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Interspecific hybridization of Vigna radiata x Vigna trilobata
Abstract
Vigna trilobata is one among the Vigna species. It is come under radiata and mungo group. This species has more number of pods with small seeds and varying capacity of plant growth habit and tasty soft nature which is highly suitable for cattle feed. The transferring of softness characters to radiata is improving their species. With an objective to study the crossability relationship between Vigna radiata and V. trilobata. The crossability percentage of this cross is 10.25. The hybrid germination of 34.21% was recorded and hybrid pollen fertility of 75.56% was noticed. The hybrid leathality of 53.84% was recorded and hybrid breakdown of 46.15% was also noticed.
... Interspecific hybridization has been used in many crops as an attempt to introgress genes from one species, sometime a wild relative, into the background of another species, usually cultivated or more desirable. Problems involved in interspecific hybridization have limited its use in many crops, however, in pulse crops like mungbean and rice bean, interspecific hybridization has been useful in producing novel types (Pandiyan et al., 2012). It has recently become one of the prominent methods for crop improvement. ...
... These cultivars may of least preference in the wide hybridization programme. Present results are in agreement with those of earlier results by Kamaludin et al., (2013) and Pandiyan et al., (2012). Lowest crossability per cent was recorded in Yellowmung × RBL-35 (3.06), Selection-4 × RBL-6 (3.70), DGGV-2 × RBL-1 (4.0) and BGS-9 × RBL-50 (5.40). ...
... Hence, cultivars which were involved in these cross combinations may be having wider scope to use them as parents for interspecific hybridization programme for creation of novel variability and to develop breeding material with desirable gene and gene combinations. Similar findings have been reported earlier by Machado & Baker, (1982); Gosal & Bajaj, (1983);Fatokun & Singh, (1987); Renato and desiree (1991) and Pandiyan et al., (2012). Lower hybrid pollen fertility (21.0%) coupled with lower seed germination percentage (25.0%), ...
The present study was undertaken to study the crossability barriers in interspecific crosses of Vigna radiata × Vigna umbellata. The basic materials of this experiment comprising of five mungbean MYMV Susceptible genotypes and five rice bean MYMV resistant genotypes. Interspecific crosses were attempted by utilizing rice bean genotypes as male parents and mungbean genotypes as female parents. The successful pod set was observed on 12 crosses out of 25 interspecific crosses of Vigna radiata and Vigna umbellata. The results revealed that highest crossability per cent was recorded in the crosses Yellowmung × KBR-1 (17.30 %), DGGV-2× RBL-35 (16.0%), Selection-4×KBR-1 (11.80%), Chinamung × KBR-1 (11.0%) and BGS-9× RBL-35 (10.20%) which were considered as successful crosses. This suggests that the parents of these four interspecific cross combinations may be ideal for transfer of useful genes across the two divergent species and to broaden the genetic base of interspecific hybrid and further, the existence of moderate hybrid pollen fertility (78.24%) coupled with moderate seed germination percentage (36.84%), lower hybrid lethality (21.43%) and lower hybrid breakdown (7.14%) was observed in Chinamung × KBR-1 followed by cross Selection-4 ×KBR-1. In the present investigation prominent observation noticed are strong pre-fertilization as well as post fertilization barriers were present in the cross between V. radiata and V. umbellata, while, growth and lethality of interspecific hybrid seedlings were influenced by the genotypes of both the parental species.
... In addition, as a reliable strategy for expanding a crop species' genetic base, interspecific hybridization has successfully introduced beneficial traits from wild relatives into closely related crops (Singh, 1990). Varying degrees of success in interspecific hybridization of Vigna has been reported (Chen et al., 1983;Singh, 1990;Pandiyan et al., 2012;Tomooka et al., 2014;Basavaraja et al., 2019). Crosscompatibility between V. aconitifolia and other relative species hasn't been studied much, but it has been crossed as a seed parent with V. trilobata, and V. trilobata has been crossed with success, as a pollen parent, with V. mungo, V. radiata, and V. aconitifolia, but the reciprocal hasn't reportedly worked (Bisht et al., 2005). ...
Moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia) is an orphan legume of Vigna genus, exhibiting wide adaptability and has the potential to grow well in arid and semi-arid areas, predominantly across different eco-geographical regions of Asia, particularly the Indian subcontinent. The inherent adaptive attributes of this crop have made it more tolerant towards a diverse array of abiotic and biotic stresses that commonly restrain yield among other Vigna species. Additionally, the legume is recognized for its superior nutritional quality owing to its high protein content as well as amino acid, mineral and vitamin profile and is utilized as both food and fodder. Moth bean can play a vital role in sustaining food grain production, enhancing nutritional security as well as provide a source of income to resource-poor farmers amid rise in global temperatures and frequent drought occurrences, particularly in rain-fed cropping systems which accounts for about 80% of the world’s cultivated land. However, this minor legume has remained underutilized due to over-exploitation of major staple crops. With the exception of a few studies involving conventional breeding techniques, crop improvement in moth bean for traits such as late maturity, indeterminate growth habit, shattering and anti-nutritional factors has not garnered a lot of attention. Recent advances in sequencing technologies, modern breeding approaches and precision phenotyping tools, in combination with the available crop gene pool diversity in gene banks, can accelerate crop improvement in moth bean and lead to the development of improved cultivars. Considering the recent surge in awareness about the development of climate-smart crops for sustainable agricultural future, collective effort towards effective utilization of this hardy, neglected legume is the need of the hour.
... due to crossability barriers. In spite of these difficulties, interspecific hybridization between V. radiata and its wild relatives of Vigna was successfully accomplished by many researchers (Renganayaki, 1985;Pandae et al., 1990;Ganeshram 1993;Subramanian and Muthiah, 2000;Umamaheswari, 2002;Sidhu and Satija, 2003;Pandiyan et al., 2010;Pandiyan et al., 2012;Sudha et al., 2013;Chitra et al., 2018;Basavaraja et al., 2019). Developing molecular markers or cloning genes of traits known only phenotypically is not an easy task; mungbean yellow mosaic disease is one such category. ...
... This was due to low pollen fertility, which ranged from 5.3 to 23.0 per cent. Low pollen fertility in such hybrids has been reported earlier (Subramanian, 1980, Singh et. al. 1997and Subramanian and Muthiah, 2001. ...
Thirty interspecific crosses (including reciprocals) involving three genotypes/varieties of greengram (Vigna radiata(L) Wilczek) cv. HUM 1 HUM 2 & HUM 8 and five genotypes/varieties of blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) cv. T 9, Pant U 19, PDU 1, BHUU 1 & BHUU 91-346-1 were attempted. Nine out of 30 crosses were successful only when greengram was used as seed parents. The crossability ranged from 0.0 to 61.0 per cent. Germination, survival and pod bearing habit of the F1s hybrids were much better in Kharif season as compared to spring/summer season. The F1 hybrids were intermediate for leaf shape, pod and stem hairiness and pod arrangement while they resembled the maternal parents for cotyledon colour. Purple colour of the stem appeared to be dominant over green colour. The F1s showed positive heterosis for days to flowering and maturity, plant height, number of primary branches, pods per plant and cluster per plant while for pod length, number of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant and l00-seed weight, it exhibited negative heterosis. The mean of the pollen fertility was 15.0 per cent in F1s and 32.5 per cent in F2s indicating the improvement in fertility level when generation advanced. In F2 generation, the hybrids segregated both for greengram and blackgram types. Further, the desirable transgressive segregants were observed in F2 generation for most of the traits indicated that an elite population may be obtained through interspecific hybridization involving greengram and blackgram.
... Mash-1 x RBL-6 (8.65 per cent) while of Palampur-93 x RBL-1 and HPBU-111 x PRR-1 showed minimum (0.77 per cent and 0.46 per cent, respectively).Pandiyan et al., (2012) also reported 34.21 per cent germination of V. radiata x V. trilobata hybrid. ...
... Cross compatibility among Vigna species is not so well defined, and so their gene pool, but in general there is no cross compatibility barrier between domesticated forms and their closest relatives (Tomooka et al. 2014). There are few studies on such wide hybridization for widening genetic base of Vigna radiata using Vigna mungo (Gosal andBajaj 1983), Vigna umbellata (Pandian et al. 2008), V. trilobata (Pandiyan et al. 2012), and interspecific barriers could be easily overcome. Though interspecific crosses of Vigna radiata with other Vigna species like V. mungo, V. radiata var. ...
Mungbean also known as green gram is an important food legume crop. It is the most widely grown crop among five cultivated Asiatic Vignas, viz. mungbean, urdbean, mothbean, adzukibean, and ricebean. The crop is expanding to non-traditional growing areas mainly due to its short duration of life cycle, high nutritional value, low input requirement, soil ameliorating properties, and high global demand. The crop fits well in cereal crop-based cropping systems in warm humid regions of South, East, and Southeast Asia. Mungbean cultivation covers over six million ha of land worldwide with annual production of around three million tons of grains. Narrow genetic base, disease pest proneness, and photo–thermo-sensitivity are the major problems resulting in the poor yield of the crop. The utilization of very few parental genotypes in mungbean breeding programs has led to the narrowed genetic base of the mungbean varieties. This has posed a serious threat to the mungbean cultivation amid newly emerging pests and pathogens of the crop. Worldwide over 43,000 mungbean germplasm are conserved ex situ which are playing crucial role in enhancing yield as well as resilience to the crop against biotic and abiotic stresses. Recent evaluation and characterization of ex situ collections of mungbean germplasm revealed substantial amount of useful variability in mungbean. Transboundary movement of germplasm has also helped in the development and release of varieties in several countries. Enhanced and efficient utilization of ex situ conserved mungbean and related wild species germplasm in breeding programs with the help of modern genomics tools would help in the development of desired genotypes with higher yield potential. In this chapter, we have discussed the collection, conservation, and utilization of mungbean and wild Vigna species germplasm.
... Vigna radiata x V. mungo Subramanian (1980), Shanmungam et al. (1984), Verma and Singh (1986), Verma and Yadav (1986), Singh et al. (1996), Singh and Singh (1998), Subramanian and Muthiah (2001), Singh and Dikshit (2002), Bharathi et al. (2006), Pandiyan et al. (2008) V. mungo x V. radiata Gosal and Bajaj (1983a,b), Verma and Singh (1986), Pal et al. (2000) V. radiata x V. angularis Ahn and Hartman (1978a,b), Chen et al. (1983) V. radiata x V. glabrescens Chen et al. (1989) V. radiata x V. grandis Chaven et al. (1966) V. radiata x V. mungo var. silvestris Lukoki and Marechal (1981), Miyazaki (1982) V. radiata x V. trilobata Chaven et al. (1966), Bharathi et al. (2006) V. radiata x V. umbellata Machado et al. (1982), Satyan et al. (1982), Chen et al. (1983), Chowdhary and Chowdhary (1983) V. radiata var. ...
... The results of the experiment show the relationship between four cultivated Vigna species. This relationship is helpful for planning the interspecific hybridization for the transfer of desirable traits across the species (Pandiyan et al., 2012;Takahashi et al., 2016). ...
The experiment was conducted to study the phylogenetic relationship among four cultivated Vigna species, including Vigna radiata, Vigna mungo, Vigna aconitifolia and Vigna unguiculata, using the germplasm from National Genebank of Pakistan. Seed of 15 accessions of each species was taken from Genebank of Plant Genetic Resources Institute, NARC, Islamabad, and these 60 accessions were planted in the NARC field, using augmented design. Data was recorded for eight morphological characters, including branching pattern, calyx color, corolla color, flowering period, leaf senescence, petiole color, petiole length and twining tendency. Cluster analysis was conducted, using software Statistica through Ward’s method. The seed of all 60 accessions was subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis. Cluster analysis of seed storage proteins was conducted using Unweighted Pair-group Average method. Cluster analysis for morphological characters divided the accessions into four clusters of different species. In case of seed storage proteins, 13 clusters were observed, five of which included accessions of different species. It was found by cluster analysis for morphological characters that Vigna radiata and Vigna mungo are in same major cluster at linkage and they are related to Vigna unguiculata at greater linkage distance. Phylogenetic tree constructed on the basis of morphological characters indicates genetic relationship among cultivated Vigna species. Seed storage protein analysis gives an estimate of diversity
in protein profile and the possible genetic relationship.
... The results of the experiment show the relationship between four cultivated Vigna species. This relationship is helpful for planning the interspecific hybridization for the transfer of desirable traits across the species (Pandiyan et al., 2012;Takahashi et al., 2016). ...
The experiment was conducted to study the phylogenetic relationship among four cultivated Vigna species, including Vigna radiata, Vigna mungo, Vigna aconitifolia and Vigna unguiculata, using the germplasm from National Genebank of Pakistan. Seed of 15 accessions of each species was taken from Genebank of Plant Genetic Resources Institute, NARC, Islamabad, and these 60 accessions were planted in the NARC field, using augmented design. Data was recorded for eight morphological characters, including branching pattern, calyx color, corolla color, flowering period, leaf senescence, petiole color, petiole length and twining tendency. Cluster analysis was conducted, using software Statistica through Ward's method. The seed of all 60 accessions was subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis. Cluster analysis of seed storage proteins was conducted using Unweighted Pair-group Average method. Cluster analysis for morphological characters divided the accessions into four clusters of different species. In case of seed storage proteins, 13 clusters were observed, five of which included accessions of different species. It was found by cluster analysis for morphological characters that Vigna radiata and Vigna mungo are in same major cluster at linkage and they are related to Vigna unguiculata at greater linkage distance. Phylogenetic tree constructed on the basis of morphological characters indicates genetic relationship among cultivated Vigna species. Seed storage protein analysis gives an estimate of diversity in protein profile and the possible genetic relationship.
... Generally the hybrid seeds from interspecific hybridization were shriveled or partially filled and empty as was reported by earlier workers (Biswas and Dana 1976;Satijia and Vikal 1993). Similar studies were conducted by Subramanian (1980) where he studied seed set and germination in interspecific crosses between Vigna radiata and V. mungo. The hybrid seeds showed germination of 22 percent. ...
Vigna radiata genotypes viz., SML 668 and SML 832 and V. mungo genotypes viz., Mash 114 and Mash 218 were crossed in all possible combinations during summer 2015 to generate F1 hybrids. Interspecific hybridization was attempted by using V. radiata genotypes as female parent. Pod set percentage varied from 5.5 percent (SML 832 x Mash 218) to 24.1 percent (SML 832 x Mash 114). The germination percentage ranged from 14.29 to 30.56. Maximum pollen fertility was observed in cross SML 668 x Mash 114 (28.36 percent) followed by SML 668 x Mash 218 (27.03 percent), SML 832 x Mash 218 (24.32 percent) and minimum in SML 832 x Mash 114 (22.59 percent).The purity of hybrids were tested through microsatellite markers. For parental polymorphism, microsatellite markers were selected from related Vigna species such as Vigna unguiculata, Vigna radiata and Vigna mungo. Out of 84 markers used, 46 were polymorphic i.e 54.76 per cent polymorphism between parents. These polymorphic markers were used for confirmation of hybrids produced from different crosses. All the F1 plants gave resistant reaction to Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) indicating the introgression of resistance gene(s) from V. mungo to V. radiata.
... In V. mungo × V. umbellata, the maximum crossability of 11.36% was noticed in cross, Mash 338 × RBL 9. Similar crossability success were also reported in V. radiata × V. umbellata (29.63%), V. radiata × V. trilobata (8.48%), V. radiata × V. aconitifolia (7.69%) [13] and in V. radiata × V. trilobata (10.25%) [14]. similarly, highest pod set of 40.8% was observed in V. unguiculata × V. unguiculata var. ...
A total of 80 interspecific crosses i.e., 36 each of V. radiata × V. umbellata (V. radiata as female) and V. mungo × V. umbellata (V. mungo as female) and 08 crosses of V. radiata × V. mungo (V. radiata as female) were attempted to study the crossability relationship among these three Vigna species. Among the crosses of V. radiata × V. umbellata the crossability was observed highest in HUM 12 × RBL 9 (16.27%) followed by HUM 12 × RBL 9 (15.78%). In case of V. mungo × V. umbellata, the maximum crossability of 11.36% was noticed in cross, Mash 338 × RBL 9. For V. radiata × V. mungo, the highest crossability was visualized in hybrid, ML 1464 × Mash 338 (37.5%). The study indicated that different kinds of pre and post fertilization barriers are responsible for complete sterility to low fertility. RBL 1 and RBL 9 gnotypes of ricebean showing substantially high percent of crossability and better seed set with different cultivars of mungbean and blackgram may be utilized for genetic improvement of the mungbean and blackgram.
... Hybridization between two genetically different individuals (parents) produces desirable recombinants. Genetic relationship between wild relatives and their cultivated species provide an additional valuable source of variations for desirable characters (Pandiyan et al., 2012). Some model examples about the use of hybridization in lentil are given subsequently. ...
Plant genetic resources are the guarantee of the world food security. Genetic resources possess genetic variability contained in traditional varieties, cultivars, wild crop relatives and other wild species. Hybridization is the conventional method used to create genetic variation. Induced mutations are also a good source of creating genetic variability. In F 1 seed mutagenesis, F 1 M 0 seeds are mutated with different doses of mutagens (EMS or Gamma rays) and are planted in the field to get F 2 M 1 generation and then F 2 M 1 seeds are planted in the field to get F 2 M 3 generation. Segregating generation (F 2 M 3) creates a large amount of genetic variation desired by the plant breeders to develop high-yielding and disease resistant varieties. We have recommended that combination of both these approaches i.e. hybridization and induced mutations (F 1 seed mutagenesis) will create a large amount of genetic variation in lentil. Breeding scheme for F 1 seed mutagenesis was also given. Breeders should use this novel strategy for creating genetic variation in lentil as well as in other crops.
... Hybridization between two genetically different individuals (parents) produces desirable recombinants. Genetic relationship between wild relatives and their cultivated species provide an additional valuable source of variations for desirable characters (Pandiyan et al., 2012). In India 13 varieties of lentil were developed by hybridization mostly having related parents (Singh et al., 2011). ...
... ;Bharathi et al. ( 2006 );Pandiyan et al. ( 2012 ) V. radiata × V. umbellataDana ( 1966 ); Sawa( 1973 ); Machado et al. ( 1982 ); Pandiyan et al. ( 2008 ); Bharathi et al. ( 2006 ) V. radiata × V. radiata var.sublobataPandiyan et al. ( 2010 ) ...
The genus Vigna comprises more than 200 species of which 7 are of tremendous agronomic importance. These are grown mainly in the warm temperate and tropical regions of the world. Valued for their grains with high and easily digestible proteins, these crops are also known as forage, green manure, and cover crops. Due to a short life cycle, these are suitable as catch crops and also fit well in intercropping, mixed or relay cropping. For genetic improvement of cultivated vignas, mainly cultivated germplasm and exotic lines have been used so far. However, despite development of several improved cultivars in different Vigna crops, biotic and abiotic stresses still remain the major constraints in realizing their true yield potential. While plethora of genes conferring resistance/tolerance to these stresses have already been transferred from cultivated germplasm, wild genetic resources offer additional sources of useful alien variation which can be incorporated in cultivated Vigna through alien gene transfer. With better understanding of the processes behind pollen germination and pollen tube growth, fertilization, embryo and endosperm development and inheritance pattern, strategies have been developed to avoid pre- and post-fertilization barriers in successful distant hybridization leading to alien gene transfer. These include making reciprocal crosses, repeated pollination, hormonal treatment of flower buds, polyploidization, use of bridge species and most importantly, embryo rescue which have increased success rate of alien gene transfer in Vigna through sexual hybridization. Nevertheless, alien gene transfer through genetic transformation and use of molecular breeding tools still lag behind in Vigna and therefore need special attention. The significant achievements made in different Vigna species in alien gene transfer and their utilization have been discussed in this chapter. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. All rights are reserved.
... V. radiata and V. mungo are closely related to each other. The F 1 hybrids between V. radiata and V. mungo are reported to be either partially fertile (Dana, 1966a) or completely sterile (Subramaniam, 1980). About 70% of Pollen Mother Cells (PMCs) are reported to have 11 bivalents at diakinesis/MI (Dana, 1966a). ...
Molecular phylogeny based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences was studied to resolve the taxonomic contradiction in Vigna and its relation to Phaseolus. The ITS region of the 18S-26S nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat was sequenced for 29 Vigna species, selected from five of the nine subgenera, and 9 species of Phaseolus. The length of ITS-1 ranged from 187 to 243 bp and 217 to 290 bp, and that of ITS-2 from 187 to 219 bp and 225 to 243 bp, within Vigna and Phaseolus species, respectively. Phylogenies derived from ITS sequences based on maximum-parsimony and neighbor-joining methods gave trees essentially of similar topology. The ITS phylogeny was generally congruent with recent classifications based largely on morphological, biochemical, cytogenetical, and palynological features, except that subgenus Plectotropis of Neotropical origin was revealed to be closely related to subgenus Vigna instead of forming a link between African (subgenus Vigna) and Asiatic (subgenus Ceratotropis) vignas, and subgenus Sigmoidotropis, featuring morphological characters of both Vigna and Phaseolus, was placed as the sister group to the Phaseolus taxa. The ITS sequences were shown to be useful for identifying wild progenitors of V. mungo, V. radiata, V. umbellata, and V. unguiculata and for clarifying taxonomy-related problems in many previously controversial cases. This study also affirms that V. umbellata and V. angularis are the diploid progenitors of the only tetraploid species (V. glabrescens) known in the genus.
Mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) is a short-duration and widely adaptable leguminous crop grown across different agroclimatic zones and kinds of soils. The development of preferred climate-resilient mung bean cultivars has advanced significantly over the past two decades mainly through introgression breeding, which has made extensive use of novel genetic resources. However, as new competitors or biotypes of biotic stress agents emerge, the utilization of already existing genetic resources to counteract these stresses may be insufficient. Thus, employing wild and exotic plant genetic resources to disseminate genetics will pay dividends in the long run. Through the utilization of linkages between various research groups, many agriculturally significant genes have been uncovered in recent years, and the output of mung bean improvement has been improved by harnessing these genes. Utilization of the genetic and genomic resources toward the creation of new genetic diversity by tagging, mapping, and use of genes of interest has been ameliorated. For the purpose of effectively using foreign genes/QTL to reduce sexual stress in mung bean, this chapter offers the recent information on donor and genetic, genomic advancements, functional genomics and transcriptomics, and molecular marker technology.
Mungbean is a high-protein legume and is widely cultivated in a variety of cropping systems. Foliar diseases like powdery mildew, anthracnose and mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) not only limit the productivity but also affect the physical quality of seeds rendering them unusable. In this study 130 advanced breeding lines were subjected to field screening to identify genotypes with multiple disease resistance.Field screening was conducted using infector row method to identify the resistant genotypes. Screening for powdery mildew and anthracnose was done during kharif 2021 and for MYMV during summer 2022. During each season, two trials were laid, each under protected and unprotected conditions. The genotypes were screened under unprotected conditions and the yield differences between these two trials were used to determine the per cent yield reduction due to the disease.Of the 130 advanced breeding lines screened for foliar diseases, Vigna trilobata was found to show multiple disease resistance. The advanced breeding lines such as DGG-227, V-02-709, DGG-96, DGG-21 showed resistant reaction for anthracnose. GPM-19 was the only genotype which was found to be resistant to powdery mildew. During summer 2022, 18 genotypes showed resistant reaction towards MYMV.
The genus Vigna is an agronomically important taxon, with many of its species inhabiting a wide range of environments and offering numerous useful genes for the improvement of the cultivated types. The present study aimed to detect the genomic regions associated with yield-attributing traits by genome-wide association mapping. A diverse panel of 98 wild and cultivated Vigna accessions (acc.) belonging to 13 different species was evaluated for yield and related traits during the kharif season of 2017 and 2018. The panel was also genotyped using 92 cross-genera and cross-species simple sequence repeat markers to study the population genetic structure and useful market-trait associations. The PCA and trait correlation established relationships amongst the traits during both seasons while 100-seed weight (HSW) had a positive correlation with pod length (PL), and days to first flowering (DFF) with days to maturity (DM). The population genetic structure analysis grouped different acc. into three genetically distinct sub-populations with SP-1 comprising 34 acc., SP-2 (24 acc.), and SP-3 (33 acc.) and one admixture group (7 acc.). Mixed linear model analysis revealed an association of 13 markers, namely, VR018, VR039, VR022, CEDG033, GMES0337, MBSSR008, CEDG220, VM27, CP1225, CP08695, CEDG100, CEDG008, and CEDG096A with nine traits. Seven of the aforementioned markers, namely, VR018 for plant height (PH) and terminal leaflet length (TLL), VR022 for HSW and pod length (PL), CEDG033 for DFF and DM, MBSSR008 for DFF and DM, CP1225 for CC at 30 days (CC30), DFF and DM, CEDG100 for PH and terminal leaflet length (TLL), and CEDG096A for CC30 and chlorophyll content at 45 days were associated with multiple traits. The marker CEDG100, associated with HSW, PH, and TLL, is co-localized in gene-encoding histone–lysine N-methyltransferase ATX5. Similarly, VR22, associated with PL and HSW, is co-located in gene-encoding SHOOT GRAVITROPISM 5 in mungbean. These associations may be highly useful for marker-assisted genetic improvement of mungbean and other related Vigna species.
Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek var. radiata), which is also known as the green gram, or moong, is primarily grown in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. Mungbean has its own place due to some very unique features like short crop duration, low input requirement, wide adaptability, and tolerance to various abiotic stresses including heat and drought. Besides, mungbean is also very rich in overall nutrient content which makes it the most preferred crop for various culinary preparation including dal, soups, sprouts, etc. In addition to the biotic and abiotic stresses, breeding focus should be on other economic traits like extra-early maturity and photothermal insensitivity in the genotypes, which will help in suitable fitting of the developed varieties in various cropping systems and patterns. Due to its unique health and nutritional properties, along with soil and environment ameliorative ability, mungbean is one of the preferred crops for food, nutrition, and environmental security and sustainability. In brief, this chapter deals with various aspects of the mungbean crop like breeding opportunities, varietal development, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, nutritional and biofortification possibilities, along with emerging challenges and improvement opportunities at global level.Keywords
Vigna radiata
Green gramBreedingBiofortificationNutritionCultivation
Globally, yellow mosaic disease (YMD) remains a major constraint of mungbean production, and management of this deadly disease is still the biggest challenge. Thus, finding ways to manage YMD including development of varieties possessing resistance against mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) and mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) is a research priority for mungbean crop. Characterization of YMD resistance using various advanced molecular and biochemical approaches during plant–virus interactions has unfolded a comprehensive network of pathogen survival, disease severity, and the response of plants to pathogen attack, including mechanisms of YMD resistance in mungbean. The biggest challenge in YMD management is the effective utilization of an array of information gained so far, in an integrated manner for the development of genotypes having durable resistance against yellow mosaic virus (YMV) infection. In this backdrop, this review summarizes the role of various begomoviruses, its genomic components, and vector whiteflies, including cryptic species in the YMD expression. Also, information about the genetics of YMD in both mungbean and blackgram crops is comprehensively presented, as both the species are crossable, and same viral strains are also found affecting these crops. Also, implications of various management strategies including the use of resistance sources, the primary source of inoculums and vector management, wide-hybridization, mutation breeding, marker-assisted selection (MAS), and pathogen-derived resistance (PDR) are thoroughly discussed. Finally, the prospects of employing various powerful emerging tools like translational genomics, and gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 are also highlighted to complete the YMD management perspective in mungbean.
Mungbean yellow mosaic virus [Urdbean: New Delhi: 2011] Accession no. JQ398669.1, was found to be prevalent in both summer and kharif season causing Yellow Mosaic Disease (YMD) of mungbean. Since similar strain was observed in both the seasons, the short duration interspecific derivative lines of mungbean suitable for summer season were evaluated for YMD resistance in kharif season-a highly favourable environment for YMD epidemics during 2014-2016. Out of fourteen lines showing stable resistant reaction, few lines promising for other economically important traits were selected and again evaluated by whitefly mediated artificial inoculation technique for confirmation of resistance during 2017. The selected promising interspecific derivative lines showed no YMD symptoms except SML 1829. SML 1827 derived from interspecific cross between mungbean and rice bean showed highest yield among all interspecific derivatives. Further, rice bean specific segments were also identified in SML 1827 with SSR markers.
The present study was undertaken to evaluate advanced interspecific lines of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] for yield and its components and to understand genetic diversity among these lines using microsatellite markers (SSRs). The experimental material consisted of 51 advanced interspecific lines developed from mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] ×urdbean [Vigna mungo L. Hepper] and mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] ×ricebean [Vigna umbellata Thumb.] crosses and 13 parental lines (mungbean, urdbean and ricebean). A wide range of variability was observed for eleven yield and its component characters and many superior lines were identified. SSR markers synthesised from different Vigna species were used to assess genetic diversity in advanced interspecific lines along with their parents. The interspecific lines were converged into three main clusters while the parental lines were converged into three main and four sub clusters, depicting genetic diversity among them.
The scientific information about the genus Vigna, which contains nine important food legumes, has been accumulated in the past decade. In this chapter, progress of the genetics of domestication, important agronomic traits, ecological adaptations, and genomic information are summarized. Domestication genetics revealed by a detailed Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis for mung bean, black gram, azuki bean, rice bean, and yard-long bean have been described and compared. Amazing abilities of some wild Vigna species to adapt harsh environments were described. Some outstanding examples are adaptation to sandy and saline soils by V. marina and V. trilobata, alkaline limestone rock soils by V. exilis, exposed windy cliff top environments by V. riukiuensis, waterlogged riverside by V. luteola, and shady forests by V. minima. Vigna genome project which is under way and aims to sequence 16 Vigna species will provide a foundation of clarifying genes which are responsible for the abilities to survive under extreme environments.
IntroductionThe Subgenus CeratotropisInterspecific HybridizationSpecies RelationshipRelation with Other Subgenera and GeneraOrigin and Domestication of Mung and UrdImplications in Plant BreedingConclusions
Diversity in morphological characters of 206 accessions of 14 wild Vigna species from India was assessed. Of these, 12 species belonged to Asian Vigna in the subgenus Ceratotropis and two were V. vexillata and V. pilosa belonging to subgenus Plectotropis and Dolichovigna, respectively. Data on 71 morphological traits, both qualitative and quantitative, were recorded. Data on 45 qualitative and quantitative traits exhibiting higher variation were subjected to multivariate analysis for establishing species relationships and assessing the pattern of intraspecific variation. Of the three easily distinguishable groups in the subgenus Ceratotropis, all the species in mungo-radiata group, except V. khandalensis, viz. V. radiata var. sublobata, V. radiata var. setulosa, V. mungo var. silvestris and V. hainiana showed greater homology in vegetative morphology and growth habit. The species, however, differed in other plant, flower, pod and seed characteristics. Within species variation was higher in V. mungo var. silvestris populations and three distinct clusters could be identified in multivariate analysis. V. umbellata showed more similarity to V. dalzelliana than V. bourneae and V. minima in the angularis-umbellata (azuki bean) group. Within species variations was higher in V. umbellata than other species in the group. In the aconitifolia-trilobata (mothbean), V. trilobata populations, were more diverse than V. aconitifolia. The cultigens of the conspecific wild species were more robust in growth, with large vegetative parts and often of erect growth with three- to five-fold increase in seed size and seed weight, except V. aconitifolia, which has still retained the wild type morphology to a greater extent. More intensive collection, characterisation and conservation of species diversity and intraspecific variations, particularly of the close wild relatives of Asian Vigna with valuable characters such as resistance to biotic/abiotic stresses, more number of pod bearing clusters per plant etc. assumes great priority in crop improvement programmes.
Pistil squashes were used to examine the growth of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg pollen tubes in self-compatible and self-incompatible crosses. Compatible tubes typically showed a uniform layer of callose
deposition in the walls and in small plugs spaced at regular intervals within the tube. Two sites of rejection were observed
in incompatible crosses: the stigma and on some occasions the style, especially in anomalous crosses. In the style the inhibition
of pollen-tube growth occurred in both the upper and middle parts of the transmitting tract. These findings are consistent
with the hypothesis that suggests the presence of a gametophytic gene which acts in association with the sporophytic S-gene
in P. edulis.
Interspecific hybrids of the mungbean, Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek (2n=22) and V. glabrescens (2n=44) were generated with the aid of embryo culture. V. glabrescens x V. radiata hybrids were recovered via germination of the immature embryos. Reciprocal hybrids were obtained via shoot formation from embryonic callus. The authenticity of the hybrids was determined by morphological characteristics, chromosome number, and isozyme patterns. The hybrids were highly sterile upon selfing, but backcrossing to the diploid parent yielded viable seeds. Some of the plants resembled the diploid parent morphologically while others resembled neither parent. The backcross plants were sufficiently fertile to give a large number of mature, selfed seeds. Plants obtained differed morphologically and in their isozyme patterns from either parent, indicating introgression. These progeny populations will be used as bridging materials to transfer pest resistance from the wild tetraploid to the cultivated mungbean.
Proteins in pollen grain walls are essential for germination in poplars;
they also affect the incompatibility systems on which pollen tube growth
is dependent.
The pre-and post-fertilization barriers in the interspecific crosses between Vigna umbellata and V. minima were investigated. In the reciprocal crosses (V. minima as the parent) the entry of pollen tubes into the ovary was delayed by about 4 h, and no seed set was observed. However, no pre-fertilization barriers were encountered in crosses involving V. minima as the parent and V. umbellata as the parent (normal cross). The delay/absence of divisions in the endosperm and the failure of embryo to divide were the post-fertilization barriers responsible for somatoplastic sterility in normal crosses which yielded a few hybrid seeds. The hybrid seeds showed poor germinability. The F1 hybrids were intermediate between the parents in most morphological characters, and are completely sterile for pollen. Backcrossing of F1 hybrid with both the parents did not restore fertility in the progenies. V. minima is considered as the tertiary gene pool of the rice bean.
Publisher Summary In this chapter, the review of available data clearly points to the conclusion that the causes underlying the erection of barriers of reproductive isolation, therefore of the origin of species, differ considerably from one group of organisms to another. Furthermore, these differences are related to other differences among groups of organisms, such as size and structure of populations, rates of reproduction, and methods of adaptation. In the future, therefore, the study of the origin of species should not be a search for any more general causes, which might be considered as responsible for speciation in all groups of organisms, but a series of special and comparative investigations, by means of which the interrelationships mentioned above, as well as others as yet unknown, can be further explored and more firmly established.
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