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www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol7/i1547-3465-07-409.pdf
Ethnobotany Research & Applications 7:409-422 (2009)
Kamal Prasad Aryal, International Centre for Integrated Moun-
tain Development (ICIMOD), GPO Box 3226, Kathmandu, NE-
PAL. karyal@icimod.org
Åke Berg, Swedish Biodiversity Centre (CBM), SLU, SE-750 07
Uppsala, SWEDEN. Ake.Berg@cbm.slu.se
Britta Ogle, Department of Rural and Urban Development, SLU,
SE-750 07, Uppsala, SWEDEN.
For instance, Shore (2000) indicated that in Bangladesh
uncultivated foods such as leafy greens, tubers and wild
fruits constituted nearly 40% of food requirements of
communities. In rural India local people consumed uncul-
tivated foods at least 50-80 days in a year (DDS 2002).
In addition to providing food directly, uncultivated plants
provide an opportunity for cash generation (Harris & Mo-
hammed 2003). Many uncultivated plant resources have
signicant economic value derived from their collection
and sale (Melnyk 1994). Moreover, uncultivated food is
an important component of the local society and culture,
and loss of those means a loss of important components
of culture and religion (Akhtar 2001). Uncultivated plants
are also used as folk medicines for common ailments
such as headache, swellings, wounds, scabies, and di-
gestion problems (DDS 2002).
Over 90% of the Nepalese people live between farmland
and forest, and they depend on natural resources for their
basic needs. In particular, the hill people depend on a
combination of forest products, livestock and agricultural
products, and their livelihoods would not be sustainable
without these resources (Manandhar 1995, 2002). Ary-
Uncultivated Plants and
Livelihood Support –
A case study from the
Chepang people of Nepal
Kamal Prasad Aryal, Åke Berg and Britta Ogle
Research
Abstract
This study documents the use of uncultivated plants, their
status and contribution to the livelihoods of Chepang peo-
ple in the mid-hills of Nepal. Diversity fairs, key informant
surveys, group discussions and individual household sur-
veys were conducted. The plants identied were used as
food, vegetables, medicine, and for cultural and economic
reasons. The uses of 85 uncultivated plant species were
documented of which 72% had multiple functions. The un-
cultivated foods contributed signicantly to food require-
ments of the households (mean 2.6 months a year). Fif-
teen species were stored for future use, e.g., Dioscorea
species. Almost all species (87%) were also culturally
important or medicinal (43%). The availability of these
species has declined over time. However, people have
started in-situ conservation and domestication of several
important species, e.g., Asparagus racemosus Willd., Di-
oscorea bulbifera L., and Diploknema butyracea (Roxb.)
H.J. Lam, but these resources are neglected in research
and development activities.
Introduction
Throughout the world, wild or uncultivated plants provide
a ‘green social security’ to hundreds of millions of people
in the form of food, materials for clothes and shelter (Cun-
ningham 2001). These plants add diversity to local food
systems, reinforce culture and contribute with diversity to
farming systems, and could be important for household
food security, health, and nutrition and income generation
(Machakaire 2001, Scoones et al. 1992, Warinwa 2000).
Foods from uncultivated species forms an integral part of
the daily diets of many rural households (Cromwell 1997,
Shrestha 2001). Between 60-70% of populations in devel-
oping countries living between agricultural and forest land
areas collect various parts of uncultivated plants such as
roots, leaves, fruits, and nuts (Heywood 1999, Hladik &
Dounias 1993).
Published: December 2, 2009
Ethnobotany Research & Applications410
www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol7/i1547-3465-07-409.pdf
al & Awasthi (2004) showed that about two thirds of the
households in hill districts of Nepal suffer from food short-
ages due to insufcient agricultural production on avail-
able land.
Shifting cultivation is the traditional land-use for farm-
ers from various ethnic groups in Nepal, and is practiced
in about 20 districts (Regmi et al. 2003). The Chepang
of central Nepal are one of the ethnic groups known for
practicing shifting cultivation, but also for being among
the most marginalized communities (Kerkhoff & Shar-
ma 2006). Food security is a major concern, and a study
in Kharsang village, where 47% of the population were
Chepang, showed that 97% of the people suffered from
varying degrees of food deciency during 3-9 months per
year (Balla et al. 2002). Because the land is hardly t for
permanent cultivation, the ability to practice shifting cul-
tivation contributes to their subsistence, but this practice
might lead to periods of food insecurity. The search for
wild and uncultivated foods might therefore be an impor-
tant supplement for livelihood support (Aryal et al. 2007).
Diversity of uncultivated plant species, their occurrence
and relationship with cultivated species and their use by
humans has rarely been studied systematically (Grivetti &
Ogle 2000, Vázquez-García et al. 2004). The value and
potential of uncultivated foods in the food security and nu-
trition of rural people is also neglected in agricultural and
environmental programs (Gari 2002, Ogle 2001, Ogle et
al. 2003). Little is known about the large variety of land
use types, cultural knowledge of indigenous people and
the vast number of uncultivated plant species associated
with shifting cultivation by policy makers, authorities and
scientists (Kerkhoff & Sharma 2006). Some uncultivated
plant species are probably used by many rural house-
holds in Nepal in the daily life. However, detailed studies
about their availability, status, and contribution in the liveli-
hood support are few (Regmi et al. 2006, Shrestha 2001,
Shrestha & Dhillion 2006).
In this study we investigated the use of uncultivated plants
for foods, medicines, cultural purposes and their impor-
tance as income generation sources among Chepang
communities in the Dhading district of Nepal. The prin-
ciple aim was to identify uncultivated plant species and
understand their status and contribution to the livelihood
support of the Chepang people. We hypothesized that un-
cultivated plants were important for livelihood support and
income for the Chepang community.
Materials and methods
Study site and study population
The eld research was conducted in Bumrang village
of Dhusa Village Development Committee (VDC) in the
Dhading districts of Nepal (Figure 1). Dhading is situated
in the central development regions of Nepal between 27o
Figure 1. Location of the study area (Dhusa Village
Development Committee) in the Dhading district in the
middle hills of Nepal. Modied from map prepared by
ICIMOD April, 2007 used in Aryal 2007.
Dhusa
Dhading
District
30km150
NEPAL
N
Kathmandu
40’ to 28o 14’ N and 84o 0’ to 85o 1’ E (Rimal et al. 2002).
The study site is situated at elevations of 450 to 1400 m
above sea level with warm sub-tropical to temperate cli-
mate. The area is sensitive to erosion due to steep hill
slopes. The number of households of the VDC is 1012
(CBS 2003).
The population of Chepangs in Nepal total about 52,000
(0.23% of Nepal’s population) and are considered to be
one of the less developed communities with only 13.9%
being literate (CBS 2003). Chepangs are the ancient set-
tlers of the study area with 350 households recorded in
the VDC (Chepang District Prole 2006). Chepangs have
traditionally lived as semi-nomads depending on shift-
ing cultivation farming systems supplemented with hunt-
ing and gathering of uncultivated foods (Chepang 2006,
Manandhar 2002). The major crops are maize (Zea mays
L.) and nger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.). The
household production is generally sufcient for about 5
months subsistence per year and only 1% of the Chepang
have sufcient food for the whole year from their own ag-
ricultural production (Gurung 2006). During the rest of the
year they depend on wage labor work and uncultivated
foods (Regmi et al. 2006).
Aryal et al. - Uncultivated Plants and Livelihood Support –
A case study from the Chepang people of Nepal
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411
Methods
The main methods used for identication of uncultivated
plants that were being used were 1) diversity fairs, 2) key
informants interviews and group discussions, and 3) indi-
vidual household surveys.
Diversity fairs of uncultivated foods were organized in the
study site with the objective of quickly assessing the gen-
eral richness and status of uncultivated plants. Diversi-
ty fairs provided unique opportunities for individuals and
community members to display their local plant materi-
al, as well as to share and document associated knowl-
edge (Rijal et al. 1998, Sthapit et al. 2003). During the fair,
specimens of uncultivated plant species were collected,
identied, and vouchers were deposited at the district of-
ce of Nepal Chepang Association (NCA), Chepang San-
grahalaya (Chepang Museum), Dhading. These fairs were
useful for identifying the uncultivated species, and their
use values. Important species were collected for group
discussions about different species habitat and, uses as
foods, vegetables, medicines, or in cultural ceremonies.
Ten key informants (seven farmers and three people from
the staff at local institutions) were selected for interviews.
The community people identied the farmers whereas
the researchers identied the informants from local in-
stitutions. Key informants were considered to have good
knowledge about the local people in general and about
use of uncultivated plants in particular. All initially select-
ed key-informants agreed to participate in the study. Key
informants were interviewed about their perceptions and
experience concerning the role of uncultivated foods in
sustainable livelihoods, and conservation actions taken
to maintain these species. During repeated visits to the
study site further group discussions (8-12 people) were
held with: i) old-age key informants, and ii) with women
who the key-informants knew were especially skilled in
the use of uncultivated plants.
Sixty-two households (18% of the households) were se-
lected for interviews by using random sampling of all
households. All households were visited at least once for
approximately three hours (some household were visit-
ed twice for verication). The household survey was de-
signed to get data on farming practices, subsistence, use
of uncultivated plants and their management, as well as
personal demographic features. The household survey
questionnaire consisted of four sections. The rst section
consisted of demographic and socio-economic informa-
tion on the household, including variables such as sex,
age, wealth categories, education, household size, major
occupation, food sufciency, and household income. The
second section concerned information about the shifting
cultivation practices and the third section concerned un-
cultivated plant species. The nal section concerned in-
formation about the conservation and management of un-
cultivated plant species.
In addition, eld visits were made with the key informants
to areas where the respondents collected the uncultivat-
ed species. During the visits, harvesting methods, parts
used, harvest quantity as well as treatment and storage
of different species for future use was discussed in semi-
structured and open-ended interviews.
Results and Discussion
General features of the respondents
The farmers in the study site live under different socio-
economic conditions in terms of education, income sourc-
es, food sufciency levels, family size, age and occu-
pation. The number of interviewed persons was 62 (37
men and 25 women). The mean age of the respondents
was 39 years (44.5% of the respondents were older than
41 years and 42% were 26-40 years old.) The average
household size of the study site was 6.5 people, which
is somewhat higher than the national average of 5.4 per-
sons (CBS 2003). In general, the literacy rate was very
low; 73% of the respondents were illiterate and only 27%
could write their own name. This can be compared to the
national literacy rate of 54% (CBS 2003). The average
yearly household income was $209. Food sufciency was
a major problem in the area; about 70% of the house-
holds could only live 7-10 months on products from their
own agricultural production and 16% of the households
could live less than 6 months a year on their own agri-
cultural production. During the food decit periods, these
households depended on multiple coping strategies such
as share cropping, i.e., growing of crops on land owned by
others, (40% of the households), wage labour (90%), col-
lection of wild foods (92%), and selling of products (24% of
the households). All households used uncultivated plants
however, the quantity and forms of use differed widely be-
tween the households due to socio-economic and cultural
factors (see below).
Richness of uncultivated plants and their status
Uncultivated plants in this study include all plant resourc-
es that are collected for human consumption from natu-
ral and semi-natural environments (e.g., slash and burn
areas, agriculture elds, grasslands with natural vegeta-
tion). However, the term ‘uncultivated’ does not neces-
sarily imply a total absence of human inuence because
plants may be collected from common property areas in
some regions but protected and managed in home gar-
dens in other areas (Cromwell et al. 1997).
Diversity fairs in the area recorded a total of 85 uncultivat-
ed plant species (see Appendix 1). Of these, 61 species
(72%) had multiple functions as food, medicine, or had cul-
tural or economic importance. Most of the recorded spe-
cies are also used in other parts of the country (Manand-
har 2002, Shrestha 2001, Shrestha & Dhillion 2006).
Ethnobotany Research & Applications412
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The availability of most uncultivated plants (62%) was
classied as intermediate (medium availability and pos-
sible to use on a daily basis). For 20% of the species, the
status in the wild was classied as scarce (difcult to nd,
and could not be used as much as desired), and 18% of
the species as abundant in their natural habitat (sufcient-
ly available and could be used as much as desired regu-
larly). Interestingly, almost all the species with low avail-
ability were those used for medicinal purposes or species
used for their food value. The collection and marketing
of Asparagus racemosus Willd., Cissampelos pareira L.,
Dioscorea bulbifera L., Juglans regia L., Swertia chirayita
(Roxb. ex Fleming) Karsten, Tectaria macrodonta (Fée)
C. Chr., Terminalia chebula Retz., and Tinospora sinensis
(Lour.) Merr. have been shown to have good protability
(Manandhar 2002). However, over-exploitation and illegal
harvesting and trading are threatening some of these spe-
cies (Chaudhary 1999). Similarly, uncultivated plants are
over-exploited in other parts of the worlds (Balemie & Ke-
bebew 2006, Begossi et al. 2002, Gari 2002, Tabuti et al.
2004). During group discussions, decreasing forest cover,
heavy dependency of people on these resources and il-
legal harvesting and trade were suggested as the major
causes for perceived declining abundance of these spe-
cies.
Use of uncultivated foods
All respondents reported that they use uncultivated re-
sources in their daily life. 94% of all households responded
that they used uncultivated foods due to insufciency and
because they are freely available. Medicinal value (43% of
all households) and nutritional aspects (32% of all house-
holds) were also mentioned by a relatively large propor-
tion of the respondents. A conclusion from the group dis-
cussions was that the use of medicinal plants for health
care is declining. An important reason for this change is
that the traditional healers, who used to treat people, are
few at present and the transfer of knowledge and practice
to prepare such medicines is low. The younger generation
is not interested in studying such traditional ways of medi-
cation (Bista 2004, Ladio & Lozada 2004).
The uncultivated foods contributed signicantly to the food
requirements of the households. A majority (58%) of the
households used food from uncultivated sources more
than 3.5 months per year (Figure 2). Similar contribu-
tions from uncultivated foods have been found by Balla et
al. (2002) in the Tanahun and Chitwan districts of Nepal.
Shrestha (2001) reported that 20-30% of the food require-
ments in rural communities of Nepal were met by unculti-
vated food crops.
The importance of uncultivated foods is supported by
studies in other countries. For instance, a study carried
out in India, reported that the poor consumed uncultivated
crops at least 50-80 days in a year, but also that these re-
sources used to have larger importance in the past (DDS
Contribution of uncultivated foods in food support in Dhading study sites (in motnhs/year)
13%
29%
40%
18%
0-1.4 months
1.5- 3.4 months
3.5-4.5 months
>4.5 months
13%
29%
18%
40%
0-1.4 Months
1.5-3.4 Months
>4.5 Months
3.5-4.5 Months
2002). Similarly, Shore (2000) reported that in commu-
nities in Bangladesh 40% of the food requirement came
from uncultivated foods, and in a study in Burkina Faso
Smith et al. (1995) reported that 20% of all food items
were from the wild. Cromwell et al. (1997) showed that the
value of all wild plant resources to rural communities was
calculated to be more than 8% of the agricultural gross
domestic product (GDP) in Tanzania. Thus, contributions
to the food supply by uncultivated plants are considerable
but they vary between regions and ethnic groups (Hey-
wood 1999).
In our study, uncultivated foods were less important as
a source for income (only about 4% of the households
reported that uncultivated foods contributed signicant-
ly to their income), but people have started to sell some
species with potential market value. In fact, 11.3% of the
households had started to sell A. racemosus, Castanop-
sis indica (Roxburgh ex Lindl.) A.DC., Diploknema butyra-
cea (Roxb.) H.J. Lam, Dryopteris cochleata (D. Don) C.
Chr., Phyllanthus emblica L., Tamarindus indica L., and
Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Kuntze although in small
amounts at present but with signicant potential in the fu-
ture as the demand rises in the market. The selling of un-
cultivated foods is not new in this area however; there
were people who used to collect and sell products origi-
nating from other areas with a tradition of marketing wild
foods and products. Other studies have shown that many
uncultivated plant resources have signicant economic
value by preventing the need for cash expenditures, and
income derived from the collection and sale of these re-
Contribution of uncultivated foods in food support in Dhading study sites (in motnhs/year)
13%
29%
40%
18%
0-1.4 months
1.5- 3.4 months
3.5-4.5 months
>4.5 months
13%
29%
18%
40%
0-1.4 Months
1.5-3.4 Months
>4.5 Months
3.5-4.5 Months
Contribution of uncultivated foods in food support in Dhading study sites (in motnhs/year)
13%
29%
40%
18%
0-1.4 months
1.5- 3.4 months
3.5-4.5 months
>4.5 months
13%
29%
18%
40%
0-1.4 Months
1.5-3.4 Months
>4.5 Months
3.5-4.5 Months
Figure 2. Contribution of uncultivated foods to food
support in Dhading District, Nepal study site. Percentage
of households (n= 62) depending on uncultivated food
crops for time periods of different length during a year.
Aryal et al. - Uncultivated Plants and Livelihood Support –
A case study from the Chepang people of Nepal
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413
sources could be important for poor people as a source of
cash (Guinand & Lemessa 2001, Melnyk 1994).
Frequently used species and their use
The most frequently used species reported by informants
and their uses are presented in Table 1. These include
trees, shrubs and herbs that were mainly used as veg-
etables and other foods.
Table 1. Frequently used uncultivated plant species in Dhading District, Nepal study site.
Species Plant types Uses Parts used
Cultural
Economic
Food
Fresh Fruit
Medicine
Pickles
Religious
Stable Food
Vegetable
Arundinaria falcata Nees Short type bamboo X Stem
Asparagus racemosus Willd. Straggling, slender shrub X X Tender shoots
Castanopsis indica (Roxburgh
ex Lindl.) A.DC.
Evergreen tree X Cotyledons
Crataeva unilocularis Buch.
-Ham.
Deciduous tree X Tender leaves
& buds
Dioscorea bulbifera L. Perennial herbaceous
climber
X Tubers
Dioscorea deltoidea Wall.
ex Griseb.
Climbing herb X X Tubers
Diploknema butyracea (Roxb.)
H.J. Lam
Deciduous tree X X X Juicy pulp, seed
Dryopteris cochleata (D. Don)
C. Chr.
Terrestrial fern X Tender shoots
Phyllanthus emblica L. Deciduous tree X X Fruits
Rubus ellipticus Sm. Straggling shrub X Ripe fruits
Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. Evergreen tree X Fruits, leaves
Urtica dioica L. Perennial herb X Tender shoots
& leaves
Table 2. Proportion of households with different frequency of harvest/
use of important food species each month in Dhading District, Nepal
study site.
Species Frequency of harvest/use per month
1-6 7-12 13-18 19-24 > 25
Dioscorea bulbifera L. 31/0 37/5 23/8 8/32 2/55
Dioscorea deltoidea Wall.
ex Griseb.
44/5 27/27 18/21 6/27 2/16
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. 71/39 42/44 13/26 3/21 0/0
Dryopteris cochleata (D.
Don) C. Chr.
40/19 10/27 5/6 2/3 0/0
Urtica dioica L. 0/0 10/11 31/27 31/32 21/21
Information on the frequency of harvest and
use was compiled for species that were of-
ten used (Table 2). Species used as staple
foods were harvested from one to more than
25 times per month. D. bulbifera and D. del-
toidea were harvested regularly and used
more than 20 times a month by a large pro-
portion of the households. Other Dioscorea
species were harvested and used on a reg-
ular basis although not as frequently as the
two species above (Table 2). Several of the
species can be stored for future use and
therefore the frequency of harvest was lower
than the frequency of use (Table 2). The most
commonly stored species were D. bulbifera
(95% of the households) and D. deltoidea (42%). Both
species were prioritized food crops in the area. Collection
of these species has shown that people used to harvest
up to 50 kg per harvest. The analysis on the quantity per
harvest showed that 71% of the household used to har-
vest 11-30 kg per harvest.
People in the study site also stored uncultivated staple
foods, vegetables and medicines for future use. The un-
cultivated starchy foods and vegetables were processed
Ethnobotany Research & Applications414
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in local ways for storage to prolong their availability. Some
uncultivated starchy foods like D. bulbifera are cut into
small slices and dried either under sun light or hung above
a re place to dry before storing in an airtight container
for future use. Similarly, vegetables were sun dried when
fresh while others are boiled or blanched, for later use
during the dry season (see also Dhillion & Shrestha n.d.,
Gautam et al. 2006, Ngugi 2000, Regmi et al. 2006, Sul-
livan 2000).
Conservation and management practices
The focus group discussion and interviews of key infor-
mants suggested that the availability of the uncultivated
foods from the area has declined during the last 40 years.
During the group discussions 90% of the people had the
opinion that 40 years ago, i.e., in 1965, uncultivated food
availability was not a problem the availability of uncultivat-
ed foods since then has been halved. More than 70% of
the informants mentioned that the major reasons for such
changes were the depletion of natural vegetation and un-
controlled harvesting due to heavy dependency of local
people on uncultivated plants. These factors are also of-
ten cited as underlying causes of the decline in use of un-
cultivated resources in other studies (Akhtar 2001, Fouere
et al. 2000).
98% of respondents reported that they are involved in
management of uncultivated plant species. Moreover,
90% mentioned that they are doing in-situ conservation
of wild populations and 71% mentioned domestication
as a major way of maintaining these uncultivated food
resources. However, farmers also suggested two other
factors to facilitate sustainable use of uncultivated food
plants: i) increased awareness (17% of the households),
and ii) restrictions in the use of these plant resources
(36%). Fewer households suggested technical solutions
or increased cooperation between households. A general
conclusion from group discussions and key informant in-
terviews was that participatory natural resources manage-
ment programs are needed to encourage local people to
work with conservation and management of these natural
resources.
This study showed that people in the study site have
been using uncultivated resources for generations and,
because of their close associations with nature and nat-
ural system, have developed sophisticated knowledge
systems (Etkin 2002) about the plants and their ecosys-
tems. However, the present trends in harvesting of some
of the species are probably not sustainable and the way
of harvesting negatively impacts the species availability in
the future (see also Chaudhary 1999, Dhillion & Shrest-
ha n.d., Shrestha & Dhillion 2003). Policy support mecha-
nisms, especially on effective management and conserva-
tion of uncultivated species, are lacking (Kerkhoff & Shar-
ma 2006, Shrestha 2001). It would be a tragedy if people
such as the Chepang who maintain their livelihoods by
the combination of different strategies such as gathering
of uncultivated foods, hunting, wage labouring and sub-
sistence agriculture (shifting cultivation) lost a key compo-
nent of their food, i.e., uncultivated plants.
Conclusions
This study has revealed that the Chepang people of Ne-
pal continue to rely on uncultivated plant species for con-
sumption at times of food shortage and that these species
have the potential to become valuable staple foods and
important alternatives to the usual food crops cultivated by
farmers. Analysis of the use of species such as Dioscorea
showed that there is a growing pressure on wild plant re-
sources, which suggests that there is an urgent need for
an awareness program among the local people. There is
a need of integrated research and development programs
for forest dwelling communities such as the Chepang in
Nepal who have food sufciency problems, where unculti-
vated foods provide key supplements to the main diet and
are of considerable medicinal and cultural importance.
Without an understanding of the relationship between sta-
ple crop foods and uncultivated food intake, agricultural
planning will continue to be dominated by few major crops
and exclude diverse and important resources. The con-
tribution of uncultivated plants needs to be taken into ac-
count in planning. Rural families in the study site involved
in the use of such species are specically poor, so invest-
ment in the development of these resources will make a
major contribution to the alleviation of poverty.
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Appendix1. Uncultivated plant species used by Chepang in the Dhading district, Nepal. Plant names are given in Nepali
(commonly used local Nepali name given by key informants). Parts used: Ba=Bark, Bu=Buds, B=Bulb, Fl=Flower,
F=Fruits, L=Leaf, La=Latex, S=Seeds, Sh=Shoots, S=Stem, R=Root, W=Whole plant, O=Others; Availability: 1=Fairly
enough, 2=Medium, 3=Low. Specimens of uncultivated plant species were collected, identied, and vouchers were
deposited at the district ofce of Nepal Chepang Association (NCA)
Nepali
name
Chepang
name
English
name
Scientic name
Habit
Availability
Uses
Parts used
Fodder
Food
Fruit
Medicine
Religious
Spices
Tradition
Vegetable
Other
Ainselu
(Red)
Lyangsai Raspberry Rubus acuminatus Sm.
Rosaceae
P 3 X F
Ainselu Lyangsai Raspberry Rubus ellipticus
Sm. Rosaceae
P 2 X F
Amala Amala Emblic
myrobalan
Phyllanthus emblica L.
Phyllanthaceae
P 2 X X X F
Amaro Pakmaru Golden
apple
Spondias cytherea
Sonn. Anacardiaceae
P 3 X X F
Amrisho Phek Broom
grass
Thysanolaena
maxima (Roxb.)
Kuntze Poaceae
P 2 X X S
L
Badhar Dhausi Monkey
jack
Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.
Moraceae
P 2 X X F
L
Ban kera Ban maisai Banana Musa balbisiana Colla.
Musaceae
P 3 X F
Ban tarul Brangoi Wild yam Dioscorea bulbifera L.
Dioscoreaceae
P 3 X X X B
Bankakri Banaisai -Solena heterophylla
Lour.Cucurbitaceae
A 2 X X F
Bans Chyas Bamboo Bambusa nepalensis
Stapleton
Poaceae
P 2 X X X Sh
S
Bayar Bayar Bayar Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.
Rhamnaceae
P 2 X X F
Bel Bel Wood
apple
Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa
Rutaceae
A 2 X X F,
L
Bethe sag Bethu Lamb’s
quarter
Chenopodium album
L. Chenopodiaceae
A 1 X Sh
Bhakyamlo Rusai Nepalese
sumac
Rhus javanica L.
Anacardiaceae
P 3 X X F
Bhimsen
pati
Goihomro Buttery
bush
Buddleja asiatica Lour.
Scrophulariaceae
P 2 X X L
Bhorla Maklo Camel’s
foot climber
Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Am.
Fabaceae
A 2 X X F,
Te
Bhuin kafal Salyangsai -Fragaria daltoniana J. Gay
Rosaceae
A 2 X F
Bhyakur Pass Cush-cush
yam
Dioscorea deltoidea Wall.
ex Griseb. Dioscoreaceae
A
P
2 X X B
Bojho Bojo Sweet Flag Acorus calamus
L. Acoraceae
A 2 X C
Aryal et al. - Uncultivated Plants and Livelihood Support –
A case study from the Chepang people of Nepal
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419
Nepali
name
Chepang
name
English
name
Scientic name
Habit
Availability
Uses
Parts used
Fodder
Food
Fruit
Medicine
Religious
Spices
Tradition
Vegetable
Other
Camuna Camuna -Syzygium cerasoides
(Roxb.) Raizada Myrtaceae
P 2 X X F
Ba
Chalne
sisnu
Bannelau China
grass
Boehmeria platyphylla
Buch.-Ham. ex D.
Don Urticaceae
P 2 X X L
Fl
Chariamilo - Creeping
sorrel
Oxalis corniculata L.
Oxalidaceae
A 3 X X L
Chilaune Kyangsi Needle
wood
Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth.
Theaceae
P 3 X X B
Chiraito Chiraito Chiretta Swertia chirayita (Roxb.
ex Fleming) Karsten
Gentianaceae
A 3 X W
Chiuri Yosai Butter tree Diploknema butyracea
(Roxb.) H.J. Lam
Sapotaceae
P 2 X X X F
Se
L
Dante okhar - Thin-
shelled
walnut
Juglans regia L.
Juglandaceae
P 2 X X F
Dumri Dumri Cluster g Ficus racemosa
L. Moraceae
P 2 X X F
L
Ganja Banjorok Indian
hemp
Cannabis sativa L.
Cannabaceae
A 3 X X Se
Ghod tapre Tokre jhar Water
pennywort
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.
Apiaceae
P 2 X R
Gayo Rabe ghas Gambles
man
Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss.
Euphorbiaceae
P 2 X X S
Ghiukumari - Indian Aloe Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.
Asphodelaceae
P 2 X X L
Githa Lak Air potato Dioscorea bulbifera
L. Dioscoreaceae
A 2 X X X B
Gogan Omsi -Saurauia napaulensis DC.
Actinidiaceae
P 2 X
Gujargano Gujargano Velvet leaf Cissampelos pareira L.
Menispermaceae
P 3 X W
Gurjo ko
iahara
Jyumra Guancha Tinospora sinensis
(Lour.) Merr.
Menispermaceae
P 2 X X W
Hadchur - Mistletoe Viscum album L.
Santalaceae
P 2 X W
Harro Lisai -Terminalia chebula
Retz.Combretaceae
P 2 X X F
Imli, Titri - Tamarind Tamarindus indica
L. Fabaceae
P 1 X X F
Jaluko Fyaksa -Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.)
Schott Araceae
A 1 X Sh
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Nepali
name
Chepang
name
English
name
Scientic name
Habit
Availability
Uses
Parts used
Fodder
Food
Fruit
Medicine
Religious
Spices
Tradition
Vegetable
Other
Jamun - Black plum Eugenia formosa Wall.
Myrtaceae.
P 2 X F
- Indian
gooseberry
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels
Myrtaceae.
P 2 X X F
Jangali
aanp
Bantaksai Wild
mango
Mangifera indica L.
Anacardiaceae
P 3 X X F
Jaringo - Poker
weed
Phytolacca acinosa
Roxb.Phytolaccaceae
A
P
3 X L
Kabro Kabra Elephant
g
Ficus lacor Buch.-Ham.
Moraceae
P 2 X X Bu
Kali nieuro Galo
nenggarya
Fern Tectaria macrodonta (Fée)
C. Chr. Aspidiaceae
A 3 X X Sh
Kansi amala - Star
gooseberry
Phyllanthus acidus (L.)
Skeels Phyllanthaceae
P 3 X F
Kaphal Kaphal Box myrtle Myrica esculenta Buch.-
Ham. ex D. Don Myrtcaceae
A 1 X F
Katus Ekai Chestnut Castanopsis indica (Roxb.
ex Lindl.) A. DC. Fagaceae
P 2 X X F
Khaniyo
(Rai)
Koksai -Ficus semicordata Buch.-
Ham.ex Sm. Moraceae
P 1 X X F
L
Kharane Kharane -Viburnum cylindricum
Buch.-Ham. ex D.
Don Caprifoliaceae
P 2 X X Sh
Khasreto Cheksi Hairy g Ficus hispida L.f. Moraceae P 2 X X L
Khirro Miktalang -Sapium insigne (Royle)
Benth. & Hook.f.
Euphorbiaceae
P 2 X X L,
Ba
Khole sag Simsag Brooklime Veronica beccabunga L.
Scrophulariaceae
A 1 X L
Kimbu Nemaksai Mulberry Morus alba L. Moraceae P 2 X X F
L
R
Koiralo Rimsi -Bauhinia purpurea
L. Fabaceae
P 1 X X Bu
Kurilo Jyordum Wild
asparagus
Asparagus racemosus Willd.
Asparagaceae
A
P
3 X X X Sh
Kutilkosa Nakatisai Clover
vetch
Vicia angustifolia L. ex
Reichard Fabaceae
A 1 X X F
W
Lapsi Lapsi Monbin Choerospondias axillaris
(Roxb.) B.L. Burtt & A.W. Hill
Anacardiaceae
P 2 X X F
Latte sag Dakhinsag Amaranth Amaranthus spinosus L.
Amaranthaceae
A 1 X X Sh
Lunde Armulya Pigweed Amaranthus viridis L.
Amaranthaceae
A 1 X Sh
Aryal et al. - Uncultivated Plants and Livelihood Support –
A case study from the Chepang people of Nepal
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421
Nepali
name
Chepang
name
English
name
Scientic name
Habit
Availability
Uses
Parts used
Fodder
Food
Fruit
Medicine
Religious
Spices
Tradition
Vegetable
Other
Marcha
Jhar
Michyano Iron weed Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.
Asteraceae
A 1 X X L
Mel Mayal Wild pear Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham.
ex D.Don Rosaceae
P 3 X X X F
S
Nigalo Monyanro Himalayan
bamboo
Arundinaria falcata Nees
Poaceae
P 2 X X S
Nimaro Nemsi Eve’s
apron
Ficus auriculata Lour.
Moraceae
P 2 X X F
L
Niuro Niuro Edible fern Dryopteris cochleata
(D. Don) C. Chr.
Dryopteridaceae
A 3 X X Sh
Pakhanbed Pakhanbed Rock foil Bergenia ciliata
(Haw.) Sternb.
Saxifragaceae
P 2 X W
Pandel Yausi -Ziziphus incurva Roxb.
Rhamnaceae
P 2 X X F
Pani amala Tisai Fern Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.)
C. Presl. Nephrolepidaceae
P 2 X F
Pudina Pudina Mint Mentha arvensis
L. Lamiaceae
P 1 X X L
Raikhanyu Koksi Nepal
fodder g
Ficus semicordata
Buch.-Ham.
ex Sm. Moraceae
P 2 X X F
L
Ratigeri Ratigeri Bead vine Abrus precatorius
L. Fabaceae
P 2 X X F
Ba
Rudilo Nampuni -Pogostemon glaber Benth.
Lamiaceae
P 2 X W
Sal Raksi Sal Shorea robusta Gaertn.
Dipterocarpaceae
P 2 X X La
L
Shikari
lahara
Sikari
lahara
Periploca calophylla (Wight)
Falc. Apocynaceae
P 2 X W
Shiplican Dyoyaisag Garlic pear Crataeva unilocularis
Buch.-Ham. Capparaceae
P 1 X X Bu
Sim sag Papinja Water
cress
Rorippa nasturtium-
aquaticum (L.) Hayek
Brassicaceae
A 2 X L
Simali Glausigoi Orange
jasmine
Murraya paniculata (L.)
Jack Rutaceae
P 2 X S
Sisno Nelau Nettle Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae P 1 X X L
Sh
Siundi Kituki -Euphorbia sp.
Euphorbiaceae
P 2 X X F
S
Tanki Saga Pink
bauhinia
Bauhinia purpurea
L. Fabaceae
P 1 X X Bu
F
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Nepali
name
Chepang
name
English
name
Scientic name
Habit
Availability
Uses
Parts used
Fodder
Food
Fruit
Medicine
Religious
Spices
Tradition
Vegetable
Other
Thirjo Khirsi -Aeschynanthus
parviorus (D. Don)
Spreng. Gesneriaceae
P 2 X W
L
Timoor Umpur Nepal
pepper
Zanthoxylum armatum DC.
Rutaceae
P 2 X X F
Tindu Tindu Tindu Diospyros malabarica
(Desr.)
Kostel. Ebenaceae
A 2 X F
Titepati Pati Mug wort Artemisia indica
Wild. Asteraceae
P 1 X X L
Tyaguna - - Dioscorea pentaphylla L.
Dioscoreaceae
A 2 X X B
