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Abstract

The experiential claims of nine people who stuttered were examined with the purpose of determining the impact of stuttering on their work lives and to further examine what meaning they derive from these experiences. Six male and three female participants aged 29-61 years (mean age, 41.4) who stuttered were interviewed and verbatim interview transcripts were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Credibility was established by way of member checking, researcher comparison with only consensual themes and interpretations presented in the final analysis. Four Superordinate themes, "stuttering is always there; stuttering at work reveals a problem; stuttering limits communication; and stuttering limits occupational progression" were distilled by descriptive and interpretative treatment of the interview transcripts. The interpretative level of analysis identified self-stigma as central to the meaning derived from these experiences. Participants' expectation of stigmatizing public attitudes, together with their own self-validation of such attitudes perpetuated diminished feelings about self-esteem and self-efficacy. Fear of negative evaluation may be heightened in the work context and might mediate feelings of self-stigma in this context. Superordinate themes and their subthemes indicate that stuttering is problematic at work by way of perpetuating in the PWS an expectation of negative evaluation by others. Findings implicate issues of self-stigma as generating feelings of self-doubt and self-reproach in PWS in the workplace. The development and effects of self-stigma in PWS have broader implications than the workplace context alone and further examination of the issues of self-stigma in stuttering is recommended. Educational objectives: At the end of this activity the reader will be able to: (a) describe how stuttering might affect workplace experiences; (b) describe the impact of stuttering on communication in the work context; (c) describe how qualitative methods can provide insights into the impact of stuttering in the work context; (d) describe the impact of self and public stigma on wellbeing in the work context.

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... hindered them from being an equal member" [45] Emotional -Fair goals and performance expectations, Emotionally safe culture "Outperformed colleagues" [37], "Feeling comfortable, It gets easier with time" [42], "I plan my work carefully beforehand . . . taking an extra step ahead to prevent being left behind" [52], "whether I am disabled or not doesn't count at all" [52], Helpful and caring individuals, receiving support from supervisor [48] "treated by supervisors and colleagues with compassion and kindness, but they do not receive reasonable assistance to perform their tasks" [53], "Doing what I am told" [38], "Stuttering is always there, Stuttering at work reveals a problem, Stuttering impacts communication" [43], "A triple burden" [54], "Co-workers and employers' attitudes, disbelief, and lack of understanding, maintaining their roles in the paid workforce was a particularly stressful experience" [41] "colleagues planning for them without their input, feelings of pity, excluded out of work based on disability, disclosure dilemma" [46], non-disclosure of disability due to fear of discrimination [52], "It is a heavy load on me to act smarter and more able than my colleagues without disabilities . . . also, sometimes the sympathy and concern make me feel low", "I feel mentally inferior to (my non-disabled colleagues" sometimes" [52], "fear of disclosing", and whether the disability or impairment was "visible or invisible" and "if you disclosed, you (are) treated unfairly" [48], ...
... Some participants were not accommodated in terms of flexible working hours [37,41,44,45] and/or physical environmental modifications [41]. Disability was indicated as limiting occupational progression which influenced day to day experiences [43,45]. Participants also experienced being given commands and being directed as to what to do while engaged in the occupation [38] while some had work planned for them without their input [46]. ...
... Many were employed on a temporary basis which gave room for their hours to be reduced to encourage them to leave [44]. Participants with stuttering reported having a constant reminder and awareness of its presence [43] and indicated that this presented problems as it limited occupational progression. Career inequity was similarly identifiable for persons with neuromuscular disease as they reported that maintaining roles in the paid workforce was stressful [41]. ...
Article
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Background: Globally, persons with disabilities are faced with unemployment and reduced income opportunities. Barriers to employment tend to be severe for women with disabilities who occupy marginalized positions in labor markets. 'Livelihood occupations' are conceptualized for this review to denote everyday activities that are done for subsistence and survival, and to broaden presentations of activities normally termed 'work', 'employment', 'job' or 'productivity' that people do to earn money and non-monetary gain. Objective: This scoping review, undertaken as part of a broader interpretive phenomenological analysis of livelihood occupations of women with disabilities, maps research on the subject of livelihood occupations for women with disabilities. Methods: The Arksey and O'Malley framework and PRISMA extension for scoping reviews were utilized to guide the five stage scoping strategy used to screen and select sources. Data from selected sources were synthesized using deductive qualitative content analysis to fit experiential components into equity categories determined a-priori from the Equitable Total Rewards model, to determine if these experiences connote equity or lack thereof. Results: Nineteen sources, mainly from high income countries, are identified. Aspects of benefit and career inequity were largely evident in the experiences of the women across all sources. Conclusion: There is considerable lack of research on experiences of livelihood occupations in low and middle income countries contexts justifying further research. Women with disabilities report experiencing inability to realize career goals and occupational choice.
... People who stutter are less likely to be advised to pursue careers that require strong communication skills as compared to people who do not stutter (Gabel et al., 2004;Irani et al., 2009). Bricker-Katz et al. (2013) interviewed adults who stutter about their workplace experiences and reported that participants avoided stuttering due to the awareness and internalization of stigma, which led to increased fear of negative evaluation by coworkers, diminished self-efficacy, and low self-esteem. Beyond stigmatized attitudes, people who stutter earn salaries that are significantly lower than their colleagues who do not stutter, and women who stutter were 23% more likely to be underemployed than women who do not stutter (Gerlach et al., 2018). ...
... IPA acknowledges that, as the participant is interpreting and conveying their own experiences, the researcher is interpreting and making sense of these accounts to generate a nuanced and in-depth description of the phenomenon. IPA is a specific method of phenomenological analysis that researchers in stuttering have used to understand workplace experiences of adults who stutter (Bricker-Katz et al., 2013), the utility of self-help activities for adults who stutter (Trichon & Tetnowski, 2011), and foreign language anxiety experienced by individuals who stutter (García-Pastor & Miller, 2019). ...
... As such, the process of analysis required multiple steps of analysis before generating the final set of themes (see Table 2). The researchers adhered to steps of analysis proposed by Smith et al. (2009) that are consistent with previously published phenomenological studies in stuttering (Bricker-Katz et al., 2013;Jackson et al., 2015;Plexico et al., 2010;Tichenor & Yaruss, 2018). ...
Article
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Purpose Self-disclosure describes the act of revealing personal information to another person. To date, researchers in the area of stuttering have primarily demonstrated the utility of self-disclosure through analysis of listener perceptions. This study explores the utility of informative self-disclosure use from the perspectives of adults who stutter with experience using this strategy over time and across contexts. Method Twelve adults who stutter discussed their self-disclosure experiences in semistructured interviews. Interview transcripts were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis to produce themes reflecting the most salient aspects of self-disclosure experiences. Credibility was achieved through bracketing, investigator triangulation, and member checking. Results Four superordinate themes reflecting experiences shared by all 12 participants were generated. Each superordinate theme contained two to three corresponding subthemes. The superordinate themes included cognitive relief, self-empowerment, social connection, and personalization. These findings reflect the positive impact of informative self-disclosure use on communication and quality of life. Conclusions Adults who stutter perceive informative self-disclosure to be an effective strategy that provides various benefits to the speaker, in addition to facilitating positive listener perceptions. Clinicians should encourage clients to self-disclose in an informative and personalized manner, provide opportunities for practice, and support clients in determining when and where it is most beneficial for them to implement this strategy.
... 41 When these consequences are left untreated and unresolved in PWS, it is not difficult to envision how the workplace is one area capable of being impacted. 20,21,33,42,43 For PWS, stereotyping exists, 44 including stereotypes of one's own career capabilities. 45,46 When this stereotyping leads to selfstigma, 22 the self-stigma may then secondarily impact workplace outcomes. ...
... 45,46 When this stereotyping leads to selfstigma, 22 the self-stigma may then secondarily impact workplace outcomes. 20 Collectively, stuttering's impact at the workplace stems from low self-confidence, difficulty talking, con-tinual appraisal of how they are being perceived by others, and self-doubt regarding one's ability to perform as they are capable. 20 Given the limited understanding of stuttering and other communication disorders, the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) incorporated the Adult Voice, Speech and Language Supplement: Adult Communication Disorders (ACD)-the first-ever large-scale communication supplement-into the 2012 survey. ...
... 20 Collectively, stuttering's impact at the workplace stems from low self-confidence, difficulty talking, con-tinual appraisal of how they are being perceived by others, and self-doubt regarding one's ability to perform as they are capable. 20 Given the limited understanding of stuttering and other communication disorders, the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) incorporated the Adult Voice, Speech and Language Supplement: Adult Communication Disorders (ACD)-the first-ever large-scale communication supplement-into the 2012 survey. The ACD Supplement encompassed the domains of voice, swallowing, speech, and language problems for sample adults aged 18 and older. ...
Article
Stuttering is a complex communication disorder with effects that extend beyond difficulty with communication. Negative thoughts and feelings by the person who stutters (PWS), about the disorder or themselves, may potentially lead to detrimental avoidance behaviors which may ultimately alter life choices and participation in life events. One such area is the labor market. Studies have revealed an association between stuttering and reduced earnings. What is not understood is whether provision of speech therapy for PWS can help mitigate the negative labor market impacts of this condition. This article discusses the disorder of stuttering and how approach versus avoidance responses can contribute to wage differentials among PWS, while also providing evidence of such differences using a nationally representative dataset. Additionally, this article outlines the potential benefits received from speech-language pathology services which may correlate with improved labor market outcomes.
... Whilst research in stammering at work is scant, studies involving participants in non-healthcare job roles show it can influence job performance and job satisfaction, and limit career progression [9][10][11][12][13]. This can erode self-confidence and self-esteem, and can impact professional self-identity through concerns about presenting oneself in an unprofessional or incompetent manner [9][10][11]. ...
... Whilst research in stammering at work is scant, studies involving participants in non-healthcare job roles show it can influence job performance and job satisfaction, and limit career progression [9][10][11][12][13]. This can erode self-confidence and self-esteem, and can impact professional self-identity through concerns about presenting oneself in an unprofessional or incompetent manner [9][10][11]. Despite these negative experiences, a study in Japan exploring public attitudes towards workers who stammer found that knowing a PWS was associated with positive attitudes and impressions of PWS at work [14]. ...
... Overall our findings were highly congruent with previous stammering research, particularly regarding most respondents self-reporting mild (as opposed to severe) stammering severity and the psychosocial reactions which point towards heightened anxiety and avoidance behaviours [4]. Additionally, our findings are consistent with existing, albeit limited, stammering research focussed on the workplace which has shown that stammering can play a major role in a person's experience of work [9][10][11]. Although it is important to note that in the present work we found the majority of respondents considered their job performance had been adversely impacted because of stammering (slight to significant impact), this was in contrast to the lower proportion of respondents who held this view in Klein's [11] earlier work. ...
Article
Background Stammering (stuttering) is a speech condition with high heterogeneity, affecting approximately 1% of adults. Research shows it can limit career progression, impact job performance and quality of life. Aims To assess the psychosocial impact of stammering among healthcare workers and to develop a new workplace support intervention. Methods A cross-sectional questionnaire of healthcare workers who stammer with qualitative work and a survey of occupational health (OH) usual care to assess the need for a workplace intervention. Results Data from 470 staff questionnaires and 32 OH clinicians were analysed. Eighty-four per cent rated their stammering severity as mild-to-moderate, with the majority reporting adverse impact on job performance and career progression. Most experienced a high degree of anxiety and embarrassment at work, with avoidance behaviours commonplace. Four per cent of respondents sought OH advice for work difficulties. Qualitative data highlighted practical challenges staff experience in the workplace. Sixty-five per cent supported the proposal for a new workplace intervention. We found workplace stress and anxiety were the most common reasons for OH referrals, and we found wide variation in the scope of OH assessments and work adjustments recommended. Most OH respondents reported insufficient clinical knowledge of speech disorders and their impact on work. Conclusions Stammering can have a negative impact of workers’ job performance and job satisfaction. This can precipitate feelings of stress and anxiety, and can affect self-identity at work. We found wide variation in the provision of OH usual care. The results informed the development of a new workplace intervention.
... Qualitative and survey-based research studies provide converging evidence that people who stutter (PWS) experience disproportionate hardship in the labor market (Bricker-Katz et al., 2013;Butler, 2014;Craig & Calver, 1991;Crichton-Smith, 2002;Hayhow et al., 2002;Klein & Hood, 2004;Klompas & Ross, 2004;McAllister et al., 2012;Nang et al., 2018;Palasik et al., 2012;Rice & Kroll, 1994, 1997. For example, PWS report that stuttering can influence job choices (Butler, 2014;Crichton-Smith, 2002), increase difficulty in finding work and performing work duties (Nang et al., 2018), and interfere with promotion opportunities (Bricker-Katz et al., 2013). ...
... Qualitative and survey-based research studies provide converging evidence that people who stutter (PWS) experience disproportionate hardship in the labor market (Bricker-Katz et al., 2013;Butler, 2014;Craig & Calver, 1991;Crichton-Smith, 2002;Hayhow et al., 2002;Klein & Hood, 2004;Klompas & Ross, 2004;McAllister et al., 2012;Nang et al., 2018;Palasik et al., 2012;Rice & Kroll, 1994, 1997. For example, PWS report that stuttering can influence job choices (Butler, 2014;Crichton-Smith, 2002), increase difficulty in finding work and performing work duties (Nang et al., 2018), and interfere with promotion opportunities (Bricker-Katz et al., 2013). ...
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Purpose Stuttering is associated with disparities in labor market outcomes among young adults, but little is known about how labor market outcomes associated with stuttering change over time. Therefore, this study characterized longitudinal associations between stuttering and early life expectations, job satisfaction, receipt of employer-provided insurance benefits, and income. Method The analysis used data from three waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, which contained 16,653 individuals aged 18–43 years interviewed over 18 years. First, regression models evaluated the likelihood of employment between people who stutter (PWS) and people who do not stutter (PWNS). Second, conditional on employment, two-stage likelihood models quantified differences in their job satisfaction, receipt of employer-provided insurance benefits, and earned income, controlling for age, sex, race, and household characteristics. Finally, the relationship between their reported education and income expectations and these employment outcomes was evaluated. Results Although stuttering was not related to the likelihood of working or receiving employer-provided benefits, PWS were 20%–22% (SE = 0.06–0.07) less likely to be satisfied with their jobs than PWNS, and dissatisfaction increased with age. Additionally, the odds of earning a higher income were significantly lower for PWS than for PWNS. PWS who anticipated attending college and earning a middle-class income were more likely to be satisfied with their jobs and earn a higher income. However, PWS were less likely to expect that they would earn a middle-class income (PWNS: 46.4%, PWS: 36.3%) or graduate from college (PWNS: 70.9%, PWS: 58.4%) compared to PWNS. Conclusions Labor market inequities associated with stuttering persist and increase with age. PWS have significantly lower expectations for their likelihood of future success, and these expectations predict their future occupational outcomes.
... While previous literature suggests that social responses to stuttering may cause avoidance and negative attitudes, findings from this study reveal that social reactions to stuttering may facilitate the development of positive characteristics and attitudes. Previous findings have also shown that self-confidence, determination, and acceptance are strong positive outcomes of stuttering (Boyle et al., 2019;Bricker-Katz et al., 2013;Carter et al., 2017;Plexico et al., 2005). Additionally, the perceived qualities of being kind to other humans in this study support the empathetic behavior identified in various books written by PWS about their lived experiences with stuttering (Bradberry, 2016;St. ...
... This aligns with the testimonials of stuttering celebrities about their respective talents (The Stuttering Foundation, 2006). These qualitative findings add to the existing narrative-based literature that collectively argue that experiences with stuttering may serve as turning points in the life of a person who stutters shaping their perceptions and attitudes (Bricker-Katz et al., 2013;Carter et al., 2017;Connery et al., 2020;Daniels & Gabel, 2004;Kathard, 2006;Klompas & Ross, 2004). ...
Article
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Purpose The purpose of this large-scale, qualitative study is to investigate the perceived positive experiences and benefits of stuttering as reported by adults who stutter. Method Data from a registration survey hosted by a free stuttering management app were extracted by the app developers and shared for the purposes of this study. Seventy-seven adults who stutter responded to an optional, open-ended prompt on the survey, “Make a list of any positive experiences you have encountered due to stuttering. Write down as many as you can think of.” Responses were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results Four major themes emerged regarding positive experiences with stuttering including (a) development of skills, qualities, and talents; (b) personal development; (c) coping strategies; and (d) support from others. Conclusion Findings from this study align with previous literature that addresses positive outcomes of stuttering as described by adults who stutter; however, this study is unique in that it is the only research that has exclusively explored this topic in a large sample using qualitative methods.
... La naturaleza aparentemente incontrolable de la tartamudez hace que las personas con tartamudez sean especialmente vulnerables a los efectos de la estigmatización. Como se ha descrito anteriormente, además de las características del habla, la tartamudez tiene componentes afectivos y cognitivos que hacen que el estigma impacte de lleno en los sentimientos y actitudes de las personas que la sufren (Bricker-Katz et al., 2013). ...
... La mayoría de los encuestados habían experimentado devaluación social y trato negativo en algún momento de sus vidas, y por lo tanto anticipaban futuras experiencias estigmatizantes. Estos resultados son similares a los obtenidos por Bricker-Katz et al., (2013) quienes encontraron que las connotaciones negativas respecto a la tartamudez por parte de la sociedad afectaban significativamente a su autoestima (vergüenza e impotencia), repercutiendo posteriormente en su vida profesional. ...
Article
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La imagen que el séptimo arte ofrece sobre la discapacidad es fundamental en la percepción colectiva que se tiene de la misma En este trabajo se estudia, en forma de análisis textual, dos películas que abordan la discapacidad de la tartamudez y a cuyas producciones las separan veintidós años de diferencia: Un pez llamado Wanda (A Fish Called Wanda, Charles Crichton, 1988) y El discurso del rey (The King’s Speech, Tom Hooper, 2010). Ambas producciones son fundamentales para entender cómo en las últimas décadas la representación del colectivo de las personas con tartamudez en el cine ha cambiado. Para ello se comenzará con una exposición de los principales trabajos sobre qué es la tartamudez, seguido del impacto del estigma asociada a ella que genera en sus afectados, prosiguiendo con el análisis textual de ambas piezas para finalmente discutir y concluir qué ha supuesto para las personas tartamudas este cambio en el imaginario colectivo, poniendo de manifiesto los beneficios en materia de inclusión social y dignificación en la sociedad de una representación realista y correcta de la discapacidad de la tartamudez en el medio cinematográfico.
... Anticipated stigma stopped people with disabilities from applying for work [53,61,73,77,[98][99][100][101][102][103] or applying for education or training [61,101,102]. In maintaining work, anticipated stigma could make people avoid the chance of promotion [104], or it could lead to non-disclosure [33], which lowered the chance of getting necessary workplace support [19,31]. Moreover, selfstigma and the 'Why Try' effect could lead to insufficient motivation and effort to find or maintain employment and decreases well-being at work. ...
... Self-stigma undermined the motivation of people with disabilities to aspire, secure, or maintain employment [15,92,96] and negatively affected their self-efficacy [107]. If people with disabilities were not motivated to undertake action to maintain or find employment due to self-stigma, it was challenging to find or maintain a job [24,39,108,109], e.g., due to avoidance of the prospect of promotion [104], less career achievement or advancement [69], earning less [110], not returning to work [106], dropping out, or changing career-goals [107]. Self-stigma did not only affect sustainable employment but it could also affect well-being at work because self-stigma could lead to lower help-seeking intentions [15,66,[111][112][113] although one study did not confirm this [114]. ...
Article
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Purpose Studies are increasingly showing that health related stigma is a barrier to employment, but it is not known how. The aim of this systematic review is to identify, appraise and analyse studies that have directly or indirectly addressed ways in which stigma affects sustainable employment and well-being at work of people with disabilities. Methods Using a multiphase screening process, this review is based on a comprehensive literature search (2000–2019) carried out in six electronic databases: Embase, Web of Science, Medline Ovid, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsycINFO and Google Scholar. Results 7.263 publications were identified; 96 studies were found eligible to be included in the review. 72% of the studies were conducted in North America or Europe. Few studies directly assessed how stigma affects the employment of people with disabilities. Most studies highlighted that attitudes and behaviour of employers formed a barrier to employment, as well as anticipated stigma and self-stigma in people with health problems. However, the findings also showed that the attitudes and behaviour of co-workers, health care professionals, reintegration professionals, customers, and family and friends could act as a barrier to employment although these influences are under-researched. Although many similarities were seen in the relevant findings of studies about both physical and mental disabilities, several nuances were found. Conclusion Stigma hampers sustainable employment and well-being in multiple ways. Whereas the number of publications on this topic is rapidly increasing, the roles of health care professionals, reintegration professionals, co-workers, customers, and family and friends particularly warrant more attention.
... In this regard, IPA helped discover the thought process behind participants' decision of adorning their body with tattoo(s). The approach is phenomenological in that it seeks to describe the lived experience of participants allowing to understand one's view of the world (Bricker-Katz et al., 2013). The use of IPA can facilitate a detailed interpretation of the experiences of tattoos that will benefit in identifying convergent and divergent themes. ...
... The second level is interpretative analysis, which provides an opportunity for the researcher to tackle the data from a personal orientation (Brocki and Wearden, 2010). Analysis of data is inductive in nature, providing more flexibility and allowing interpretations to go beyond the theoretical framework when compared to thematic analysis (Bricker-Katz et al., 2013;Larkin et al., 2006). ...
... If taken seriously by those who stutter, public attitudes can affect nearly every aspect of life, such as employment, promotions, quality of life, and family dynamics (Boyle, 2017;Boyle & Cheyne, 2024;Norman et al., 2023). Eventually, these negative public attitudes and stigma toward stuttering can lead to the development of speech-associated negative beliefs and selfstigma in PWS (Bricker-Katz et al., 2013). ...
Article
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Purpose People who stutter experience societal misconceptions and negative stereotypes due to cultural prejudices. The present study aimed to compare attitudes toward stuttering of Indian teachers, students, and members of the public and to further compare their attitudes to comparable samples regionally and internationally. Method Five hundred eighteen adults completed the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes–Stuttering (POSHA-S), translated into Kannada, which was analyzed according to standard protocol. Summary and selected item scores were compared from samples of teachers (n = 125), students (n = 233), and the public (n = 160). Additionally, the scores were compared to those from South Asian samples and an international POSHA-S database. Results Teachers in the current study had the most positive stuttering attitudes, followed by the public and then by students. The summary attitude scores obtained by all three groups were more positive attitudes compared to other South Asian samples and either similar to or slightly less positive than the international POSHA-S database average sample rating. Education and income were small but significant predictors of more—or less—positive attitudes, but gender, age, and familiarity with stuttering were not. Conclusions While teachers demonstrated a greater understanding of stuttering compared to the public and students, the lack of understanding among the latter groups highlights the need for increased awareness and education about stuttering across various segments of society. Negative social reactions toward stuttering, observed in different cultural contexts, further emphasize the need for awareness about stuttering. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.27855195
... If taken seriously by those who stutter, public attitudes can affect nearly every aspect of life, such as employment, promotions, quality of life, and family dynamics (Boyle, 2017;Boyle & Cheyne, 2024;Norman et al., 2023). Eventually, these negative public attitudes and stigma toward stuttering can lead to the development of speech-associated negative beliefs and selfstigma in PWS (Bricker-Katz et al., 2013). ...
Article
The article carefully compares attitudes toward stuttering of Indian teachers, students, and the public. It also compares those results to regional samples and an international database.
... Through this process, researchers can also see how identity shifted through the transition and the contextual elements that facilitated or hindered the transition (Smith & Osborn, 2007), potentially providing insight into best practices in assisting with a career transition (Patton & McMahon, 2021). Furthermore, researchers have used IPA to look at career issues (e.g., Bricker-Katz et al., 2013;Cope, 2011;Sallis & Birkin, 2014) as well as migration (e.g., O'Brien & Tribe, 2014), and temporary international career transitions (Fitzgerald & Howe-Walsh, 2009;Woodend & Arthur, 2018). IPA can also be used in a longitudinal design to deepen understanding of meaning-making across the transition (McCoy, 2017). ...
Article
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The interconnectedness of global economies and workforces have influenced the mobility of people between countries and their career development. Researchers need to consider contextual influences on international career transitions and select a methodology that illuminates peoples’ meaning making of diverse experiences. In this critical review, we reflect on Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), through describing the theoretical underpinnings and practical applications, including the seven indications and six contraindications of the IPA process. Overall, IPA seems to have strong applicability for research with people experiencing international career transitions, particularly because of the solid philosophical and human sciences basis, representation of shifts in meaning-making, and consideration of individuals’ unique transition contexts and diverse experiences. Researchers are invited to consider some hesitations in the IPA process, such as challenges in creating deep interpretations in data analysis and distinguishing whose interpretations are represented in the findings. Future research considerations are suggested to advance theoretical and practical applications, including a summary evaluation of the IPA process to inform researchers’ decision-making.
... It is believed that identification and treatment at an early stage is a very effective strategy in curing stuttering and other developmental disorders before they become long-term and chronic disabilities. If stuttering persists in puberty, it can become a chronic disability that may interfere in a person's vocational, educational and social life (Bricker-Katz et al., 2013). ...
Article
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The present study aimed at investigating communication apprehension, perceived social support and career problems faced by people who have fluency disorder i.e. Stuttering. A correlational research design was used in this study. A purposive sampling consisting of 80people diagnosed with stuttering, aged between 18-30 (Mage 24.03, SD 4.89) were drawn from hospital in Lahore. The sample size was determined using G-Power sampling technique. Tools used were demographic scale, Personal report of communication apprehension,perceived social support scale, and Career and retention Scale. Data were analyzed by using Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Multiple hierarchal linear regression. Results revealed a significant relationship between communication apprehension, perceived social support, and career problems among people who have fluency disorders (Stuttering). The results indicate a significant positive weak relationship of discussion with career. Moreover, the results also show a significant positive weak relationship of meetings and career with people diagnosed with fluency disorder which are the subscale of communication apprehension scale. The findings of the regression analysis were communication apprehension and perceived social support predicted career problems in people who havefluency disorder. The findings of the research will promote understanding of work place related problems among people who have fluency disorders.
... They also tend to experience negative behavioral challenges, for example, trying to avoid moments of stuttering, and cognitive reactions, such as feeling guilty about their stutter (Bloodstein, Bernstein Ratner, & Brundage, 2021;Guitar, 2019;Tichenor, & Yaruss, 2019). These affective, behavioral and cognitive reactions may affect their participation in social activities and functioning in the work environment (Bricker-Katz, Lincoln, & Cumming, 2013;. Therefore, it is highly recommended that the stuttering diagnostic process is comprehensive in recognizing all dimensions of the stuttering disorder (Manning & DiLollo, 2018). ...
Article
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Modifying unconscious eye movements to enhance fluency: an initial exploratory case series developing research protocol
... There were several other reports of stuttering influencing occupational choice (Butler, 2014;Crichton-Smith, 2002;Georges, 2017;Johnson, 1934). There were also reports of discrimination (Nang et al., 2018), challenges in recruitment (Butler, 2013;Crichton-Smith, 2002), and challenges in promotion (Bricker-Katz et al., 2013). However, in one report by Leko Krhen et al. (2021), none of the women indicated that stuttering had affected their occupation choice or presented significant professional challenges. ...
Article
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Purpose For those who stutter, verbal communication is typically compromised in social situations. This may attract negative responses from listeners and stigmatization by society. These have the potential to impair health-related quality of life across a range of domains, including qualitative and quantitative impacts on speech output, mental health issues, and failure to attain educational and occupational potential. These systematic reviews were designed to explore this matter using traditional health economics perspectives of utility measures and cost of illness. Method Studies were included if they involved children, adolescents, or adults with stuttering as a primary diagnosis. The quality of life search strategy identified 2,607 reports, of which three were included in the quality of life analysis. The cost of illness search strategy identified 3,778 reports, of which 39 were included in the cost of illness analysis. Results Two of the three studies included in the quality of life analysis had a high risk of bias. When measured using utility scores, quality of life for people who stutter was in the range of those reported for chronic health conditions such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. However, there is little such evidence of quality of life impairment during the preschool years. Studies included in the cost of illness analysis carried considerable risk of bias overall. Conclusions For people who stutter, there are substantive direct and indirect costs of illness. These include impairment, challenges, and distress across many domains throughout life, including income, education, employment, and social functioning. Evidence of quality of life impairment using utility measures is extremely limited. If this situation is not remedied, the lifetime impairment, challenges, and distress experienced by those who stutter cannot be documented in a form that can be used to influence health policy and health care spending. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.24168201
... can be used to ensure methodological trustworthiness in IPA (Bricker-Katz et al., 2013;Trenta et al., 2021). This paper was shared with Tryon prior to submission for publication, and he affirmed that his experience was accurately represented. ...
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Although sensory and quasi-sensory experiences of the deceased (SED) have been the subject of much debate, research on the phenomenology of auditory verbal experiences in the bereaved has been neglected. This case study describes the phenomenology of a regularly occurring voice hearing experience and its meaning for a single bereaved individual. The voice of the deceased can be heard as though in external space, and the experience can feel real, even when the death is fully acknowledged. A bereaved individual can welcome and benefit from the experience even when it is not recognized as a normal part of grieving in the individual’s cultural context, when no afterlife belief is present, and when the experience remains unexplained. The case study demonstrates that hearing the voice of the deceased can be a regular occurrence without causing distress or dysfunction and lends support to the idea that SED are a common concomitant of normal bereavement.
... Although varying individually and contextually, stuttering can have a negative impact on relationships, education, career, and social life, and can significantly influence both communication and quality of life (Bricker-Katz, Lincoln, & Cumming, 2013;Craig, Blumgart, & Tran, 2009;Erickson & Block, 2013;Manning & Beck, 2013;O'Brian, Jones, Packman, Menzies, & Onslow, 2011;St. Louis & Tellis, 2015;Steine & Inglingstad, 2013;Yaruss, 2010). Lack of belief in one's ability to speak can lead to avoidance behaviors and social withdrawal. ...
Chapter
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The main aim for speech-language therapists working in the field of stuttering, is to best serve the people who seek help. When people who stutter approach a speech and language therapist (SLT), they usually want to change something in their lives, and whatever best serves this purpose can be considered as central to this helping process (Egan, 2014; Ramnerö & Törneke, 2008). This aspect is also highly relevant in clinical work within the field of stuttering. One important aim for speech-language therapists is to focus their stuttering therapy on joint considerations and decision-making principles at an individual level. Several stuttering approaches have been shown to be successful in the short term, but the true test of any therapy lies in the extent to which the changes can be integrated across a range of speaking situations over a longer-term period, or preferably throughout life. In many ways, the use of clinical skills based on, and inspired by, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), may enable SLTs to achieve an outcome which serves the person on a long-term basis. Some suggestions are shared in this chapter.
... Although varying individually and contextually, stuttering can have a negative impact on relationships, education, career, and social life, and can significantly influence both communication and quality of life (Bricker-Katz, Lincoln, & Cumming, 2013;Craig, Blumgart, & Tran, 2009;Erickson & Block, 2013;Manning & Beck, 2013;O'Brian, Jones, Packman, Menzies, & Onslow, 2011;Steine & Inglingstad, 2013;Yaruss, 2010). Lack of belief in one's ability to speak can lead to avoidance behaviors and social withdrawal. ...
Book
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The book Dialogue without barriers: A comprehensive approach to dealing with stuttering is the result of Norwegian-Polish cooperation undertaken in the project LOGOLab – Dialogue without barriers. Three partners have been involved in the production of this book, namely, the University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland, the UiT Arctic University of Norway in Tromsø, and the Agere Aude Foundation for Knowledge and Social Dialogue. The project was implemented under the Education Program financed by the EEA Grants (EEA / 19 / K1 / D1 / W / 0031). We wanted to provide comprehensive coverage of current issues in the field of stuttering, and invited an international group of specialists to write chapters for the book. The result is a collaborative effort of researchers, practitioners, and professionals, some of whom have personal experience with stuttering. In addition to authors from Norway and Poland, other experts from Australia, Belgium, Canada, United Kingdom, Greece, Germany, Lebanon, Malta and the United States have contributed. The book consists of 16 chapters, involving 25 contributing authors. Thanks to their generosity, the English version of this volume was created, which we are presenting to you herewith. We expect the book to be useful for diverse groups worldwide. The book’s authors present a holistic approach to speech therapy intervention in stuttering, taking into account the multi-faceted nature of the phenomena that concern them, and the consequences for speech therapists’ work. They consider effective prevention strategies, multi-dimensional diagnosis, and Evidence-based treatment methods. The book describes in detail topics related to the change of social attitudes towards stuttering and Evidence-based practice. The following contemporary therapeutic programs are also presented: Camperdown Program, KIDS (German title: Kinder dürfen stottern, which translates to: Children should be allowed to stutter in English), Lexipontix Programme, and MIST (Multidimensional Individualized Stuttering Therapy). Topics such as becoming an SLT with high competence in developmental and acquired stuttering, practical aspects of group therapy, prevention of school bullying, and stuttering and multi-lingualism are also covered. Furthermore, issues such as the use of humor, creativity, and modern technologies in speech therapy interventions are included.
... This informant hopes that there will be the use of more sophisticated technology and information systems to facilitate the process of transferring grants. With a better automation system, it is expected that administration and reporting processes can be carried out more efficiently, reduce human errors, and speed up the completion of the handover process (Bricker-Katz et al., 2013;Cuthbertson et al., 2020;Sahide & Giessen, 2015). ...
Article
Full-text available
The transfer of state property still faces obstacles that fail in its implementation, as revealed in the audit results of the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia (BPK-RI) for the Ministry of PUPR. This study aims to gain the understanding and experience of managers and users of state property in the transfer of grants that have not been implemented through an interview process and using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPAs). Therefore, this research was conducted using qualitative methods. The results of this study identified seven themes which included the informant's description of the transfer of grants that had not been implemented, the causes of the transfer failure, the informant's response to the failure, the informant's ability to deal with failure, the support needed by the informant, the informant's description of the transfer that should have been made, and the informant's expectations related to the transfer. The conclusions reached by managers and users show varied responses, coordinate efforts between the center and regions, and have expectations of synergies, additional budgets, and human resources. Research recommends better understanding, improved regulation, and inter-agency cooperation to overcome these obstacles.
... It is believed that identification and treatment at an early stage is a very effective strategy in curing stuttering and other developmental disorders before they become long-term and chronic disabilities. If stuttering persists in puberty, it can become a chronic disability that may interfere in a person's vocational, educational and social life (Bricker-Katz et al., 2013). ...
Article
Full-text available
The present study aimed at investigating communication apprehension, perceived social support and career problems faced by people who have fluency disorder i.e. Stuttering. A correlational research design was used in this study. A purposive sampling consisting of 80 people diagnosed with stuttering, aged between 18-30 (M age 24.03, SD 4.89) were drawn from hospital in Lahore. The sample size was determined using G-Power sampling technique. Tools used were demographic scale, Personal report of communication apprehension, perceived social support scale, and Career and retention Scale. Data were analyzed by using Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Multiple hierarchal linear regression. Results revealed a significant relationship between communication apprehension, perceived social support, and career problems among people who have fluency disorders (Stuttering). The results indicate a significant positive weak relationship of discussion with career. Moreover, the results also show a significant positive weak relationship of meetings and career with people diagnosed with fluency disorder which are the subscale of communication apprehension scale. The findings of the regression analysis were communication apprehension and perceived social support predicted career problems in people who have fluency disorder. The findings of the research will promote understanding of work place related problems among people who have fluency disorders.
... In addition to the observable features of the disorder (e.g., repeated movements, fixed postures, superfluous behaviors, etc.), it is well-reported that stuttering can have a potential negative impact on the quality of life of the stutterers [3], [4], [5], particularly social functioning and mental health [6], [7]. Stuttering can also impact an individual's job performance, academic achievement, and employment opportunities [8], [9], [10]. ...
Article
Introduction: To date no study has investigated speech-related social anxiety for Vietnamese adults who stutter. To carry out such a study, a culturally and linguistically relevant assessment tool is required but is not yet available. The objectives of this study were to translate and adapt the UTBAS-6 scale into Vietnamese and evaluate the validity and reliability of the Vietnamese version of the scale for use with Vietnamese adults who stutter. Methods: The translation process included forward and backward translation, synthesis, and expert review. The final version was administered to 34 Vietnamese adults who stutter. Content validity was assessed by experts working in the field of speech and language therapy. Face validity was assessed by study participants. Convergent and divergent validities were used to determine the construct validity. Cronbach’s alpha was used to test the internal consistency and intraclass correlation coefficient to determine test-retest reliability. Results: S-CVIs of “Relevance” and “Clarity” of the scale were in the range of 0.83-1.00, showing a high consensus of the expert panel. All participants stated that the Vietnamese version was related to stuttering and was easy to understand. The convergent validity was at 88.9% of the items, and the divergent validity was at 61.1% of the items. Alpha coefficients of three subscales and total scale were greater than 0.7. The test-retest reliability of the scales was moderate. Conclusions: The results of the study provided preliminary information on the validity and reliability of the Vietnamese version of the UTBAS-6 scale. Further studies with a representative and larger sample size are needed to ensure the accuracy of the findings.
... Emotional and physical withdrawal from social interactions and attempts to avoid other individuals may prevent aversive communicative experiences and dysfluencies in the short term, but may limit one's long-term choices in valued, important life domains. These domains may include occupation, physical health, sense of selfacceptance, identity, and development and maintenance of intimate relationships in the long-term (Beilby et al., 2012;Bricker-Katz et al., 2013;Butler, 2013;Corcoran & Stewart, 1998;Klein & Hood, 2004;Plexico et al., 2019). ...
Article
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Previous research indicates speaking may be emotionally and socially risky for adults who stutter (AWS) due to psychological distress induced by others following a dysfluency. This may impact communication-related decision-making; however, no measure had been developed to objectively quantify this variable. The present study aimed to develop and validate the Probability Discounting for Communication (PDC) task, a behavioral measure of risk taking that characterizes decreasing subjective value of hypothetical communication engagement as the probability of stuttering and listener reaction change. AWS (n = 67) and adults who do not stutter (AWNS; n = 93) were recruited from an online listserv and MTurk. Across a series of trials, participants completed the PDC by using a visual analog scale to indicate their subjective value of communication as probabilities of stuttering (1%-99%) and magnitudes of negative listener reaction risk (10%, 50%, 90%) were manipulated. They also completed measures of stuttering, communication, and demographics. Results revealed communication was discounted hyperbolically across increasing dysfluency odds. AWS showed more systematic discounting patterns compared to AWNS suggesting AWS may be more sensitive to communication due to experiences with stuttering. A magnitude effect was found with both AWS and AWNS discounting communication more steeply with increasing negative listener reaction risk. Significant associations were observed between discounting, stuttering, and communication measures among AWS, which indicates that sensitivity to risk in the context of stuttering and social reaction may influence communication engagement. Overall, the PDC functions as a measure to assess underlying decision-making patterns related to communication among AWS, which may inform treatment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
... Evidence suggests that the high levels of social anxiety and communication apprehension reported by PWS are not inherited, but the result of negative social evaluation experienced by those who stutter (i.e., prejudice, discrimination, negative attitudes; Boyle & Blood, 2015;Craig & Tran, 2014). The negative perceptions towards PWS can lead to negative interpersonal relationships (Van Borsel et al., 2011) and contribute to negative academic (Meredith & Packman, 2015;), occupational (McAllister et al., 2012Bricker-Katz et al., 2013), and economic opportunities (Gerlach et al., 2018). ...
Article
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze naïve listener perceptions of speech containing unmodified stuttering, use of the pull-out technique, and use of preparatory-sets. Method: Participants (N = 62) were randomly assigned to listen to one audio sample (unmodified stuttered speech, speech with pull-outs, or speech with preparatory-sets) and completed a survey assessing perceptions of the speaker’s speech and personality and the listener’s comfort level and willingness to social interact with the speaker. Results: Survey results revealed low perceptual ratings in all experimental conditions. Unmodified stuttered speech received significantly more positive ratings than the stuttering modification conditions in all measurements except for speech naturalness. Listeners reported being less willing to socially interact with those who use preparatory-sets than unmodified stuttered speech. Conclusion: The use of stuttering modification techniques did not improve listeners’ perceptions or willingness to interact with persons who stutter. Clinicians and those who stutter should be aware that the use of speech techniques will not decrease negative social interactions or stereotypes.
... reyin özel, akademik ve iş yaşamına kadar uzanmaktadır. 3,4 Kekemeliğe yönelik uygun olmayan ve/veya eksik bilgiler, uygun olmayan inançlar ve ön yargılar sebebiyle toplumun, eğitmenlerin ve işverenlerin kekemeliğe yönelik tutumları da olumsuz olabilmektedir. [5][6][7][8] Bununla birlikte, kekemelik üzerine hazırlanan 180 YouTube TM (YouTube, LLC, San Bruno, CA, USA) videosunun analizlerini içeren güncel bir çalışma, kekemeliğe dair güvenilir bilgiye erişimin önemini vurgulamaktadır. ...
... Persistent stuttering during childhood, adolescence and adulthood has potential adverse effects. These span the domains of mental health (Blumgart et al., 2010;Craig & Tran, 2014;Iverach et al., 2016Iverach et al., , 2017Stein et al., 1996), quality of life Franic et al., 2012;Koedoot et al., 2011) and education and vocational attainment (Blumgart et al., 2010;Bricker-Katz et al., 2013;Klein & Hood, 2004;Klompas & Ross, 2004;McAllister et al., 2012;O'Brian et al., 2011). Cumulative incidence estimates of early stuttering from large cohorts recruited prior to onset are 5.0% (Månsson, 2000) and 8.5% (Reilly et al., 2009) at 3 years of age, and 11.2% at 4 years of age (Reilly et al., 2009). ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: Early intervention is essential healthcare for stuttering, and the translation of research findings to community settings is a potential roadblock to it. Aims: This study was designed to replicate and extend the Lidcombe Program community translation findings of O'Brian et al. (2013) but with larger participant numbers, incorporating clinicians (speech pathologists/speech anlanguage therapists) and their clients from Australia and England. Methods & procedures: Participants were 51 clinicians working in public and private clinics across Australia (n = 36) and England (n = 15), and 121 of their young stuttering clients and their families. Outcome measures were percentage of syllables stuttered (%SS), parent severity ratings at 9 months post-recruitment, number of clinic visits to complete Stage 1 of the Lidcombe Program, and therapist drift. Outcomes & results: Community clinicians in both countries achieved similar outcomes to those from randomized controlled trials. Therapist drift emerged as an issue with community translation. Speech and language therapists in England attained outcomes 1.0%SS above the speech pathologists in Australia, although their scores were within the range attained in randomized trials. Conclusions & implications: Community clinicians from Australia and England can attain Lidcombe Program outcome benchmarks established in randomized trials. This finding is reassuring in light of the controlled conditions in clinical trials of the Lidcombe Program compared with its conduct in community practice. The long-term impact of therapist drift in community clinical practice with the Lidcombe Program has yet to be determined. What this paper adds: What is already known on the subject The Lidcombe Program is an efficacious early stuttering intervention. Translation to clinical communities has been studied with one Australian cohort. What this paper adds to existing knowledge A larger translation cohort is studied, comprising community clinicians and children in Australia and England. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Community clinicians from Australia and England can attain Lidcombe Program outcome benchmarks established in randomized trials. This finding is reassuring in light of the controlled conditions in clinical trials of the Lidcombe Program compared with its conduct in community practice.
... For these men power and control was obtained through the exercise of adequate control over stuttering and through career success. While professional men in this research study, consistent with previous studies (Bricker-Katz et al., 2013;Butler, 2014), acknowledged that their stuttering has had a negative impact on the progression in their career, they had reported significant career success and improved speech. As a result, professional men in this study were able to successfully perform and uphold the identity of able-bodied individual, thus rejecting the identity of disabled man, which they associated with weakness and vulnerability. ...
Article
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Background: A disability studies approach seeks to understand and address political and social issues that affect disabled individuals. Disability studies scholars employ various models of disability to address and oppose the oppression and discrimination of disabled individuals. A disability studies approach, however, has largely been absent in studies that have investigated the lived experiences of people who stutter. Aim: To examine the understandings young adult South African men who stutter hold of whether, and in what way, stuttering may be considered to be a disability. Methods & procedures: A total of 15 men who stutter, aged 20-39 years, participated in the study. Semi-structured interviews and two focus groups discussions were conducted to collect data for the study. The data were analysed according to a phenomenological approach and the affective turn in social research. Outcomes & results: The results indicated that some men in this study understood stuttering as a speech disorder that can be controlled, while other men constructed stuttering as a disability, subjectively positioning themselves either as disabled or non-disabled men. Conclusions & implications: This article emphasizes the importance of adopting a disability studies approach when examining the lived experiences of people who stutter and enhancing intervention strategies to adequately address the disabled needs of such individuals. What this paper adds: What is already known on the subject? The past few decades have seen researchers investigating the personal and social experiences of people who stutter. However, empirical studies exploring the disabling experiences of people who stutter have been absent from the existing body of knowledge. What this paper adds to existing knowledge? This research aimed to provide comprehensive insight into the disabling experiences of people who stutter. The results gave an insight into the oppression and disablism experienced by people who stutter. More specifically, the findings demonstrated how individuals who stutter are disabled by oppressive communication practices that dominate spaces of education and employment. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Several men in this study attended speech therapy to gain control over their stuttering. For a number of participants, speech therapy proved a valuable experience, while others saw speech therapy as being out of touch with their lived reality of stuttering. Speech and language therapists are encouraged to employ a disability studies approach in order to enhance intervention strategies to adequately address the disabling needs of people who stutter.
... If any such social penalties pertain to the disorder later in life, it would not be surprising if the complex behaviors of stuttering and the subsequent reduction in communicative effectiveness were associated with adverse effects of the disorder: (a) mental health, particularly social anxiety disorder (Blumgart et al., 2010;Craig et al., 2003;Iverach et al., 2009Iverach et al., , 2017Stein et al., 1996); (b) impaired quality of life (Beilby et al., 2012;Craig, 2010;Franic et al., 2012;Koedoot et al., 2011); and (c) impaired educational, social, and vocational attainment (Blumgart et al., 2010;Bricker-Katz et al., 2013;Klein & Hood, 2004;Klompas & Ross, 2004;McAllister et al., 2012;O'Brian et al., 2011). Considering that stuttering is commonly associated with social anxiety, it is plausible that stuttering behaviors that are more likely to impede the flow of speech substantively and draw attention to speech, such as fixed postures and superfluous behaviors, may lead to social anxiety more than repeated movements, which generally are simpler events. ...
Article
Full-text available
Purpose This study investigated the complexity of stuttering behavior. It described and classified the complexity of stuttering behavior in relation to age, behavioral treatment outcomes, stuttering severity, anxiety-related mental health, impact of stuttering, and gender. Method For this study, a taxonomy was developed—LBDL-C7—which was based on the Lidcombe Behavioral Data Language of stuttering. It was used by five experienced judges to analyze the complexity of stuttering behavior for 84 adults and adolescents before and after speech restructuring treatment. Data were 3,100 stuttering moments, which were analyzed with nominal logistic regression. Results The complexity of stuttering behavior appears not to change as a result of treatment, but it does appear to change with advancing age. Complexity of stuttering behavior was found to be independently associated with clinician stuttering severity scores but not with percentage of syllables stuttered or self-reported stuttering severity. Complexity of stuttering behavior was not associated with gender, anxiety, or impact of stuttering. Conclusion Clinical and research applications of these findings are discussed.
... A core challenge faced by AWS is employment, with previous studies reporting that they often hold negative attitudes towards the workplace (Bricker-Katz, Lincoln, & Cumming, 2013;Hayhow, Cray, & Enderby, 2002;Klein & Hood, 2004;McAllister, Collier, & Shepstone, 2012;Rice & Kroll, 1994;Rice & Kroll, 1997Schloss, Espin, Smith, & Suffolk, 1987). AWS often feel that their stuttering restricts their job performance and/or promotion opportunities (Briker-Katz, Lincoln, & McCabe, 2010;Klompas & Ross, 2004;Klein & Hood, 2004;Palasik, Gabel, Hughes, & Rusnak, 2012;Rice & Kroll, 2006), with them then holding negative stereotypes and stigma regarding their own employment status (Alqhazo, Blomgren, Roy, & Abu Awwad, 2017;Boyle, 2013b;Klein & Hood, 2004), as well as having feelings of being discriminated against at work (Alqhazo et al., 2017;Plexico, Hamilton, & Hawkins, 2019). ...
... Childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by the DSM-5 [1]. Many researchers have reported the negative impacts of stuttering on adults who stutter (AWS) in attaining employment and performing their workplace duties [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. In a study by Blumgart,et al. 50% of AWS believed that their stuttering made it difficult to obtain employment [2]. ...
... The secondary behaviours may involve Correspondence to: Dr. Yossra Sallam, Phoniatric Unit, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University eye blinking, jaw twitches or head movement in addition to some physiological reactions in the form of palpitations or flushing [3] . The collaborative effects of these components may lead to variable degrees of social withdrawal and impaired productivity in work environment [4] . The imagery of the 'iceberg of stuttering' is often used to state that what we see is not all what the person who stutter suffers from [5] . ...
... Khan's research, in particular, found that even a basic competence in the IPA was linked to demonstrable improvements in classroom confidence and an increase in "Empowerment Tools" (Equity levels) (Khan, 2013;Varasarin, 2007). In addition, research suggests that the IPA might have a positive impact on some dysfluent challenges such as stutters and speech challenges created by accidents or neurological strokes (Bricker-Katz et al., 2013;Moisik & Dediu, 2020;Yaruss & Conture, 1996). ...
... In recent years, the fervor with which investigators have sought to describe stuttering from a first-person point of view has popularized the application of phenomenological research methodologies. This variant of qualitative inquiry has allowed researchers to gain an enhanced understanding of the many ways that PWS interact with, navigate, and describe a diverse range of both objective and subjective manifestations of stuttering (Beilby, Byrnes, Meagher, & Yaruss, 2013;Bricker-Katz, Lincoln, & Cumming, 2013;Constantino, Manning, & Nordstrom, 2017;Hughes, Gabel, Irani, & Schlagheck, 2010;Jackson, Yaruss, Quesal, Terranova, & Whalen, 2015;Plexico & Burrus, 2012;Tichenor, Leslie, Shaiman, & Yaruss, 2017;Tichenor & Yaruss, 2018, 2019a, 2019b. A prime example of how phenomenology can bring speaker-oriented insights to light comes from a series of investigations conducted by Tichenor and Yaruss (2018, 2019a, 2019b, which pursued the operationalization of a definition of stuttering created by PWS. ...
Thesis
Stuttering is a neurologically based speech impairment often defined by listener-oriented parameters (i.e., its overt characteristics). These fail to encompass contextual variability and anticipation, two facets of the speaker’s experience which, though frequently encountered by people who stutter (PWS), remain poorly understood and largely under-researched. To better understand the subjective underpinnings of these phenomena, as well as how PWS conceptualize and relate to their stuttering, the present study sought to explore a) the experiences of PWS with the unpredictable and/or variable nature of their stuttering, as well as their beliefs surrounding potential contributors to its variability; b) the experiences of PWS with anticipation, and whether they believe that anticipation has a role in the variability of their stuttering across contexts; and c) the ways in which experiences of contextual variability and/or the anticipation of stuttering may impact levels of self-acceptance, quality of life, and life satisfaction of PWS.
... If any child experiences anxiety disorders, it could lead to low academic performance, depression, and increased family conflicts Velting et al., 2004), and vocational opportunities are also affected (Bricker-Katz et al., 2013;Gabel et al., 2004;Klein & Hood, 2004). They also experience negative mental and social health (Sanju et al., 2018) as well as negative self-stereotypes (Craig et al., 2003;MacKinnon et al., 2007). ...
Article
Full-text available
A high proportion of children with speech impairments are found to be vulnerable to this disorder and it significantly impairs their social adjustment and skills. In light of this problem, this study investigated the effect of cognitive behavioural play therapy in decreasing social anxiety disorders in school children with speech impairments. This study is a group-randomized control group trial involving 122 schoolchildren in inclusive schools in Enugu state of Nigeria. We utilized Gpower statistical software to establish the adequacy of the sample size. Participants in the intervention group were exposed to a 12-week cognitive behavioural play therapy programme whereas those in the comparison group did not receive the therapy programme but were rather only assessed at three-time points using Severity Measure for Generalized Anxiety Disorder—Child Age 11–17 (SMGAD-C), and Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale for Children and Adolescents, self-report version (LSAS-CA-SR). A multivariate analysis was used to analyze the data collected. The results showed that CBPT is significantly effective in lessening social anxiety disorders among children with speech impairments over time whereas no changes were observed among no-contact control group participants. Given the treatment outcome, this study finally suggests that CBPT intervention is effective and significant in decreasing social anxiety disorders in children with speech impairments.
... Achieving positive clinical outcomes when targeting communication competencies in children who stutter also holds promise for adults who stutter. The role of communication effectiveness is no less consequential for adults with the introduction of major life events that may be impacted by self-and listener-perceived communication competence, such as success during postsecondary education (e.g., , employment and promotion within the workforce (e.g., Bricker-Katz et al., 2013;Plexico et al., 2019), and managing romantic relationships (e.g., Zeigler-Hill et al., 2020), nor do adult clients view former treatment focused exclusively on fluency as particularly satisfying (see Yaruss et al., 2002). Of the 686 former adult clients surveyed by the NSA, approximately half rated treatment focused on eliminating stuttered speech or minimizing stuttered speech as only "somewhat successful" (55.0% and 57.5%, respectively), with up to one third rating these treatment approaches as "not at all successful" (34.3% and 23.7%, respectively; NSA, 2009). ...
Article
Full-text available
The purpose of this study was to examine the benefits of a treatment approach for adults who stutter that focuses on core communication competencies rather than attempt to modify speech fluency. Eleven adults who stutter completed a 12-week treatment program at The Arthur M. Blank Center for Stuttering Education and Research. Pre-and posttreatment measures included (a) self-reported cognitive and affective aspects of stuttering (Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering [OASES], Self-Perceived Communication Competence [SPCC], Devereux Adult Resilience Survey [DARS], and Self-Compassion Scale [SCS]) and (b) ratings of 9 core communication competencies by an unfamiliar clinician blind to pre/posttreatment status. Participants reported significant mitigation of the adverse impact of stuttering (OASES) and greater resilience (DARS) after treatment. Participants also demonstrated significant gains in 8 of the 9 clinician-perceived communication competencies. Lower pretreatment stuttering frequencies were not significantly associated with posttreatment gains in clinician-perceived communication competencies. Preliminary findings suggest that, similar to findings for children and adolescents who stutter in previous studies, significant psychosocial and communicative benefit can be obtained for adults who stutter following treatment designed to focus on communication effectiveness rather than fluency, and that these gains are not contingent on the participants' stuttering frequency prior to enrollment.
... Choć różni się to w zależności od cech indywidualnych jednostki i kontekstu, jąkanie może wywierać negatywny wpływ na relacje z innymi, edukację, karierę, życie społeczne i może istotnie wpływać zarówno na komunikację, jak i na jakość życia (Bricker - Katz, Lincoln, Cumming, 2013;Craig, Blumgart, Tran, 2009;Erickson, Block, 2013;Manning, Beck, 2013;O'Brian, Jones, Packman, Menzies, Onslow, 2011;Steine, Inglingstad, 2013;. Brak wiary we własne umiejętności mówienia może prowadzić do zachowań ucieczkowych i społecznego wycofania. ...
Book
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Publikacja Dialog bez barier – kompleksowa interwencja w jąkaniu. Wydanie polskie rozszerzone to podręcznik dla logopedów, studentów logopedii i innych specjalistów zajmujących się jąkaniem. Książka składająca się z 21 rozdziałów jest kompendium wiedzy teoretycznej i praktycznej na temat skutecznej interwencji w jąkaniu. W publikacji znalazły się rozdziały przygotowane przez badaczy i praktyków, a także specjalistów z osobistym doświadczeniem jąkania z różnych zakątków świata (z Australii, Belgii, Grecji, Kanady, Libanu, Malty, Niemiec, Norwegii, Polski, Stanów Zjednoczonych i Wielkiej Brytanii). Twórcy poszczególnych rozdziałów prezentują holistyczne podejście do interwencji logopedycznej w jąkaniu, uwzględniając wieloaspektowość zajmującego ich zjawiska i wynikające z tego konsekwencje dla pracy logopedy. Podejmują rozważania dotyczące skutecznej profilaktyki, wielowymiarowej diagnozy, poradnictwa ukierunkowanego na klienta/pacjenta i jego rodzinę oraz metod terapii opartych na dowodach. W tomie szczegółowo zaprezentowano współczesne programy terapeutyczne: Camperdown, KIDS, Lexipontix czy MIST. Omówiono temat pracy z grupą, zapobiegania mobbingowi szkolnemu, autoterapii bądź działalności samopomocowej. Poruszono również kwestie, takie jak: jąkanie a wielojęzyczność, zmiana społecznych postaw wobec jąkania, praktyka logopedyczna oparta na dowodach, stawanie się terapeutą zaburzeń płynności mowy, jąkanie neurogenne, a nawet wykorzystanie humoru, kreatywności i współczesnych technologii w interwencji logopedycznej. Publikacja powstała w ramach wdrażania polsko-norweskiej współpracy podjętej przy projekcie LOGOLab – Dialog bez barier (EOG/19/K1/D1/W/0031; partnerzy: Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach, Norweski Uniwersytet Arktyczny w Tromsø i Fundacja Wiedzy i Dialogu Społecznego Agere Aude w Chorzowie).
... [8][9][10] Erişkinlik döneminde tablo daha da karmaşıklaşmakta; kekeleyen bireyler iş yaşamında ve duygusal ilişkilerde de sorun yaşamakta, sosyal anksiyete gibi psikolojik tepkiler vermeleri daha olası olmaktadır. [11][12][13] Kekemeliğe ilişkin değerlendirme sürecinde, ailelere bozukluğa özgü gerekli bilgilendirmenin yapılması ve ailelerin terapi sürecine dâhil edilmesi gerekir. Bu doğrultuda ailelerin, kekemeliğe dair endişelerini azaltması, duyarsızlaşması, çocuklarına daha çok yardım etmeleri ve kekemeliğin kaçınılmaması gereken bir konu olduğuna yönelik farkındalıkları artırılmalıdır. ...
Article
Lasten kommunikointiasenteita arvioivan “Communication Attitude Test for Preschool and Kindergarten Children Who Stutter” (KiddyCAT) ja aikuisten kommunikointiasenteita arvioivan “Communication Attitude Test for Adults” (BigCAT) -testien kansainvälinen tutkimus on osoittanut, että änkyttävät lapset ja aikuiset suhtautuvat kielteisemmin puhumiseen kuin sujuvasti puhuvat verrokit. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli arvioida KiddyCAT-Fin- ja BigCAT-Fin-testien suomennosten pätevyyttä (validiteettia) ja luotettavuutta (reliabiliteettia). Lisäksi tavoitteena oli määritellä kummallekin testille kliinisen käytön tueksi katkaisupistemäärä, jonka ylittävä pistemäärä ilmaisee keskimääräistä kielteisempää kommunikointiasennetta. Tutkimuksessa 86 alle kouluikäistä lasta (joista 41 änkyttävää) täytti KiddyCAT-Fin:n 12 kysymystä sisältävän itsearviointilomakkeen ja 109 aikuista (joista 29 änkyttävää) täytti BigCAT-Fin:n 34 kysymystä sisältävän itsearviointilomakkeen. Itsearviointien kokonaispistemäärien keskiarvot olivat lähellä alkuperäisten englanninkielisten versioiden arvoja. Lisäksi änkyttävien lasten ja aikuisten kommunikointiasenteet olivat merkitsevästi kielteisemmät kuin sujuvasti puhuvien. Kummankin testin sisäinen konsistenssi ja uudelleenmittausreliabiliteetti olivat korkeat. Suomennettujen KiddyCAT:n ja BigCAT:n voidaan todeta erottelevan änkyttävien ihmisten kommunikointiasenteet tehokkaasti sujuvasti puhuvien ihmisten asenteista
Article
There is a general consensus regarding the essential nature of effective communication in the workplace. However, in practice, there seems to be a narrow and specific definition of communication effectiveness that goes above and beyond the ability to deliver information. This perpetuates stigma surrounding communication disorders such as stuttering, and helps drive negative employment outcomes for those who stutter. In this paper, we develop a model of Stuttering Stigma in Organizational Communication (SSOC) in order to better understand the complexity surrounding communication, stuttering, and stigma. We discuss implications for organizations and strategies for stigma reduction.
Article
The present study explored attitudes of pre- and in-service teachers toward learners who stutter (LWS) in selected learning institutions in the Copperbelt and Lusaka provinces of Zambia. Thirteen (13) participants participated in semi-structured interviews conducted to explicate attitudes of teachers toward LWS. This approach helped the researchers to inquire into teachers‟ beliefs and their level of knowledge about stuttering; and how they describe LWS. A thematic analytical approach was used to identify, verify, and describe themes that emerged from the interview data. Themes were explained in investigator narratives and illustrated through participants‟ quotes. This helped to preserve the authenticity and validity of the results. Findings show that while teachers describe LWS differently, they use neutral descriptive expressions with qualifiers, 45.7% more than negative, 32.6 % or positive, 21.7 % expressions. Teachers‟ attitudes toward LWS is generally negative; and their knowledge and beliefs about stuttering are characterized by misconceptions and misinformation. The study concludes that there is need for increased knowledge about stuttering to help dispel myths, clear misconceptions, and correct misinformation of pre- and in-service teachers. It further calls for a curriculum and training of teachers that reflects an enriched content about stuttering if they are to cater to the educational needs of LWS.
Article
Full-text available
The present study explored attitudes of pre- and in-service teachers toward learners who stutter (LWS) in selected learning institutions in the Copperbelt and Lusaka provinces of Zambia. Thirteen (13) participants participated in semi-structured interviews conducted to explicate attitudes of teachers toward LWS. This approach helped the researchers to inquire into teachers‟ beliefs and their level of knowledge about stuttering; and how they describe LWS. A thematic analytical approach was used to identify, verify, and describe themes that emerged from the interview data. Themes were explained in investigator narratives and illustrated through participants‟ quotes. This helped to preserve the authenticity and validity of the results. Findings show that while teachers describe LWS differently, they use neutral descriptive expressions with qualifiers, 45.7% more than negative, 32.6 % or positive, 21.7 % expressions. Teachers‟ attitudes toward LWS is generally negative; and their knowledge and beliefs about stuttering are characterized by misconceptions and misinformation. The study concludes that there is need for increased knowledge about stuttering to help dispel myths, clear misconceptions, and correct misinformation of pre- and in-service teachers. It further calls for a curriculum and training of teachers that reflects an enriched content about stuttering if they are to cater to the educational needs of LWS.
Article
Full-text available
Abstract The present study explored attitudes of pre- and in-service teachers toward learners who stutter (LWS) in selected learning institutions in the Copperbelt and Lusaka provinces of Zambia. Thirteen (13) participants participated in semi-structured interviews conducted to explicate attitudes of teachers toward LWS. This approach helped the researchers to inquire into teachers’ beliefs and their level of knowledge about stuttering; and how they describe LWS. A thematic analytical approach was used to identify, verify, and describe themes that emerged from the interview data. Themes were explained in investigator narratives and illustrated through participants’ quotes. This helped to preserve the authenticity and validity of the results. Findings show that while teachers describe LWS differently, they use neutral descriptive expressions with qualifiers, 45.7% more than negative, 32.6 % or positive, 21.7 % expressions. Teachers’ attitudes toward LWS is generally negative; and their knowledge and beliefs about stuttering are characterized by misconceptions and misinformation. The study concludes that there is need for increased knowledge about stuttering to help dispel myths, clear misconceptions, and correct misinformation of pre- and in-service teachers. It further calls for a curriculum and training of teachers that reflects an enriched content about stuttering if they are to cater to the educational needs of LWS. Key Words: Stuttering; Speech disorders; Beliefs and attitudes of teachers; Learners who stutter.
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Purpose: The purpose of this research study was to explore whether speech-language pathologists (SLPs) exhibit vocational stereotyping (role entrapment) toward people who stutter (PWS). Also, the effects of certain edu-cational and professional experiences on the reports made by SLPs were examined. Method: The Vocational Advice Scale (VAS; R.M. Gabel, G. Tellis, & M.T. Althouse, 2004), which is a scale with 43 careers, was completed by 158 SLPs. A demographic and open-ended questionnaire was also completed by the SLPs to identify factors that influenced their choices on the VAS. Results: The results indicated the presence of role en-trapment for only 2 of the careers on the VAS—attorney and speech pathologist—which were perceived to be less advisable or appropriate for males who stutter (MWS). This finding provides limited support for the notion that PWS suffer from role entrapment. Examination of the open-ended questions revealed that some SLPs would be supportive of MWS in various types of careers, but others commented on how stuttering would negatively affect the career choices of MWS or made general comments about the careers. Conclusion: Vocational stereotyping was found in only 2 out of 43 careers assessed in the study. Thus, it appears that stuttering did not lead to reports of role entrapment by this group of SLPs. Additionally, the total number of PWS whom the SLPs had treated in their career and the number of courses the SLPs had taken in stuttering had no effect on the participants' responses. However, participants who had engaged in professional readings in stuttering were more likely to provide positive advice to MWS for 2 of the careers. Future research might consider using different re-search approaches, including qualitative and mixed methods approaches, when studying role entrapment by SLPs. These methods might allow for a deeper understanding of this phenomenon.
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This study explored what it is actually like to be depressed, that is, to capture the content and complexity of this experience from the view point of the sufferer. We present a case study using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) of one man diagnosed with reactive depression. A semi-structured interview explored the experience of depression. The interview was transcribed and analysed using IPA. We describe how his depression occurred in the context of work and financial difficulties and note how a sense of vulnerability emerged and contrast with his reported experience of conventional masculinity. The process of becoming depressed involved the eruption of old negative memories and a catastrophic view of the present and future involving failure and death. We present a detailed analysis of two metaphorical constructions of depression. The features of depression form an interconnected whole. The experience of depression is so extreme that it is reported as if the person or self is dying. Onset appears to involve the destruction of highly valued life projects of the person. For some individuals, metaphors and images may be an actual part of the experience itself and contribute to it.
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In this paper, we discuss two complementary commitments of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA): the phenomenological requirement to understand and ‘give voice’ to the concerns of participants; and the interpretative requirement to contextualize and ‘make sense’ of these claims and concerns from a psychological perspective. The methodological and conceptual bases for the relationship between these phenomenological and interpretative aspects of IPA appear to be underdeveloped in the literature. We, therefore, offer some thoughts on the basis of this relationship, and on its context within qualitative psychology. We discuss the epistemological range of IPA's interpretative focus, and its relationship to the more descriptive features of phenomenological analysis. In order to situate our conclusions within a contextualist position, we draw upon concepts from Heideggerian phenomenology. The argument is illustrated by excerpts from our own research on relationship break-up. We conclude by encouraging IPA researchers to embrace the interpretative opportunities that are offered by this approach.
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Stigma is considered an important barrier to seeking mental health services. Two types of stigma exist: public stigma and self-stigma. Theoretically, it has been argued that public stigma leads to the development of self-stigma. However, the empirical support for this assertion is limited to cross-sectional data. Therefore, the goal of this research was to examine the relationship between public stigma and self-stigma over time. Perceptions of public and self-stigma were measured at Time 1 (T1) and then again 3 months later at Time 2 (T2). Using structural equation modeling, we conducted a cross-lag analysis of public stigma and self-stigma among a sample of 448 college students. Consistent with assertions that public stigma leads to the development of self-stigma, we found that public stigma at T1 predicted self-stigma at T2, whereas the converse was not true. These findings suggest that if self-stigma develops from public stigma, interventions could be developed to interrupt this process at the individual level and reduce or eliminate self-stigma despite perceptions of public stigma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).
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This paper considers the relationship between hermeneutic theory and qualitative empirical research in the human sciences. I suggest that the human sciences can offer a useful crucible for thinking again about some of the ideas in hermeneutics. I then provide a small piece of data from an empirical study I conducted on identity change during the transition to motherhood and show how the data and analysis can be “re-illuminated” when thought of in terms of ideas from the hermeneutic writing of Schleiermacher, Heidegger and Gadamer. Finally, I suggest a project that would go round one particular hermeneutic circle in the different direction, using empirical research in the human sciences to further extend and develop hermeneutic theory.
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Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is an increasingly popular approach to qualitative inquiry. This handy text covers its theoretical foundations and provides a detailed guide to conducting IPA research. Extended worked examples from the authors' own studies in health, sexuality, psychological distress and identity illustrate the breadth and depth of IPA research. Each of the chapters also offers a guide to other good exemplars of IPA research in the designated area. The final section of the book considers how IPA connects with other contemporary qualitative approaches like discourse and narrative analysis and how it addresses issues to do with validity. The book is written in an accessible style and will be extremely useful to students and researchers in psychology and related disciplines in the health and social sciences.
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To explore how individuals with SSc manage their work life. We conducted four focus group interviews, which included 17 patients currently working at least 20 h per week. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcribed texts were analysed according to thematic content analysis. Relevant statements that generated preliminary categories were identified, after which themes and underlying subthemes were generated. The participants perceived their work role as being important, giving them a structure in everyday life and a sense of being useful members of society. Work and private life were interacting, and different adjustments had been developed to create a satisfactory balance of activities in daily life. Three themes emerged: adjustment of work situation, adapting to own resources and disclosing limitations. Reduced working hours, flexibility in the workplace concerning time schedule, room and tasks were all valuable adjustments, and were dependent on the employer, fellow workers as well as the individual's attitude towards informing employer and colleagues about his/her limitations. The participants had simplified and rationalized a lot of household chores and pointed to the importance of prioritizing meaningful activities, as well as the necessity of having time for rest and recovery. Reduced working hours, work flexibility and prioritizing meaningful activities and recovery were important factors in order to manage work life. Intervention, including problem-solving techniques and re-designing of activities in daily life, could be useful to coach individuals towards finding a balance in their work life.
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Purpose Chronic disorder can impose a significant negative mental health burden. This research was conducted to explore factors that may protect people from the adversity of chronic stuttering. Method The study employed a population group cohort design. Participants included 200 adults who have stuttered since childhood, and the sample was divided into those who were classified as resilient and nonresilient on the basis of their global psychopathology scores. Protective factor differences between the 2 groups were determined using multivariate analysis of variance and unique contributors to psychopathology were isolated using multiple regression. Results Factors that significantly distinguished between groups included superior levels of health status, social support, vitality and social functioning, fewer physical limitations, and a greater sense of self-efficacy. Three unique contributors to adaptive outcomes were found: self-efficacy, social support, and healthy social functioning. Conclusions A number of factors were isolated that potentially protect individuals with chronic stuttering from developing psychopathology. The findings provide a better understanding of how people cope with a chronic fluency disorder.
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This paper focuses on the teaching of the qualitative method, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), to healthcare professionals (HCPs). It introduces briefly the philosophical background of IPA and how it has been used within healthcare research, and then discusses the teaching of IPA to HCPs within received educational theory. Lastly, the paper describes how IPA has been taught to students/trainees in some specific healthcare professions (clinical psychology, medicine, nursing and related disciplines). In doing this, the paper demonstrates the essential simplicity, paradoxical complexity, and methodological rigour that IPA can offer as a research tool in understanding healthcare and illness from the patient or service user perspective.
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Many individuals with mental illnesses are troubled by self-stigma and the subsequent processes that accompany this stigma: low self-esteem and self-efficacy. "Why try" is the overarching phenomenon of interest here, encompassing self-stigma, mediating processes, and their effect on goal-related behavior. In this paper, the literature that explains "why try" is reviewed, with special focus on social psychological models. Self-stigma comprises three steps: awareness of the stereotype, agreement with it, and applying it to one's self. As a result of these processes, people suffer reduced self-esteem and self-efficacy. People are dissuaded from pursuing the kind of opportunities that are fundamental to achieving life goals because of diminished self-esteem and self-efficacy. People may also avoid accessing and using evidence-based practices that help achieve these goals. The effects of self-stigma and the "why try" effect can be diminished by services that promote consumer empowerment.
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Purpose This study investigated peer responses to preschoolers' stuttering in preschool and sought to determine whether specific characteristics of participants' stuttering patterns elicited negative peer responses. Method Four outdoor free-play sessions of 4 preschoolers age 3–4 years who stutter were videotaped. Stutters were identified on transcripts of the play sessions. Peer responses to stuttered utterances were judged to be negative or neutral/positive. Thereafter, participants' stuttering behaviors, durations of stutters, and judgments of the meaningfulness of peer-directed stuttered utterances were analyzed. Results Between 71.4% and 100% of peer responses were judged to be neutral/positive. In the negative responses across 3 participants, peers were observed to react with confusion or to interrupt, mock, walk away from, or ignore the stuttered utterances. Utterances that elicited negative responses were typically meaningless and contained stutters that were behaviorally complex and/or of longer duration. Other social interaction difficulties also were observed—for example, difficulty leading peers in play, participating in pretend play, and resolving conflicts. Conclusions Results indicate that the majority of peer responses to stuttered utterances were neutral/positive; however, results also indicate that stuttering has the potential to elicit negative peer responses and affect other social interactions in preschool.
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Stereotype threat is being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group. Studies 1 and 2 varied the stereotype vulnerability of Black participants taking a difficult verbal test by varying whether or not their performance was ostensibly diagnostic of ability, and thus, whether or not they were at risk of fulfilling the racial stereotype about their intellectual ability. Reflecting the pressure of this vulnerability, Blacks underperformed in relation to Whites in the ability-diagnostic condition but not in the nondiagnostic condition (with Scholastic Aptitude Tests controlled). Study 3 validated that ability-diagnosticity cognitively activated the racial stereotype in these participants and motivated them not to conform to it, or to be judged by it. Study 4 showed that mere salience of the stereotype could impair Blacks' performance even when the test was not ability diagnostic. The role of stereotype vulnerability in the standardized test performance of ability-stigmatized groups is discussed.
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This study investigated the comparative reliability of 2 stuttering measurement tools when used by experienced judges: percentage of syllables stuttered (%SS) and a 9-point severity scale (SEV). The study also investigated the degree to which scores on 1 tool predict scores on the other and the distributions of stuttering when measured by these tools. Twelve experienced judges watched 3-min videotapes of 90 stuttering and 10 nonstuttering participants. Half the judges rated %SS, and half made severity ratings. Results showed very high intrajudge and interjudge agreement for both measures. There was a strong linear correlation between %SS scores and SEV scores. Based on this finding, it seems that the 2 measures can be regarded as largely interchangeable. The exception to this, however, was in cases where there was either a small number of significant fixed postures (blocks and prolongations) or a large number of innocuous repeated movements (repetitions) in the speech sample. In such cases, it appears that %SS and SEV scores combined would be needed to provide a valid measure of stuttering. SEV scores were more normally distributed than %SS scores, which were clearly skewed. The advantages and limitations of the SEV scale are discussed.
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Unlabelled: The purpose of the study was to investigate the life experiences of a group of South African adults who stutter and the impact of stuttering on their quality of life. Participants were 16 adults with a mean age of 28.9 and ranging from 20 to 59 years. Methods involved individual interviews designed to explore the life domains of education; social life; employment; speech therapy; family and marital life; and identity, beliefs and emotional issues. Main findings of the study indicated that the majority of participants perceived their stuttering to have impacted on their academic performance at school, and relationships with teachers and classmates. Although their stuttering was not perceived to adversely influence their ability to establish friendships, people generally reacted negatively to their stuttering. Many felt that their stuttering did not have an adverse effect on their choice of occupation, ability to obtain work, and relationships with managers and co-workers, although it was perceived to influence their work performance and hamper their chances for promotion. Although the majority viewed their speech therapy experiences as being negative; more than half the sample believed that speech therapy had, nevertheless exerted a positive effect on their quality of life. Overall, stuttering did not appear to have influenced participants' family and marital life. Most participants felt that stuttering had affected their self-esteem and self-image, and had evoked strong emotions within them. Findings are taken to suggest the need to incorporate subjective feelings about stuttering into the clinical practice of speech-language therapy; to provide information and coping strategies for teachers and employers; and for further research. Educational objectives: After completing this activity, the reader will be able to: (1) describe and explain the perceived impact of stuttering on quality of life in terms of education; social life; employment; speech therapy; family and marital life; and identity, beliefs and emotional issues; (2) to interpret and utilize the subjective meanings that individuals attach to their stuttering to improve stuttering treatment, counseling and research.
Chapter
This multi-disciplinary volume brings together original research from diverse disciplinary backgrounds investigating how we can define and operationalise a bio-psychosocial model of ill-health to improve work participation in middle and later life.
Book
The relationship between health and work is widely recognised as complex and multifaceted. In the context of an ageing population our ability to enable people with health issues to continue working is becoming more critical. This multi-disciplinary volume brings together original research from diverse disciplinary backgrounds investigating how we can define and operationalise a bio-psychosocial model of ill-health to improve work participation in middle and later life.
Article
This paper considers the relationship between hermeneutic theory and qualitative empirical research in the human sciences. I suggest that the human sciences can offer a useful crucible for thinking again about some of the ideas in hermeneutics. I then provide a small piece of data from an empirical study I conducted on identity change during the transition to motherhood and show how the data and analysis can be "re-illuminated" when thought of in terms of ideas from the hermeneutic writing of Schleiermacher, Heidegger and Gadamer. Finally, I suggest a project that would go round one particular hermeneutic circle in the different direction, using empirical research in the human sciences to further extend and develop hermeneutic theory. Key words: Hermeneutics, human sciences, interpretation, identity
Article
This chapter traces the growing concern with health issues at work and examines the argument that work is good for health. It reviews trends in health and the self-reporting of limiting illnesses. A summary is provided of the developments in public policy for managing health at work in the context of an ageing population, high levels of people on incapacity benefits and the government's case that work is the best form of welfare. The chapter argues that a bio-psychosocial model of the ‘illness experience’ derived from a multi-disciplinary approach is needed to understand how people and organisations can better manage health conditions at work.
Article
When we put on a good face we are claiming a set of approved social attributes – presenting an image of who/what we wish to be accepted as and taken for, by others. As Erving Goffman puts it, we have a good face when we fit an image others have of, for example, our profession, by making a good showing of ourselves (Goffman, 1967: 5). There is a large body of literature on the emotional labour of controlling and showing an emotional good face, that is, the work to preserve a professional and a corporate ‘face’, even if that entails hiding or disguising one’s personal emotions. Another smaller body of literature, building on the concept of emotional labour, is that describing aesthetic labour. Aesthetic labour is the selling of one’s embodied ‘face’, or approved social attributes, to create and preserve a professional and/or corporate image – often described as ‘looking good and sounding right’. Emotional and aesthetic literacy are fundamentally communication concepts requiring sophisticated perceptual as well as messaging skills. Using hairstylists as exemplars, I examine the close and personal relationships stylists enjoy with their clients as they toil, behind the chair but in the mirror, gathering insight into the relationship between emotional labour and aesthetic labour, and to the acquisition of emotional and aesthetic literacy that is essential to the effective performance of presentational labour.
Article
Research has clearly shown the relationship between subjective well-being and work performance, even though there is debate over the causality of that relationship (i.e., does subjective well-being cause higher work performance or does greater work performance lead to subjective well-being?). Regardless, researchers and practitioners would agree that having employees who are productive and have high subjective well-being is valuable. The purpose of this article is to review research in this area and to discuss strategies for promoting well-being at the workplace.
Article
This paper reflects on the development of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) as one particular qualitative approach to psychology. After a brief introduction to IPA, the paper outlines what can be described as its characteristic features: idiographic, inductive, interrogative, illustrating each feature with examples from studies which have been conducted with IPA. The paper then considers the different levels of interpretation, which are possible with IPA and discusses the notion of when an interpretation is ‘good enough’. It goes on to consider issues around the types of topics for which IPA is suitable and the emerging pattern of work using the approach. The next section considers how IPA studies can widen the type of participants included and also examines the suitability of different data collection methods. The paper finishes by bringing together some thoughts on the future development of IPA.
Article
Unlabelled: Stuttering is a chronic condition involving involuntary disruption to speech fluency. While elevated social anxiety has been found to be a risk factor for adults who have stuttered all their lives, it is unclear how stuttering influences other negative mood states such as interpersonal sensitivity and depressive mood. Consequently, controlled research was conducted that investigated negative affectivity across a number of domains in adults who stutter. Participants included 200 adults who have stuttered since childhood, with comparisons made to 200 non-stuttering controls of similar age and sex. The adults who stuttered were found to have significantly elevated levels of distress and negative mood states compared to the controls. As expected, significant differences were found for anxiety, however, significant and substantial differences were also found across a broad range of negative affect, including dimensions such as somatization, interpersonal sensitivity, depressive mood, hostility and paranoia. The implications of these findings for the better management of stuttering are discussed. Educational objectives: The reader will be able to describe: (a) the negative impact of a chronic disorder like stuttering on people who have stuttered all their life; (b) the factor structure of the SCL-90-R; (c) the negative affectivity construct, and (d) the difference between psychogenic theories of stuttering and neurological theories of stuttering.
Article
African Caribbean women are under-represented within mental health services in the United Kingdom, despite sociocontextual vulnerabilities which may increase emotional distress. This qualitative study aimed to explore individual explanatory models of experiences of distress, coping and help-seeking choices, with a view to improving cultural relevance of services. Participants were recruited following their self-referral to self-help community wellbeing workshops. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was carried out following semi-structured interviews with seven African Caribbean women in central London, who reported previously experiencing emotional distress. The study was conducted during 2009. Five super-ordinate themes emerged from the data: explanations of distress, experiences of distress, managing distress, social and cultural influences and seeking help. Each super-ordinate theme consisted of several subthemes which described participants’ experiences. Gender roles and a cultural legacy of being strong and hiding distress emerged as influential in participants’ beliefs about managing personal difficulties. However, this was balanced with an acknowledgement that intergenerational differences highlighted an increasing acceptance amongst the community of talking about issues and seeking professional support. The findings offered support for the notion that understandings and responses to personal distress are subject to broad-ranging and interwoven influences. This complexity may be conceptualised as an ‘exploratory map’ where individuals make links between their current and newly encountered knowledge and experience to guide their personal route to coping and help-seeking. The study provides support for tailoring services to individual needs using a flexible approach which empowers individuals from black and minority ethnic groups by valuing explanatory models of distress alternative to the westernised medical model. Furthermore, findings emphasise the importance of readily available and accessible information about statutory and non-statutory community resources which use language relevant to the communities they are aimed at engaging.
Chapter
This chapter describes interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), which involves self-report data elicitation through interview associated with a sophisticated thematic analysis. The approach is idiographic and invariably linked to non-experimental research designs. The IPA training exercise presented provides details of how to construct an appropriate interview schedule and the steps in recording and then reporting data. The chapter is appropriate for intermediate level courses. © 2004 The British Psychological Society and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Article
In interview and survey studies, people who stutter report the belief that stuttering has had a negative impact on their own education and employment. This population study sought objective evidence of such disadvantage for people who stutter as a group, compared with people who do not stutter. A secondary analysis of a British birth cohort dataset was used in the study. At age 16, there were 217 cohort members who were reported by their parents to stutter, and 15,694 cohort members with no known history of stuttering or other speech problems. Data were analysed concerning factors associated with report of stuttering at 16, school leaving age, highest qualification, unemployment early in working life, pay at age 23 and 50, and social class of job at age 23 and 50. Those who stuttered at 16 were statistically more likely than those who did not stutter to be male, to have poorer cognitive test scores, and to have been bullied. There were no significant effects of stuttering on educational outcomes. For employment outcomes, the only significant association with stuttering concerned socioeconomic status of occupation at 50, with those who had been reported to stutter having lower-status jobs. These findings fail to support the belief that stuttering has a negative impact on education and employment. The higher likelihood of those who stutter working in lower-status positions may reflect their preference for avoiding occupations perceived to require good spoken communication abilities. Therapeutic implications are discussed. The reader will be able to describe (a) prior work on the impact of stuttering on education and employment, (b) some characteristics of the National Child Development Study (NCDS), (c) the effect of stuttering on school leaving age and highest educational qualification in NCDS, (d) the effect of stuttering on employment outcomes in NCDS: unemployment by age 23, pay at 23 and 50, and socioeconomic status of occupation at 23 and 50.
Chapter
This chapter provides an introduction to and overview of stigma. (from the chapter) Topics include: what is stigma?; types and dimensions of stigma; functions of stigmatizing others; a conceptual framework (the perceiver–target dimension, the personal–group based identity dimension, the affective–cognitive–behavioral dimension, advantages of the 3-dimensional framework, limitations of the framework). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) (chapter)
Article
The knowledge of and attitudes toward stuttering of 152 Alabama vocational rehabilitation counselors were studied using the Alabama Rehabilitation Counselors' Attitudes Toward Stuttering (ARCATS) Inventory consisting of 25 true- false statements designed to assess knowledge of stuttering and 15 statements designed to assess attitudes toward stuttering. Counselors were found to perceive stuttering as being significantly vocationally handicapping and amenable to therapy and to perceive stutterers as almost always benefiting from therapy and as being good candidates for vocational rehabilitation. It was concluded that the vocational rehabilitation counselors studied hold attitudes facilitative to the rehabilitation of stutterers.
Article
The purpose of this study was to determine whether persons who stutter are regarded as being less competent than others in the same occupation. Forty-eight undergraduate students who were enrolled in an introductory public speaking course rated one of four scenarios (“a lawyer,” “a lawyer who stutters,” “a factory worker,” or “a factory worker who stutters”) on each of 81 semantic differential scales. Analyses of the ratings indicated that while both the lawyer and factory worker who stuttered were perceived as being less competent than others in these occupations, the negative impact of stuttering on the “appearance of competence” was greater for the former than for the latter. Clinical implications are discussed.
Article
This qualitative study investigated the experiences of eight adults who stutter. An initial 60- to-90-minute interview, using open-ended questions and probes elicited the participants’ narratives of their experiences of stuttering. A second 60-minute interview assessed the credibility of the investigator’s preliminary interpretations. Suffering was the primary theme that emerged from the analysis of the transcripts. The four key elements of suffering were helplessness, shame, fear, and avoidance. The findings are discussed within the context of the literature on helplessness, stigma, and suffering. The clinician–client relationship is seen as the critical element in the relief of suffering.
Article
A study of the use of and attitudes towards the telephone by persons with stuttering impairment is presented. Data was collected by survey (postal questionnaire). Results indicate that making calls may be more problematic than answering them. Avoidance-like behaviours were more prevalent amongst younger adult stutterers than their older counterparts. Severe stutterers use the telephone least. Many stutterers surveyed see telephoning as being more problematic than ‘face-to-face’ communication and give a range of reasons for this. Telephoning difficulties can have wide ranging effects. Some implications of these findings are discussed.
Article
The attitudes of 644 employers toward stuttering were studied through the use of a questionnaire which required the respondents to indicate their strenght-of- agreement to seven attitudinal statements concerning stuttering. While rejecting the suggestion that stuttering interferes with job performance, the employers agreed that stuttering decreases employability and interferes with promotion possibilities. It was concluded that although stuttering may not typically interfere with job performance, it is a significant vocationally handicapping problem.
Article
Social cognitive career theory (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994) was originally designed to help explain interest development, choice, and performance in career and educational domains. These three aspects of career/academic development were presented in distinct but overlapping segmental models. This article presents a fourth social cognitive model aimed at understanding satisfaction experienced in vocational and educational pursuits. The model posits paths whereby core social cognitive variables (e.g., self-efficacy, goals) function jointly with personality/affective trait and contextual variables that have been linked to job satisfaction. We consider the model’s implications for forging an understanding of satisfaction that bridges the often disparate perspectives of organizational and vocational psychology.
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The Stuttering Inventory, designed to assess knowledge about and identify attitudes toward stuttering was completed by 203 subjects. The relative contributions of age, gender, years of education, knowledge about stuttering, number of people who stutter personally known, number of stuttering courses completed, and possession of the Certificate of Clinical Competence in speech-language pathology towards the prediction of attitudes toward people who stutter, their parents, and the efficacy of therapy were examined. Possessing the Certificate of Clinical Competence was the most reliable predictor of attitude scores. The limitations of this study and related research efforts using paper and pencil assessments of attitudes toward stuttering are discussed.
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Unlabelled: Factors affecting perceptions of occupational suitability were examined for speakers who stutter and speakers who do not stutter. In Experiment 1, 58 adults who do not stutter heard one of two audio recordings (less severe stuttering, more severe stuttering) of a speaker who stuttered. Participants rated the speaker's communicative functioning, personal attributes, and suitability for 32 occupations, along with perceptions of the occupations' speaking demands and educational requirements. Perceived speaking demand strongly affected occupational suitability ratings at both levels of stuttering severity. In Experiment 2, 58 additional adults who do not stutter heard a recording of another adult in one of two conditions (fluent speech, pseudo-stuttering), and provided the same ratings as in Experiment 1. In the pseudo-stuttering condition, participants' perceptions of occupational speaking demand again had a strong effect on occupational suitability ratings. In the fluent condition, suitability ratings were affected primarily by perceived educational demand; perceived speaking demand was of secondary importance. Across all participants in Experiment 2, occupational suitability ratings were associated with ratings of the speaker's personal attributes and communicative functioning. In both experiments, speakers who stuttered received lower suitability ratings for high speaking demand occupations than for low speaking demand occupations. Ratings for many high speaking occupations, however, fell just below the midpoint of the occupational suitability scale, suggesting that participants viewed these occupations as less appropriate, but not necessarily inappropriate, for people who stutter. Overall, the findings support the hypothesis that people who stutter may face occupational stereotyping and/or role entrapment in work settings. Educational objectives: At the end of this activity the reader will be able to (a) summarize main findings on research related to the work-related experiences of people who stutter, (b) describe factors that affect perceptions of which occupations are best suited for speakers who stutter and speakers who do not stutter, and (c) discuss how findings from the present study relate to previous findings on occupational advice for people who stutter.
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The self-esteem of some people with serious psychiatric disorders may be hurt by internalizing stereotypes about mental illness. A progressive model of self-stigma yields four stages leading to diminished self-esteem and hope: being aware of associated stereotypes, agreeing with them, applying the stereotypes to one's self, and suffering lower self-esteem. We expect to find associations between proximal stages - awareness and agreement - to be greater than between more distal stages: awareness and harm. The model was tested on 85 people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illnesses who completed measures representing the four stages of self-stigma, another independently-developed instrument representing self-stigma, proxies of harm (lowered self-esteem and hopelessness), and depression. These measures were also repeated at 6-month follow-up. Results were mixed but some evidence supported the progressive nature of self-stigma. Most importantly, separate stages of the progressive model were significantly associated with lowered self-esteem and hope. Implications of the model for stigma change are discussed. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Article
Quantitative research suggests that perceiving injustice can impact negatively upon physical and psychological health in chronic pain. However, little is known about the experience and perceptions of injustice in this context. This study examines the phenomenology of justice and injustice in chronic pain. Fifteen chronic pain sufferers recruited from General Practices in upper, middle and lower socioeconomic areas participated in one of three focus group discussions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to interrogate justice-related conceptions. All discussions were observed, audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and subjected to Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. The dominant theme of the upper socioeconomic group was 'seeking equality'. For the middle socioeconomic group the dominant theme was 'battle for quality of life' and for the lower socioeconomic group the dominant theme was 'the unfair advantage of others'. It is concluded that this group of chronic pain sufferers prioritize justice-related issues in terms of what is dominant to their social concerns and personal needs.