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Chickweed (Stellaria media) Leaf
Meal as a Feed Ingredient for Tilapia
(Oreochromis mossambicus)
Sevdan Yılmaz a & Sebahattin Ergün a
a Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences and
Technology , Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Çanakkale , Turkey
Published online: 09 Dec 2013.
To cite this article: Sevdan Yılmaz & Sebahattin Ergün (2013) Chickweed (Stellaria media) Leaf Meal
as a Feed Ingredient for Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 25:4,
329-336
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2013.851531
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Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 25:329–336, 2013
Copyright ©Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 1045-4438 print/1545-0805 online
DOI: 10.1080/10454438.2013.851531
Chickweed (Stellaria media) Leaf Meal
as a Feed Ingredient for Tilapia
(Oreochromis mossambicus)
SEVDAN YILMAZ and SEBAHATTIN ERGÜN
Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Çanakkale Onsekiz
Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
A study was undertaken to determine the effect of the inclusion
of chickweed ( Stellaria media) leaf meal (CLM) on growth per-
formance, feed utilization, nutrition retention, and whole body
composition of tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Five isonitroge-
nous (35% crude protein) and isoenergetic diets were formulated to
contain chickweed leaf meal at levels of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and
20%. A 45-day feeding trial was carried out on triplicate groups
of 225 mixed sex fish in 140-L fiberglass tanks. There were no
particular differences in protein retention, fat retention, energy
retention, whole body dry matter, and ash levels of fish fed experi-
mental diets (P >0.05). However, 20% chickweed supplementation
significantly decreased final fish weight, weight gain, feed conver-
sion ratio, whole body protein, and fat levels (P <0.05), probably
as a result of oxalic acid toxicity. Inclusion of CLM can be used at
10% in tilapia diets without significant reduction in growth.
KEYWORDS Tilapia, chickweed leaf meal, growth, feed
utilization, whole body composition
We would like to thanks Necla TÜRK and AGROMEY for amino acid analysis. The authors
also thank Mr. Yahya Kaya, Mr. Eray Alabak, and Mr. Mert Yücesan for their assistance while
conducting of the experiment.
Address correspondence to Sevdan Yılmaz, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine
Sciences and Technology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17100, Turkey.
E-mail: sevdanyilmaz@comu.edu.tr
329
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330 S. Yılmaz and S. Ergün
INTRODUCTION
Oreochromis sp. feed on low trophic levels (El-Sayed 2006; Nguyen and
Davis 2009). Tilapias have long coiled intestines, and it is known that
O. mossambicus is a functional omnivore (Doupé and Knott 2010), indi-
cating that plant protein is useful in its diet. Previous studies showed that
vegetable protein sources such as jack bean (Martinez-Palacios et al. 1988),
alfalfa (Olvera-Novoa et al. 1990), rapeseed (Davies et al. 1990), and biogas-
plant effluent (Gopal et al. 1996) are readily accepted by O. mossambicus.
Plant sources are cheaper than fishmeal but generally include anti-nutritional
contents.
Chickweed (Caryophyllaceae, Stellaria media) is a cosmopolitan weed
(Allen and Hatfield 2004). Many animals eat their shoots and seeds, both
domesticated and wild, with no reported deleterious effects (Sobey 1981),
but high oxalic acid content may be a problem (Guil et al. 1996, 1997).
Chickweed is readily eaten and digested by chaffinches. Derrick et al. (1993)
reported that sheep readily digested chickweed. It is used as a leaf veg-
etable, often raw in salads by people (Slavokhotova et al. 2011). Chickweed
is reported to have probiotic effects including: anti-inflammation, anti-
viral, anti-itch, anti-pyretic, anti-rheumatic, demulcent, depurative, digestive,
diuretic, emmenagogue, emollient, expectorant, lactagogue, and vulnerary
(Zhu 1998; Duke et al. 2002).
One of the main problems in utilization of plant protein sources is defi-
ciency of certain essential amino acids (Houlihan et al. 2001). Chickweed
has a total of 16 free amino acids including threonine, valine, methionine,
isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine, histidine, and arginine (Shan et al.
2010), which are essential for fish health and growth. Chickweed appears to
be a useable fish food, but its inclusion level in the diet of O. mossambicus
needs to be evaluated.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Healthy cultured Oreochromis mossambicus (weight average ∼20 g) were
produced at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Fisheries. The
physical qualities of fresh water during the experiment were as follows: tem-
perature, 28.7 ±0.2◦C; pH, 7.3 ±0.5; dissolved oxygen, 7.10 ±0.6 mg/L;
conductivity, 520 ±15 uS; total ammonia, 0.09 ±0.01 mg/L; nitrite,
0.03 ±0.01 mg/L; and nitrate, 1.1 ±0.1 mg/L. Temperature, dissolved
oxygen, and conductivity were measured once a day using a YSI-85 digital
temperature/oxygen/conductivity/hand-held meter, while pH, total ammo-
nia, nitrite, and nitrate levels were monitored twice per week using a HANNA
C 200 (HI 83200) spectrophotometer.
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Alternative of Chickweed in the Diet of Tilapia 331
TABLE 1 Chemical composition of dietary ingredients.
Crude Protein Crude Lipid Crude Ash
Ingredients (% dry matter)
Fish meal 64.51 8.38 10.38
Soybean meal 48.94 2.42 6.85
Wheat flour 10.5 1.30 0.60
Chickweed leaf meal 24.23 1.48 20.17
Two hundred twenty-five (225) mixed sex fish were kept in indoor
140-L fiberglass tanks (15 fish/tank) with filtered, recirculating, well-aerated
tap water. About 5% of the water was exchanged daily. The experiment
lasted 45 days. During the experiment, fish were fed ad libidum with the
experimental diets three times a day.
Chickweed (Stellaria media) leaf was collected around Çanakkale,
Turkey, dried (45◦C, in a drying cabinet), and crushed for use in the experi-
ment. Chickweed leaf meal (CLM) was added to a laboratory-prepared feed
at a rate of 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 20%. The control group was fed diets with-
out supplementation (0%). Chemical composition of dietary ingredients are
presented in Table 1. The ingredients (Table 2) were mixed in a blender
and pressed through a 2-mm die in a pelleting machine, and the pellets
were dried in a drying cabinet (40◦C) until moisture dropped to around 10%.
It was then stored in bags and frozen in the deep freezer at −20◦C until used.
Growth performance, feed utilization, and nutrient retention were
calculated according to the following formulae:
●Weight gain =100 (final fish weight - initial fish weight)/initial fish weight;
●SGR (specific growth rate) =100 (ln final fish weight (g)) - (ln initial fish
weight (g))/experimental days;
●FCR (feed conversion ratio) =feed intake (g)/weight gain (g);
●PER (protein efficiency ratio) =weight gain (g)/protein intake (g);
●PR (protein retention) =[(final protein concentrations ×final fish weight
(g))-(initial protein concentrations ×initial fish weight (g))] /[(protein
content of the diet ×FCR ×(final fish weight (g)-initial fish weight
(g)))] ×100;
●FR (fat retention) =[(final fat concentrations ×final fish weight (g))-(initial
fat concentrations ×initial fish weight (g))] /[(fat content of the diet ×
FCR ×(final fish weight (g)-initial fish weight (g)))] ×100;
●ER (energy retention) =[(final energy concentrations ×final fish weight
(g))-(initial energy concentrations ×initial fish weight (g))] /[(energy
content of the diet ×FCR ×(final fish weight (g)-initial fish weight
(g)))] ×100.
Proximate analyses of the diets were performed using standard methods
(AOAC 1998). Dry matter was analyzed by drying at 105◦C in an oven to
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332 S. Yılmaz and S. Ergün
TABLE 2 Percentage and proximate composition of the experimental diets containing
supplement of different chickweed leaf meal rate.
C0 CLM25 CLM5 CLM10 CLM20
Ingredients (% dry matter)
Fish meal 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
Fish oil 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50
Soybean meal 24.50 23.50 22.50 21.00 17.30
Wheat flour 36.00 34.50 33.00 29.50 23.20
Vitamin-mineral mix 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Chickweed leaf meal 0.00 2.50 5.00 10.00 20.00
Total 100 100 100 100 100
Chemical analyses (% DM)
Protein 35.12 35.08 35.04 35.15 35.10
Fat 10.07 10.07 10.06 10.05 10.03
Ash 8.01 8.43 8.86 9.75 11.47
NFE137.13 36.79 36.45 35.58 34.11
Energy (kj/g)218.58 18.51 18.44 18.32 18.04
Calculated essential amino acid composition (% of dietary protein)
Arginine 4.2035.95 5.83 5.71 5.51 5.06
Histidine 1.72 1.89 1.85 1.81 1.74 1.58
Isoleucine 3.11 4.06 3.98 3.91 3.77 3.47
Leucine 3.39 6.53 6.39 6.26 6.01 5.48
Lysine 5.12 6.66 6.57 6.47 6.31 5.95
Methionine 2.68 2.80 2.77 2.74 2.69 2.58
Phenylalanine 3.75 4.08 3.97 3.87 3.68 3.27
Threonine 3.75 3.96 3.88 3.80 3.67 3.38
Valine 2.80 5.64 5.55 5.45 5.28 4.91
Calculated antinutritional factor (g 100 g−1)
Oxalic acid 0 0.13 0.26 0.52 1.04
1Nitrogen-free extracts (NFE) =matter - (crude lipid +crude ash +crude protein).
2Energy was calculated according to 23.6 kJ/g protein, 39.5 kJ/g lipid, and 17.0 kJ/gNFE.
3EAA requirements for tilapia (Santiago and Lovell 1988).
a constant weight, crude protein by the Kjeldahl method, and crude ash
by incineration at 525◦C in a muffle furnace for 12 h. Crude fat was ana-
lyzed by methanol/chloroform extraction (Folch et al. 1957). Oxalic acid
was determined via conductometric titration using NH3. Amino acid content
was provided by the local fish feed manufacturer (AGROMEY, Turkey).
Statistical significance determined by one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) followed by a TUKEY multi comparison test with the SPSS
17.0 packaged software (Logan, 2010). Statistical significance was established
at P <0.05.
RESULTS
The fish equally accepted the five diets, and there was no mortality or dis-
ease in any treatment. The tilapia fed the CLM25 and CLM5 chickweed diets
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Alternative of Chickweed in the Diet of Tilapia 333
TABLE 3 Fish performance, feed utilization, and nutrient retention for tilapia fed diets
containing different levels of chickweed leaf meal supplements for 45 days.
C0 CLM25 CLM5 CLM10 CLM20
Initial weight of fish (g) 20.17a19.81a19.81a20.44a20.01a
±0.36 ±0.28 ±0.51 ±0.12 ±0.23
Final weight of fish (g) 55.22a55.78a55.19a54.14ab 50.73b
±1.01 ±0.88 ±0.68 ±0.54 ±0.66
Weight gain (g) 35.06a35.96a35.38a33.71ab 30.72b
±0.67 ±0.88 ±1.00 ±0.61 ±0.44
Feed consumption (g) 47.42a46.72a47.94a45.61a45.87a
±1.29 ±1.28 ±0.98 ±0.98 ±0.21
FCR 1.35b1.30b1.36b1.35b1.49a
±0.02 ±0.01 ±0.03 ±0.01 ±0.03
SGR 2.24ab 2.30a2.28a2.16ab 2.07b
±0.01 ±0.04 ±0.07 ±0.03 ±0.01
PER 2.12a2.20a2.11a2.11a1.91b
±0.03 ±0.01 ±0.05 ±0.02 ±0.04
PR (%) 23.46a25.89a24.71a24.68a23.30a
±1.64 ±1.51 ±1.86 ±1.47 ±1.27
FR (%) 17.42a19.01a18.42a18.76a17.71a
±0.99 ±0.73 ±0.98 ±0.41 ±0.42
ER (%) 18.81a20.05a20.33a21.01a20.46a
±1.01 ±1.05 ±1.34 ±0.11 ±0.80
Survival (%) 100 100 100 100 100
Values are mean ±SEM (n =3). Different letters in same line indicate significant differences within
groups (P<0.05).
had significantly higher specific growth rates (SGR) compared with the 20%
chickweed diet, while the C0 and CLM20 diets were not significantly differ-
ent. However, 20% chickweed supplementation significantly decreased final
fish weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) when compared to
control group (Table 3).
There were no particular differences (P>0.05) in protein retention
(PR), fat retention (FR), and energy retention (ER). Nevertheless, PR and FR
slightly decreased with increase in plant protein diet.
Whole-body proximate composition of fish at the beginning and end of
the experiment are presented in Table 4. There was no significant difference
in dry matter and ash between the experimental group and the control group.
However, protein and fat decreased with an increase in inclusion level of
chickweed leaf meal and was significantly reduced in CLM20 diet (P<0.05).
DISCUSSION
Growth performance decreased with increasing levels of chickweed leaf
meal but did not significantly change up to an inclusion rate of 10%.
Chickweed depressed growth performance at an inclusion rate of 20% of
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334 S. Yılmaz and S. Ergün
TABLE 4 Whole-body proximate composition of tilapia fish fed diets with different levels of
chickweed leaf meal for 45 days.
Composition Initial C0 CLM25 CLM5 CLM10 CLM20
Dry Matter (%) 23.43 27.23a26.02a25.82a25.44a24.57a
±0.54 ±0.87 ±0.69 ±0.59 ±0.65 ±0.40
Protein (%) 13.12 16.65a15.55ab 15.63ab 15.46ab 14.54b
±0.35 ±0.56 ±0.37 ±0.38 ±0.50 ±0.28
Fat (%) 3.30 4.64a4.58a4.29ab 4.07ab 3.69b
±0.09 ±0.23 ±0.14 ±0.18 ±0.14 ±0.07
Ash (%) 3.77 4.83a5.15a5.22a5.46a5.69a
±0.08 ±0.23 ±0.31 ±0.32 ±0.17 ±0.15
Values are mean ±SEM (n =9). Different letters in same line indicate significant differences within
groups (P<0.05).
the diet, probably attributable to high (3–5.4 mg/100g DM) oxalic acid lev-
els (Table 2) (Guil et al. 1996, 1997). Oxalic acid binds calcium and forms
calcium oxalate, adversely affecting absorption and utilization of calcium in
the animal body (Guil et al. 1996; Akande et al. 2010). In addition, oxalates
react with proteins to form complexes that have an inhibitory effect in peptic
digestion (Akande et al. 2010).
In this study, PR and FR slightly decreased with an increase in
chickweed diets, indicating that the final whole body protein and fat the
experimental fish was lower for the diets with CLM, presumably as oxalic
acid increased with increasing CLM in the diet, which reduces diet digestibil-
ity and growth performance. In contrast, sesame seed meal also has high
oxalic acid (3.9 mg/100 g) but does not significantly affect growth per-
formance in tilapia (up to 16%) and African catfish (up to 25%–30%)
(Fagbenro et al. 2010; Guo et al. 2011; Jimoh and Aroyehun 2011). These
differences might be explained by the different amino acid compositions
between the two plants. Methionine, phenylalanine, and threonine were
deficient EAAs in the CLM20 diet. High oxalic acid concentration coupled
with amino acid deficiency most probably explains the poor performance
of the CLM20 diet. Research has reported similar trends with plant pro-
teins such as spirulina (Olvera-Novoa et al. 1998), sunflower meal (Fagbenro
et al. 2010), and groundnut (Agbo et al. 2011) in tilapia without amino acid
supplementation.
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