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Evaluation of bioactive properties of Indian carrot (Daucus carota L): A chemometric approach
A cenoura é a principal hortaliça de raiz em valor econômico e se encontra entre as dez espécies de olerícolas mais cultivadas no Brasil. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a produtividade e a qualidade comercial de raízes de cenoura submetidas a diferentes níveis de superfosfato simples (0, 100, 200 e 300 kg ha-1 de P2O5) e cloreto de potássio (0, 100, 200 e 300 kg ha-1 de K2O) que foram aplicados na superfície do canteiro e incorporados com enxada. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 4x4, com quatro repetições. As variáveis analisadas foram produtividade total e de raízes comerciais, diâmetro e comprimento de raízes comerciais. Não ocorreu interação significativa (p < 0,05) entre as doses de fósforo e potássio para as variáveis avaliadas. As doses de fósforo e potássio foram significativas apenas para produtividade total e de raízes comerciais, sendo que a máxima produtividade de raízes comerciais foi obtida com a dose de 255,8 kg ha-1 de P2O5 (39,5 t ha-1) e de 174,0 kg ha-1 de K2O (37,6 t ha-1). O incremento de produtividade foi, em média, 49,5% com dose de fósforo e de 31,6% com dose de potássio superior em relação à ausência de adubação, demonstrando a importância do manejo adequado de adubação fosfatada e potássica na cenoura para a obtenção de elevadas produtividades.
Introduction:
Moringa oleifera is a plant with high antioxidant content in its leaves, flowers and seeds. It attracts the attention of researchers with the effect of its nutritional and medical advantages.
Objective:
The purpose of the current study is to propose a deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive substances from M. oleifera leaves by the application of a chemometric study.
Methodology:
A total of 18 different choline chloride-based DESs were prepared by using several hydrogen bond donors (glucose, sucrose, glycerol, ethylene glycol, urea and dimethyl urea) with various molar ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 2:1) by addition of diluents (water and 50% methanol) or alone. In order to decide the best DES combination, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied. The response surface method (RSM) was used as statistical experimental design approach through the Box-Behnken design.
Results:
The best phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC) and antioxidant activity yields of M. oleifera leaf extract were found to be 19.102 mg-GAE, 10.47 mg-CE and 24.404 mg-TEAC per gram dried leaf under the optimal conditions (50% water content, 20% amplitude, 15 min time). The model fitting has been also found reliable depending on the statistical indicators such as p-value (<0.0001), coefficients of determination (R2 = 0.9827, 0.9916 and 0.9864) and root mean square error (RMSE = 1.0562, 2.4656 and 0.7713).
Conclusions:
A chemometric study through PCA was carried out to determine the similarities and differences between the solvent groups, and the ethylene glycol-based DES (1:2, molar ratio) with the addition of water showed the best performance.
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important legume for human and animal consumption, cultivated in many temperate regions of the world. In the present investigation, the seeds of twelve pea accessions collected from the arid regions of southern Tunisia, characterized by different colors of flowers and seed coats, were evaluated for their proteins, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities. The protein content determined by the Bradford method ranged from 46.91 to 151.08 mg / g DW. The content of total phenol, total flavonoid and condensed tannin, ranging from 36.85 to 102.52 mg GAE / 100 g DW, 6.95 to 48.11 mg QE/100 g DW, and 12.37 to 70.43 mg CE / 100g DW, respectively. These parameters were characterized respectively by the following three methods, the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, the aluminum chloride and the vanillin assay. The LC-ESI/MS analysis identified the presence of 8 phenolic acids and 9 flavonoids which quinic acid, protocatechuic acid, hyperoside, and quercetin-3-O-rhamnosidewere detected as the most abundant compounds. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of pea seeds was evaluated by the ABTS + and DPPH tests. Indeed, DPPH and ABTS anti-free radical activity values ranged from 1.92 to 14.11 µmoL TEAC / g DW and 2.3 to 14.95 µmoL TEAC / g DW, respectively. The variability across the assessed traits revealed significant differences as computed by ANOVA tests. Else, the results showed significant correlations between seed coat color, seed shape, flower color and phenolic compounds. Therefore, genotypes characterized by a purple flower, brown seed coat, and wrinkled form had the highest levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Correlation analysis revealed that phenolic compounds presented a strong positive correlation with antioxidant activities, while being negatively correlated with protein content. UPGMA cluster and Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed two main groups. This work highlights the nutritional value of P. sativum seeds as a good source of natural antioxidant compounds that may be useful in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Pericarp browning (PB) is a serious problem in harvested litchi and drastically affects consumer acceptability and marketability. Postharvest PB and subsequent decay in fruit are linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in tissues. Antioxidants neutralize or scavenge ROS and maintain the shelf-life of fruit, especially in non-climacteric ones such as litchi. This work was aimed to assess the effect of vacuum infiltrated methyl jasmonate (MeJA; 1 and 2 mM) on the quality of harvested litchi fruit (cv. Purbi) during ambient storage (28 °C, RH 70–75%). The exogenous MeJA infiltration (2 mM) significantly retained quality attributes of litchi fruit as evident by lowered PB, weight loss, disease occurrence, quinone, and ROS (H2O2 and O2−) accumulation. Moreover, MeJA infiltrated fruit suppressed the activity of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase resulting in higher anthocyanin, phenolics, antioxidant potential, phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity as well as membrane integrity throughout the storage. Control fruit showed an early quality deterioration marked by prominent PB and other biochemical degradative changes. Thus, exogenous MeJA infiltration (2 mM) could be suggested to increase the shelf life of litchi by four days under ambient conditions.
The adulteration of tuna is found as attenuation of morphological characteristics during processing due to the exhaustion of tuna resource. The authenticity of tuna is now concentrated in the seafood supply chain. Protein, as the most important component of tuna muscle, plays a very important role in tuna. In this study, the protein relative quantitation of 3 commercial tuna species (skipjack tuna, bigeye tuna and yellowfin tuna) were revealed through the developed sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion mass spectra (SWATH-MS)-based proteomic analysis with 81 proteins being reliably quantified. Further protein biomarkers discovery was carried out by chemometrics, leading to 14 proteins screened as potential biomarkers. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed that the screened protein biomarkers have the ability to distinguish the 3 tuna species. Gene ontology (GO) annotation of the screened protein biomarkers most of them were relevant to molecular functions.
The objective of this study was the production of green extracts from Cornelian cherry pomace and the valorization of their anthocyanin content for their potential use as food colorants. Aqueous solutions of β-cyclodextrin were used both as green extraction solvents as well as means of anthocyanins’ stabilization. The extracts were analyzed by a novel liquid chromatographic method coupled to triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analytical methodology (LC-QTOF-MS) to assess their anthocyanin content. FTIR spectroscopy was used to investigate possible interactions between cyclodextrin and Cornelian cherry’s anthocyanins. The stability of anthocyanins was evaluated under different pH conditions and in the presence of metal ion Fe⁺². The extracts were finally evaluated as colorants in two different food systems. The results showed that the color of β-cyclodextrin extract was preserved through storage. Additionally, the combination of β-cyclodextrin extraction and storage at low temperature contributes to the development of a stable acidic non-carbonated red beverage.
Carotenoids are organic compounds and widely distributed pigments that provide shades of yellow, orange or red to agricultural, horticultural and aqua commodities. They not only are natural colourants but also play a vital role in both plant and human health, besides holding potential (especially β-carotene) to address much prevalent vitamin A deficiency around the globe. The bio-wastes generated from fruits and vegetable processing industries like carrot pomace, tomato peels, etc.; fish processing industry and; non-edible sources like marigold flower are rich sources of carotenoids. These sources could be potentially used for extraction of carotenoids for an array of applications. Conventionally, organic solvents have been used for their extraction, most of which are hazardous. Lately, scientists have commenced their researches on alternative green solvents for extraction purposes as these besides retaining natural colour, also provide numerous health benefits. Vegetable oils are one such example of green solvents which are edible, safe, natural, non-toxic, and environment friendly, and help in harnessing bio-functional properties from bio-wastes and other non-edible sources. Present review recapitulates distribution of carotenoids in these sources; existing conventional strategies and recent developments in innovative extractions; followed by potential applications of extracted carotenoids in food, pharma and cosmetic industries.
The drumstick (Moringa Oleifera Lam) variety Thar Harsha is an annual type having densely foliaged with
dark green broad leaves (54.5 cm long and 35.2 cm width). The plants grows up to 405.6 cm and spreads
330.2 cm (E-W) and 390.4 cm (N-S). The fruiting in Thar Harsha starts late (March to May) as compared to
PKM-1 (February-March). Each plant produces about 314 pods in a year, and its yield potential of 53�54.7t/
ha. It is superior in pod size and yield (85.6%) over PKM-1. It has high protein (9.3 g), Vitamin A (9783IU) and
Vitamin C content (246 mg) per 100 g of fresh edible pods. It have recorded comparatively higher antioxidants
contents and activity viz. total phenols (657.69 and 36.23 mg GAE/100 g), total flavonoids (406.28 and
298.46 CE mg/100 g), DPPH (29.07 and 21.53 mmol TE/g), FRAP (66.37 and 34.41 mmol TE/g)and CUPRAC
(99.07 and 44.64 mmol TE/g) in leaves and pods, respectively. The variety Thar Harsha recorded comparatively
highest dry matter (25.52 and 20.69%), protein (20.25 and 9.33 mg/100 g), nitrogen (3868.03 and
3653.16), phosphorus (187.91 and 113.60) potassium (1714.12 and 942.33), Calcium (4318.38 and 1983.15),
Sulphur (4397.18 and 2038.49), Iron (44.6 and 32.76), Manganese (3.79 and 1.21), zinc (20.55 and 12.14) and
Cu (1.15 and 0.83) in (mg/100 g dry powder) leaves and pods, respectively.
Existence of genetic divergence, appropriate characterization of breeding lines for economic-
ally important traits and determining parents with favourable alleles is the crux of crop genetic
improvement programmes. This study is the first report of unravelling genetics and potential
of petaloid-type cytoplasmic male sterile (pt-CMS) lines in carrot. Ten pt-CMS lines were
crossed with 10 inbreds in line × tester mating fashion to generate 100 testcross progenies.
Nutritional profiling of the 100 testcrosses progenies along with 20 parental types was carried
out for two consecutive years for eight important traits to identify superior combiners.
The pooled analysis revealed that the carotenoid content in root is under the genetic control
of major genes (oligogenic). The pooled analysis revealed less than unity value of σ2A/D and
σ2 /σ2 for majority of the traits depicting preponderance of non-additive gene effects. The gca sca
pt-CMS lines KT-28A, Kt-62A, KT-80A and KT-95A were identified as good combiners for carotenoids. The cross combination, KT-98A × KS-50 identified as the best heterotic com- biner for CUPRAC and FRAP content over the years. Similarly, the combinations, KT- 62A×KS-21, KT-80A×New Kuroda and KT-62A×KS-59 were found promising across the years for developing nutritionally rich F1 hybrids. The interaction analysis among the dif- ferent antioxidant traits and plant pigments unveiled the scope of simultaneous improvement.
A method for the screening of antioxidant activity is reported as a decolorization assay applicable to both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants, including flavonoids, hydroxycinnamates, carotenoids, and plasma antioxidants. The pre-formed radical monocation of 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS*+) is generated by oxidation of ABTS with potassium persulfate and is reduced in the presence of such hydrogen-donating antioxidants. The influences of both the concentration of antioxidant and duration of reaction on the inhibition of the radical cation absorption are taken into account when determining the antioxidant activity. This assay clearly improves the original TEAC assay (the ferryl myoglobin/ABTS assay) for the determination of antioxidant activity in a number of ways. First, the chemistry involves the direct generation of the ABTS radical monocation with no involvement of an intermediary radical. Second, it is a decolorization assay; thus the radical cation is pre-formed prior to addition of antioxidant test systems, rather than the generation of the radical taking place continually in the presence of the antioxidant. Hence the results obtained with the improved system may not always be directly comparable with those obtained using the original TEAC assay. Third, it is applicable to both aqueous and lipophilic systems.
Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is ranked among vegetables as the most consumed and the best provitamin A provider. Moreover, carrot also contains vitamins, phenolic compounds, and other antioxidant micronutrients. The influence of carrot genetic background on the content of several micronutrients was investigated. Carotenoids and vitamins (C and E) were analyzed by HPLC in 20 varieties of carrot, and antioxidant activity of carrots was investigated with colorimetric methods (ORAC and Folin-Ciocalteu). There were large differences among cultivars in carotenoid content (0.32 to 17 mg/100 g of fresh weight). In yellow and purple carrots, lutein represents nearly half of the total carotenoids. By contrast, in orange carrots, β-carotene represents the major carotenoid (65%). The concentration of vitamin E ranged from 191 to 703 μg/100 g of fresh weight, whereas the concentration in ascorbic acid ranged from 1.4 to 5.8 mg/100 g. For all these components, dark-orange carrots exhibited the highest values. Significant differences among these 20 varieties were also recorded for mineral and total phenolic compound concentrations. Purple and dark-orange carrots could be preferred to usual carrot varieties to benefit from their specific micronutrients (anthocyanins, carotenoids, or vitamin E). ORAC is a complex reflection of phytomicronutrients but is not tightly linked to vitamin C levels, as shown for white carrots, which are rich in this vitamin.
A method for the screening of antioxidant activity is reported as a decolorization assay applicable to both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants, including flavonoids, hydroxycinnamates, carotenoids, and plasma antioxidants. The pre-formed radical monocation of 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) is generated by oxidation of ABTS with potassium persulfate and is reduced in the presence of such hydrogen-donating antioxidants. The influences of both the concentration of antioxidant and duration of reaction on the inhibition of the radical cation absorption are taken into account when determining the antioxidant activity. This assay clearly improves the original TEAC assay (the ferryl myoglobin/ABTS assay) for the determination of antioxidant activity in a number of ways. First, the chemistry involves the direct generation of the ABTS radical monocation with no involvement of an intermediary radical. Second, it is a decolorization assay; thus the radical cation is pre-formed prior to addition of antioxidant test systems, rather than the generation of the radical taking place continually in the presence of the antioxidant. Hence the results obtained with the improved system may not always be directly comparable with those obtained using the original TEAC assay. Third, it is applicable to both aqueous and lipophilic systems.
Jaboticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) Berg) is a Brazilian Atlantic rainforest fruit of the Myrtaceae family. In this work, the effect of the daily intake (40 days) of jaboticaba (1.0 and 2.0 g dry weight/kg body weight) on oxidative stress and plasma lipid profile of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was evaluated. Jaboticaba was shown to be a good source of phenolic compounds, proanthocyanidins and ellagitannins. Daily administration of jaboticaba resulted in ameliorated water consumption and energy intake in STZ-diabetic rats. Plasma total cholesterol levels were reduced in 32% and triacylglycerol decreased 50% when both doses of jaboticaba were administered. This reduction of total cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels seems to be associated to the strong in vitro inhibition of pancreatic lipase presented by jaboticaba extracts. Plasma antioxidant capacity of diabetic rats assessed by ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay increased (2 to 2.5 times) after supplementation with both doses of jaboticaba along with a decrease of lipid peroxidation in plasma (22%) and brain (10–17%). Diabetic rats consuming jaboticaba presented higher activity of superoxide dismutase in the brain, catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the kidneys and liver, and GPx in plasma, as compared to the control group. These results suggest that daily ingestion over a period of 40 days of jaboticaba may represent a dietary strategy for controlling oxidative stress in pathological conditions.
Seventeen fruit species grown in Piedmont (Northwest Italy) were analysed for SSC, pH, TA, total antioxidant
capacity, and total phenolic and anthocyanin contents to evaluate their nutraceutical value and
emphasize the value of the local productions. Major fruit species (pear, apple, apricot) were generally
higher in SSC and had moderate acidity but were tendentially lower in phenolics (39.89–93.71 mg GAE
100 g−1 fw) and antioxidant capacity (8.07–11.11 mmol Fe2+/kg fw) in comparison with berry fruits. Black
mulberry, blackberry, highbush blueberry, currant, raspberry, gooseberry and strawberry confirmed to
be excellent antioxidant sources (phenolics 196.98–398.67 mg GAE 100 g−1 fw; FRAP: 11.51–85.97 mmol
Fe2+/kg fw) while Damask plums showed intermediate properties (phenolics: 175.30–229.62 mg GAE
100 g−1 fw; FRAP: 12.12–17.88 mmol Fe2+/kg fw). The highest anthocyanin contents were recorded in
black mulberry (341.53 mg C3G 100 g−1 fw), black currant (224.79 mg C3G 100 g−1 fw) and highbush
blueberry (222.74 mg C3G 100 g−1 fw). Differences between cultivars of the same species indicated the
presence of variability that should be considered in breeding and in the orchards planning.