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Los sustratos en los cultivos sin suelo
... Por su parte, la fibra del raquis de plátano (FRP) registró CE de 6,90 dS cm -1 , valor por encima de lo recomendado por Abad et al. (2004) para el cultivo de plantas sin suelo (≤ 2 dS m -1 ); al respecto, Sánchez et al. (2020) reportan que el raquis de banano tiene un 89,6 % de agua y altos contenidos de K 2 O (49 %) y P 2 O 5 (4,50 %) por lo que pueden influir en los valores de CE. Por lo tanto, este material puede ocasionar problemas fisiológicos si se utiliza como componente de sustrato sin antes determinar el pH y la CE, debido a que el tipo de sustrato influye en el crecimiento de la planta y la absorción de nutrientes (He et al., 2022). ...
... Respecto a la Da de los materiales, la misma estuvo en un rango de 0,08 a 0,41 g·cm 3 , mientras que los valores ideales reportados en la literatura oscilan entre 0,15 y 0,75 g·cm 3 (Abad et al., 2004;Quintero et al., 2011). De acuerdo con los resultados, el material de lirio acuático (LA) mostró el menor valor de Da, lo que se traduce en un material ligero, el cual se puede mezclar con otros materiales de mayor densidad para asegurar el anclaje de las raíces y evitar el volcamiento de la planta. ...
... Estos autores hallaron que al disminuir el tamaño de partícula en estos materiales la CA también disminuyó de 74,0 hasta 29,7 %. Esto puede ser debido a los tamaños, formas y acomodo de las partículas, que definen el tipo y tamaño de poro que, a su vez, determina la capacidad de agua y aire en un sustrato (Abad et al., 2004). Por su parte, Yang et al. (2023) encontraron valores de porosidad total en turba y viruta de madera, inferiores a los reportados en este estudio. ...
En las últimas décadas se ha generado el interés por integrar los residuos agroindustriales y de cosecha en la producción agrícola en sistemas de producción intensivos, para disminuir el impacto ambiental y los costos de producción. Por ello, el objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar química y físicamente algunos residuos agroindustriales y de vegetales disponibles localmente en el estado de Tabasco México, para conocer su uso potencial como componentes de sustratos agrícolas. Se caracterizaron propiedades químicas y físicas de materiales orgánicos: pH y CE, granulometría, diámetro medio de partícula (Dm), densidad aparente (Da), porosidad total (Pt), capacidad de aireación (CA) y porosidad de retención de agua (Pra), y se determinaron las curvas de retención de humedad. El pH de los materiales analizados osciló desde 5.1 hasta 10,44, la CE fue menor a 2 dS·m-1 excepto para el lirio acuático y la fibra del raquis de plátano. La granulometría de los materiales analizados tuvo más del 25 % de partículas menores a 0,85 mm; no obstante, la viruta de teca y la cascarilla del fruto de palma de aceite tuvieron un Dm de 5,67 mm y 3,21 mm, respectivamente, lo que incrementó su capacidad de aireación. El aserrín de pino y la cascarilla de fruto de cacao tuvieron valores superiores al testigo en Da, Pt, Pra, CA y agua disponible total. En conclusión, los materiales tienen diferentes características de aireación y retención de humedad, y se pueden combinar en distintas proporciones de acuerdo a las características físicas e hidrofísicas particulares y generar un equilibrio en la relación agua-aire.
... According to Abad-Berjon et al. [81,82], an ideal plant substrate consists of two or more components (organic or inorganic) that are mixed to ensure adequate aeration and the supply of water and nutrients to the receiving crop. A substrate should provide a sufficiently solid structure to produce a suitable balance of air and water for optimal plant development. ...
... These ideal conditions can be evaluated by physical properties such as PD, BD, and total pore space [1,10]. Overall, the PD and BD values in the three experimental groups in this study fall within the desired ranges established by Abad-Berjon et al. [81]. In addition, the total porosity value of the SP-amended substrate was favorable for crop development (≥70%) according to Cabrera [12]. ...
... In a previous study, biomass of the brown alga Cystoseira baccata was used as a component of plant substrates and was found to reduce BD and increase porosity [10]. Decreasing substrate compaction by adding seaweed promotes plant root development and thus benefits crop growth and yield due to improved water and nutrient uptake [11,81]. In general, the effects on soil physical fertility have been mainly attributed to the rheological characteristics of macroalgae cell wall polysaccharides (e.g., ulvans) such as viscosity, gelling, and ion binding [23,57]. ...
Citation: Espinosa-Antón, A.A.; Zamora-Natera, J.F.; Zarazúa-Villaseñor, P.; Santacruz-Ruvalcaba, F.; Sánchez-Hernández, C.V.; Águila Alcántara, E.; Torres-Morán, M.I.; Velasco-Ramírez, A.P.; Hernández-Herrera, R.M. Application of Seaweed Generates Changes in the Substrate and Stimulates the Growth of Tomato Plants. Plants 2023, 12, 1520. https:// Abstract: Ulva ohnoi is a cosmopolitan green seaweed with commercial potential given the biomass that may be generated. We evaluated the effects of substrate changes induced by U. ohnoi application on the vegetative response of tomato plants under greenhouse conditions. First, the decomposition dynamics and N release of the dry seaweed biomass were studied using the litterbag method. Subsequently, we evaluated the effect of seaweed powder (SP) or seaweed extract (SE) applications on substrate and plant growth. Additionally, the growth parameters responses evaluated were related to the changes in substrate properties associated with each treatment. The results showed that the dry seaweed biomass has a rapid rate of degradation (k = 0.07 day −1) and N release (k = 0.024 day −1). The SP application improved the physicochemical and biological characteristics of the substrate by increasing the availability of minerals, the fungi:bacteria ratio, and the growth morphophysiological parameters (length, area, dry and fresh weight), chlorophyll and mineral content. In contrast, SE treatment showed a positive effect on the root, mineral content, and soil microbes. This study highlights the agricultural potential of U. ohnoi powder as an alternative supplement that supports nutrition and promotes the vegetative growth of plants cultivated in soilless horticultural systems.
... Uno de los sustratos más utilizados para la producción de plantas en el ámbito mundial es la turba de musgo de Sphagnum. Sus características físicas, químicas y biológicas permiten una excelente germinación y crecimiento de las plántulas, pero su costo elevado y explotación no sostenible, ha comenzado a restringir su uso (Abad et al., 2001;Raviv et al., 2002;Abad et al., 2004;Carmona y Abad, 2008;Maher et al., 2008). Esto ha motivado la búsqueda de sustratos alternativos para producir plantas de buena calidad, a bajo costo y principalmente mediante el uso de sustratos elaborados con materiales locales (Abad et al., 2001;Abad et al., 2004;Benito et al., 2005;Carmona & Abad, 2008;Maher et al., 2008;Mendoza Hernandez, 2010). ...
... Sus características físicas, químicas y biológicas permiten una excelente germinación y crecimiento de las plántulas, pero su costo elevado y explotación no sostenible, ha comenzado a restringir su uso (Abad et al., 2001;Raviv et al., 2002;Abad et al., 2004;Carmona y Abad, 2008;Maher et al., 2008). Esto ha motivado la búsqueda de sustratos alternativos para producir plantas de buena calidad, a bajo costo y principalmente mediante el uso de sustratos elaborados con materiales locales (Abad et al., 2001;Abad et al., 2004;Benito et al., 2005;Carmona & Abad, 2008;Maher et al., 2008;Mendoza Hernandez, 2010). Estos últimos muchas veces resultan ser desechos agropecuarios, agroindustriales y urbanos, como la fibra de coco, cáscara de arroz, estiércoles, corteza de pino, residuos de podas urbanas y en algunos casos necesitan transitar por un proceso de estabilización como el compostaje para su uso como sustrato (Valenzuela et al., 2003;Abad et al., 2004;Benito et al., 2005;Carmona & Abad, 2008;Maher et al., 2008;Mendoza Hernandez, 2010). ...
... Esto ha motivado la búsqueda de sustratos alternativos para producir plantas de buena calidad, a bajo costo y principalmente mediante el uso de sustratos elaborados con materiales locales (Abad et al., 2001;Abad et al., 2004;Benito et al., 2005;Carmona & Abad, 2008;Maher et al., 2008;Mendoza Hernandez, 2010). Estos últimos muchas veces resultan ser desechos agropecuarios, agroindustriales y urbanos, como la fibra de coco, cáscara de arroz, estiércoles, corteza de pino, residuos de podas urbanas y en algunos casos necesitan transitar por un proceso de estabilización como el compostaje para su uso como sustrato (Valenzuela et al., 2003;Abad et al., 2004;Benito et al., 2005;Carmona & Abad, 2008;Maher et al., 2008;Mendoza Hernandez, 2010). ...
Efecto de la aplicación de compost de orujo de uva obtenido por Derivados Vínicos en un suelo cultivado de la provincia de Mendoza y evaluación de su aptitud como sustrato en la producción de plantines florales. Informe de Convenio de Asistencia Técnica: INTA-Derivados Vínicos S.A
... El sustrato óptimo se define como aquel material de textura gruesa (tamaño de partícula mayor a 0,9 mm) a media, y una distribución de tamaño de poros entre 30 y 300 μm, que es equivalente a una distribución de tamaño de las partículas Foto: Carlos Abaunza entre 0,25 y 2,5 mm, que retiene suficiente agua fácilmente disponible y posee un adecuado contenido de aire (Abad et al. 2004). ...
... Los poros mayores a 30 µm se drenan lo que permite la entrada del aire. (Abad et al. 2004). Una caracterización de sustrato ideal debe de contener tamaño de poros, pues, dependiendo de dicho tamaño, el agua puede estar disponible o no. ...
... Fuente: Elaboración propia, adaptada de Abad et al. (2004) Según FAO (2002), se describe un sustrato ideal con los datos consignados en la tabla 10. Fuente: Elaboración propia a partir de FAO (2002) Densidad aparente. ...
... Este material se puede elaborar con desechos orgánicos y se caracteriza por poseer nutrimentos, capacidad de retención de agua y capacidad de intercambio catiónico elevadas, por lo que se mezcla con otros materiales para conformar un sustrato nuevo, ya que por sí misma es difícil que cumpla con las propiedades físicas adecuadas . Las propiedades físicas más reportadas son espacio poroso total, capacidad de aireación y capacidad de retención de agua (Márquez-Hernández et al., 2006), pero Abad et al. (2004) indican que la capacidad de retención de agua fácilmente disponible es de mayor relevancia que la capacidad de retención total de agua. ...
... Mixed with other materials, it forms a new substrate which meets the appropriate physical properties that it would struggle to meet by itself . The most frequently reported physical properties are total pore space, aeration capacity, and water holding capacity (Márquez-Hernández et al., 2006), but Abad et al. (2004) indicate that the holding capacity of easily available water is more relevant than the total water holding capacity. ...
... The optimum levels of the physical properties of a substrate are: EPT greater than 85 %; CA: 10-30 %; AFD: 20-30 %; AR: 4-10 %; and ATD: 24-40 % (Ansorena, 1994;Abad et al., 2004). Therefore, the distribution of the EPT between CA and ATD was better in pumice, as well as the distribution of AFD and AR in reference to rice husk-even when this presented a higher EPT and a similar Da to pumice (Table 1 and 2). ...
There is little information about the choice of proportions used in the mixture of lombricompost with other substrates, and even less about the physical properties and relationship between them. The objective of this study was to estimate the total pore space (EPT), aeration capacity (CA), water holding capacity (CRA), apparent density (Da), and fractions of water obtained from the water release curve of lombricompost (L), rice husk (Oriza sativa) (C), pumice volcanic rock (P), tuff volcanic rock (T), and L/C, L/P, and L/T mixtures in 80:20, 65:35, and 20:80 v/v proportions; additionally, they were compared and their relationship was analyzed. The hypothesis was that a lower apparent density of a substrate increases the values of the physical properties and different fractions of water-such as easily available water (AFD), reserve water (AR), and hardly available water (ADD). The experimental design was completely random with six replicates, and the data were analyzed using ANOVA and the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05) in order to compare the means. The proportion of rice husk, pumice, or tuff mixed with lombricompost resulted in a substrate with a higher Da and CA. Greater quantities of AFD were quantified in the pumice, lombricompost, L/C 65:35, and L/C 20:80. Da had a negative correlation with EPT, CRA, AR, and ADD. The L/T mixture showed less EPT and CRA, and more CA and Da, although the Da of its substrates was similar. In the case of the L/P or L/C mixture -whose substrate Da was different- the result was completely the opposite. Both Da and the EPT were connected with the CA, CRA, AR, and ADD. The substrates with the most balanced physical properties were the L/C 20:80 and L/T 80:20 mixtures.
... Para lograr desarrollar un nuevo material o un sustrato adecuado se deben conocer sus propiedades, en el primer caso, para identificar que aportaría como componente al sustrato y en el segundo, para evaluar si son las apropiadas de acuerdo a las condiciones de cultivo y especie a producir. En general, deben tener una buena distribución del tamaño de partículas para mantener una elevada capacidad de retención de agua fácilmente disponible y suministro de aire, baja densidad aparente, elevada porosidad, estructura estable, baja salinidad, pH ligeramente ácido y mínima velocidad de descomposición (Abad et al., 2004). ...
... El rango óptimo de poros con aire debería variar entre 20 a 30 % y la capacidad de retención de agua entre 24 a 40 % (Abad et al., 2001;Abad et al., 2004). Consecuentemente, debido al tamaño de las partículas, las muestras con mayor tamaño (Muestra 1, 4, 5, 8 y 9) fueron las que superaron el rango óptimo de porosidad de aireación, y las de menor tamaño (Muestra 2, 3, 6 y 7) superaron el porcentaje de capacidad de retención de agua. ...
... Asimismo, se observa que la corrección realizada a los sustratos permitió aumentar los valores iniciales de cada uno (entre 3,5 y 4) a los valores recomendados. Si se utiliza un sustrato con pH menor a 5, es alta la probabilidad de que se presentarán deficiencias de nitrógeno, potasio, calcio, magnesio, etc. (Abad et al., 2004); y el manganeso, boro y zinc podrían ser tóxicos (Handreck & Black, 2002). ...
In June 2011 the Puyehue volcano erupted. Its ashes affected the provinces of Neuquén, Río Negro, and Chubut in Argentina. In order to mitigate economic losses investigations were performed to use the ashes in substrates for plants, which showed good results. However, their potential and limitations are not yet sufficiently evaluated. The objectives were: 1) To determine the physical and chemical parameters of three samples of volcanic materials from the Puyehue-Cordon Caulle; 2) To formulate substrates with these materials and Sphagnum peat from Tierra del Fuego according to the results of objective 1, to determine the mixture properties and to compare then with pure materials and 3) To evaluate the response of Petunia x hybrida ‘Ultra White’ and Petunia x hybrida ‘Madness Plum Crazy’ in these mixtures. Bulk density, total porosity, water holding capacity, air-filled porosity, water retention curves, pH, electrical conductivity, nitrates, cations and phytotoxicity were determined. Due to their low water holding capacity and easily available water, the evaluated fine and coarse ashes and pumice could be used as pure materials only for hydroponics with frequent irrigation. This limitation has been modified using different Sphagnum peat formulations, which extends their usage. The best result in plugs was obtained with 20% CF+80% peat, and in potting systems all treatments presented proper results. © 2018, Asociacion Argentina de la Ciencia del Suelo. All rights reserved.
... Once crops were cultivated in substrate (PC-1), a strong reduction in OM followed, characterized by a decline from 62.82% (PC-0) before transplantation to 24.90% at the end of the first cycle (PC-1). The OM content remains stable in the remaining cycles (PC-2, PC-3, and PC-4) at 21%-24%, which is below the reference value (>80%) suggested by Abad, Noguera, and Carrión (2004). ...
... According to Raviv, Zaidman, and Kapulnik (1998), the size, shape, and distribution of particles influence the water and air availability in the substrates. The range of AV values was above 10%, which is the minimum level described by Abad et al. (2004). ...
... Readily available water values showed significant differences for the two factors analyzed (p < 0.05) (Figure 1f). With respect to sub- according to Abad et al. (2004). In particular, RAW is an important physical characteristic of organic substrates used for horticultural production from a productive and economic perspective, as RAW is one of the characteristics that determines reuse potential. ...
Background
Organic soilless production in containers requires substrates with appropriate physicochemical and biological properties to ensure that production is sustainable and profitable for several production cycles. The main objective of this study was to comprehensively evaluate these properties in three different mixtures of organic substrates (vermicompost [V] and coconut fibers [CF] in ratios 20V80CF, 40V60CF, 60V40CF) for four horticultural crop production cycles (PCs) using vermicompost tea (VT) as the main source of nutrients.
Results
Readily available water (25%) in the control treatment (20V80CF) was below the recommended limit, and dry bulk density (>450 g/L) surpassed the recommended limit in the 60V40CF treatment (p < 0.05). In terms of chemical properties, cations and anions in the saturated media extract decreased significantly to values below established optimal conditions. Furthermore, the substrates presented high enzymatic activity in successive production cycles (p < 0.05), including dehydrogenase (350–400 μg TFF g⁻¹), acid phosphatase (4,700 μg p‐nitrophenol g⁻¹ soil hr⁻¹), and β‐glucosidase (1,200 μg p‐nitrophenol g⁻¹ soil hr⁻¹) activity during transformation from organic matter to inorganic compounds.
Conclusion
The 40V60CF treatment presents adequate physicochemical and biological characteristics for reuse for more than four growing cycles when organic supplements are administered.
... Vargas et al. (2008a) y Anicua et al. (2009) indicaron que las partículas de 0.25 a 1.00 mm son esenciales para el equilibrio agua-aire. Morales y Casanova (2015) sugirieron que la relación aire-agua es adecuada con 10 a 30 % del volumen del sustrato con aire y Abad et al. (2004) indicó que 20 a 30 % del volumen con agua es mejor, aunque puede variar con la especie a cultivar. ...
... Por esto, es conveniente conocer el contenido de elementos disponibles, como NO 3 , NH 4 , P, K , Ca 2 , Mg 2 , Fe 3 , Mn 2 , Mo, Zn 2 , Cu 2 y B (Abad et al., 2005), y los factores que afectan su adsorción, como capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC), pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE), relación C/N y contenido de elementos fitotóxicos (Burés, 1997). El intervalo de pH entre 5.5 y 6.8 y CE2 dS m 1 y CIC mayor a 20 meq 100 g 1 son adecuados para el cultivo de hortalizas, pero pueden variar con la especie (Abad et al., 2004;Quintero et al., 2011). ...
... mm particles are essential for the water-air balance. Morales and Casanova (2015) suggested that an appropriate water-air ratio is 10-30 % of air in the substrate and Abad et al. (2004) indicated that 20-30 % of water content is better, although it can change according to the species and the cultivar. ...
Some substrates used to grow plants in containers are expensive and are extracted from natural ecosystems. Alternative materials should be inexpensive and innocuous. Some organic materials found in Yucatan, Mexico, could be potentially used as substrate for containers. The objective of this research was to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of pine sawdust (Pinus sp.) (≤2), pine shavings (≤5 and ≤10 mm), cocopeat (Cocos nucifera L.) (≤5 and ≤10 mm), gulfweed (Sargassum sp.) (≤5 and ≤10 mm), henequen pulp (Agave fourcyoydes Lem.) (≤10 mm), and dzidzilche leaf (Gimmopodium floribundum Rolfe) (≤10 mm). All these materials may be available in the region. The experimental design was completely random, with nine treatments and three replications. The following variables were evaluated: average particle diameter, apparent density, absolute porosity, ventilation porosity, water retention porosity, wettability, pH, specific conductance, organic material, caption exchange capacity, N concentration, and C, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Na⁺ content. Additionally, water retention curves were developed and biological activity was measured. Pine sawdust, cocopeat, and gulfweed (with ≤5 mm particle size) had about 30 % of ventilation porosity and over 50 % of water retention porosity. Pine sawdust and shavings retained 24-40 % of the total available water. The pH of the materials almost reached 7 and their specific conductance was ≤1.5 dS m⁻¹. The N, P, K⁺, and Na²⁺ content of henequen pulp and dzidzilche leaf matched the suggested interval for an ideal substrate. Therefore, sawdust, henequen pulp, dzilzidche leaf, cocopeat, and pine shavings with ≤5 mm particles have the appropriate characteristics to be used as substrate components.
... Un sustrato es el material sólido natural, de síntesis o residual, orgánico o mineral, puro o mezclado que en un contenedor permite el anclaje del sistema radical, da soporte a la planta e interviene o no en su nutrición. Los sustratos se clasifican en inertes, si sólo proporcionan soporte a la planta, y activos, si proporcionan además nutrimentos (Pastor, 2000;Abad et al., 2005). Los estudios de sustratos señalaban que la obtención de plantas y flores con calidad alta dependía en gran parte de las características físicas y químicas del sustrato (Ansorena, 1994;Cabrera, 1999). ...
... A substrate is the natural solid material, from synthesis or residual, organic or mineral, pure or mixed, that helps anchor the root system in a container, giving the plant support, and participating or not in its nutrition. Substrates are classified in inert only if they provide the plant with support, and active if they also provide nutrients (Pastor, 2000;Abad et al., 2005). Studies on substrates pointed out that obtaining high-quality plants and flowers depended largely on the physical and chemical characteristics of the substrate (Ansorena, 1994;Cabrera, 1999). ...
... Las características físicas deben determinarse antes de establecer el cultivo, ya que después es difícil corregirlas (Ansorena, 1994;Baixauli y Aguilar, 2002;Castellanos, 2003). Las características químicas pueden modificarse después del establecer el cultivo mediante la aplicación de elementos nutritivos (Abad et al., 2005). Las características biológicas se determinan sólo en sustratos orgánicos o activos, pues son inestables termodinámicamente porque la materia orgánica se degrada por la acción de microorganismos y por reacciones químicas de hidrólisis (Burés, 1997;Cruz et al., 2013). ...
The ornamental activity is an important sector for the Mexican economy. The production of flowers in containers depends partly on the substrate used for its planting. The physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the substrate, the production system, the crop management, and the type of container must be appropriate for each species. In Mexico, it is common to use soil from hillsides to produce ornamental plants, and the extraction of this substrate causes erosion in the sites from which it is obtained. Tezontle, tepojal, perlite, peat, coir, and vermiculite, are also used. The demand for substrates generates investigations that aim at the physical and chemical characterizations in order to evaluate their potential and know the responses of plants to the mixtures of these materials. The aim of this essay was to know the information related to the use of substrates and their characteristics in the production of ornamental plants in Mexico.
... La constitución fibrosa de estos materiales los hace ligeros, con baja densidad aparente, factor importante para sustratos en contenedor de fácil transporte y manipulación. La DA, además, define el adecuado anclaje de las plantas; de este modo, mientras más alta es la planta, mayor deberá ser la densidad del sustrato (Abad et al., 2004). La densidad aparente aumenta al disminuir el tamaño de partícula por efecto de la molienda; además, los poros se rompen y las partículas modifican su organización, por lo tanto, se reduce el espacio poroso (Ansorena, 1994). ...
... La CE todos los tratamientos presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas con valores de 0.13 a 0.40 d S m -1 (Tabla 6). Los resultados encontrados concuerdan con lo reportado por Abad et al., (2004) y Quintero et al., (2011, quienes mencionan que los valores no deben superar los 3.5 d S m -1 . ...
En México las industrias del tequila y aserrío generan grandes volúmenes de bagazo de agave y corteza de pino; los cuales pueden ser procesados mediante la explosión con vapor, esto permite aprovecharlos en menor tiempo y con mayor utilidad. El objetivo fue evaluar propiedades físicas y químicas de seis sustratos formulados con bagazo de agave y corteza de pino, sometidos a la técnica de explosión con vapor. Los sustratos evaluados presentan diferente proporción de: bagazo de agave (BA), corteza de pino (CP), perlita (P), turba (T) y vermiculita (V), obteniendo seis tratamientos, bajo un diseño experimental completamente al azar. Se evaluaron propiedades físicas y químicas; así como un análisis de imagen con microscopia electrónica de barrido. Los resultados del análisis de imagen demuestran que la modificación de la matríz lignocelúlosica favorece las propiedades de los materiales para emplarlo como sustrato. Se presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre tratamientos en todas las propiedades físicas y químicas. Los tratamientos (sustratos) que presentaron una proporción menor al 75 % de bagazo de agave o corteza de pino mostraron mejores propiedades físicas que se vieron reflajadas en un mejor comportamiento en la curva de retención de agua, similar al tratamiento control (70 % turba).
... Si bien la elección del sustrato dependerá de la ubicación, la disponibilidad y el costo de los componentes potenciales, es muy importante tener en cuenta el sistema de cultivo elegido. Es decir, si se cultiva bajo invernadero o no, tipo de recipiente, sistema de riego y calidad del agua de riego, los requerimientos de la especie, el plan de fertilización, entre otros factores (Abad et al., 2004;Vence, 2008) . ...
... Además, la corteza de pino puede ser usada fresca, envejecida o compostada (Kaderabek et al., 2017). El compost de corteza de pino presenta ventajas adicionales, como el aumento de humectabilidad de las partículas y propiedades supresivas de determinados patógenos vegetales (Abad et al., 2004). ...
El sustrato a base de compost de corteza de pino (SCCP) generalmente posee un pH inferior al rango adecuado para las plantas cultivadas en contenedor (5,3 a 6,5). En Misiones (Argentina), existen explotaciones de rocas cuyo principal residuo es el polvo de roca basáltica (PRB). El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la capacidad del PRB para ajustar el pH del SCCP versus la dolomita y valorar su respuesta en la solubilidad de nutrientes. Se conformaron siete tratamientos: SCCP, SCCP con 1, 2 o 3 g L-1 de dolomita y SCCP con 0,74, 1, 48 o 2,22 g L-1 de PRB. Se analizó el porcentaje de CaO, MgO y tamaño de partículas (10, 20 y 60 mesh) en PRB y dolomita para calcular el poder relativo de neutralización total (PRNT). El pH y la CE de cada tratamiento fueron medidos al inicio y cada siete días. Se midieron los nutrientes solubles al finalizar el ensayo. Ambos correctores presentaron altos valores de PRNT. Las dosis de PRB adecuadas para ajustar el pH fueron 0,74 y 1,48 g L-1. La disponibilidad de calcio, magnesio y potasio se incrementó, y la de fósforo, zinc, manganeso, cobre y hierro disminuyó con la elevación del pH.
... Las funciones más importantes de un sustrato son, proporcionar un ambiente ideal para el crecimiento de las raíces (disponibilidad de agua, aire y nutrimentos), constituyen una base adecuada para el anclaje y soporte de la raíz. La finalidad de los sustratos en cualquier cultivo es producir y cosechar en un periodo corto de tiempo, con bajos costos de producción sin provocar un grave impacto ambiental (Abad y Noguera 2000). ...
... Los criterios para clasificar los sustratos se basan en el origen de los materiales, su naturaleza, sus propiedades, su capacidad de degradación, entre otros. Sin embargo, la clasificación más generalizada ha sido en materiales orgánicos e inorgánicos (Abad y Noguera, 2000). ...
Gran parte de nuevos cultivares generados mediante mejoramiento convencional, al momento de ser transferidos a los agricultores, han presentado limitantes, siendo las de mayor
relevancia, la adaptabilidad a las condiciones edafoclimáticas. El conocimiento ancestral le
ha permitido al agricultor seleccionar el tipo de plantas a cultivar, adaptadas a sus condiciones de manejo agronómico y ambiente, además, ha moldeado el paisaje con diversidad
de especies que en conjunto forman parte del patrimonio genético local. Este patrimonio
representa una oportunidad para generar nuevas variedades adaptables, mediante el mejoramiento genético participativo (MGP) que involucra a agricultores y biotecnólogos en el proceso de fitomejoramiento. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar experiencias obtenidas
en procesos de MGP junto a un estudio de caso en Colombia, de una resolución que atenta
contra el derecho de los pueblos de conservar y reproducir sus semillas, información que
puede apoyar a centros de investigación y entes gubernamentales en la toma de decisiones.
... Estos materiales serán seleccionados teniendo en cuenta una serie de propiedades físicas y químicas que están condicionadas por el sistema de cultivo, es decir, si se cultiva fuera o bajo invernáculo; la altura, volumen y forma del recipiente; tipo de sistema de riego y características del agua de riego. Como también, los requerimientos de la especie, la época del año y duración del ciclo o parte del ciclo en que la planta desarrollara en el sustrato (Abad et al., 2004;Vence, 2008). ...
... Es recomendable que el sustrato tenga un pH ligeramente ácido, para que los nutrientes se encuentren disponibles, y una baja conductividad eléctrica, para que no existan problemas de toxicidad por sales. Raras veces un material o componente tiene todas las condiciones físicas y químicas adecuadas para el sistema de cultivo requerido, es por eso que en la mayoría de los casos es necesario mezclarlo con otros materiales (Abad et al., 2004;Normann et al., 2006;). Sin embargo, se recomienda evitar la incorporación de un número elevado de componentes (Normann et al., 2006). ...
The use of substrates in agriculture has increased in recent years. Compost is one of the materials used in substrate formulation, and therefore, it is important to know its properties prior to its use. The objective of this study was to characterize 15 different types of compost from different sources in order to evaluate them as substrate components. The following parameters were determined: bulk density, total pore space, water retention capacity (CRA), aeration porosity (PA), granulometry, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and concentrations of calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and nitrates. There were significant differences (P < 0.0001) among the compost for all the variables analyzed. Poultry compost had the highest bulk density. Thick pine bark compost had the highest percentage of PA, while pruning waste compost recorded the highest percentage of CRA. Pine bark compost could increase aeration in a substrate formulation. The pH values obtained ranged from 4.7 to 8.7, while CE values varied between 0.09 and 5.55 dS m-1. Most of the compost exceeded an optimal pH range (5.5-6.3). On the contrary, most compost did not reach high EC values. However, some types of compost, such as those from poultry, urban solid waste and pig waste, exceeded 1 dS m-1, and could cause harmful effects on plants. All types of compost are viable for use provided both compost properties and crop conditions are considered to decide which substrate to use.
... Estos materiales serán seleccionados teniendo en cuenta una serie de propiedades físicas y químicas que están condicionadas por el sistema de cultivo, es decir, si se cultiva fuera o bajo invernáculo; la altura, volumen y forma del recipiente; tipo de sistema de riego y características del agua de riego. Como también, los requerimientos de la especie, la época del año y duración del ciclo o parte del ciclo en que la planta desarrollara en el sustrato (Abad et al., 2004;Vence, 2008). ...
... Es recomendable que el sustrato tenga un pH ligeramente ácido, para que los nutrientes se encuentren disponibles, y una baja conductividad eléctrica, para que no existan problemas de toxicidad por sales. Raras veces un material o componente tiene todas las condiciones físicas y químicas adecuadas para el sistema de cultivo requerido, es por eso que en la mayoría de los casos es necesario mezclarlo con otros materiales (Abad et al., 2004;Normann et al., 2006;). Sin embargo, se recomienda evitar la incorporación de un número elevado de componentes (Normann et al., 2006). ...
Actualmente el uso de sustrato se ha incrementado en varios sectores agrícolas. Entre los
materiales empleados para su formulación se encuentran los compost, y como todo componente es importante conocer sus propiedades previo a su uso. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar 15 compost de diferentes orígenes, para evaluarlos como componente de sustrato. Se analizaron los siguientes parámetros: densidad aparente, espacio poroso total, capacidad de retención de agua (CRA), porosidad de aireación (PA), granulometría, pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE), concentración de calcio, magnesio, potasio, sodio y nitratos. Hubo diferencias significativas (P < 0,05) entre los compost para todas las variables analizadas. La densidad aparente fue mayor en el compost de ave de corral. El compost de corteza de pino gruesa tuvo el mayor porcentaje de PA y el compost de residuos de poda el mayor porcentaje de CRA. Los compost de corteza de pino podrían ser componentes que aportarían aireación en una formulación de sustrato. Los valores de pH obtenidos se encontraron entre 4,7 a 8,7 y de CE entre 0,09 a 5,55 dS m-1. La mayoría de los compost superaron el rango adecuado de pH (5,5-6,3) y si bien la mayoría no tuvieron una CE elevada, hubo algunos como el compost de ave de corral, de residuos sólidos urbanos y de residuos porcinos que superaron 1 dS m-1, y podrían causar efectos nocivos en las plantas. Todos los compost son viables para su uso teniendo en cuenta sus propiedades y las condiciones del cultivo en que se va a utilizar el sustrato formulado.
... Los sustratos se clasifican en inertes o inorgánicos (perlita, vermiculita, roca volcánica, tezontle) y en activos u orgánicos (turba de musgo, o peat-moss, composta de corteza de pino, aserrín, fibra de coco, bagazo de café o cebada o cascarilla de arroz). Los materiales inorgánicos actúan como soporte de la planta y generan macroporos en el medio de crecimiento (Abad y Noguera, 1997). ...
En este documento se describen, paso a paso, las diferentes etapas del proceso de producción de planta, desde la selección de árboles superiores, la recolecta de semilla, la obtención de plantas en vivero para abastecer las necesidades de los ensayos de progenie y de porta injertos para los huertos asexuales, así como la recolecta de púas para el injertado y el propio proceso de injertado.
Este libro es producto de la experiencia acumulada durante el desarrollo del proyecto “Establecimiento de huertos semilleros regionales y ensayos de progenie de Pinus pseudostrobus para la evaluación genética de los progenitores” clave 277784, financiado por el extinto Fondo Sectorial para la Investigación, el Desarrollo y la Innovación Tecnológica Forestal (CONAFOR-CONACyT). Dicho proyecto se llevó a cabo en cuatro regiones de México: Michoacán y Jalisco (Región
I), Veracruz (Región II), Estado de México, Puebla y Tlaxcala (Región III), y Oaxaca y Chiapas (Región IV).
... They can grow in a wide pH range [24]; • Substrate. Any solid material other than soil in situ, natural, synthetic, residual, mineral, or organic, which, placed in a container, in pure form, or in a mixture, allows the anchorage of the root system [25]. ...
This research presents the increase of the Trichoderma harzianum production process in a biotechnology company. The NOBA (Near-Orthogonal Balanced arrays) method was used to fractionate a mixed-level factorial design to minimize costs and experimentation times. Our objective is to determine the significant factors to maximize the production process of this fungus. The proposed 213242 mixed-level design involved five factors, including aeration, humidity, temperature, potential hydrogen (pH), and substrate; the response variable was spore production. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the type of substrate, the air supply, and the interaction of these two factors were significant. The maximization of spore production was achieved by using the breadfruit seed substrate and aeration, while it was shown that variations in pH, humidity, and temperature have no significant impact on the production levels of the fungus.
... mS and pH 5.2-6.3 (de Boodt and Verdonck, 1972;Boertje, 1983;Abad et al., 1993;Abad and Noguera, 2000). From the substrate parameters listed in Table 1, it is obvious that not all substrates meet the given requirements. ...
The study focusses on alternative substrates with the potential to replace common substrates, such as mineral wool and perlite, as the influence of these on ecosystems and resources is being debated. To this aim, wood fibre, sheep wool and coco peat substrates were selected for testing. Leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Lisboa’) is taken as the model crop for the evaluation of alternative substrates. The closed hydroponic system ebb and flow with growing in pots was used for the experiment. The parameters of the nutrient solution were EC 1.5–2 mS and pH 6–7. Biological parameters, content of nitrates, plant stress indicators, antioxidant activity (AA) as % scavenging of DPPH (AA), glutathione (GSH), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), total phenol content (TPC) and the content of chosen elements in the drain from substrates were evaluated. According to the biomass production of lettuce, the substrates can be ranked from the lowest as follows: sheep wool < wood fibre < mineral wool < perlite < coco peat. The levels of GSH and APX did not affect AA. The TPC showed the greatest effect on AA and the stress response in general. The nitrate content ranged between 426 and 686 mg · kg–1 of fresh mass. Instead of mineral wool and perlite, coco fibre could be a promising alternative organic substrate for lettuce production in the ebb and flow hydroponics system. Wood fibre and sheep wool still have unresolved circumstances regarding their physical and chemical parameters.
... En efecto, una fertilización en exceso puede afectar considerablemente el crecimiento de la planta y estado fisiológico del fruto (Romero et al., 2009) Otro elemento, indispensable es el sustrato, que sirve como anclaje y gracias a sus propiedades físicas, favorece el desarrollo de las plantas (Hartmann et al., 2014). Los sustratos, son diversos y variables, la selección de alguno de ellos, depende de su disponibilidad y del tipo la especie a cultivar (Abad & Noguera, 2000). ...
El presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo evaluar la influencia de sustratos en el crecimiento y desarrollo de tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) cultivado bajo un sistema hidropónico en invernadero. Se instaló bajo un diseño completo al azar (DCA), con cuatro tratamientos: T1 (75% cascarilla de arroz + 25% arena, T2 (75% cascarilla de arroz carbonizada + 25% arena, T3 (75 % Aserrín + 25% arena, T4 (40% cascarilla de arroz carbonizada + 35% aserrín + 25% arena); 8 repeticiones y 32 plantas. Se encontró que el T2, favoreció el incremento de altura (139.13 cm), diámetro de tallo (10.95 mm), número de tomates de primera calidad (15.25) y rendimiento (3.03 kg/planta); no obstante, el T3 y T1 mostraron baja influencia en dichas variables. Se concluye que, el tomate obtiene mayores características morfológicas y fisiológicas en sustrato (cascarilla carbonizada + arena); el aserrín como sustrato no es ideal para su crecimiento y desarrollo.
... The excessive cost of substrates, pesticides and fertilizers and the high dependence on these products are the most common inconveniences of plant growers. As an example, one of the most utilized substrates is Sphagnum moss peat, which characteristics allow adequate germination and seedling growth, nonetheless presents an excessive cost, unsustainable production and limited access for producers (Maher, Prasad, and Raviv 2008, Abad, Noguera, and Carri on 2004, Raviv et al. 2002, Abad, Noguera, and Bur es 2001. Although fertilizers and pesticides may increase short-time crop production, they may cause diverse environmental problems due to their high toxicity, mobility and low biodegradability (Campos et al. 2019, da Costa Stuart, Makowiecky Stuart, and Chapaval Pimentel 2018, Savci 2012, Damalas and Eleftherohorinos 2011. ...
The present study tested the effect of aerated (AM), non-aerated (NAM), a 1:1 combination of both compost teas (A-NAM), and bioslurry (B) as bio-fertilizers in two ornamental plants growing in different substrates. The present study aimed to evaluate the products as biostimulants in ornamental plants. Compost teas were brewed from a composted mixture of residues, while bioslurry was prepared, with fresh material and no aeration. Two ornamental plant species were used: Petunia hybrida and Impatiens walleriana. Experimental presented a completely randomized factorial design, with two factors: Biostimulants with 6 levels: AM, NAM, A-NAM, B, F (traditional fertilizer), and H 2 O (control); and Substrate, with 3 levels: sand, commercial, and compost. Bio-inputs presented variable properties and effects on plant growth, with significant interaction between factors. In sand, no effect of bioproducts on plant biomass, SPAD index and pigments content were observed. In compost, B significantly increased I. walleriana and P. hybrida dry biomass (1.75 ± 0.42 g and 1.54 ± 0.28 g, respect to 1.33 ± 0.18 g for H 2 O), while in the commercial substrate, only in P. hybrida (1.35 ± 0.44 g, regarding 0.42 ± 0.11 g for H 2 O). All bio-inputs increased pigments content of both plant species in all substrates. To our knowledge, this is the first record that B was tested, which increased plant biomass at similar values to traditional fertilizer. We demonstrated that the biostimulants brewed from organic residues might present the same performance as commercial fertilizers.
... In this sense, E. grandis and E. camaldulensis, have the advantage of easy rooting if variables that intervene in their vegetative propagation are adjusted, such as humidity, temperature, rooting promoter concentration, and substrate, among others. The substrate is the material that allows the radicular system anchorage [5]. It can be made up of one or more materials, and must have high porosity and hydric retention capacity as well as good drainage and aeration [6]. ...
Interspecific hybrids of E. grandis × E. camaldulensis were generated to widen the plantation area. The aim of this study was to assess root capability and development for six different clones of eucalyptus grown in substrates made with three different composts derived from poultry manure. A factorial design was used to assess the effect of different composts on six growth variables. The analysis detected a greater effect from the genotype than the substrate. E. grandis × E. camaldulensis hybrid vegetative propagation was successful in alternative substrates formulated from composted poultry manure. GC8 was the genotype that showed the greatest differences for four the different variables among the substrates, being both the most sensitive and the one with the highest values for all parameters measured. The hybridsʹ vegetative propagation was determined in alternative substrates formulated from poultry manure compost. The physicochemical characteristics of sub-strates composed of pine bark and sawdust provided adequate conditions for the growth of euca-lyptus. GC8 was the genotype most sensitive to the use of different substrates, showing significant differences in the ratio of roots/callus, radicular dry weight, and cutting dry weight. These clones might be a good option for evaluating compost-based substrates for forestry applications.
... El segundo fue el descubrimiento y divulgación en los años cincuenta y sesenta de la facilidad en el control de microorganismos patógenos mediante desinfección de los sustratos, mientras resulta muy difícil hacerlo en cultivos en suelo (Raviv y Lieth 2008). Se observa así la gran expansión de los sistemas de producción de los cultivos sin suelo, más específicamente cultivos en sustratos y en ambientes protegidos (Abad y Noguera 1997). Las causas de este impulso se deben a consideraciones tanto económicas como agronómicas: una fuerte y progresiva demanda mundial de alimentos y plantas ornamentales de alta calidad en contra estación; posibilidad de alto valor de ganancias en pequeñas áreas cercanas a los centros de consumo donde los terrenos son caros y con suelos degradados (van Os 1999); avances tecnológicos en la industria plástica y en automatización de riego y control ambiental, reduciendo los costos de producción. ...
El conocimiento de las características físicas de un sustrato, cómo influye su composición, la interacción de sus componentes y los distintos manejos, son cruciales en la etapa de planificación de cultivos sin suelo ya que no pueden ser modificadas una vez que el sustrato se encuentra en el contenedor. Por otro lado, las propiedades químicas si bien influyen en gran medida en el crecimiento del cultivo, pueden ser reguladas. En Argentina, el estudio de sustratos en lo que respecta a investigación y divulgación de información constituye un área de conocimiento en desarrollo en comparación al ámbito internacional. Frente a la importancia en la correcta elección y formulación de un sustrato y/o sus mezclas se desarrolla este trabajo con el objetivo de generar una revisión, con especial énfasis en las propiedades físicas, para la producción de cultivos sin suelo. Permitirá así facilitar las actividades de formación de técnicos, favoreciendo la divulgación, en el proceso de formación de formadores.
... However, one of the main inconvenience for producer is the expensive cost of substrates and fertilizers and the high dependence on these products. As an example, one of the most utilized substrates is Sphagnum moss peat, which characteristics allow adequate germination and seedling growth, nonetheless, due to the excessive cost and unsustainable production, its use has started to be limiting [30,31,32,33]. This situation motivates the searching and developments of high quality and low-cost alternative products, ideally brewed from materials attainable by local producers [34,35]. ...
In the present study, the quality of aerated and non-aerated compost teas and bioslurry as bio-fertilizers and its application on two plant species in different substrates were tested. Compost tea brewed from a mixture residues compost presented higher nutrient content than that brewed from grape marc composted. Aeration, with shorter extraction time, resulted in higher pH, but in general with lower nutrient concentration, while bioslurry, presented higher nitrogen content. No pathogen and toxic effects were detected in the bio-products. Finally, Bio-products were evaluated in ornamental plant species: Petunia hibrida and Impatiens walleriana , where compost teas and bioslurry presented highly variable properties and effects on plant growth, depending on the substrate and species used. While in sand no significant effect on plant biomass and pigments were observed, in compost and commercial substrate bioslurry presented values similar to the traditional fertilizer. Compost tea presented variable results with no differences between aerated and non-aerated, both increasing carotenoids in I. walleriana in sand. We conclude that aeration showed no differences in compost tea quality, whilst bioslurry demonstrated to increase plant biomass at similar values to traditional fertilizer. Our results demonstrated that alternative products are an efficient, safe, ecological, and economical alternative to traditional products.
... Los semilleros pueden ser establecidos directamente en el suelo o en recipientes con algún sustrato. En este sentido, Abad & Noguera (2000) señalan que un sustrato es todo material sólido distinto del suelo, natural, de síntesis o residual, de material mineral u orgánico, puro o mezclado colocado en un contenedor, que posibilita el soporte detención y crecimiento del sistema radicular de una planta. ...
El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de distintos sustratos alternativos en la emergencia y crecimiento de Physalis ixocarpa Brot. obtenidos en cepellón, bajo condiciones de malla sombra. La investigación se llevó a cabo en el municipio de Cintalapa, Chiapas. Los sustratos empleados fueron T1 cosmopeat usado como testigo, T2 humus de lombriz, T3 aserrín de Pinus oocarpa y T4 composta. Los tratamientos se establecieron bajo un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones, sembrándose 50 semillas por cada repetición en bandejas de unicel. Las variables de estudio fueron sometidas a un análisis de comparación de medias (
... Fonteno y Bilderback (1993) mencionaron que un sustrato debe ser el medio para: 1) poner disponible el agua 2) suministrar nutrimentos, 3) permitir el intercambio de gases entre la zona radicular y el exterior del sustrato y 4) dar soporte a la planta. De todas las propiedades del sustrato, las características físicas son las más importantes debido a que, una vez establecida la especie, difícilmente pueden manipularse (Abad et al., 2004) y deben permanecer estables durante su ciclo de producción (Wallach, 2008). ...
Pinus patula Schiede ex Schldl. et Cham. es una especie endémica de México utilizada en plantaciones forestales comerciales en Sudamérica y Sudáfrica. La propagación masiva de materiales mejorados de esta especie, a través de estacas enraizadas, permite aumentar su productividad y homogeneizar sus productos. Se compararon cinco sustratos a base de aserrín fresco y corteza de pino en diferentes proporciones (1:9, 3:7, 5:5, 7:3 y 9:1 v:v) para evaluar el enraizamiento de estacas de esta especie forestal. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones; la unidad experimental estuvo conformada por 25 estacas. Se analizaron las principales características físicas y químicas de los sustratos tales como porosidad total, porosidad de aireación, retención de humedad, densidad aparente, pH, conductividad eléctrica y capacidad de intercambio catiónico al inicio y al final del experimento. Las variables evaluadas fueron la supervivencia, enraizamiento, presencia de callo, número y longitud de raíces primarias y presencia de raíces secundarias a las 20 semanas de establecido el experimento. El sustrato con la mayor proporción de aserrín (9:1) presentó el porcentaje de enraizamiento de las estacas más elevado (77 %), en comparación con el testigo (1:9), donde se obtuvo 42 %. Se observó alta correlación (0.97, 0.97, 0.90) del enraizado con el porcentaje de aserrín, densidad aparente y pH, respectivamente. La mezcla de aserrín y corteza de pino (9:1) presentó características físicas y químicas apropiadas para la formulación de sustratos útiles para propagar P. patula mediante el enraizado de estacas.
... Substrate dry density, aeration space and readily available water (RAW) was 0.23 g·cm -3 , 23.8% and 25.3%, respectively. These data were obtained according to substrate physical analysis methodology (Zorzeto et al. 2014) and were adequate to plant propagation in cells and trays (Berjón et al. 2004;Zorzeto et al. 2014). The substrate water retention curve was done using tension table and Richards' pressure chamber with four replications (Fig. 1). ...
The pre-sprouted sugarcane plantlets (PSP) system aims the production of healthy and vigorous plants in reduced time, reducing the number of stalks needed for planting. Irrigation is used in all PSP system stages and water management plays an important role. Stage 1 acclimation follows the budding stage and lasts for approximately 21 days. At this stage the plantlets are grown within an agricultural greenhouse to improve initial development. The objectives of this trial were: to identify the irrigation management which results in highest plantlet growth; to evaluate if responses to irrigation management depends on the cultivar; to evaluate water consumption and water use efficiency at early stage under PSP system; and to assess the water management effect on substrate water matrix potential and stomatal conductance in the cultivar IACSP95-5000. The experimental design was a split-plot randomized block design with four replications. Treatments applied in the plots were different irrigation depths based on daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo): 96, 80, 64 and 48%, estimated by Penman–Monteith method. In the subplots, there were sugarcane cultivars IAC91-1099, IACSP95-5000 and IACSP97-4039. Irrigation management based on 80% ETo resulted in higher growth, dry mass accumulation and greater leaf area. Water use efficiency was not influenced by irrigation management. IAC91-1099 presented higher overall growth, leaf area and dry mass accumulation. Water consumption was cultivar-dependent in irrigation managements using 80 and 96% of ETo. Water use efficiency was higher in IAC91-1099 and lower in IACSP95-5000. Lower substrate water matrix potential reduced leaves stomatal conductance, impairing IACSP95-5000 plantlet growth.
... Currently, fertilization management techniques and crop production are required to prevent, as far as possible, soil degradation and environmental pollution problems (Martín y Rivera, 2004). One procedure is by replacing soil cultivation with substrate cultivation (Abad y Noguera, 1997). When assessing the quality of a substrate, account must be taken of the proportion of the organic fraction since it is an essential constituent, due its properties and constitution, is responsable for most physicochemical and biological processes (Aguilera et al., 1999), especially in total nitrogen content. ...
The objective was to evaluate the mineralization of two mixtures of substrates with different nitrogen content, moisture, compost and mineral mixture based on zeolite and dolomite. The measured parameters were pH (extract 1:2), electrical conductivity (extract 1:5) by conductimeter; content of organic matter by ignition; organic carbon based on the results of organic matter using the Douglas factor= 0.5; and nitrogen per micro Kjeldahl. The flow of CO2 was measured with the IRGA gas analyzer. For both moisture content, the compost-free substrates had a higher C/N ratio. Compost substrates, because of their high mineralization, were appropriate with advantages to the supply of nitrogen. Substrates with compost and 15% moisture released higher CO2 by presenting more easily degradable compounds. Mineralization rates on substrates were higher with 15% humidity due to increased porous space occupied by gases, in addition, the supply of 50% of nitrogen had a low immobilization due to the lower organic matter content and the 40 cm3 L-1 mineral mixture content changed the dilution of carbon to be metabolized by microorganisms. The rate of mineralization was affected by the use of minerals, the quality and the subtrate origin.
... Percentage of boiler remnant charcoal waste (BCW) added to substrates and chemical and physicochemical properties of substrates. IS: Ideal Substrate, g Optimum or acceptable values for an ideal substrate according toAbad et al. (2004); BCW: boiler remnant charcoal waste; OM: Organic matter; N: Nitrogen; P: Total Phosphorus; K: Potassium; EC: Electrical conductivity; HLIF: humification index; CS: commercial substrate. Equal lowercase letters show no significant minimum difference (LSD) by the F test (α: 5%) among the BCW doses added in each agro-industrial compost. ...
The recovery of waste from the broiler production chain (BPC) is consistent with the principles of a circular economy. Besides turning waste into organic compost, its use as substrate for the production of vegetable seedlings further increases its economic value. However, it is necessary to adapt its characteristics to enable its use as substrate. To this end, the addition of boiler remnant charcoal wastes (BCW), another type of waste generated in the BPC, to the organic compost resulting from the composting of BPC waste with different bulking agents (BAs) was studied. The addition of BCW to agro-industrial compost reduced the electrical conductivity (EC) of substrates. Multiple linear regression showed that, of the 13 variables (physical, chemical and physicochemical) studied, three (EC, pH and N content) are sufficient to explain the seedling quality index (SQI). Simple nonlinear regression showed that, in order to achieve higher SQIs and easier removal of clod from tray, an additional 30% in weight of BCW is required for compost, using urban tree pruning, wood sawdust and sugarcane bagasse BAs. The use of cotton and Napier grass waste as BAs is not recommended for BPC waste mixtures, as they cause a large increase in substrate EC.
... Existe gran variedad de materiales que pueden ser adecuados como sustratos de cultivo, pero se deben considerar sus características físicas, químicas y biológicas, las necesidades del cultivo, así como la compleja interacción de procesos y fenómenos que se suscitan en la relación contenedor-sustrato-planta-ambiente ( Pineda et al., 2012). Abad et al. (2004) y Blok et al. (2008 mencionan que, de todas las propiedades de un sustrato, las físicas son las más importantes, ya que una vez establecido el cultivo, difícilmente se pueden manipular, y deben permanecer estables durante el ciclo del cultivo. Pineda et al. (2012) mencionan que en los materiales orgánicos, la resistencia o facilidad que ofrecen a la descomposición microbiana (bioestabilidad) es un aspecto muy importante que influirá en el mantenimiento de las propiedades físicas durante el crecimiento de las plantas. ...
Resumen La eliminación de los sustratos al final del cultivo es una amenaza potencial para el ambiente. Para disminuir efectos negativos, está la alternativa de reutilizar los sustratos durante varios ciclos de cultivo, además de aumentar la rentabilidad del material. La posibilidad de reutilizar los sustratos, sin ningún daño a los cultivos, depende de las propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas del material, así como la tolerancia de las plantas al estrés abiótico y/o biótico. Se evaluaron los cambios en las propiedades físicas de tres tipos de sustratos después de cuatro ciclos de reutilización en el cultivo de fresa. El experimento se realizó en invernaderos de la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Para definir los tratamientos se utilizó un diseño factorial 3x4 (sustratos x ciclos de uso), generando 12 tratamientos, los cuales se establecieron en un diseño de bloque completos al azar con tres repeticiones. La unidad experimental consistió en canaletas de PVC con 12 plantas de fresa de la variedad Albión. Se evaluaron las propiedades físicas de los sustratos (densidad aparente, capacidad de retención de humedad, espacio poroso total, capacidad de aireación, agua fácilmente disponible, agua de reserva, agua difícilmente disponible y agua total disponible) al inicio y al final del ciclo de cultivo. A los datos se les realizó un análisis de varianza y comparación múltiples de medias (Tukey p≤0.05). La fibra de coco mostró mayores cambios, incrementó significativamente la densidad aparente y capacidad de retención de humedad, pero disminuyó la capacidad de aireación. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que las propiedades físicas cambian en la fibra de coco y se mantienen en los sustratos perlita y tezontle, los cuales pueden reutilizarse durante cuatro ciclos consecutivos de cultivo de fresa hidropónica sin afectar su rendimiento y calidad. Palabras clave: Fragaria x ananassa Duch, capacidad de retención de humedad, capacidad de aireación, agua disponible, agua difícilmente disponible, densidad aparente.
... It is true that during the months of greater sun exposure (spring and summer) the bags were partially protected by the shade provided by the trees. And lastly, vii) the stability of the substrate, as it is an organic substrate and is therefore chemically active, needs close monitoring, especially for changes in the pH (Abad et al., 2004). This problem may Fig. 5. Yield parameters of nectarine trees as affected by irrigation volume applied (C: 100% ET c or D: 65% ET c ) and the presence of substrate (S). ...
Increasing water-use efficiency (WUE) is mandatory for more sustainable agricultural land use. Here we studied during three consecutive years in a nectarine (Prunus persica L.) orchard the effects of placing 2 × 40 L coconut fiber substrate (S) bags per tree on the agronomic performance and WUE. Additionally, there were two regimes of watering, control (C), fulfilling 100% of the estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and a deficit (D) irrigation treatment, replacing the 65% of the ETc. Root colonization of the substrate, changes in the soil and substrate water content and temperature, tree water status (midday stem water potential), shoot growth (trunk diameter and tree volume), fruit yield and fruit quality compounds, were determined. Coconut substrate was colonized by the roots after two months from its installation, and after three years root dry weight in the substrate averaged 172 and 155 g per tree for the control and deficit irrigation treatments, respectively. During the first year, tree growth was enhanced in the C irrigation, while freezing temperatures during fruit set almost totally removed all fruits. In the second year, probably the abundant rainfall disguised the effect of the substrate on the yield parameters. However, this year and the next, deficit irrigation reduced fruit mean weight and delayed fruit harvest. In the third year, the substrate in the deficit irrigation treatment had a positive effect on fruit yield by increasing the number of fruits per tree in comparisons with deficit irrigation trees without substrate. The combination of deficit irrigation and substrate increased the WUE over the rest of the treatments but with no clear improvements in the tree water status. The results suggest that nectarine trees with deficit irrigation and substrate could be benefiting from a more efficient use of nutrients that further increases fruit set or prevent fruit drop.
... Esta água, embora possa ser utilizada pelas plantas em caso de estresse hídrico, exige um grande gasto de energia (Fermino, 2002). Salienta-se que os substratos devem apresentar entre 24 a 40% de AD, e 20 a 30% de AFD (Abad & Noguera, 2000). No presente trabalho as amostras de substratos apresentaram valores de AD com média de 11,25%, em faixa portanto inferior àquela recomendada por De Boodt &Verdonck (1972), e volume de AFD (média de 8,88%, também inferior à faixa ideal, assim como o volume de AR, que foi em média de 2,38%. ...
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características físicas de substratos agrícolas alternativos a base de turfa e casca de arroz carbonizada. Os tratamentos foram: S1 (25% casca arroz carbonizada e 75% de turfa), S2 (75% de casca arroz carbonizada e 25% de turfa), S3 (testemunha - plantimax comercial) e S4 (50% casca arroz carbonizada e 50% turfa). A densidade dos substratos (DS) foi determinada pela metodologia de Hoffman (1970). Para a determinação da curva característica de retenção de água (CRA) dos substratos foi utilizada a metodologia da Mesa de Tensão. Utilizou-se de três repetições nas tensões de 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 hPa. De posse da CRA, calculou-se porosidade total, espaço de aeração, água disponível, água facilmente disponível, água tamponante e água remanescente. O aumento das proporções de casca de arroz carbonizada adicionadas à turfa proporcionou elevação nos teores de carbono orgânico do substrato, água facilmente disponível, espaço de aeração, porosidade total, água disponível e água tamponante. O tratamento S2 apresentou um volume de água remanescente muito baixo, característica que demonstra que a crescente adição de casca promove uma liberação
mais rápida da água, reduzindo os teores de água tamponante e água remanescente. Em função de sua baixa capacidade de armazenamento de água, o tratamento S2 exige irrigação frequente.
The study of soil respiration (microbial CO2 emission ) due to the incorporation of organic waste (RO) from agroindustry (bagasse and bagasse compost), allows estimating the envi-ronmental effect in relation to the CO2 emission,due to car-bon mineralization during its decomposition process, which must be considered from the climate change point of view. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the CO2 emission dynamics due to the mineralization of four lignocellulosic materials, incorporated into soils of different textures. Using the alkaline respiration technique, CO2 respiration was quan-tified in Regosol and Luvisol by incorporating two bagasse (TBD and TBA) and their composts (TCD and TCA) for 30 d under controlled humidity and temperature conditions. The TBD and TBA treatments increased microbiological activity with higher emissions, while the TCD and TCA treatments increased the soil organic C (COS) content with lower emis-sions. The CO2 emission was related to the mineralization of the RO and this in turn to its chemical composition and resistance to decomposition; in addition, the dynamics of the emissions were different by type of material and of soil. The incorporation of bagasse type RO is an option to increase soil microbial activity, but with greater greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; while composted RO generates an increase in the capture of COS and, therefore, a greater store of C and a lower emission of CO2.
In order to observe the differences between substrates in the production of Yahualica chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) seedling and plant, in the field and greenhouse at the University Center of Cs. Biological and Agricultural of the University of Guadalajara, this investigation was carried out, where six substrates were evaluated: Promix-GLX, Promix-FLX, Sunshine-3, Berger-BN2, Germinaza and 50% Germinaza + 50% Earthworm Humus. In seedlings, the following were evaluated: Emergence Speed, Emergence Percentage, Stem Thickness, Seedling Length, Number of Leaves, Fresh Weight Aerial Part, Fresh Weight root, aerial part dry weight and root dry weight, and during plant development in field and greenhouse: Plant height, and Fresh weight of ripe fruit. Significant differences were found between treatments (P≤0.05) in the seedling and plant quality variables. Consequently with the mixture of 50% Germinaza + 50% Earthworm Humus, Berger BN2 and Sunshine 3, the best seedling quality was obtained. And moreover the best plant development was observed in the greenhouse, with an average plant height of 139 cm and a fresh fruit yield of 651 g. When germinaza was combined with earthworm humus (50:50), the results were significant to obtain vigorous plants, high percentage of emergence.
El sargazo (Sargassum spp.) es una macroalga parda que durante la última década ha presentado arribos anómalos en playas
caribeñas, generando una problemática al turismo local por el aspecto y olor que adquiere cundo se descompone sobre el litoral.
Para dar alternativas de manejo algunas investigaciones han propuesto incorporarlo a diferentes procesos industriales que van
desde la cosmética, la construcción y la producción de alimentos. Dentro este último, se han reportado tratamientos para su
acondicionamiento físico-químico y posterior uso como sustrato agrícola, sin embargo, las investigaciones de su desempeño son
escasas. Por ello en el presente trabajo se determinaron las características físicas y químicas de una muestra del alga colectada
en Puerto Progreso, Yucatán, México, así como las implicaciones de estas sobre la germinación de dos especies hortícolas.
Las determinaciones fueron comparadas con las características y desempeño de turba (Sphagnum spp. comercialmente
llamado Peat moss®). Los resultados mostraron propiedades físicas desfavorables cuando se usa como componente único, así
como una alta concentración de plomo (Pb), ion sodio y calcio que limitan su uso en la industria alimenticia, además de que
interfieren negativamente con las etapas de germinación. Debido a esto, se recomienda probar mezclas de sargazo con otros
materiales que permitan mejorar sus características físicas, así como amortiguar las concentraciones de metales, además de
idear mecanismos para reducir su concentración o eliminarlos completamente del sustrato.
Palabras clave: germinación, desempeño agronómico, caracterización física, propiedades químicas
La flor de Cempasúchil es originaria de México, siendo muy representativa en las ofrendas para los muertos, su nombre proviene del náhuatl que significa veinte flores o varias flores. En la búsqueda de un sustrato más económico y una alternativa para incrementar la germinación y desarrollo de plantas de cempasúchil, se realizó la presente investigación con el objetivo de determinar si el aserrín, perlita, peat moss, tierra de hoja y la combinación de ellos mejoran la germinación o desarrollo de la planta Cempasúchil. Los siete tratamientos y diez repeticiones generados se sembraron en charolas de 77 cavidades de las cuales solo se utilizó 70 cavidades, los cuales se colocaron en un diseño de bloques completos al azar, utilizando la función de aleatorización del programa “Rstudio”. Los tratamientos que presentaron el mayor porcentaje de germinación son T7 (aserrín 25%, peat moss 25%, perlita 25%, tierra de hoja 25%) y el T6 (aserrín 55%, peat moss 15%, perlita 15%, tierra de hoja 15%). Mientras en la variable desarrollo de la planta de cempasúchil el tratamiento con mejor resultado es el T1 (peat moss 100%) y le sigue el T4 (tierra de hoja 100%).
El sargazo (Sargassum spp.) es una macroalga parda que durante la última década ha presentado arribos anómalos en playas caribeñas, generando una problemática al turismo local por el aspecto y olor que adquiere cundo se descompone sobre el litoral. Para dar alternativas de manejo algunas investigaciones han propuesto incorporarlo a diferentes procesos industriales que van desde la cosmética, la construcción y la producción de alimentos. Dentro este último, se han reportado tratamientos para su acondicionamiento físico-químico y posterior uso como sustrato agrícola, sin embargo, las investigaciones de su desempeño son escasas. Por ello en el presente trabajo se determinaron las características físicas y químicas de una muestra del alga colectada en Puerto Progreso, Yucatán, México, así como las implicaciones de estas sobre la germinación de dos especies hortícolas. Las determinaciones fueron comparadas con las características y desempeño de turba (Sphagnum spp. Comercialmente llamado Peat moss®). Los resultados mostraron propiedades físicas desfavorables cuando se usa como componente único, así como una alta concentración de plomo (Pb), ion sodio y calcio que limitan su uso en la industria alimenticia, además de que interfieren negativamente con las etapas de germinación. Debido a esto, se recomienda probar mezclas de sargazo con otros materiales que permitan mejorar sus características físicas, así como amortiguar las concentraciones de metales, además de idear mecanismos para reducir su concentración o eliminarlos completamente del sustrato.
There is little information about the production of agave plants in the nursery, so this research assessed the growth in the nursery of Agave angustifolia plants originating from inflorescence bulbils, subjected to different substrates, fertigation doses, and inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. The bulbils were established for two months in a 50% peat-50% perlite substrate. One hundred and eighty plants were individually transferred to 3.8 dm3 pots for evaluation in an experiment with three factors: 1) type of irrigation: 1.1) water, or 1.2) fertigation with Steiner’s nutrient solution (NS), NS-50%, or 1.3) NS-100%; 2) inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense, 2.1) inoculated plants, 2.2) non-inoculated plants; 3) substrate, mixtures of bovine manure (BM) + sand (S) in different proportions, Mix1: 75% BM + 25% S; Mix2: 25% BM + 75% S; Mix3: 50% BM + 50% S. Morphological characteristics were quantified for one year. The largest plants were those that were in substrates with 50% BM, and were fertirrigated with NS-100% and inoculated with Azospirillum brasiliense. The smallest plants were those established a in a substrate with the lowest manure content, irrigated with only water and without inoculation, which was respectively 71.6 and 54.10 cm high, 21 and 15.6 leaves, 76.6 and 62.2 mm in stem diameter, 84.4 and 59.8 cm in rosette diameter.
The effect of three substrates made from vermicompost and one based on compost was evaluated on the development of physiological variables of cuttings from three coffee clones: INIFAP 00-28, INIFAP 00-24, and INIFAP 97-14 of robusta coffee (Coffea canephora P) and their interactions. Twelve treatments were studied, arranged in a strip plot block design with factorial structure in the treatments (substrate x clone) with four repetitions; ANOVA and Tukey’s mean comparison (p ≤ 0.05) was performed. In the substrate, the variables pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), apparent density (Bd), cation exchange capacity (CEC), macro and micronutrients were evaluated; while in the coffee cuttings clones, mortality percentage (M), axillary bud yield percentage (S), rooting percentage (R), outbreak length (OI), number of internodes (Ni), number of leaves (NI), number of roots (Nr) and root length (RI). In the INIFAP substrate, the different types of robusta coffee clones showed the highest physiological development. Among types of clones, clone INIFAP 00-28 presented the highest physiological development of the photosynthesis part (axillary bud yield, outbreak length, number of internodes, number of leaves); however, it showed the least root development. The lowest development was observed in the clone INIFAP 97-14, and the highest root development was observed in the clone INIFAP 00-24 (percentage of rooting, number of roots and root length) while the clone INIFAP 00-28 showed the highest development of the photosynthesis part.
Introducción. El incremento en la demanda de sustratos como medio de cultivo alternativo a suelos contaminados con complejos de fitopatógenos, plantea la necesidad de validar metodologías para la evaluación agronómica de sus características físicas y químicas. Aunque existen diferentes métodos, la falta de validación y homologación entre y dentro de países, dificulta el control de calidad de materiales nacionales e importados, lo que limita el éxito de cultivos en sustrato. Objetivo. Evaluar 3 distintas metodologías para determinar las características físicas de un sustrato de fibra de coco. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron los métodos de porómetro, contenedor “in situ” y caja de arena para determinar la densidad aparente (DA) y los porcentajes de componente sólido (CS), de humedad (θ) a capacidad de contenedor (θCC), de capacidad de aireación (CA) y de porosidad total (PT). Adicionalmente, la caja de arena permitió determinar los contenidos de humedad a diferentes potenciales mátricos desde θCC hasta punto de marchitez permanente (PMP). Resultados. Los valores de CA, θCC, PT y CS no fueron estadísticamente diferentes (p>0,05) entre métodos, y únicamente la DA fue ligeramente inferior (p
Replacement of rock wool by organic substrates is considered to reduce the environmental impact, e.g., through energy savings during production and waste prevention, caused by hydroponically produced crops. A suitable substrate for plant production is characterized by an optimal composition of air- and water-filled pores. In our study, we used hemp fibers as an organic alternative to rock wool in order to cultivate tomato plants in hydroponics for 36 weeks. The leaf area, plant length, and yields, as well as the quality of fruits including soluble solid contents, dry weight content, mineral composition, and contents of phenolic compounds caused by both substrates, were similar. Carotenoids were significantly increased in fruits from plants grown in hemp at some measuring dates. Nevertheless, higher emission rates of greenhouse gases such as N2O, CO2, and CH4 caused by hemp fiber compared to those emitted by rock wool during use are rather disadvantageous for the environment. While hemp proved to be a suitable substrate in terms of some physical properties (total pore volume, bulk density), a lower volume of air and easily available water as well as very rapid microbial decomposition and the associated high nitrogen immobilization must be considered as disadvantages.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICO-QUÍMICA DE SUBSTRATO DE FIBRA DE CASCA DE COCO APÓS O CULTIVO HIDROPÔNICO DE PIMENTÃO COM ÁGUA DE REÚSO E DIFERENTES LÂMINAS DE SOLUÇÃO NUTRITIVA1 RENATA DA SILVA CUBA DE CARVALHO2; MARA RÚBIA MENDES DE MELO3; fRANCIELLY GUIEIRO GOMES DE SOUSA4; luís roberto almeida gabriel filho5; antonio evaldo klar6 E hélio grassi filho7 1Trabalho originado da tese de doutorado do primeiro autor intitulada: “Cultivo de pimentão em sistema hidropônico com água de reúso em diferentes níveis de disponibilidade de água no substrato”. 2Doutora, Programa de Pós-graduação em Agronomia – Irrigação e Drenagem, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida Universitária, 3780, CEP 18610-034, Altos do Paraíso, Botucatu-SP, Brasil, renatacuba@hotmail.com. 3 Doutoranda, Programa de Pós- graduação em Agronomia, Departamento de Produção e Melhoramento Vegetal. Faculdade de Ciências Agronômica, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua José Barbosa de Barros, 1780. CEP: 18.610-307, Botucatu-SP - Brasil. E-mail: mara_mendesmelo@hotmail.com. 4Doutora, Programa de Pós- graduação em Agronomia – Irrigação e Drenagem, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômica, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida Universitária, 3780, CEP 18610-034, Altos do Paraíso, Botucatu-SP, fran.engagricola@gmail.com. 5 Professor Associado do Departamento de Gestão, Desenvolvimento e Tecnologia da Faculdade de Ciências e Engenharia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida Domingos da Costa Lopes,780, Jardim Itaipu, 17602-496, Tupã-SP, Brasil, gabriel.filho@unesp.br. 6 Professor Emérito do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida Universitária, 3780, CEP 18610-034, Altos do Paraíso, Botucatu-SP, Brasil. E-mail: a.klar@unesp.br. 7 Professor Titular do Departamento de Solos e Recursos Ambientais da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida Universitária, 3780, CEP 18610-034, Altos do Paraíso, Botucatu-SP, Brasil, helio.grassi@unesp.br. 1 RESUMO Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar a partir de análises físicas e químicas, o substrato de fibra de casca de coco antes e após o seu uso com a cultura do pimentão, cultivada em vasos com solução nutritiva preparada com água de reúso e água potável e diferentes lâminas de reposição dessa solução (100, 75 e 50% da evapotranspiração da cultura). O cultivo foi realizado em ambiente protegido ao longo de 175 dias, em vasos com capacidade volumétrica de 15 L, preenchidos com fibra de casca de coco. A cada 30 dias mediu-se o pH e a condutividade elétrica do substrato em laboratório. Após a colheita das plantas, foram coletadas amostras do substrato, com as quais avaliaram-se as características químicas e físicas: condutividade elétrica, pH, teores de NH4+, NO3-, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cl, B, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), capacidade de retenção de água (10kPA) e densidade volumétrica seca. A reposição de solução nutritiva no substrato através da evapotranspiração da cultura proporcionou aumento dos teores de nutrientes, condutividade elétrica, CTC do substrato e densidade. Os maiores valores desses parâmetros foram verificados para os tratamentos cultivados com solução nutritiva preparada com água de reúso. Palavras chave: salinização, nutrientes, água residuária, hidroponia, efluente. CARVALHO, R. S. C.; MELO, M. R. M.; GOMES, F. G.; GABRIEL FILHO, L. R. A.; KLAR, A. E.; GRASSI FILHO, H. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF IN COCONUT HUSK FIBER SUBSTRATE AFTER THE CULTIVATION OF PEPPER IN A HYDROPONIC SYSTEM WITH WATER REUSE AND DIFFERENT DEPHTS OF NUTRIENT SOLUTION 2 ABSTRACT This work aimed to characterize the physical and chemical characteristics of the coconut husk fiber substrate before and after its use with the pepper crop, cultivated in pots with a nutritive solution prepared with reuse and drinking water and different depths of this solution replenishment (100, 75 and 50% of crop evapotranspiration). Cultivation was conducted in pots greenhouse with a volumetric capacity of 15 L, filled with coconut husk fiber. The plants were grown for 175 days and every 30 days, the pH and electrical conductivity of the substrate were measured in the laboratory. After the plants were harvested, samples of the substrate were collected and the chemical and physical characteristics were evaluated: electrical conductivity, pH, NH4 +, NO3-, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cl, B, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, cation exchange capacity (CTC), water retention capacity (10kPA), and dry bulk density. The replacement of the nutrient solution in the substrate through crop evapotranspiration provided an increase in nutrient content, electrical conductivity, CTC of substrate and density. The highest values for theses parameters were verified for the treatments cultivated with nutritive solution prepared with water reuse. Keywords: salinization, nutrients, wastewater, hydroponic, effluent.
Soilless growing systems can improve water-use efficiency, especially in closed soilless growing systems. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different transplanting conditions, and determine how supplying H2O2 as an oxygen source to the rhizosphere of strawberry plants in a soilless growing system affects plant growth, fruit yield and fruit quality. Strawberry plants (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cv. ‘Fortuna’ were cultivated in 12 L pots filled with peat substrate, and maintained under conditions of natural light and temperature. Treated plants were supplied with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (H1) and control plants did not receive H2O2 (H0). In terms of the transplanting conditions, the plants were transplanted in October (T1), and either maintained in a culture chamber (T2), or refrigerated (T3), for one month, before being transplanted. A completely randomized block design with two treatment factors (transplanting conditions, and H2O2 treatment) and five replications was established. Then, we determined the fruit per plant, yield per plant (g plant−1), fruit weight (g fruit−1), fruit size (mm), SPAD values, crown number, crown diameter (mm), flower number, firmness (g cm−1), pH, total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and TSS/TA. During the early crop cycle, there were not significant differences between treatment and the transplanting conditions that significantly affected the fruit weight and fruit size, although T3 produced the highest values. During the late crop cycle, the H2O2 treatment affected fruit per plant, yield per plant (g plant−1), and crown diameter, with H1 producing the highest values. Furthermore, the transplanting conditions affected yield per plant (g plant−1), old SPAD values, crown diameter, firmness, TSS, TA and TSS/TA.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of substrates formulated with different blends of sand-solarized manure and sand-vermicompost over yield, commercial and phytochemical quality of greenhouse tomatoes, and in addition to determine their benefit-cost (B/C) ratio for organic production of tomato. Six substrates were established consisting in blends of sand with 20, 30 or 40% of solarized manure (SM20, SM30 and SM40), and 20, 30 and 40% of vermicompost (VC20, VC30 and VC40), and control (TA) of sand fertilized with Steiner solution. Fruit yielding, commercial (fruit size, equatorial and longitudinal diameter, firmness, and soluble solids content), and nutraceutical quality (phenolic and lycopene content) were evaluated. In addition, cost-benefit (B/C) ratio of treatments was compared. Micro morphological analysis of the organic materials showed microscopic differences that could affect substrate functional properties. Substrate type affect yielding, and VC40 substrate had a higher yield than SM substrates, but SM20 had the highest phenolic and lycopene content in fruit, in addition to the highest cost-benefit production ratio (2.31). These results confirm that substrates formulated with blends of sand and either SM or VC can be used for organic production of tomato fruits with an adequate commercial and phytochemical quality without affecting yield, additionally to the economic advantages of such substrates for protected agriculture systems.
The amount of biowaste generated by university canteens (BWUC) in the faculties of the University of A Coruña (UDC) varies between 6 and 100 kg/day. In addition, the gardening services of the campus generate even higher amounts of garden waste (GrW), including pruning, which, once crushed, serves as bulking material for composting the biowaste from the canteens. Decentralized composting has been chosen with the aim of producing high quality organic fertilizers for university urban gardens while reducing the environmental burdens of both waste management and agricultural practice. Small static home composters of 340 L (SHC) for smaller amounts of generation (up to 20 kg BWUC/day) were used, while, for faculties of higher generation (up to 40 kg BWUC/day on average), the first composting stage was carried out in a closed and dynamic composter (DC). The dynamic composter was designed and built specifically for this project and its features were improved and optimized throughout the study. The pilot project was carried out in two centers of the UDC, which are known as the Philology Faculty (PF) and the School of Architecture (SA). All the organic waste generated by the canteens of these two colleges from January 2011 to July 2011 (approximately 3000 kg) was treated. Composting in SHC included a thermophilic phase that extended one month beyond the loading period for which thermophilic temperatures were also recorded. The use of the DC as the first stage in combination with static composters (SC) for the maturation stage reduced the overall thermophilic phase to 6-8 weeks. The complete maturation (Rottegrade class IV-V) was achieved after about four months in SHC and after two months when using the combined DC-SC system, if the right conditions of moisture were maintained. The chemical quality of the compost produced was compatible with Class A of Spanish legislation (equivalent to organic farmer quality) and the C/N ratio ranged from 9 to 15 depending on the relation BWUC:GrW.
Rooting substrate and fertilization are key components in the production of containerized seedlings, as they can influence the morphological and physiological characteristics of the plants,which in turn can impact outplanting performance. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of four substrates based on mixtures of peat moss (PM), composted bark (CB) and raw pine sawdust (PS), combined with two doses of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) and one non-fertilized control, on the growth of Pinus cembroides Zucc. in the nursery. The treatments were: M1: 50+25+25, M2: 25+25+50, M3: 25+50+25 and M4: 50+50+0 of PM+ CB+ PS (% by volume), respectively. Fertilizer treatments used a controlled release fertilizer (Multicote®): F1: 3 kg m-3 and F2: 6 kg m-3 and a control (WF: with no added fertilizer). The treatments were distributed in a randomized complete block design, with a factorial arrangement of 4 x 3 and six replications. The variables evaluated were: height, seedling diameter, dry biomass, Dickson Quality Index, N, P and K content. Regardless of the substrate, the high fertilizer dose (6 kg m-3) improved most morphological variables. In addition, the high fertilizer dose resulted in foliar N, P and K concentrations within recommended ranges for all substrates. The substrate containing only peat moss and composted bark (M4 + F1 and M4 + F2) had the best growth response. However, the substrate composed of 25% peat moss, 50% composted bark and 25% raw pine sawdust with the high fertilizer dose (M3 + F2) resulted in acceptable seedling growth, and may be preferred if the cost of the substrate is a concern to nursery manager.
Microorganisms are only effective when adequate conditions for their survival and development are provided. Among the factors that influence its effectiveness includes the type of soil or culture substrate, which works as an energy source reserve. Therefore, a tomato and a melon crop were established in different cycles to assess the effect of the physicochemical properties of organic substrates based on coconut fibre and vermicompost in three proportions, 0:100, 40:60 and 60:40 (% v:v), on the microbial activity in the rhizosphere when the bacteria Azotobacter vinelandii, Bacillus megaterium and Frateuria aurantia were applied. Concentrations of NO3−, H2PO4−, K+ and Ca2+ in the petiole cellular extract (PCE) were quantified at 60, 90 and 120 days after transplantation (DAT) for tomato and 45 and 65 DAT for melon. We analysed dehydrogenase activity (DHA), acid phosphatase activity (FTA) and β-glucosidase activity (β-GLU). In order to maintain optimal volumetric moisture for the survival of microorganisms, automatic control was used to manage the irrigation frequency between 22%–28%. The results showed that physicochemical substrate properties, by incorporating 40% vermicompost into the coconut fibre mixture, increased enzymatic activity. Plants that were inoculated with Azotobacter vinelandii and Frateuria aurantia showed an improvement in NO3− and K+ assimilation achieving highest yields.
Turfgrass is susceptible to several fungal diseases, being Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, the causal agent of dollar spot, which causes the greatest turfgrass losses in several countries. Composting allows the valorization and treatment of organic wastes, producing organic composts with agricultural applications as soil amendments and as biological control agents of soil-borne diseases. Two composts were produced, P1 and P2, through the composting of agro-industrial wastes in piles with mechanical turning. From the end of the thermophilic phase until the end of the composting process, fungi from both composts were isolated and identified. From the isolates, twenty-six showed potential antagonistic activity, being 12 from P1 and 14 from P2. Their antagonistic capacity was evaluated using the method of direct confrontation. From the isolates, 12 of them, belonging to the genus Trichoderma, Fusarium and Bionetria, prevented S. homoeocarpa growth and development on turfgrass, with a disease inhibition rate between 52 and 68%. Both composts were also tested as substrates for turfgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). In the in vivo trials, the area of turfgrass with disease decreased, particularly in the pots containing P2 compost. The tested composts effectively controlled S. homoeocarpa growth both in vitro and in the pot trials, especially the P2 compost.
La obtención de planta de calidad para la producción a escala comercial de bambú es un factor importante, debido a que los métodos convencionales de propagación han sido poco estudiados y limitado su propagación. El presente trabajo se desarrollo bajo condiciones de vivero, con el propósito de evaluar el efecto de los factores método de propagación (CH, V y SN), especies de bambú (Ga, Bo y Bv) y sustratos (ATC, TCE y SIC) sobre supervivencia (SPV), número de hijuelos (NH), número de raíz (NR), longitud de raíz (LR), Número de hojas por plántula (NHA), altura (AL) y diámetro del tallo (DI) del primer hijuelo de plantas de bambú, en macetas de polietileno negro. Los tratamientos se establecieron en un diseño completamente al azar con tres repeticiones. Las variables respuesta fueron evaluadas al final del experimento (136 DDT). El método por chusquin es mejor que el de vareta y segmento nodal, para las variables en estudio. La vareta y el segmento nodal ofrecen menor supervivencia y reducido número de hijuelos. Mientras que la Guadua angustifolia y Bambusa vulgaris son las mejores especies en relación a la Bambusa oldhamii para la propagación de planta de bambú, independientemente del sustrato que se utilice
Spinach is susceptible to drought conditions, and, because of climate change, it is necessary to optimize water application to crops. Therefore, a test was carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments consisting of the following irrigation suspension durations: T1: 0 d, T2: 4 d, T3: 7 d and T4: 10, with six replicates for a total of 24 experiment units (EU). Each EU consisted of 6 plants, for a total of 120 plants that were transplanted to 2 L pots with a mixture of peat and soil (2:1). The upper part of the substrate was maintained with a higher moisture content in the treatment without irrigation suspension and in the one with irrigation suspended for 4 d. An inversely proportional relationship was observed between the moisture content and the leaf water potential. The treatment without irrigation suspension recorded the highest leaf water potential value during the measurement period. There were no significant differences between the chlorophyll content in the SPAD units or for the leaf area, stomatal conductance and dry mass. The fresh mass presented significant differences and had the highest value in the treatment without suspension of irrigation.
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