistent with professional socialisation in the clinical learning environment. Student nurses may struggle to develop professional identity, leading to reduced confidence and poor patient quality care. Student nurses need to be professionally socialised in a clinical learning environment and professional nurses need to be empowered on how to carry out this process.
... Transferability refers to the potential the data has to be transferred to a similar setting (Thomas et al., 2011). A study is thought to be transferable when the results obtained are meaningful to those individuals who are not part of the study but can still associate the results with their own experiences (Cope, 2014). For this study, transferability was ensured by describing the context of the study and the inclusion of direct quotations from participants (Krefting, 1991;Merriam, 2009;Schurink et al., 2011). ...
COVID-19 brought a significant shift in people's daily routine, which became challenging for individuals to cope with. Leisure-time physical activities can significantly increase social effectiveness, a sense of control in the lives of people with disabilities, and social integration. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of leisure-time physical activity participation levels and programming needs for people with disabilities in the Western Cape, South Africa, amidst COVID-19. This study used a descriptive-qualitative approach to collect data from 12 participants who were recruited in the City of Cape Town municipality. Purposive sampling method was used to select eight participants, while the four participants were selected using the snowball sampling method.
... According to Cope (2014) quoting Houghton et al. (2013) and Polit and Beck (2013) notes that ''transferability refers to findings that can be applied to other settings or groups'' (p.89). When results have relevance for those who are not participants in the study and readers can connect the findings to their own experiences, a qualitative study passes this requirement without a doubt. ...
The major purpose of this study was to explore tutors pedagogical practices in the teaching and learning of mathematics education in primary teachers colleges in Uganda.
This study employed qualitative research approach. That being the case, Qualitative approach was based upon the interpretive constructivist underpinnings whose aim was to explain the phenomenon from the subjective reasoning based on participants’ opinions, realities, meanings, attitudes, and motivations that lie behind their social behaviour.
This study used case study research design. A total of twelve (12) respondents participated in this study. These included six (6) Mathematics Tutors and six (6) Student teachers. Tutors were selected using purposive sampling technique also known as judgemental sampling and Pre-service students were selected using Convenience sampling. The study used face to face semi structured interviews and observation strategies for data collection. Data was collected using semi structured Interview guide and observation guide.
From this study it was revealed that Tutors engage student teachers during the teaching and learning of mathematics through giving them a chance to respond to questions, through material production among others. They assess students through asking them oral questions projects and presentations. Finally, tutors provide feedback to student teachers verbally and sometimes in written form for example after marking their work.
Upon thorough examination of the findings, the researcher discovered certain gaps and consequently, put forward the subsequent recommendations. Similar study should be done to cover a range of colleges to give a wider national picture for the best comparison of the extent to which pedagogical practices applied by tutors in Uganda influence the quality of prospective teachers in the teaching and learning of mathematics education. To enrich this study, another research can be conducted on integration of Information Communication and Technology (ICT) in acquisition of appropriate pedagogical practices by prospective teachers in the teaching and learning of mathematics.
... 9). To prevent potential bias resulting from this positionality, however, the researcher used reflexivity throughout the study (Cope, 2014). ...
In recent years, university research in Cambodia has seen new developments and potential transformations although many challenges remain. Drawing on data from in-depth interviews with 22 Cambodian academics, this study shows that the development of university research in Cambodia is constrained by various challenges and barriers to research, preventing Cambodia from promoting higher education internationalization and transforming itself into a knowledge-based society. The study highlights key challenges that limit possibilities for further positive developments of higher education research and suggests the need for policy reforms to make a difference to the university research landscape in Cambodia. The study also points to the broader issues of North-South knowledge divide and calls for national and institutional initiatives to support Cambodian academics and empower them to enhance their research engagement. Finally, the study discusses implications for future research.
... Qualitative research has often been viewed as "soft" and lacking in rigour (Cope, 2014). One common criticism regards the views on the trustworthiness of the data. ...
The main objective of the study was to explain how mHealth utilization behavior emerges within the healthcare-seeking socio-cultural context. To achieve the objective, the study identified the socio-cultural characteristics of the maternal healthcare-seeking context and analyzed the user-technology interaction within this context. The study drew upon Activity Theory as a lens to understand the maternal mHealth utilization phenomenon. Hence, we theorized healthcare-seeking as an activity whose cultural aspects were further understood using Hofstede typology of culture. We employed semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, observations, informal discussions and document review to gather data. The sample
was purposively selected and comprised various maternal health stakeholders: maternal health clients, their partners, project implementers and healthcare professionals. The results of the study show that the healthcare-seeking socio-cultural context which is characterised by socio-cultural attributes such as high-power distance, high uncertainty avoidance, gendered relations, and collectivism shapes mHealth utilisation behaviour in a dialectical process. This process takes place as maternal health clients shape and are shaped by mHealth within their healthcare-seeking socio-cultural context through a process of internalisation and externalisation.
From an internalisation perspective, uncertainties and risks in the maternal healthcare-seeking context resulted in hesitated adoption. Contextual perceptions of usefulness of the intervention resulted in the use of mHealth to substitute other healthcare structures while having different perceptions of the role of mHealth created dissonance among the maternal health clients. With regards to externalisation, maternal health clients adopted legitimisation strategies to reduce uncertainties and to develop trust required for initial and continued use of the intervention. They
legitimised both the intervention artifact, and the information. Since the mHealth intervention presented appropriate social cues, being accompanied by the expected health provider's persona, maternal health clients readily humanised the intervention. The contextual social norms around pregnancy also presented a need for the maternal health clients to make their mHealth use an ‘appropriate behaviour’ by negotiating use with relevant stakeholders in the context. Finally, in response to mHealth technology paradoxes that challenged the very motive of healthcare-seeking, maternal health clients coped by abandoning mHealth, or otherwise accommodating it.
... In the final phase the subcategories were further merged into 24 categories and seven main categories which responded to the research question. Data were analyzed by the first author and cross-checked by all other co-authors, this minimized errors and enhanced credibility and confirmability (Cope, 2014). Translation of data from Finnish to English during analysis was cross-checked by the bilingual researchers, this ensured the accuracy, consistency, and trustworthiness of the analysis process (Al-Amer et al., 2015). ...
Aim:
To describe nurse leaders' experiences of how culturally and linguistically diverse registered nurses integrate into healthcare settings.
Design:
A qualitative descriptive study design.
Participants:
A total of 13 nurse leaders were recruited from four primary and specialized healthcare organizations in Finland.
Methods:
Data were collected through individual semi-structured interviews and analyzed using inductive content analysis.
Results:
Nurse leaders' experiences were categorized into seven main categories as follows: leadership, which concerns a leader's roles, style, and experience; organizational strategy and culture, which includes structure, policies, and intra-organizational culture; support strategies, including workplace and outside-of-work integration strategies; relationships and interactions, which considers interpersonal relationships and interactions; nurse competence requirements and development, which concerns both organizational and ward level competence demands, and support for competence development; language competence, which concerns challenges relating to language proficiency and development of language competence; and cultural diversity, which considers the importance of competence development brought about through experiences of being in a multicultural workplace.
Conclusions:
Culturally and linguistically diverse nurses are important within healthcare systems. These nurses constitute additional human resources, bring diverse experiences and expertise, and add to organizational cultural capital. Nurse leaders require competencies that are suitable for leading a diverse workforce, utilizing its competencies, establishing staff members' needs, and ensuring their continuous development. Resourcing, planning, and structuring the integration process affects nurses' experiences of the organizational socialization process.
Impact:
The findings of our study can offer guidance to healthcare organizations with regard to structural integration strategies at an institutional level. Leadership and management educators can benefit from the findings towards developing a curriculum that supports leaders' diversity, equity and inclusion, knowledge management and formal leadership competencies. Finally, nurse leaders may benefit from this study through being more aware towards supporting a multicultural, cohesive, and competent workforce through strong social capital.
... Various aspects of trustworthiness and rigor have been explored by scholars, including using the terms interchangeably. Researchers have examined the whole topic in search of solutions, such as by examining protocols for trustworthiness (Amankwaa, 2016); ensuring quality and its relation to trustworthiness (Anney, 2014;Morrow, 2005); transcription quality as an aspect of rigor (Poland, 1995); validity, trustworthiness, and reliability (Rolfe, 2004); audit trail (Carcary, 2009); methods and meanings (Cope, 2014); content analysis (Elo et al., 2014); rigor of reciprocity (Harrison & MacGibbon, 2001); ensuring trustworthiness (Gunawan, 2015;Lietz et al., 2006;Shenton, 2004); enhancing trustworthiness (Sinkovicz et al., 2008); rigor in the qualitative assessment of trustworthiness (Krefting, 1991); trustworthiness and publishing (Korstjens & Moser, 2018); and threats to trustworthiness (Poggenpoel & Myburgh, 2003). Considering the varied views of rigor as an aspect of qualitative research, it is important to explore its frameworks to understand the multiplicity, science, and art in qualitative research. ...
... Inductive content analysis was used because previous research knowledge on the subject in question is limited and scattered (Kyngäs et al., 2019). Data were analysed by the first author and cross-checked with co-authors to enhance the credibility and confirmability of the findings (Cope, 2014). All the collected data were analysed inductively, and categories were identified through this analysis. ...
Aim(s):
To describe nurse leaders' perceptions of culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) nurses' competence-based management.
Design:
A descriptive qualitative study of the competence-based management of CALD nurses, from the perspectives of nurse leaders in three primary and specialised medical care organisations. This study followed the COREQ guidelines.
Methods:
Qualitative semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with 13 nurse leaders. Eligible interviewees were required to have management experience, and experience of working with or recruiting CALD nurses. Data were collected during November 2021-March 2022. The data were analysed using inductive content analysis.
Results:
Competence-based management was explored in terms of competence identification and assessment of CALD nurses, aspects which constrain and enable competence sharing with them, and aspects which support their continuous competence development. Competencies are identified during the recruitment process, and assessment is based primarily on feedback. Organisations' openness to external collaboration and work rotation supports competence sharing, as does mentoring. Nurse leaders have a key role in continuous competence development as they organise tailored induction and training, and can indirectly reinforce nurses' work commitment and wellbeing.
Conclusion(s):
Strategic competence-based management would enable all organisational competencies potential to be utilised more productively. Competence sharing is a key process for the successful integration of CALD nurses.
Relevance to clinical practice:
The results of this study can be utilised to develop and standardise competence-based management in healthcare organisations. For nursing management, it is important to recognise and value nurses' competence.
Impact:
The role of CALD nurses in the healthcare workforce is growing, and there is little research into the competence-based management of such nurses.
Patient or public contribution:
No patient or public contribution.
... To consider transferability, trustworthiness, credibility, reflexivity, and confirmability, four authors (STT, AHS, ÅS and GB) checked the elaborated findings for relevance while carefully considering the meaning units and clustering before finalising the categorisation and themes [46][47][48]. ...
Objectives:
The purpose of the present study was to describe experiences of disabilities and factors affecting daily life from the perspective of adult persons with severe-to-profound hearing impairment in combination with severe vision impairment. Furthermore, the study also investigated which kind of support individuals with dual sensory loss received, and their experiences as citizens in the society.
Methods:
Semi-structured qualitative interviews were performed, analyzed, and categorized using content analysis.
Results:
Fourteen interviews were performed, with equal number of both sexes. Mean age was 70.1 years (47-81 years). Analysis of the data resulted in 22 categories, six sub-themes and two main themes. Two main themes emerged as Isolation and The Ability to control one's own daily life. Surprisingly, most of the participants did not think of their vision and hearing impairment as a combined disability. The interviews showed various kind of strategies to handle daily life. The Deafblind-team unit was reported to offer excellent health care. Companion services for persons with disabilities proved to have become more difficult to get support from and created lack of independence and control over their own lives. However, it was also obvious that the participants felt a positive outlook on life and were more solution-oriented in order to adjust their everyday life to their life-situation.
Conclusions:
The combination of vision and hearing impairment demonstrated isolation, and the respondents in the study have a need of support in everyday lives. At the same time, they struggle to have the ability to control their own lives.
... Additionally, our findings are grounded in the data, as we illustrated by providing participant quotes (Sundler et al., 2019). Finally, we provide in this report a rich, thick description of the study's methodology to present a transparent description of how researchers collected and analyzed these data (Cope, 2014;Lincoln & Guba, 1985;Ponterotto, 2015). ...
... A balanced representation of appropriate quotes from both countries was provided to support the findings and provide transferability, confirmability, and trustworthiness (Polit and Beck, 2021). Credibility was achieved throughout the transparent process, both in the collection of the data and by the research groups' experience of the studied context (Cope, 2014). ...
Introduction:
During the coronavirus pandemic (COVID -19), the use of prone positioning in critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) increased substantially. As a result, clinicians had to (re)learn how to treat the patient in the prone position while preventing adverse events such as pressure ulcers, skin tears and moisture-associated skin damage.
Aim:
The purpose of the study was to determine participants' learning needs related to patients in the prone position and the prevention of skin damage, such as pressure ulcers, and what they perceived as a positive or negative learning experience.
Design:
This study used a qualitative methodological framework and employed an exploratory design.
Participants:
A purposive sample of clinicians (n = 20) with direct or indirect work experience with prone ventilated patients was recruited in Belgium and Sweden.
Methods:
Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted in Belgium and Sweden between February and August 2022. Data were analysed thematically using an inductive approach. The COREQ guideline was utilised to comprehensively report on the study.
Findings:
Two themes were identified: 'Adapting to a crisis' and 'How to learn', with the latter having two subthemes: 'balancing theory and practice' and 'co-creating knowledge'. Unexpected circumstances necessitated a personal adaption, a change in learning methods and a pragmatic adaptation of protocols, equipment and working procedures. Participants recognised a multifaceted educational approach which would contribute to a positive learning experience regarding prone positioning and skin damage prevention. The importance of poising theoretical teaching with practical hands-on training was highlighted with an emphasis on interaction, discussion, and networking between peers.
Conclusions:
The study findings highlight learning approaches which may help inform the development of befitting educational resources for clinicians. Prone therapy for ARDS patients is not limited to the pandemic. Therefore, educational efforts should continue to ensure patient safety in this important area.
... Several steps were taken to improve the quality of data collection and analysis. This was based on the work of Guba and Lincoln, who developed two criteria for assessing the quality of qualitative research: (1) trustworthiness and (2) authenticity [47][48][49][50]. In order to achieve the highest possible quality, three methods were used in the current study. ...
Scientific knowledge on the impact of a gender-affirming transition on intimate partners of transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals is limited. It is unclear which care needs partners have and which role health care professionals can play during this transition process. The aim of this study was to explore the unique experiences and care needs of people partnering with TGD people in the context of a gender-affirming transition. A qualitative research method was chosen, and a semi-structured interview was conducted with a sample of nine participants. After transcription, thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Three main themes, with three subthemes each, were identified: (1) intrapersonal processes, with (1a) the process of acceptance, (1b) concerns surrounding the medical transition and (1c) impact on sexual orientation as subthemes; (2) dyadic processes, with (2a) the importance of mutual commitment, (2b) experiences regarding intimacy and (2c) relational growth as subthemes; and (3) perception of support, with (3a) need for support, (3b) the importance of support and (3c) evaluation of support as subthemes. The results suggest that health care providers can help partners to navigate the process of a gender-affirming transition; however, the care needs of
partners are currently not satisfied with the available professional support.
... Several strategies were used to ensure the credibility of the interview data and findings (Cope, 2014). The participants were recruited from schools that had participated in the PAL CPD program and were thus able to reflect on the phenomenon of interest e that is to say, PAL. ...
... To achieve trustworthiness in the data, we considered the criteria proposed by Lincoln and Guba including credibility, dependability, confirmability, transferability, and authenticity. 17 The credibility criterion was achieved by selecting eligible data sources, selecting the participants with a maximum variation, using various methods of data collection (interviews and field notes), reading the original transcripts frequently, and long interactions with the data. The dependability and confirmability of the data were confirmed via auditing the interviews and analysis 125 Quality prenatal care in high-risk pregnancies IJCBNM April 2023; Vol 11, No 2 process by some qualitative research experts. ...
Background:
A high-risk pregnancy (HRP) is adversely affects the health of the mother, baby, or both. Most prenatal care research, rather than quality concepts, focuses on the adequacy of prenatal care and describes the emotional-psychological experiences of women with HRP. The main purpose of this study was to explore the perspectives of healthcare professionals regarding the quality of prenatal care for women with HRP.
Methods:
This qualitative study was conducted in three university hospitals and 12 comprehensive health centers in Ahvaz (Iran) from December 2020 to May 2021. In the present study, 10 midwives, 2 executive directors, and 7 specialists were purposefully selected with maximum diversity. In-depth semi-structured individual interviews were used to collect the data. Data were analyzed concurrently using Elo and Kinga's content analysis. The MAXQDA software version 10 was used for data analysis.
Results:
During data analysis, the 6 main categories "infrastructure for care provision", "optimal clinical care", "organizing referrals", "preconception care", "risk assessment", and "family-centered care" and 14 subcategories were identified.
Conclusion:
Our findings showed that professional groups focused on the technical aspects of caring. The findings from this study highlight several conditions that can affect the quality of prenatal care for women with HRP. Healthcare providers can use these factors to effectively manage HRPs, thereby improving pregnancy outcomes among women with HRPs.
... A concluding meeting took place where the findings were reviewed and discussed about how they informed the research question and related to previous findings with this population. Rich direct quotes from participants were also selected to include to increase the trustworthiness of the findings (Cope, 2014). ...
Researchers are beginning to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on island populations, but little is known about the experiences of the residents of Nantucket and Martha’s Vineyard in the Northeast region of the United States. In this study, islanders (N=41) provide insight into how spending time in nature influenced their well-being, especially their mental well-being, during this unprecedented time. For the majority of participants, the influence of nature on their well-being increased during the pandemic. Additionally, participants shared benefits of island living such as isolation from the mainland, as well as challenges such as food and supply shortages. Results from this study indicate that further research is needed around the importance of nature on well-being, especially mental health, for island residents.
... To support dependability which addresses the issue of reliability (Shenton, 2004), our study documented the research design and implementation, methods of data collection, and the validity of each method. To allow for confirmability which ensures, as far as possible, findings are the results of the experiences and ideas of the participants, rather than the characteristics and preferences of the researcher (Shenton, 2004), we documented the critical analysis of the original data through the development of a framework where each emerging theme was supported by rich quotes from the participants (Cope, 2014). ...
Purpose This study provides an understanding of how directors perceive the relationship between board independence and corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance which has remained under-researched.
Design/methodology/approach The qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews of 19 directors from 14 organisations operating in Australia. Data were analysed following the six-phase process of thematic analysis.
Findings The findings indicate that independent directors contribute to board CSR decisions in two major ways: they bring an outsider view to the board, and they monitor managers in taking decisions that consider the interests of the broader stakeholder groups.
Research Implications The in-depth analysis of director independence and CSR highlights the structural and behavioural aspects of director independence and CSR playing out in board rooms. Propositions are offered which can be tested to advance the research in this arena.
Practical Implications The findings suggest that efforts are required at organisational policy level to ensure the effectiveness of director independence for CSR.
Originality/value This study provides insights into the ‘black box’ of boardroom dynamics highlighting important contextual factors influencing director independence and CSR decisions previously under explored.
... Here, it is reflected upon in relation to the studies at large. The concept of trustworthiness relates to the truth value and transparency of how a study has been conducted and, most importantly, it is vital in terms of how findings can be considered useful and honest (Cope, 2014). What exactly can be deemed trustworthy has been debated (Leung, 2015), but a common interpretation refers to it as adhering to the criteria of credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability, as outlined by Lincoln and Guba (1986). ...
... The credibility of context-specific, smaller-scale ethnographic research is achieved through transparency of methods, thick description, participant feedback and researcher immersion in the fieldwork setting (LeCompte & Goetz, 1982;Mays & Pope, 1995). While the study findings do not aim towards generalisability or objectivity, the thesis intends to deliver transparency and potential transferability (Cope, 2014). Considering these requirements in further detail, the following section explores the strengths and limitations of the multimethods design adopted in this project, and also explores the decision-making behind optimising authenticity and integrity of the findings. ...
Community-based participatory arts are being increasingly promoted for the wellbeing of people living with dementia and their carers. Yet, there remains variability in the arts-based programmes available, inconsistencies in how they are evaluated, and ambiguity around wellbeing definitions. Moreover, the voices of people with dementia are lacking in the research process. This ESRC-funded CASE project collaborated with Theatre by the Lake, Cumbria, to examine the effectiveness of their ‘Setting the Scene’ participatory multi-arts programme. The project involved a participatory action research (PAR) and sensory ethnography design, with qualitative and visual multi-methods. An ‘in the moment’ theoretical lens was developed by integrating more-than-representational theory, therapeutic landscapes and relational wellbeing concepts. Four resulting empirical chapters illustrate how people with dementia and carers contributed to, and were benefited by, Setting the Scene’s arts, objects, people and landscapes. The first chapter explores person-centred, ‘in the moment’ and strength-based engagements, elicited by the programme’s multi-arts, multi-modal, and thematic design. The following chapter examines the plurality of communication and participation in art-making through more-than-verbal, more-than-human tenets. The final two chapters examine the nuances of therapeutic landscapes and acts of caring within the programme, respectively. Overall, this thesis considers participatory multi-arts for enabling socio-spatial-material therapeutic encounters through emergent, non-judgemental, creative landscapes. Setting the Scene is understood as producing important ‘in the moment’ relational wellbeing benefits for people impacted by dementia, alongside the joint respite potential for carers. New contributions are made to a more-than-verbal reconceptualization of ‘voice’ to support the inclusivity of people with dementia in research and practice. Through novel integration of ‘more-than’ theories and methods so far lacking in dementia research, this thesis demonstrates how people with dementia can be acknowledged as ‘more than’ their symptoms through the arts; being recognised for enduring skills, narratives and authenticities that contribute to ‘being’ and ‘doing’ well.
Facebook is the most popular network site among young Bhutanese people. Students spend a substantial amount of time checking Facebook and chatting with friends, which could be detrimental to their reading habits. The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of Facebook on the reading habits of a higher secondary school students in Bhutan. A mixed method, specifically a convergent design, was adopted for the study, and it was guided by the Pragmatism worldview. Quantitative data were gathered from 274 participants and qualitative data were collected from 10 interviewees and one focus group discussion. Participants included teachers, parents, and students from a higher secondary school in Thimphu Thromde. A descriptive and inferential statistical following thematic analysis was used for quantitative data and the qualitative data were analyzed along the same themes. The findings of the study revealed that use of Facebook positively affected students’ reading habits. Students developed positive attitudes towards reading, after they were exposed to inspiring and interesting articles. However, the study also highlighted the negative impacts of Facebook on students’ reading habits. Further, the study revealed that students have become complacent in reading owing to Facebook activities. The findings of the study may help different stakeholders understand the importance of creating awareness about media literacy to enable students to choose authentic reading materials on Facebook. This study recommends the Ministry of Education to develop policy and provide media literacy education to students to ensure they consume media information judiciously.
Objective:
This study aimed to identify priority self-management skills and behaviours in partnership with stroke survivors, and to co-create approaches to support self-management during inpatient stroke rehabilitation.
Methods:
Three stroke survivors and two communication partners participated in the three-stage Participatory Action Research project with embedded co-design processes after undertaking inpatient rehabilitation at a metropolitan tertiary hospital.
Results:
Participants identified key factors influencing self-management during inpatient rehabilitation including motivation, emotional well-being, and fatigue. Three approaches to support people to self-manage post-stroke were co-created. (1) A health professional concierge and early family meeting. (2) A peer support person. (3) Adapting the hospital environment.
Conclusion:
Findings suggest post-stroke self-management support should commence during inpatient rehabilitation to optimise its research-informed benefits. This support should focus on empowering stroke survivors and their key support people through active involvement in decision-making, and provision of multi-modal individualised education. The impact of hospital environments on emotional-wellbeing and self-management post-stroke also requires further investigation.
Innovation:
The identification of a health professional concierge as a co-designed solution to the current challenges with self-management support is an innovative recommendation for practice. The findings support changes to the traditional processes of rehabilitation towards a consumer and family-led practices.
This chapter explores how three schools within a born global African university with a strategic orientation toward internationalization differentiate their development of globally competent graduates. The embedded case study found that the schools did not identify specific internationalization strategies or metrics for the future nor substantially differentiate their perceptions of what defines a globally competent graduate. This appeared to be because the university was born global and did not feel the need to continue to internationalize. The chapter concludes by recommending further research to fill the gap in the literature on born globals and internationalization in higher education.
Background:
Cancer-related fatigue is a complex multidimensional concept. However, little is known about the experience of cancer-related fatigue in people with advanced lung cancer. How they emotionally react to and cope with the experience of cancer-related fatigue according to cultural influences has not been extensively explored.
Aim:
To explore the experience of cancer-related fatigue, its impacts and emotional reactions to and coping strategies for cancer-related fatigue amongst people with advanced lung cancer in China.
Design:
This was a cross-sectional, descriptive qualitative study with face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using content analysis.
Setting/participants:
Twenty-one people with advanced lung cancer who experienced cancer-related fatigue were recruited in a hospital setting.
Results:
Four themes were identified: multifaceted experiences of cancer-related fatigue, impacts of cancer-related fatigue, negative perceptions of cancer-related fatigue and avoiding cancer-related fatigue. The multifaceted experience of cancer-related fatigue had physical, psychological and social impacts along the cancer trajectory. Informants regarded it as a sign of a ‘bad ending’, searched for root causes and had negative attitudes towards role changes. Avoiding coping strategies included not discussing cancer-related fatigue, refusing encouragement and support, hiding feelings, withdrawing from social life and attempting to control cancer-related fatigue.
Conclusion:
The findings provide insights into the lack of flexibility of people with advanced lung cancer to adapt to the multidimensional experience of cancer-related fatigue. The reactions and coping towards cancer-related fatigue are profoundly influenced by Chinese culture. Developing psychological interventions based on the cultural background are highly recommended to cultivate the ability to cope flexibly with stressful events and live a meaningful cancer life.
Objective:
Parents of young children with new-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) often experience significant distress and struggle with T1D management during a challenging developmental stage. The First STEPS (Study of Type 1 in Early childhood and Parenting Support) trial evaluated a stepped-care behavioral intervention comprising increasingly intensive intervention steps (peer parent coach, cognitive-behavioral counseling, consultations with diabetes educator and psychologist) based on need. The intervention improved parental depressive symptoms compared to usual care. Subsequently, we examined parent satisfaction with the intervention to guide potential implementation and refinement for future trials.
Methods:
Participants were 157 parents of young children newly diagnosed with T1D. At 9 months post randomization, n = 153 completed satisfaction questionnaires and n = 17 completed qualitative interviews. Satisfaction ratings about trial procedures and each intervention step were summarized. We used thematic analysis with the interview transcripts to generate themes related to participants' experiences in the trial overall and intervention specifically. We explored differences in themes between participants who did versus did not respond to the intervention and among those who experienced different intervention steps.
Results:
Most participants in both arms rated study participation and methods positively (>95%), and those completing interviews described high satisfaction with study procedures overall, retention incentives, and contact with study staff. Intervention participants' satisfaction ratings were high across steps. Two qualitative themes reflected satisfaction with the intervention enhancing self-efficacy and social support.
Conclusions:
High satisfaction suggests implementing a stepped-care behavioral intervention as part of routine clinical care following T1D diagnosis would be well received.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore (1) cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) practitioners' experiences of receiving their own reformulation letter as part of their training and (2) CAT practitioners' perceptions about how receiving their own refor-mulation letter altered their clinical practice.
Design: Semi structured interviews were used to elicit participants' (N= 9) experiences of having received their personal CAT, with a particular focus on the reformulation letter, and their perceptions of its impact on them as clinicians and their clinical practice. Methods: Inductive “bottom up” thematic analysis was used to analyse the interview transcripts and extract overarching themes and subthemes across all participants.
Results: Four overarching themes emerged from the data: the power of the reformulation letter; inhabiting the client's role; absorbing thinking as a CAT practitioner; and evolving the therapist's technique.
Conclusions: Cognitive analytic therapy practitioners report experiences of the reformulation letter that indicate a positive impact on their self-awareness, learning about CAT and consciousness about how their own clients experience therapy. This was also the case when the reformulation letter did not resonate with them to the desired ex-tent as learning from their therapist's limitations was experienced as having an impact on their learning and subsequent practice
This book chapter is published in German. Wertz, F.J. (2023). Die phänomenologische methode (The relevance of phenomenological method for the health sciences and professions). In V. Ritschl, R. Weigl & T. Stamm (Eds.), Wissenschaftliches arbeiten und schreiben (Scientific work and writing), Qualitative Forschung, pp.71-150. Springer. It provides a definition of phenomenology, details the history and distinctive method of phenomenological research in philosophy and psychology, and illustrates its application specifically for health science and profession research.
Background:
Expressing a desire for surgery before participating in first-line osteoarthritis (OA) interventions (patient education and exercise therapy) has been shown to contribute to poorer outcomes from the interventions, but we lack knowledge on how these patients reflect on health care and self-management of OA.
Objectives:
To explore and describe patients' perspectives of health care and self-management of OA among those expressing a desire for surgery before participating in first-line OA interventions.
Methods:
Sixteen patients with hip or knee OA referred to participate in a standardized first-line OA intervention program in primary health care in Sweden were included in the study. We used individual semi-structured interviews to collect data, which were analyzed using inductive qualitative content analysis.
Results:
One theme of meaning "A multifaceted picture of needs, expectations, and individual choices" and five categories were identified as perspectives from the participants regarding health care and self-management of OA: 1) lacking control and needing support; 2) standing alone in an unsupportive environment; 3) going with the flow; 4) having expectations; and 5) taking ownership.
Conclusion:
Patients who express a desire for surgery before participating in first-line interventions for OA are not a homogeneous group. They describe a broad range of perspectives on how they reason and reflect on health care and self-management of OA based on their own needs, expectations, and choices. Findings from this study strengthen insights on the importance of exploring the patient's perspectives and individualizing OA interventions to achieve the lifestyle changes that first-line interventions strive to accomplish.
The study aims to explore agents’ motives and strategies in presenting elite athletes with disabilities (EAwD).Utilising a phenomenological qualitative approach and guided by the Model of Athlete Brand Image (MABI), six semi-structured interviews were conducted with agents of elite disability sport athletes from the United States, Canada, and Ireland. Data analysis was through both deductive and inductive coding allowing themes to emerge from the data as well as through the initial codes identified from the framework. Our findings indicated that agents are motivated by the business opportunity, marketability of the athlete, and their personal mission. They utilise storytelling, social media, and advocacy as strategies to market their athletes. Agents value the marketable lifestyle (e.g. life story) as the most salient dimension in building athlete brand image. Additionally, social media was seen as a critical tool to elevate athlete brand. Findings show positive environments in elite athletes with disabilities branding with need to combat barriers that long existed in disability sport marketing. Our study applied the MABI framework to disability sport and extended the literature on athlete branding. We proposed modifications to the model and provided practical strategies for stakeholders to build and improve the marketability of EAwD.
Jamaah Islamiyah (JI) merupakan kelompok teroris yang menjalankan sistem organsasi tertutup dan sangat adaptif terhadap perkembangan, termasuk di dalamnya modus pendanan dana. Modus pendanaan JI terus bertransformasi menyesuaikan perkembangan jaman dan lingkungan, termasuk dalam menggunakan potensi donasi dari masyarakat yang sangat besar melalui lembaga non profit. Pentingnya pendanaan bagi kelompok teror membuat pemberantasannya akan berpengaruh pada operasional kelompok teror, sehingga diperlukan strategi kontra intelijen dalam melakukannya. Tulisan ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif melalui studi literatur. Hasil dari penelitian ini diperoleh bahwa pemberantasan pendanaan teror dapat dilakukan dengan pendekatan kontra terorisme defensif dan ofensif termasuk fungsi intelijen dalam kerjasama antar lembaga, peningkatkan edukasi kesadaran masyarkat dan reformasi regulasi, sehingga diperoleh strategi kontra intelijen yang diharapkan dapat berguna dalam pemberantasan dan penanggulangan pendanaan terorisme.
Background:
Care coordination is important for patients with complex needs; yet, little is known about the factors impacting implementation from the care coordinator perspective.
Purpose:
To understand how care coordination implementation differs across clinics and what care coordinators perceive as barriers and facilitators of effective coordination.
Methods:
Nineteen care coordinators from primary care clinics in Minnesota participated in interviews about their perceptions of care coordination. A team of analysts coded interviews using inductive thematic analysis.
Results:
Four major themes emerged: variety in care coordination implementation; importance of social needs; necessity for leader buy-in; and importance of communication skills.
Conclusions:
Described differences in care coordination implementation were often logistical, but the implications of these differences were foundational to care coordinator perceived effectiveness.
As one of the essential parts of government administration public procurement system utilizes a significant share of GDP. The purpose of public procurement system is to award timely and cost-effective contracts to qualified contractors and to keep safe that buying of goods and services in the public authorities is done in the legal manner. Furthermore, public procurement should generate the intended development and economic growth. The principal aim of this research is to conduct a comparison of macroeconomic effects of German and Czech public procurement system. Equally, the study intends to assess both similarities as well as outcomes. Based on the available studies, it is estimated that public procurement entails 15 % of GDP in Germany and 14 % in Czech Republic. The study utilizes secondary research methods to generate data which is analyzed with help of quantitative techniques. The most notable similarities include; the types of public procurement contracts and use of e-procurement to enhance efficiency and transparency. Moreover, some divergences were found, where the German procurement system seems to be more efficient compared to the Czech Republic.
Background:
While employers plan how to restructure working practices after the initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential that the disability community are represented in research addressing telework; their expertise is invaluable for ensuring equity from the outset.
Objective:
The current study qualitatively investigated how people with physical disabilities negotiate telework in a post-COVID era.
Methods:
Ten participants with a range of physical disabilities were recruited and interviewed. Themes were generated from the data utilising an established method of reflexive inductive thematic analysis.
Results:
Increased flexibility as well as control over work schedules and the environment facilitated by teleworking, improved participants' disability management, health, work performance, and personal opportunities. However, the importance of choice to work in-office, of implementing additional physical and virtual work adjustments, and of flexible work patterns to remove barriers to accessibility when homeworking was emphasised. Active efforts by employers to create an inclusive and flexible work culture were identified as crucial to ensure that integration and professional development of employees with disabilities, understanding of disability experience, and normalisation of accessibility needs are not diminished by the decreased visibility incurred by teleworking.
Conclusion:
Teleworking is not a panacea for resolving the disability employment disadvantage. Rather, teleworking could be a springboard upon which further flexibility and choice can be built to shift organisational practices to better accommodate individual employees, with and without disabilities, post-COVID. It is imperative to act on such insights to create accessible workplaces to facilitate more inclusive workforces.
Introduction:
Motivation to adhere to clinical recommendations requires engagement and urgency to act is one of many factors that contribute to achieving glycemic benefits in people with type 2 diabetes (PwT2D). Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices are associated with improved glycemic benefits. We conducted a qualitative assessment of PwT2D who found using CGM extremely beneficial, examining the potential for CGM to elicit motivation to engage in self-management behaviours.
Methods:
Participants using CGM were recruited through social media, interviewed and transcripts analyzed (template analysis using thematic analysis) to generate coded responses and inductive themes by two raters.
Results:
Thirteen participants (84.6% women, T2D > 5 years and CGM usage > 6 months) were interviewed. Codes were organized around 3 themes: improved self-management; experience of glucose sensing technology vis-a-vis general positive or negative experience. Improved self-management was reflected in how the CGM technology provided personalized knowledge and ability to self-manage, particularly in contrast to finger pricking. Positive experience included motivation for behaviour changes, improved relationships with healthcare providers and in social situations. This translated into a sense of improved health and an avoidance of complications. Negative experience included costs, concern over location and comfort of the device.
Conclusions:
CGM technology profoundly impacts multiple aspects of self-management and care for PwT2D. Developing a validated instrument to assess identified constructs could contribute to developing interventions leveraging benefits of this technology, particularly with regard to the motivational constructs of engagement and urgency.
Person-centered experiential growth groups can promote self-awareness, increased authenticity, and improve interpersonal skills. Many counselor training programs require counselor trainees to participate in groups as a member as a form of experiential learning when preparing to be a group leader. However, the literature examining the experiences of counselor trainees in a person-centered experiential growth group is scarce, and little information on how to prepare and implement such a group exists. The purpose of this thematic analysis was to explore the narratives of counselor trainees during a person-centered experiential growth group. A constructivist paradigm guided our inquiry. Participants included six master’s level counselor trainees who attended nine weekly group sessions. We identified three emergent themes through our thematic analysis: prior life experiences, therapeutic factors, and challenges. Findings inform counselor educators and group therapists about the unique learning and personal needs of counselor trainees in a person-centered growth group. Limitations are discussed.
The research questions were as follows: How much social support do patients with penile cancer (PC) receive after surgical treatment for the condition; which factors are associated with the social support received; and how do patients with PC describe the social support they receive in terms of emotional support, affirmation and concrete aid? The purpose of this study is to describe the amount and type of social support (that is, emotional support, affirmation or concrete aid) received by patients with PC. In addition, it describes the associations between patients' background variables and their perceived social support. Men affected by PC experience a range of unmet support care needs, of which social support has not previously been thoroughly studied. Emotional support consists of caring for another person, respecting and creating a safe atmosphere for them and providing spiritual support. Affirmation is the reinforcement of knowledge and is especially evident in decision‐making processes through advising or counselling. Concrete aid means the provision of assistance in the form of an activity or service that causes the donor to use time or money for the benefit of another person. A partially mixed concurrent dominant status design was used and included semi‐structured interviews with, or letter responses from, 15 patients and a self‐reported social support score survey of 42 patients with PC. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, a non‐parametric test and a deductive content analysis. Regarding the self‐reported social support score survey, 42 patients reported the social support as good (mean [SD]; range 4.34 [1.06]; 1–6). The most frequent form of social support was affirmation (mean [SD] 4.65 [1.07]), and the least frequent was emotional support (mean [SD] 4.14 [1.16]). Employment status and primary operation were significantly associated with the social support received. Qualitative data imply that family members are the most important emotional supporters. Emotional support from healthcare professionals was felt to be insufficient. Despite their affirmation, patients felt they received incomplete information about the disease. Patients received concrete aid from family members but felt there was a lack of professional help. Although patients deemed the overall social support received to be good, they received insufficient support from healthcare professionals (emotional support) and had unmet informational needs (affirmation) as well as uncertainties regarding income support (concrete aid). Our results can help nurses provide more holistic care to patients with PC. This information can be utilized in the development of nursing interventions for such patients and their family members. In the future, nurses' and other healthcare professionals' counselling skills should be taken into account in their training. They also need to be supported through consultation and referral resources when they reach the limits of their expertise.
Purpose/Objectives: To delineate the role of the oncology patient navigator, drawing from the experiences and descriptions of younger women with breast cancer.
Research Approach: Interpretive, descriptive, qualitative research design.
Setting: Participants' homes, researcher's home, and via telephone, all in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Participants: 12 women aged 50 years or younger who were diagnosed with breast cancer within the last three years.
Methodologic Approach: Face-to-face semistructured interviews explored patient experiences with the cancer care system, including problems encountered, unmet needs, and opinions about the functions of the patient navigator role. The audio-recorded interviews were transcribed and data were broken down and inductively coded into four categories. Constant comparative techniques also were used during analysis.
Findings: The role of the oncology patient navigator included two facets: "Processual facets," with the subthemes assigned to me at diagnosis, managing the connection, mapping the process, practical support, and quarterbacking my entire journey; and "Personal qualities: The essentials," with the subthemes empathetic care tenor, knowing the cancer system, and understanding the medical side of breast cancer.
Conclusions: Despite the tremendous effort directed toward enhancing care for younger women undergoing treatment for breast cancer, gaps continue to exist. Younger women with breast cancer require a care approach providing ongoing dialogue, teaching, and emotional support from the point of diagnosis through treatment, including transitions of care within the oncology setting and back to their primary care practitioner.
Interpretation: Oncology nurse navigators are well positioned to provide patients with anticipatory guidance from diagnosis to the end of treatment.
In this paper I explore the relationship between bias, research and reflective studies. I argue that bias is not by definition counterproductive for research studies, and that biased studies do not necessarily constitute invalid research. Hence, I commence by discussing how the concept of bias and its relationship to knowledge production has developed within the history of science and how it has evolved during the twentieth century by drawing on the work of Ayer, Popper and Wittgenstein. I go on to argue that bias cannot sincerely be excluded from the research process, irrelevant of paradigm, and that the presupposition of excluding bias from research studies is based upon historical and ideological assumptions that, once pushed to their logical conclusion, do not hold ground. Nonetheless, I consider that research studies deriving from positivist or post-positivist paradigms will need to continue to strive for the elimination or minimisation of bias, because these are the fundamental rules of these paradigms. However, for non-positivist studies, which utilise reflection to reveal the researcher's bias, the paradigmatic rules require that these biases should be included rather than excluded from the study. Thus, the article concludes by suggesting that such studies are reflexive studies which are valid only if the researcher's bias is fully incorporated and becomes transparent throughout the study. A historical overview of bias in the production of knowledge The concept of unbiased research has acquired a peculiar cachet amongst those who critically analyse research findings and decide on the utilisation 279
Various strategies are available within qualitative research to protect against bias and enhance the reliability of findings. This paper gives examples of the principal approaches anti summarises them into a methodological checklist to help readers of reports of qualitative projects to assess the quality of the research.
Much contemporary dialogue has centered on the difficulty of establishing validity criteria in qualitative research. Developing validity standards in qualitative research is challenging because of the necessity to incorporate rigor and subjectivity as well as creativity into the scientific process. This article explores the extant issues related to the science and art of qualitative research and proposes a synthesis of contemporary viewpoints. A distinction between primary and secondary validity criteria in qualitative research is made with credibility, authenticity, criticality, and integrity identified as primary validity criteria and explicitness, vividness, creativity, thoroughness, congruence, and sensitivity identified as secondary validity criteria.
To provide examples of a qualitative multiple case study to illustrate the specific strategies that can be used to ensure the credibility, dependability, confirmability and transferability of a study.
There is increasing recognition of the valuable contribution qualitative research can make to nursing knowledge. However, it is important that the research is conducted in a rigorous manner and that this is demonstrated in the final research report.
A multiple case study that explored the role of the clinical skills laboratory in preparing students for the real world of practice. Multiple sources of evidence were collected: semi-structured interviews (n=58), non-participant observations at five sites and documentary sources.
Strategies to ensure the rigour of this research were prolonged engagement and persistent observation, triangulation, peer debriefing, member checking, audit trail, reflexivity, and thick descriptions. Practical examples of how these strategies can be implemented are provided to guide researchers interested in conducting rigorous case study research.
While the flexible nature of qualitative research should be embraced, strategies to ensure rigour must be in place.
Reconceptualising rigour: the case for reflexivity This paper is a critical review of recent discussions of rigour in nursing research. We will argue that ‘borrowing’ evaluation criteria from one paradigm of inquiry and applying them to another is problematic. We attempt to map the ‘rigour’ field and add a dimension to the existing debate about rigour and qualitative research through inclusion of reflexivity guided by philosophical hermeneutics. We describe reflexivity and appeal to writers to incorporate a reflexive account into their research product by signposting to readers ‘what is going on’ while researching. We contend that researchers bring to the research product, data generated, a range of literature, a positioning of this literature, a positioning of oneself, and moral socio-political contexts. We suggest that reflexive research is characterized by ongoing self-critique and self-appraisal and that the research product can be given shape by the politics of location and positioning. We emphasize that in the creation of a text (the research product) it is desirable that the researcher be a skilled writer. Finally we claim that if the research product is well signposted, the readers will be able to travel easily through the worlds of the participants and makers of the text (the researchers) and decide for themselves whether the text is believable or plausible (our terms for rigour).
This paper describes how methodological triangulation was used in two nursing research studies. The literature identified a number of principles in reporting studies that used triangulation, including giving the rationale for using triangulation, detailing the process used to assist with triangulation and explaining how rigour was maintained. A brief review of triangulated studies revealed that few adhered fully to these principles. A 'within method' and an 'across method' study are used to illustrate how methodological triangulation was used, and the ways in which rigour was addressed are also described. In addition, the different contributions of triangulation to nursing research are highlighted.
Qualitative researchers have been criticised for a perceived failure to demonstrate methodological rigour. Kimberley D Ryan-Nicholls and Constance I Will offer cautionary recommendations related to the mechanisms for control of methodological rigour in qualitative inquiry.
There are few explicit discussions in nursing literature of how qualitative research can be made as rigorous as it is relevant to the perspective and goals of nursing. Four factors complicate the debate about the scientific merits of qualitative research: the varieties of qualitative methods, the lack of clear boundaries between quantitative and qualitative research, the tendency to evaluate qualitative research against conventional scientific criteria of rigor, and the artistic features of qualitative inquiry. A framework for understanding the similarities and differences in research approaches and a summary of strategies to achieve rigor in qualitative research are presented.
The aim of this paper is to show the way in which the decision trail of a qualitative research process can be maintained. It is argued that the trustworthiness (rigour) of a study may be established if the reader is able to audit the events, influences and actions of the researcher. The actual study containing the recording of this decision trail aimed to express the concerns of older patients who were admitted to the acute care sector. The study took place in two care of the elderly wards in a 1000-bed National Health Service hospital in the UK, in 1991. Eventually, 14 patients were interviewed, each on several occasions, and their concerns are expressed in themes, namely: routine geriatric style of care, depersonalization, care deprivation and geriatric segregation. I describe the preparations that were undertaken before patient interviews could commence. The literature recording the process of the interviewer's experience as data in qualitative research is scarce. I show the researcher's participation in making the data as part of an existential phenomenological research process. Existential phenomenology relies on recording influences while generating data such as significant literature, media reports, my value position and journal data.
A well thought out and conducted qualitative study provides a rich source of knowledge that can be used to provide new information about a phenomenon, promote insight and awareness of human experience and support the development of formal frameworks and tools (Kearney, 2001). At the most basic level, qualitative findings can encourage insight and empathy by raising nurses' awareness of "what it feels like to be in a given situation" (Kearney, 2001, p. 150). The study by Nagle (1998), for instance, draws nurses' attention to the disembodiment patients feel as they undergo hemodialysis and their struggle to develop a meaningful relationship with the technology they encounter on a daily basis. More formally, qualitative findings can also serve as the basis for assessment tools that allow nurses to compare the status of their patients with knowledge of a particular experience or illness trajectory (Kearney, 2001). For example, the grounded theory developed by Gregory et al. (1998) has served as the foundation for a quantitative measure of patients' perceptions of hemodialysis (Way, O'Brien, Gregory, Barrett, & Parfrey, 1999). This overview was intended to provide a general introduction to the main qualitative methods used in nursing research, and to briefly highlight some differences between qualitative and quantitative research. We hope that this review stimulates interest in qualitative approaches for nephrology nursing research.
This paper discusses the literature on establishing rigour in research studies. It describes the methodological trinity of reliability, validity and generalization and explores some of the issues relating to establishing rigour in naturalistic inquiry.
Those working within the naturalistic paradigm have questioned the issue of using validity, reliability and generalizability to demonstrate robustness of qualitative research. Triangulation has been used to demonstrate confirmability and completeness and has been one means of ensuring acceptability across paradigms. Emerging criteria such as goodness and trustworthiness can be used to evaluate the robustness of naturalistic inquiry.
It is argued that the transference of terms across paradigms is inappropriate; however, if we reject the concepts of validity and reliability, we reject the concept of rigour. Rejection of rigour undermines acceptance of qualitative research as a systematic process that can contribute to the advancement of knowledge. Emerging criteria for demonstrating robustness in qualitative inquiry, such as authenticity, trustworthiness and goodness, need to be considered. Goodness, when not seen as a separate construct but as an integral and embedded component of the research process, should be useful in assuring quality of the entire study. Triangulation is a tried and tested means of offering completeness, particularly in mixed-method research. When multiple types of triangulation are used appropriately as the 'triangulation state of mind', they approach the concept of crystallization, which allows for infinite variety of angles of approach.
Qualitative researchers need to be explicit about how and why they choose specific legitimizing criteria in ensuring the robustness of their inquiries. A shift from a position of fundamentalism to a more pluralistic approach as a means of legitimizing naturalistic inquiry is advocated.