No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Ecosystems sustainability challenges from international river water plunderage
... For years, the major roles of the Ganges basin wetland ecosystems have been groundwater recharge, groundwater discharge, groundwater quality maintenance, floodwater storage, storm surge, irrigation, filtering system for polluted/stagnant water, shoreline stabilization and erosion reduction, obstruction to salinity intrusion, sediment trapping, soil fertilization, nutrient deposition, food chains maintenance, crop production, livestock grazing, fisheries production, essential minerals and other nutrients provision, wildlife habitat provision, sports and recreation facilitation, religious ritual observations, natural heritage values maintenance, aesthetic beautification, biomass production, wood/fuel provision, goods transportations, inland river port developments , biodiversity presentation, and micro-climate stabilization (Dugan, 1990;IWRB, 1992;Rashid et al., 2011;Adel, 2001Adel, , 2012aAdel, , 2012bAdel, , 2012cAdel, , 2012d. ...
... Moreover, climate has turned extreme with an increased number of warmer summer days and colder winter days than pre-Farakka time, rainfalls have become scanty and erratic, and there has been a numerous loss of biodiversity before any inventory could be made. Additional effects include increased coastal erosion, widespread inland advancement of saline water front, and the deterioration of the Ganges water quality (Adel, 2001(Adel, , 2012a(Adel, , 2012b(Adel, , 2012c(Adel, , 2012d. India is a signatory of the intergovernmental Ramsar Convention that stresses on international cooperation for saving even a seasonal water body without regard to its size. ...
... Being a responsible member of this great convention, India violates the pillars of the organization by causing depletion and contamination of surface and groundwater, eradication of inland waterways and natural breeding and raising grounds of more than 100 species of Gangetic fishes, depriving people of their cheapest source of calcium and indispensable animal protein from fish, loss of people's seasonal and annual livelihoods that were tied to the Ganges, its distributaries and sub-distributaries rivers and other surface water bodies, contamination of more than 75 million people's drinking water with arsenic, break off of families with a spouse suffering from arsenicosis, 20% fatalities from arsenicosis, climate change with an increased number of warmer summer days and colder winter days than the pre-Farakka time, scanty and erratic rainfalls, loss of numerous biodiversity before any inventory preparation, inland intrusion of saline water front and increased coastal erosion, destruction of the facilities for the observance of the minority Hindu's religious rites and general people's learning and performing water sports and other recreational activities, etc. etc. India has caused an ecosystem crash in the Ganges basin (Adel, 2001(Adel, , 2002(Adel, , 2003(Adel, , 2004a(Adel, , 2004b(Adel, , 2005(Adel, , 2008a(Adel, , 2008b(Adel, , 2008c(Adel, , 2008d(Adel, , 2012a(Adel, , 2012b(Adel, , 2012c(Adel, , 2012d(Adel, , 2013a(Adel, , 2013b. ...
... Furthermore, irregular rainfall patterns with increased numbers of warmer summer days and colder winter days have turned the climate extreme. Increased coastal erosion, widespread inland salinity, and water quality deterioration may be the additional effects of the water diversion of the Ganges River [87,[100][101][102]. The impacts of the Farakka barrage on Bangladesh are illustrated in Figure 3. ...
... Furthermore, irregular rainfall patterns with increased numbers of warmer summer days and colder winter days have turned the climate extreme. Increased coastal erosion, widespread inland salinity, and water quality deterioration may be the additional effects of the water diversion of the Ganges River [87,[100][101][102]. The impacts of the Farakka barrage on Bangladesh are illustrated in Figure 3. ...
This paper presents a review of water research, development, and management in Bangladesh, with examples drawn from the past and present. A bibliometric analysis is adopted here to analyze the water-related publication data of Bangladesh. Water-quality-related research is the dominating research field in Bangladesh as compared to water-quantity (floods and droughts)-related ones. The most productive author was found to be Ahmed KM for water-related publication in Bangladesh. The arsenic contamination in Bangladesh has received the highest attention (13 out of the top 15 highly cited papers are related to arsenic contamination). Climate-change-related topics have been showing an increasing trend in research publications over the last 5 years. Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100, prepared recently, is a visionary master plan that is expected to shape water management in Bangladesh in the coming decades to adapt to climate change. A set of recommendations is made here to achieve sustainable water management in Bangladesh.
... The Ganges and its many primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary and further downward streams that form the northwestern and southwestern riverine parts of Bangladesh are shown in Fig. 6 and 7. Some of these rivers are the Baral, the Musa Khan, the Mahananda, the Tista, the Punarbhaba, the Talma, the Tangon, the Karatoa, the Bangali, the Ghaghat, the Dhepa. These streams supplied the founding and sustaining lifeblood of the wetland ecosystem of northwestern Bangladesh up to 1975 when India started to pirate the water of the Bangladesh Gangetic ecosystem by constructing the Farakka Barrage across the Ganges and many tricks the details of which have appeared in the previous works (Adel, 1999b;1999d;2002;2004a;2004b;2005;2007;2008a;2008b;2008c;Adel and Husain, 2008;Adel, 2009;2012a;2012b;2012c;2012d;2012e;2013a;2013b;2013c;2013d;2013f;2013g;2013h;2014a;2014c;Miah, 1996a;1996b;1996cMiah, 19951989). ...
ABSTRACT
Since the 80’s, the northwestern and the southwestern parts of the tropical Bangladesh located in the
downstream Ganges basin have been having summer temperature above 109°F and winter temperature as
low as 37°F. Every year people, particularly, the infants die from heat-and cold-related diseases and
hospitals become packed-up with the victims of severe climatic condition. The objective of this research is
to find the reason for the appearances of the extreme climate in certain parts of the country. Water bodies
being reservoirs of heat, the condition of the rivers and other surface water resources has been examined. It
is found that the continued water piracy at the upstream from the downstream Bangladesh Ganges
discharge, the major source of water for the northwestern and southwestern parts, has depleted surface ater
resources and sunken the down the groundwater table. About 60% evaporation of the massively extracted
groundwater to make up for the surface water shortage goes to merely increase the relative humidity
without causing rainfall. Summer time lingering high temperature and high humidity cause the severity of
summer weather. In the absence of the virgin surface water bodies, there is little room for storing heat for
wintertime warming. The entire Ganges basin loses at least 10 times the heat it used to store in the water abundant days. Summertime maximum temperature, HDDs and CDDs are negatively and wintertime
minimum temperature is positive correlated with the decline of the Ganges’s discharge. Indian Government
has to decommission her dams and barrages to mitigate the sufferings of the downstream people in
Bangladesh. The greatest implication of this research is the accountability of the anthropogenic actions-caused depleting inland water bodies through storing, distribution via multi-channeling, irrigation, industrial and domestic use, for the occurrences of global heating vis-à-vis cooling and not CO2 and other greenhouse gases accumulation in space. Immediate international actions are needed to end the episode.
India has been pirating 60% of the Bangladesh Gangetic ecosystem's water since 1975 after construction of a feeder canal by the Farakka Barrage in the name of maintaining the navigability of the Calcutta Port located at the mouth of the Hooghly River. As a consequence, massive ecocide has unfolded in Bangladesh. India's forced piracy and Bangladesh's compelled consent to piracy, for a meager discharge, have continued for the past forty years. This study focuses on Calcutta Port's navigability source, navigability loss and past maintenance, India's water crisis, and India's use of the looted water resources. Sources of information included electronic and print media, site visitations, expert interviews, fieldwork, travel accounts, research institutions, and government offices. The study finds Calcutta Port's brisk use during the British period, Calcutta Port's Ganges discharge-independent establishment, India's development of other ports in post-independent India, the storage of the Hooghly's water in reservoirs, Calcutta Port's navigability loss unworthy of causing ecocide in Bangladesh, India's inland cruise line setup with the pirated water, and the stealing of water from border rivers. As a member of the Ramsar Convention inter-governmental panel since 1971, India's actions violate the Convention's doctrines of saving a permanent or temporary water body without regard to its location, kind, size, and depth through international convention. For environmental justice, India should pay Bangladesh earnings from the looted water's commercial use, cover dredging costs of Bangladesh's clogged rivers and canals, close the feeder canal, demolish the Farakka Barrage, and return the water to Bangladesh. Furthermore, India should be financially responsible for the full recharge of the groundwater, purification of arsenic, treatment for millions of potential and current arsenic patients and 20% arsenic fatalities, lost livelihoods, salinity removal, rebuilding of the eroded coast, revitalization of extinct flora and fauna, and establishment of normal climate.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.