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Evaluation of bioactive properties of Indian carrot (Daucus carota L): A chemometric approach
... Singh et al. 61 reported antioxidant activity (FRAP) 40-60 × less than our observed values however, phenolic content (Folin Ciocalteau method) was within range of our results ( Table 2). Further they observed a significant negative correlation between carotene, antioxidant activity and total phenolic concentration 61 , Koley et al. 67 observed a similar negative correlation between β-carotene, FRAP activity and total phenolic content in Indian carrot cultivars. ...
Diets consisting of greater quantity/diversity of phytochemicals are correlated with reduced risk of disease. This understanding guides policy development increasing awareness of the importance of consuming fruits, grains, and vegetables. Enacted policies presume uniform concentrations of phytochemicals across crop varieties regardless of production/harvesting methods. A growing body of research suggests that concentrations of phytochemicals can fluctuate within crop varieties. Improved awareness of how cropping practices influence phytochemical concentrations are required, guiding policy development improving human health. Reliable, inexpensive laboratory equipment represents one of several barriers limiting further study of the complex interactions influencing crop phytochemical accumulation. Addressing this limitation our study validated the capacity of a low-cost Reflectometer ($500) to measure phytochemical content in selected crops, against a commercial grade laboratory spectrophotometer. Our correlation results ranged from r² = 0.81 for protein in wheat and oats to r² = 0.99 for polyphenol content in lettuce in both the Reflectometer and laboratory spectrophotometer assessment, suggesting the Reflectometer provides an accurate accounting of phytochemical content within evaluated crops. Repeatability evaluation demonstrated good reproducibility of the Reflectometer to assess crop phytochemical content. Additionally, we confirmed large variation in phytochemical content within specific crop varieties, suggesting that cultivar is but one of multiple drivers of phytochemical accumulation. Our findings indicate dramatic nutrient variations could exist across the food supply, a point whose implications are not well understood. Future studies should investigate the interactions between crop phytochemical accumulation and farm management practices that influence specific soil characteristics.
Growing health awareness has stimulated a focus on natural immune enhancement. Lablab beans {Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet}, abundant in bioactive compounds, were investigated for protein, mineral, and vitamin profiles. This research specifically conducted a comparative analysis between two distinct botanical forms: Lablab purpureus var. typicus L. and L. purpureus var. lignosus L, focusing on their nutritional profiles. Among L. purpureus var. typicus L. genotypes, RCPD-6 exhibited the highest protein content (25.46 § 0.29 g/100 g) followed by RCPD-1 (23.74 § 0.26 g/100 g). In contrast, L. purpureus var. lignosus L., L. purpureus var. lignosus L. particularly genotype RCPD-22, had lower protein content (19 § 0.15 g/100 g). Significant variations in Fe content were observed within L. purpureus var. typicus L., ranging from 5.97 § 0.01 to 10.5 § 0.02 mg/100 g, with RCPD-2 reported the highest. Zn content ranged from 1.7 § 0.01 to 3.65 § 0.02 mg/100 g in both forms. The calcium content in L. purpureus var. typicus L. genotypes are found to be high, ranging from 372.72 § 0.02 mg/100 g to 458.75 § 0.03 mg/100 g, suggesting that var. typicus holds promise as a significant dietary source of Ca. P content exhibited variability, ranging from 317.12 § 0.01 to 460.07 § 0.06 mg/100 g. L. purpureus var. typicus L. shows correlated levels of protein/Zn, vitamins A/C, and antioxidant activities (DPPH/ ABTS) suggesting targeted breeding for co-improved health benefits. It is noteworthy that L. purpureus var. typicus L., whose pods are consumed as vegetables, exhibits higher nutritional content in terms of protein, iron, calcium, and vitamin A. This clearly suggests that L. purpureus var. typicus L. surpasses L. purpureus var. lignosus L. in nutritional value. To strengthen findings, chemometric techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) were employed for differentiation between the two botanical forms. These methods highlight the disparities in their nutritional profiles and functional characteristics. PCA analysis demonstrated that the first three components encapsulated 80.67 % of the overall variability. Meanwhile, AHC grouped cultivars into two major clusters which can be divided into two subgroups based on the evaluated parameters. The data obtained provide a significant contribution to the scientific evaluation of the two botanical forms of lablab bean, particularly in terms of their nutritional profiles and functional attributes.
Bael is an important indigenous minor fruit crop of India. Considering its importance, exploring diversity and germplasm collection was conducted in the Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve (ABR), spreading to three districts of Chhattisgarh state. A total of 35 diverse samples of bael germplasm were collected, of which 21 distinct types were analyzed for various quantitative and qualitative traits. A large amount of variability was recorded in the shape, size, shell thickness, and content of health-promoting bioactive compounds. The highest fruit weight (2.54 kg) was observed for accession IC0645501 followed by accession IC0645463 (1.40 kg), while accession IC0645480 exhibited the lowest fruit weight (77.65 g). IC0645487 showed the highest total soluble solids (TSS) content (54.16°Brix) and IC0645499 had the lowest TSS content (26.81°Brix). Maximum carotenoid content was recorded in IC0645485 (6.21 µg/ g) and lowest in IC0645501 (0.62 µg/ g) showing 9.5 fold variation. FRAP antioxidant activity ranged from 0.095 to 0.202 mg/ g GAE and total phenolics varied from 1.22 (IC0645501) to 2.27 mg/g GAE (IC0645480). Distinct accessions for better fruit quality traits like large size, high pulp weight ratio, low seeds etc. have great potential for breeding and improvement in bael.
Diets consisting of greater quantity/diversity of phytochemicals are correlated with reduced risk of disease. This understanding guides policy development increasing awareness of the importance of consuming fruits, grains, and vegetables. Enacted policies presume uniform concentrations of phytochemicals across crop varieties regardless of production/harvesting methods. A growing body of research suggests that concentrations of phytochemicals can fluctuate within crop varieties. Improved awareness of how cropping practices influence phytochemical concentrations are required, guiding policy development improving human health. Reliable, inexpensive laboratory equipment represents one of several barriers limiting further study of the complex interactions influencing crop phytochemical accumulation. Addressing this limitation our study validated the capacity of a low-cost Reflectometer ($500) to measure phytochemical content in selected crops, against a commercial grade laboratory spectrophotometer. Our results suggest the Reflectometer provides an accurate accounting of phytochemical content within evaluated crops. Additionally, we confirmed large variation in phytochemical content within specific crop varieties, suggesting that cultivar is but one of multiple drivers of phytochemical accumulation. Our findings indicate dramatic nutrient variations could exist across the food supply, a point whose implications are not well understood. Future studies should investigate the interactions between crop phytochemical accumulation and farm management practices that influence specific soil characteristics.
The aim of this research was to evaluate the levels of antioxidants and polyphenols in pasta enriched with either carrot or olive leaf flours after simulating gastrointestinal digestion. Pasta samples were prepared with fixed amounts of carrot and olive leaf flours (15% and 6% of the total mixture, respectively). We measured the antioxidant capacity and polyphenol content at different stages of the pasta production process, starting from the initial flour to the cooked pasta, and tested samples of the liquid component and solid waste resulting from the digestion process. The antioxidant activity was measured by the FRAP method, while the polyphenol content was measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Vitamin E contents were measured by HPLC. The pasta enriched with carrot (1.26 ± 0.05 mmol/100 g) and olive leaf (2.9 ± 0.07 mmol/100 g) exhibited higher antioxidant power compared to the unenriched pasta (0.8 ± 0.1 mmol/100 g). The polyphenol content followed a similar trend, with values of 131.23 ± 3.08 for olive flour-enriched pasta, 79.15 ± 1.11 for carrot flour-enriched pasta, and 67.5 ± 1.39 for the wheat-only pasta. The pasta samples maintained their antioxidant and polyphenol levels even after undergoing the simulated digestion process. Significantly, the liquid component of the pasta with olive leaf flours had the highest levels of antioxidants and polyphenols during all stages of the digestion process. According to the results of this study, pasta enriched with carrot and olive leaf flours shows promising potential for improving nutritional and functional properties by increasing antioxidant and polyphenol content. The samples were also evaluated by a sensory panel, which showed that fortification modified the perception of some organoleptic attributes without affecting the overall taste of the pasta.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high-pressure microfluidization on the physicochemical attributes, antioxidant, enzymatic, and microbiological activity of ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) juice at different microfluidization pressures (68.94, 103.42, and 137.89 MPa) and cycles (1, 2, and 3). An important physical attribute, the mean particle size of ginger rhizome juice, was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased from 15.85 (control) to 12.86 µm at 137.89 MPa and 1 cycle, which was further supported by microscopic inspection revealing cell disintegration. Due to the release of phenolic compounds and pigments brought on by cell disruption, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity assay DPPH, and ABTS values increased from 56.79 to 65.28 mg GAE/100 mL, 69.99 to 77.51% inhibition, and 74.61 to 84.74% inhibition, respectively, at 103.42 MPa and 3 cycles. The polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme was shown to be baroresistant because microfluidization had no noticeable impact on its relative activity. A higher microfluidization pressure of 137.89 MPa resulted in the complete reduction of aerobic bacteria, yeast, and molds. Due to its solvent-free nature and success in microbial reduction, microfluidization may aid in the delivery of high quality clean-labeled ginger juice. The findings demonstrated that microfluidization treatment has the potential to produce clean-labeled, safe ginger juice with improved overall quality. This study provides useful information to industries for the commercialization of ginger juice and will assist in promoting the usage of undervalued rhizome species.
A method for the screening of antioxidant activity is reported as a decolorization assay applicable to both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants, including flavonoids, hydroxycinnamates, carotenoids, and plasma antioxidants. The pre-formed radical monocation of 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS*+) is generated by oxidation of ABTS with potassium persulfate and is reduced in the presence of such hydrogen-donating antioxidants. The influences of both the concentration of antioxidant and duration of reaction on the inhibition of the radical cation absorption are taken into account when determining the antioxidant activity. This assay clearly improves the original TEAC assay (the ferryl myoglobin/ABTS assay) for the determination of antioxidant activity in a number of ways. First, the chemistry involves the direct generation of the ABTS radical monocation with no involvement of an intermediary radical. Second, it is a decolorization assay; thus the radical cation is pre-formed prior to addition of antioxidant test systems, rather than the generation of the radical taking place continually in the presence of the antioxidant. Hence the results obtained with the improved system may not always be directly comparable with those obtained using the original TEAC assay. Third, it is applicable to both aqueous and lipophilic systems.
Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is ranked among vegetables as the most consumed and the best provitamin A provider. Moreover, carrot also contains vitamins, phenolic compounds, and other antioxidant micronutrients. The influence of carrot genetic background on the content of several micronutrients was investigated. Carotenoids and vitamins (C and E) were analyzed by HPLC in 20 varieties of carrot, and antioxidant activity of carrots was investigated with colorimetric methods (ORAC and Folin-Ciocalteu). There were large differences among cultivars in carotenoid content (0.32 to 17 mg/100 g of fresh weight). In yellow and purple carrots, lutein represents nearly half of the total carotenoids. By contrast, in orange carrots, β-carotene represents the major carotenoid (65%). The concentration of vitamin E ranged from 191 to 703 μg/100 g of fresh weight, whereas the concentration in ascorbic acid ranged from 1.4 to 5.8 mg/100 g. For all these components, dark-orange carrots exhibited the highest values. Significant differences among these 20 varieties were also recorded for mineral and total phenolic compound concentrations. Purple and dark-orange carrots could be preferred to usual carrot varieties to benefit from their specific micronutrients (anthocyanins, carotenoids, or vitamin E). ORAC is a complex reflection of phytomicronutrients but is not tightly linked to vitamin C levels, as shown for white carrots, which are rich in this vitamin.
A method for the screening of antioxidant activity is reported as a decolorization assay applicable to both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants, including flavonoids, hydroxycinnamates, carotenoids, and plasma antioxidants. The pre-formed radical monocation of 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) is generated by oxidation of ABTS with potassium persulfate and is reduced in the presence of such hydrogen-donating antioxidants. The influences of both the concentration of antioxidant and duration of reaction on the inhibition of the radical cation absorption are taken into account when determining the antioxidant activity. This assay clearly improves the original TEAC assay (the ferryl myoglobin/ABTS assay) for the determination of antioxidant activity in a number of ways. First, the chemistry involves the direct generation of the ABTS radical monocation with no involvement of an intermediary radical. Second, it is a decolorization assay; thus the radical cation is pre-formed prior to addition of antioxidant test systems, rather than the generation of the radical taking place continually in the presence of the antioxidant. Hence the results obtained with the improved system may not always be directly comparable with those obtained using the original TEAC assay. Third, it is applicable to both aqueous and lipophilic systems.
Jaboticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) Berg) is a Brazilian Atlantic rainforest fruit of the Myrtaceae family. In this work, the effect of the daily intake (40 days) of jaboticaba (1.0 and 2.0 g dry weight/kg body weight) on oxidative stress and plasma lipid profile of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was evaluated. Jaboticaba was shown to be a good source of phenolic compounds, proanthocyanidins and ellagitannins. Daily administration of jaboticaba resulted in ameliorated water consumption and energy intake in STZ-diabetic rats. Plasma total cholesterol levels were reduced in 32% and triacylglycerol decreased 50% when both doses of jaboticaba were administered. This reduction of total cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels seems to be associated to the strong in vitro inhibition of pancreatic lipase presented by jaboticaba extracts. Plasma antioxidant capacity of diabetic rats assessed by ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay increased (2 to 2.5 times) after supplementation with both doses of jaboticaba along with a decrease of lipid peroxidation in plasma (22%) and brain (10–17%). Diabetic rats consuming jaboticaba presented higher activity of superoxide dismutase in the brain, catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the kidneys and liver, and GPx in plasma, as compared to the control group. These results suggest that daily ingestion over a period of 40 days of jaboticaba may represent a dietary strategy for controlling oxidative stress in pathological conditions.
Seventeen fruit species grown in Piedmont (Northwest Italy) were analysed for SSC, pH, TA, total antioxidant
capacity, and total phenolic and anthocyanin contents to evaluate their nutraceutical value and
emphasize the value of the local productions. Major fruit species (pear, apple, apricot) were generally
higher in SSC and had moderate acidity but were tendentially lower in phenolics (39.89–93.71 mg GAE
100 g−1 fw) and antioxidant capacity (8.07–11.11 mmol Fe2+/kg fw) in comparison with berry fruits. Black
mulberry, blackberry, highbush blueberry, currant, raspberry, gooseberry and strawberry confirmed to
be excellent antioxidant sources (phenolics 196.98–398.67 mg GAE 100 g−1 fw; FRAP: 11.51–85.97 mmol
Fe2+/kg fw) while Damask plums showed intermediate properties (phenolics: 175.30–229.62 mg GAE
100 g−1 fw; FRAP: 12.12–17.88 mmol Fe2+/kg fw). The highest anthocyanin contents were recorded in
black mulberry (341.53 mg C3G 100 g−1 fw), black currant (224.79 mg C3G 100 g−1 fw) and highbush
blueberry (222.74 mg C3G 100 g−1 fw). Differences between cultivars of the same species indicated the
presence of variability that should be considered in breeding and in the orchards planning.