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Laccaria (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) from Tibet (Xizang Autonomous Region, China)
Abstract
Species of Laccaria are described from the eastern Himalayas, in the Xizang Autonomous Region of China, more commonly known as Tibet. Specimens were collected during several expeditions over a 12-year time span. Nuclear ribosomal internally transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 including and 5.8S (ITS) as well as the 5' end of the large subunit (28S) sequence data were generated for 22 specimens from Tibet and analyzed in a dataset of 115 Laccaria samples. The results documented seven species from this region, five of which represent currently undescribed species. The taxonomy of Tibetan Laccaria is discussed, five new species are proposed, and an artificial key that includes extralimital species from Asia is provided.
... Since the establishment of Laccaria by Berk. and Broome (1883), many mycologists have contributed to its taxonomy (Orton 1960;McNabb 1972;Mueller 1984;Wang et al. 2004;Wilson et al. 2013Wilson et al. , 2017Popa et al. 2014;Popa et al. 2016;Luo et al. 2016;Cho et al. 2018;Li 2020). Historically, Laccaria was divided into Russuliopsis by J. Schröt, who only included species with a white spore print in Laccaria (Mueller and Vellinga 1986). ...
... The number of Laccaria species described from Asia has been increasing, with more studies focusing on Basidiomycetes. Since 2013, twenty-three new species of Laccaria have been described in Asia (Wilson et al. 2013;Popa et al. 2014;Luo et al. 2016;Popa et al. 2016;Cho et al. 2018;Li 2020;Cui et al. 2021;Zhang et al. 2023). Nevertheless, no Laccaria species were reported or described in Thailand during the same period. ...
... Laccaria However, L. acanthospora has orange pileus, relatively longer spines (2-6 μm) on the basidiospores, and longer basidia (40-56 × 10-14 μm) (Wilson et al. 2013). Laccaria ambigua has orange-brown basidiomata, without the striates on the pileus margin, and stipe orange-brown to ochraceous buff (Wilson et al. 2017). ...
Two new species Laccaria pseudoalba and L. subroseoalbescens are described and illustrated , based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Two new records, Laccaria umbilicata and L. yunnanensis from Thailand, are also reported. Laccaria subroseoalbescens is characterized by small basidiomata, stipe equal with an enlarged base, and nearly subclavate, pale pink to light orange. Laccaria pseudoalba is characterized by pale orange to orange white pileus, has umbo when young on the pileus, and fistulose stipe of the pale to pastel red color. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequence data from rDNA internal transcribed spacer ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA (ITS), nuc 28S rDNA (28S), RNA polymerase II subunit 2 (rpb2), and translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-α) are provided as further evidence. Molecular analysis confirms the phyloge-netic positions of the two new species and two new records. The differences in characteristics of these two new species and closely related species are discussed herein.
... Since the establishment of Laccaria by Berk. and Broome (1883), many mycologists have contributed to its taxonomy (Orton 1960;McNabb 1972;Mueller 1984;Wang et al. 2004;Wilson et al. 2013Wilson et al. , 2017Popa et al. 2014;Popa et al. 2016;Luo et al. 2016;Cho et al. 2018;Li 2020). Historically, Laccaria was divided into Russuliopsis by J. Schröt, who only included species with a white spore print in Laccaria (Mueller and Vellinga 1986). ...
... The number of Laccaria species described from Asia has been increasing, with more studies focusing on Basidiomycetes. Since 2013, twenty-three new species of Laccaria have been described in Asia (Wilson et al. 2013;Popa et al. 2014;Luo et al. 2016;Popa et al. 2016;Cho et al. 2018;Li 2020;Cui et al. 2021;Zhang et al. 2023). Nevertheless, no Laccaria species were reported or described in Thailand during the same period. ...
... Laccaria However, L. acanthospora has orange pileus, relatively longer spines (2-6 μm) on the basidiospores, and longer basidia (40-56 × 10-14 μm) (Wilson et al. 2013). Laccaria ambigua has orange-brown basidiomata, without the striates on the pileus margin, and stipe orange-brown to ochraceous buff (Wilson et al. 2017). ...
Two new species Laccaria pseudoalba and L. subroseoalbescens are described and illustrated, based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Two new records, Laccaria umbilicata and L. yunnanensis from Thailand, are also reported. Laccaria subroseoalbescens is characterized by small basidiomata, stipe equal with an enlarged base, and nearly subclavate, pale pink to light orange. Laccaria pseudoalba is characterized by pale orange to orange white pileus, has umbo when young on the pileus, and fistulose stipe of the pale to pastel red color. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequence data from rDNA internal transcribed spacer ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA (ITS), nuc 28S rDNA (28S), RNA polymerase II subunit 2 (rpb2), and translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-α) are provided as further evidence. Molecular analysis confirms the phylogenetic positions of the two new species and two new records. The differences in characteristics of these two new species and closely related species are discussed herein.
... It is not difficult to recognize the genus Laccaria due to its distinct morphological characteristics; however, infrageneric species identification is difficult in many instances due to the overlapping morphological features [18][19][20]. Recent studies show that molecular data are helpful in species identification of this genus [1,2,17,18,[20][21][22]. The discovery of Laccaria new species has been rapidly increasing in recent years [23]. ...
... In the past, many Chinese samples of Laccaria were inaccurately labeled as L. laccata, L. bicolor, L. amethystea and L. vinaceoavellanea [72][73][74][75]. Phylogenetic studies have made some species well-understood in China, and the discovery of new species in Laccaria is rapidly increasing [2,17,21,22,[31][32][33][34]50]. However, the distribution of L. amethystea, L. bicolor and L. laccata in China still needs to be investigated. ...
... Brown at disk, orange-pink toward the margin Orange-pink 6.5-10 µm (av. 8.1-9 µm); spines (0.5-) 1-3 µm [21] L. miniata ...
The genus Laccaria is a type of cosmopolitan and ecologically important fungal group. Members can form ectomycorrhizal associations with numerous trees, and some species are common edible fungi in local markets. Although some new species from China are recently published, the species diversity of Laccaria is still unclear in China. In this study, some samples of Laccaria were collected from southern China, and morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses based on the multilocus dataset of ITS-LSU-tef1-rpb2 confirmed five new species. Laccaria miniata, L. nanlingensis and L. neovinaceoavellanea were collected from subtropical broad-leaved forests, and L. rufobrunnea and L. umbilicata were collected from subtropical mixed forests of southwest China. Full descriptions, illustrations, comparisons with similar species and phylogenetic analysis are provided.
... Laccaria is a cosmopolitan genus and many studies have contributed to its species diversity since its publication in the year of 1883 (Berkeley and Broome 1883;Heinemann 1964;Singer 1967;Besson and Kühner 1971;Kühner 1980;Lahaie 1981;Bon 1983;Clémençon 1984;Mueller 1984Mueller , 1991Mueller , 1992Singer 1986;Vellinga 1986;Ballero andContu 1987, 1989;May 1991;Kropp and Mueller 1999;Wang et al. 2004;Osmundson et al. 2005;Wilson et al. 2013Wilson et al. , 2017Popa et al. 2014Popa et al. , 2016Luo et al. 2016;Vincenot et al. 2017;Cho et al. 2018Cho et al. , 2020Corrales et al. 2020;Li 2020). Species in this genus have a strong geographical differentiation, at least in the Laccaria sect. ...
... In China, most Laccaria species were applied with western names before the study of Wang et al. (2004). Since then, several studies have documented the Chinese Laccaria species, especially from the southwestern regions (Wang et al. 2004;Wilson et al. 2013;Popa et al. 2014;Luo et al. 2016;Vincenot et al. 2017;Cho et al. 2018;Li 2020). During the past 20 years, ca. ...
... During the past 20 years, ca. 19 Laccaria species were reported from China with both molecular and morphological evidence (Wang et al. 2004;Wilson et al. 2013;Popa et al. 2014;Luo et al. 2016;Vincenot et al. 2017;Cho et al. 2018;Li 2020). However, the species recognition of this genus in China is still in its infancy. ...
Laccaria fagacicola and L. pallidorosea, two new species collected from subtropical broad-leaved forests, were described in this study with both molecular and morphological evidence. Laccaria fagacicola is characterized by its brownish orange basidioma and globose to subglobose, echinulate basidiospores with spines 1–2 μm long and 1–1.5 μm wide at base. Laccaria pallidorosea has a small and pinkish basidioma, and globose to subglobose, echinate basidiospores with spines 1.5–2 μm long and 2 μm wide at base. Phylogenetic analyses based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region indicated that L. fagacicola is sister to L. rubroalba and L. aurantia, while L. pallidorosea is related to L. versiforma and L. salmonicolor. These two new species are described, illustrated, and compared with closely related and morphologically similar species.
... The genus Laccaria (Hydnangiaceae, Agaricales) contains over 75 recognized species worldwide (Kirk et al. 2008). It has been reported from temperate and tropical areas and is an important constituent in alpine ecosystems (Mueller 1992;Kropp and Mueller 1999;Osmundson et al. 2005;Wilson et al. 2013;Popa et al. 2014). Laccaria species are root mutualists with a variety of vascular plant families, such as Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Myrtaceae, Pinaceae, and Salicaceae. ...
... Analysis of sequences from the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) region has improved the accuracy of identification of fungal species and led to the recognition of new Laccaria species (Wilson et al. 2013;Popa et al. 2014Popa et al. , 2016. Even so, the ITS is limited in its ability to resolve closely related species within the genus (Wilson et al. 2017b). ...
... Notes: Laccaria araneosa closely resembles L. acanthospora and L. alba in basidiome size and color. However, L. acanthospora has longer basidiospore echinulae (2-6 μm in length × 1-2 μm in width) than L. araneosa (Wilson et al. 2013). Laccaria araneosa lacks cheilocystidia, whereas L. alba has filamentous to narrowly clavate cheilocystidia (Wang et al. 2004 Etymology: parva (Latin), little, in reference to the small size of the basidiomes. ...
Species of Laccaria (Hydnangiaceae, Basidiomycota) are important in forest ecosystems as ectomycorrhizal fungi. Nine of the 75 described Laccaria species worldwide been reported from Korea. Most of these have European and North American names, and their identities are based solely on morphological features. To evaluate the taxonomy of Korean Laccaria, we used 443 specimens collected between 1981 and 2016 in a phylogenetic analysis based on sequence data from nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA (ITS) region, nuc 28S rDNA (28S), RNA polymerase II subunit 2 (rpb2), and translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1). Ten Laccaria species were identified. Three of these were previously reported from Korea: L. bicolor, L. tortilis, and L. vinaceoavellanea. Laccaria alba, L. japonica, and L. murina are confirmed as new reports from Korea. Lastly, four new Laccaria species are described: L. araneosa, L. parva, L. torosa, and L. versiforma. This study supports the general contention that Asian species of ectomycorrhizal fungi may not be conspecific with morphologically similar species from Europe and North America. Furthermore, identification based on morphology alone is often unreliable in Laccaria due to considerable overlap of characters among species. Thus, use of molecular methods is necessary for effective identification. Illustrations of the four newly described species and a taxonomic key to species of Laccaria in Korea are provided.
... & Broome (Hydnangiaceae, Agaricales) is an ectomycorrhizal genus with a cosmopolitan distribution. Species in this genus range from host-generalists to host-specialists (Giachini et al. 2004, Sheedy et al. 2013, Wilson et al. 2013, Sheedy et al. 2015. Some Laccaria species, such as L. amethystine Cooke (Wilson et al. 2013) and L. laccata (Scop.: Fr.) Cooke (Osmundson et al. 2005), are pioneers in harsh conditions (Wadud et al. 2014). ...
... Species in this genus range from host-generalists to host-specialists (Giachini et al. 2004, Sheedy et al. 2013, Wilson et al. 2013, Sheedy et al. 2015. Some Laccaria species, such as L. amethystine Cooke (Wilson et al. 2013) and L. laccata (Scop.: Fr.) Cooke (Osmundson et al. 2005), are pioneers in harsh conditions (Wadud et al. 2014). Laccaria species also have potential for high altitude land recovery (Osmundson et al. 2005). ...
... Furthermore, L. acanthospora A.W. Wilson & G.M. Muell. (Wilson et al. 2013) differs from L. rubroalba in having orange basidiomata, broad and distant lamellae, pink-lavender hues on the stipe, longer and broad echinulate basidiospores. ...
The novel species Laccaria rubroalba is described from Southwestern China by using both morphological characteristics and molecular data. It is characterized by small basidiomata; reddish white pileus when moist or young, white to pale when dry; 4-spored basidia and globose to broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, moderately echinulate basidiospores. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from ITS sequence data confirmed the separation of this new species from other closely related species in the genus Laccaria. The new species is compared with similar taxa. A description, line drawings and colour photographs of the new species, and phylogenetic tree to show the placement of the new species are provided.
... Sequences obtained in this study were combined with sequences of Laccaria species retrieved from GenBank (http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) (Table S1) that had previously been analyzed (Osmundson et al. 2005;Wilson et al. 2013), and two datasets (ITS and LSU) were constructed in PhyDE v.0.995 (Mü ller et al. 2006) and aligned using Muscle (Edgar 2004). A third combined (ITS þ LSU) set was assembled in PhyDE v.0.995 and uploaded in TreeBASE (http://purl.org/phylo/ ...
... Posterior probabilities for supported clades were determined by a 50% majority-rule consensus of the trees retained after burn-in. Psathyrella rhodospora and Cortinarius violaceus were used as outgroups, following Wilson et al. (2013). The phylogenies from ML and BI analyses were displayed using Mega 6.06 and FigTree v 1.3.1 (Rambaut 2009) respectively. ...
... However, L. roseoalbescens comes out on the same branch system with species assigned to Metasection Amethystina, i.e. those taxa with violet mycelium at the base of the stipe (Mueller 1992). Wilson et al. (2013) described L. salmonicolor from Xizhang, China, also a species lacking violet basal mycelium, but clustering phylogenetically with taxa that do produce such colorful mycelium over the base of the stipe (Fig. 1). Even though both of these taxa cluster phylogenetically with m y c o s c i e n c e 5 6 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 5 9 7 e6 0 5 species that uniformly produce violet basal mycelia, they are not similar morphologically and do not appear to be closely related (Fig. 1). ...
An undescribed species of Laccaria was discovered in the Santuario del Bosque de Niebla of Xalapa, Mexico, in a montane cloud forest preserved under the protection of the Instituto de Ecología A.C. in Veracruz State. This new species is distinct based on basidiome morphology and supported by phylogenetic analyses of sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and nuclear large subunit (nLSU) of the ribosomal RNA gene. Thirteen different collections obtained during 2012-2014, provided documentation of the broad morphological variation and confirmed the diagnostic color changes of this species. It is phylogenetically associated with Metasection Amethystina but lacks violet pigments in the mycelium and stipe base that are characteristic for species placed in that Metasection. Its relationship to other taxa in Laccaria is not obvious at this time. Descriptions, color images of the basidiomata, scanning electron photomicrographs of basidiospores and comparisons with similar taxa are presented.
... Members of plant-related ectomycorrhizal fungi interact with a wide range of gymnosperms and angiosperms (Mueller 1992;Vincenot et al. 2011;Li 2020). For example, L. maritima is specifically associated with Pinus species (Huhtinen 1987), and L. amethystine grows in association with Picea (Wilson et al. 2013). Furthermore, certain edible Laccaria species are commonly consumed in China (Wu et al. 2019). ...
... Most Laccaria species have been described from Europe or North America (Singer 1967;Besson and Kühner 1971;Lahaie 1981;Mueller and Sundberg 1981;Clémençon 1984;Mueller 1984Mueller , 1992Pázmány 1994;Osmundson et al. 2005;Montoya et al. 2015;Wilson et al. 2015Wilson et al. , 2017, while, 28 species were reported in China, including 22 originally described species (Table 1) (Wang et al. 2004;Wilson et al. 2013;Popa et al. 2014;Luo et al. 2016;Vincenot et al. 2017;Li 2020;Cui et al. 2021;Zhang et al. 2023). ...
The genus Laccaria (Hydnangiaceae, Agaricales) is an important ectomycorrhizal symbiont of a broad range of host plants. Laccaria guizhouensis was collected from a subtropical mixed forest dominated by Fagaceae in Southwest China and described based on morphological characteristics and molecular data. Laccaria guizhouensis is characterised by its medium-sized basidiocarps and strong striate or sulcatus, flesh-coloured to brown pileus, flesh-coloured to brown lamellae, 2-to 4-spored basidia, globose to obellipsoid, hyaline, moderately echinulate basidiospores, and 1-1.5 μm-long echinulate. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS sequences (HMAS352265 and HMAS352266) indicated that L. guizhouensis represented a new species separated from all other Laccaria species.
... It is estimated that 116 species of Laccaria are distributed across temperate and tropical regions of the world (Wilson et al. 2017). The diversity and taxonomy of the genus Laccaria have been well documented (Mueller 1984) including with phylogenetic and molecular studies (Osmundson et al. 2005, Vincenot et al. 2012, Sheedy et al. 2013, Wilson et al. 2013, Popa et al. 2014, Montoya et al. 2015, Cho et al. 2018. More recently, biogeographic (Wilson et al. 2017) and genomic studies have used some Laccaria taxa (e.g., Martin et al. 2008, Kang et al. 2020, Li et al. 2020 as model species in the understanding of the physiology, ecology, and evolution of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. ...
... Muenster, Germany, www.phyde.de). Genbank sequences that showed highest similarity scores (> 97) using the BLAST tool (Altschul et al. 1997) and sequences used in previous studies (Osmundson et al. 2005, Wilson et al. 2013 were included in the analyses. Cortinarius violaceus (L.) Gray (DQ486695) and Psathyrella rhodospora G. Weaver & A.H. Sm. (DQ486695) were included as outgroups ( Table 1). ...
Background:
Pinus (Coniferophyta) and Laccaria (Basidiomycota) establish ectomycorrhizal symbioses in natural forests. However, their detailed morphoanatomical and phylogenetic characterization have received little attention. Accurate identification of native host symbionts is of paramount relevance to the production of mycorrhized seedlings for successful reforestation programs.
Questions/Objective:
We aimed to determine if L. squarrosa is able to establish ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with gymnosperms, thereby widening its host range and highlighting its relevance as a potential inoculant for pine seedlings. Currently, L. squarrosa is only known from its type collection associated with the angiosperm Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana.
Studied species:
The fungus L. squarrosa and Pinus pseudostrobus, a tree endemic to Mexico.
Study site and dates:
A Pinus-Quercus forest in Piedra Canteada, Nanacamilpa, Tlaxcala; 2018-2020.
Methods:
L. squarrosa basidiomata were identified and ectomycorrhizal roots were collected and morphoanatomically characterized. For molecular identification, DNA was extracted, PCR was performed targeting the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (nucrDNA ITS) for the mycobiont identification and the chloroplastic single-locus trnL region for the phytobiont.
Results:
In the phylogenetic analyses, our sequences from basidiomata and ectomycorrhizae clustered together with L. squarrosa with high values of supporting identity. Meanwhile, P. pseudostrobus was molecularly identified as the phytobiont.
Conclusions:
This is one of the few worldwide characterizations of Laccaria ectomycorrhiza under field conditions and contributes to the understanding of the ecology, distribution, and economic relevance of the symbiotic association. Our data suggest that L. squarrosa has potential for use as a native inoculant for P. pseudostrobus tree production.
... Notes: Laccaria currently comprises about 85 species ), but numerous new species have been described in recent years (Wilson et al. 2013(Wilson et al. , 2016Popa et al. 2014;Luo et al. 2016;Ramos et al. 2017;Vincenot et al. 2017;Cho et al. 2018;Wang et al. 2019b), a clear indication that the exact number of species in this genus is still undetermined. Laccaria species form mutualistic symbioses with many shrubs and forest tree species and are widely distributed over geographical areas from the tropics to the boreal regions (Gardes et al. 1990;Mueller 1992;Vincenot et al. 2011;Popa et al. 2014). ...
... Lamellae up to 5 mm broad, moderately distant, emarginate, sinuate to adnate with Fig. 182 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on LSU and ITS sequence data representing Laccaria of northern hemisphere and tropical areas. Related sequences aretaken from previous studies (Wilson et al. 2013;Popa et al. 2014;Luo et al. 2016;Ramos et al. 2017;Vincenot et al. 2017;Cho et al. 2018;Wang et al. 2019b). One hundred fifty-six strains are included in the combined analyses which comprise 1624 characters. ...
This article is the 13th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein 125 taxa from four phyla, ten classes, 31 orders, 69 families, 92 genera and three genera incertae sedis are treated, demonstrating worldwide and geographic distribution. Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include three new genera, 69 new species, one new combination, one reference specimen and 51 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions. Three new genera, Cylindrotorula (Torulaceae), Scolecoleotia (Leotiales genus incertae sedis) and Xenovaginatispora (Lindomycetaceae) are introduced based on distinct phylogenetic lineages and unique morphologies. Newly described species are Aspergillus lannaensis, Cercophora dulciaquae, Cladophialophora aquatica, Coprinellus punjabensis, Cortinarius alutarius, C. mammillatus, C. quercofocculosus, Coryneum fagi, Cruentomycena uttarakhandina, Cryptocoryneum rosae, Cyathus uniperidiolus, Cylindrotorula indica, Diaporthe chamaeropicola, Didymella azollae, Diplodia alanphillipsii, Dothiora coronicola, Efbula rodriguezarmasiae, Erysiphe salicicola, Fusarium queenslandicum, Geastrum gorgonicum, G. hansagiense, Helicosporium sexualis, Helminthosporium chiangraiensis, Hongkongmyces kokensis, Hydrophilomyces hydraenae, Hygrocybe boertmannii, Hyphoderma australosetigerum, Hyphodontia yunnanensis, Khaleijomyces umikazeana, Laboulbenia divisa, Laboulbenia triarthronis, Laccaria populina, Lactarius pallidozonarius, Lepidosphaeria strobelii, Longipedicellata megafusiformis, Lophiotrema lincangensis, Marasmius benghalensis, M. jinfoshanensis, M. subtropicus, Mariannaea camelliae, Melanographium smilaxii, Microbotryum polycnemoides, Mimeomyces digitatus, Minutisphaera thailandensis, Mortierella solitaria, Mucor harpali, Nigrograna jinghongensis, Odontia huanrenensis, O. parvispina, Paraconiothyrium ajrekarii, Parafuscosporella niloticus, Phaeocytostroma yomensis, Phaeoisaria synnematicus, Phanerochaete hainanensis, Pleopunctum thailandicum, Pleurotheciella dimorphospora, Pseudochaetosphaeronema chiangraiense, Pseudodactylaria albicolonia, Rhexoacrodictys nigrospora, Russula paravioleipes, Scolecoleotia eriocamporesi, Seriascoma honghense, Synandromyces makranczyi, Thyridaria aureobrunnea, Torula lancangjiangensis, Tubeufa longihelicospora, Wicklowia fusiformispora, Xenovaginatispora phichaiensis and Xylaria apiospora. One new combination, Pseudobactrodesmium stilboideus is proposed. A reference specimen of Comoclathris permunda is designated. New host or distribution records are provided for Acrocalymma fci, Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis, Camarosporidiella laburni, Canalisporium caribense, Chaetoscutula juniperi, Chlorophyllum demangei, C. globosum, C. hortense, Cladophialophora abundans, Dendryphion hydei, Diaporthe foeniculina, D. pseudophoenicicola, D. pyracanthae, Dictyosporium pandanicola, Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus, Ernakulamia tanakae, Eutypa favovirens, E. lata, Favolus septatus, Fusarium atrovinosum, F. clavum, Helicosporium luteosporum, Hermatomyces nabanheensis, Hermatomyces sphaericoides, Longipedicellata aquatica, Lophiostoma caudata, L. clematidisvitalbae, Lophiotrema hydei, L. neoarundinaria, Marasmiellus palmivorus, Megacapitula villosa, Micropsalliota globocystis, M. gracilis, Montagnula thailandica, Neohelicosporium irregulare, N. parisporum, Paradictyoarthrinium difractum, Phaeoisaria aquatica, Poaceascoma taiwanense, Saproamanita manicata, Spegazzinia camelliae, Submersispora variabilis, Thyronectria caudata, T. mackenziei, Tubeufa chiangmaiensis, T. roseohelicospora, Vaginatispora nypae, Wicklowia submersa, Xanthagaricus necopinatus and Xylaria haemorrhoidalis. The data presented herein are based on morphological examination of fresh specimens, coupled with analysis of phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.
... Kearse et al. 2012) and compared to those available in the GenBank database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/) using the BLASTn search method. Our dataset includes sequences of Laccaria from the Northern Hemisphere and tropical regions retrieved from previous phylogenetic studies (Wilson et al. 2013, Popa et al. 2014, Luo et al. 2016, Vincenot et al. 2017, Ramos et al. 2017, Cho et al. 2018, Wang et al. 2019 (1986: 643) was used as the outgroup taxon following Luo et al. (2016). ITS and LSU sequences were independently aligned using MAFFT v 7.017 (Katoh et al. 2002) with default conditions for gap openings and gap extension penalties and subsequently concatenated. ...
... Furthermore, L. laccata var. pallidifolia presented as sister to Laccaria negrimarginata, a species originally described in mixed temperate alpine conifer forests of China with black scales on the pileus and a blackish lamellae edge (Wilson et al. 2013). From a morphological point of view, Laccaria macrocystidiata is distinguished from Laccaria laccata var. ...
Laccaria macrocystidiata, a marasmioid species, originally described as Laccaria affinis f. macrocystidiata from Central Italy, was synonymised with the North American taxon Laccaria laccata var. pallidifolia, but only on a morphological basis. In this paper, the independent position of L. macrocystidiata from L. laccata var. pallidifolia and other species of Laccaria is pointed out on the basis of ITS-LSU phylogenetic analyses. According to our results, Laccaria macrocystidiata var. longispinosa is considered a synonym of Laccaria macrocystidiata. Laccaria macrocystidiata holotype consists of only one basidioma in poor condition; thus, a new epitype from an Italian collection was designated.
... They are known to form interactions, for example with members of the Pinaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Fagaceae, Betulaceae, www.videleaf.com Myrtaceae, Tiliaceae and Salicaceae [2,3]. Some species as Laccaria laccata and L. bicolor have been considered hostgeneralists, and inclusive, have been subject of a lot of in vitro experimentation worldwide. ...
... In the monographic work of Laccaria by Mueller [1], 19 species are recognized from North America, and 40 worldwide. New or potential undescribed species from different regions, based on morphological and molecular characteristics of fructifications, or on DNA identifications of environmental samples, have been discovered recently [3,7,8,[10][11][12][13][14][15]. Nowadays, MycoBank recognizes 112 records in this group of fungi, and additionally, Wilson et al. [12] inferred 116 phylogenetic species from 30 countries covering the known geographic range of Laccaria. ...
... Members of this genus are known to form ectomycorrhizal associations with a broad range of gymno-and angiosperm trees (Mueller 1992). Up till now, 12 Laccaria species have been described from China (Wang et al. 2004;Wilson et al. 2013;Popa et al. 2014;Luo et al. 2016;Vincenot et al. 2017). Two unknown taxa of Laccaria were repeatedly collected in the forest of the Heishiding Nature Reserve (111°49′ 09″-111°55′ 01″ E, 23°25′ 15″-23°30′ 02″ N, abbreviated thereafter as Heishiding) by the author while surveying the macrofungi there (Li and Cai 2014;Li et al. 2016;Li and Deng 2018;Li 2019). ...
... For the two new species of Laccaria, five ITS sequences produced in this study were compared with 50 ITS sequences: 49 retrieved from GenBank and one from this study; for Hodophilus glaberipes, three ITS sequences produced in this study were compared with 27 ITS sequences retrieved from GenBank (NCBI; http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) ( Table 1). For phylogenetic analysis, outgroups were chosen based on recent studies on the phylogeny of Laccaria, Hodophilus, and the related genera, respectively (Wilson et al. 2013;Popa et al. 2014Popa et al. , 2016Adamčík et al. 2016Adamčík et al. , 2017aAdamčík et al. , 2017bAdamčík et al. , 2018Birkebak et al. 2016). Thus, for Laccaria, the outgroup was Mythicomyces corneipes (Fr.) ...
Laccaria fengkaiensis and L. prava, collected from Heishiding Nature Reserve, South China, are proposed here as new taxa based on morphological and molecular evidences. These two new species along with Hodophilus glaberipes Ming Zhang et al. are described with photographs and line drawings and compared against related species. Morphologically, Laccaria fengkaiensis is characterized by a medium-sized to large pinkish white to light orange, strong striate to rugulose-striate or rugulose-sulcate pileus, a strong, solid stipe of the same color, 4-spored basidia, globose to obellipsoid basidiospores with moderate echinulae, and a pileipellis with abundant pileocystidia. Laccaria prava is characterized by a moderate-sized but very thin pinkish white to light orange, strong striate to rugulose-striate or rugulose-sulcate pileus, a distorted same colored stipe, 4-spored basidia, obellipsoid to globose basidiospores with moderate echinulae, and a stipitipellis with abundant caulocystidia. Hodophilus glaberipes is characterized by a small basidioma, with a pileus and its lamellae white at first, orange white to brownish orange with age, a white stipe, subglobose to globose basidiospores, and discoloring pastel red in wounds. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region provided further evidence that Laccaria fengkaiensis and L. prava are new species which are clearly separated from all other Laccaria species with rDNA sequence data available; Hodophilus glaberipes belongs to the H. micaceus superclade, with H. indicus K.N.A. Raj et al. as a closely related sister species.
... It is hard to morphologically differentiate between the species of Laccaria owing to their high level of phenotypic plasticity (Mueller & Vellinga 1986;Osmundson 2003;Popa et al. 2016). However, morphological characters and molecular data together can help in accurate identification of species within the genus (Osmundson et al. 2005;Wilson et al. 2013;Luo et al. 2016;Popa et al. 2014Popa et al. , 2016. ...
... An nrITS-based dataset was prepared for performing the phylogenetic analysis. The dataset consisted of the newly generated nrITS sequence of the new species, the sequences of the closest Laccaria species revealed by the BLASTn search using the nrITS sequence of our new species and the sequences of Laccaria treated in previous phylogenetic studies on Laccaria (Wilson et al. 2013;Montoya et al. 2015;Popa et al. 2014Popa et al. , 2016Luo et al. 2016;Cho et al. 2018). In addition to these sequences, two sequences of Mythicomyces corneipes (Fr.) ...
Laccaria violaceotincta sp. nov. is described from Kerala State, India based on morphology and molecular phylogeny. All the collections of the species were made from a freshwater swamp forest predominantly composed of species of Myristica. The Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis of sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) of the ribosomal RNA gene clearly revealed its novelty as well as its position within the genus Laccaria. A taxonomic description, photographs of the basidiocarps and the micro-structures, comparisons with phenetically similar and phylogenetically related species and a phylogram depicting the placement of the new species are provided.
... The ITS region has been useful for identifying new species of Laccaria using phylogenetic methods despite harboring low inter-species variation (Osmundson et al. 2005;Wilson et al. 2013;Popa et al. 2014Popa et al. , 2016Montoya et al. 2015). The wide application of ITS in fungi, the availability of fungal specific ITS primers, and the relative ease in which the region is amplified using PCR, make it useful for initial screening of fungal diversity (Schoch et al. 2012). ...
... The low level of morphological variation within groups of Northern Hemisphere Laccaria (e.g., L. bicolor s. lat, L. ohiensis, and L. laccata s. lat.) has limited the discovery of new species using the morphological species concept. As a result, the application of molecular methods has become necessary for the discovery and description of cryptic Northern Hemisphere Laccaria species from the Eastern Himalayas (Wilson et al. 2013) to southern China (Popa et al. 2014), and in Central America from Mexico (Montoya et al. 2015) to Panama (Popa et al. 2016). Despite the low levels of inter-specific sequence variation described earlier in the chapter, molecular methods should continue to be the preferred practice in describing Northern Hemisphere Laccaria species, but with greater emphasis on the genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition technique. ...
The mushroom genus Laccaria is one of the very few ectomycorrhizal lineages whose diversity has been explored from the phylogenetic, population genetic, genomic, and ecological perspectives. The genus serves as a model for understanding the biology of ectomycorrhizal fungi. This chapter provides an in-depth overview of the systematic diversity, ecology, host associations, and phylogenetic relationships that helped shape the current distribution of Laccaria species. This chapter discusses the challenges in identifying and delimiting species of Laccaria, along with the potential influence of life-history strategy and ecological role on the speciation and dispersal of Laccaria. The biogeographic histories of several well-documented and important ectomycorrhizal hosts of Laccaria are reviewed. These histories provide a backdrop to examine potential migration and dispersal routes during the diversification of Laccaria. They reveal historical distribution patterns that explain how ectomycorrhizal symbioses likely shaped the biogeography of Laccaria. The phylogenetic history and global systematic diversity of Laccaria is reviewed in the final sections, which include discussions of the Southern Hemisphere origins of the genus, a hypothesis for dispersal to the Northern Hemisphere, and the challenges of correlating diversity and distribution patterns in the Northern Hemisphere. Altogether, Laccaria represents a genus that is rich with opportunities to explore the ecological and evolutionary forces shaping the biogeography of ectomycorrhizal fungi.
... We included all sequences from the study from Wilson et al., 2013 as well as our own material and sequences from Genbank and UNITE for this study. Sequences used in this study are listed in Table 1. ...
... By means of ITS-sequences (Fig. 5), morphology as well as ecology of all three new species could be clearly separated from the other known and recently described Laccaria species (Wang et al. 2004;Wilson et al. 2013). The morphological similarities of Laccaria yunnanensis and Laccaria vinaceoavellanea were confirmed by the molecular analysis, and so a close relationship between both species is well supported (Fig. 5). ...
In this paper descriptions of three new Laccaria species from Southwest China (Yunnan) are reported. Macromorphological, micromorphological, and molecular data have been studied to describe the new species and delineate them within the genus Laccaria. The first species Laccaria fulvogrisea is characterized by a grey to brownish coloured fruiting body and large echinulate spores. Laccaria aurantia is characterized by the deeply orange colour and globose balloon-like spores with a fine echinulate ornament. The third species Laccaria yunnanensis has large barrel-shaped pleurocystidia and a brownish to flesh-coloured fruiting body. All three species have 4-spored basidia and were found near or within Quercus and Lithocarpus mixed broad leaved forests at an altitude of above 2,000 m.
... com), and consensus sequences were used as BLAST query (Altschul et al. 1990;Camacho et al. 2009) searches against the nr GenBank database. ITS sequences were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers PP600134 and PP600135; new ITS sequences were integrated in a first matrix constructed with four genetic markers (ITS, 28S, RPB2 and TEF) using public sequences from three sources: a) phylogenetic studies of the Laccaria bicolor complex Ramos et al. 2017;Wilson et al. 2017), b) all sequences labeled as Laccaria from Mexico or as L. trichodermophora in NCBI (179 nucleotide sequences and 4 genomes) (García-Guzmán et al. 2017;Hibbett et al. 2000;López-Gutiérrez et al. 2018;Montoya et al. 2015;Osmundson et al. 2005;Villarreal-Ruiz et al. 2012;Wilson et al. 2013Wilson et al. , 2015 and c) the top 20 BLAST hits (all over 98.9% pairwise identity) (Table S1-2). Markers were extracted from the genomes using BLAST in Geneious Prime (Ángeles-Argáiz et al. 2024;Kohler et al. 2015;Martin et al. 2008). ...
Several species of Laccaria can be used in forest management as promoter of the growth and health for conifers and broadleaf trees by performing ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. In central Mexico, Laccaria trichodermophora occurs in forests dominated by Pinus, which include P. montezumae and P. teocote. It is an edible mushroom consumed traditionally, mostly at a home scale, and is studied as a forest bioinoculant for nursery pines. This work aims to detect the compatibility between L. trichodermophora and P. teocote and the effect of the inoculum application moment on the percentage of mycorrhization of their root systems. The symbiosis was confirmed by a) sequencing the fungal nrDNA ITS region, b) observing micro-anatomical structures of the symbiotic interface using confocal laser scanning microscopy, and c) quantifying the colonization and comparing with the known host P. montezumae. BLAST and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the identity of the ectomycorrhizae-forming fungi as L. trichodermophora. The symbiotic development was also confirmed by detecting the fungal structures on and between root plant cells. After comparing the levels of colonization in the roots of the two pine species, it is concluded that L. trichodermophora is capable of colonizing both assessed tree species to a comparable extent. The integration of these results allowed to confirm that L. trichodermophora can be used as inoculum to promote the production of the timber P. teocote, that mycorrhization is detectable from three months after inoculation and that it is not necessary to inoculate from the moment of germination.
... Due to the high similarity among the species of Laccaria, it becomes difficult to differentiate on the basis of only morphological characters. Hence, both the morpho and molecular studies of the genus is crucial for the correct identification [12,14,37]. ...
Three new species of Laccaria infundibuliformis, L. pallidus, and L. darjeelingensis, collected from Darjeeling, India, are described based on morphological and molecular evidence. Laccaria infundibuliformis is characterized by its small infundibuliform basidiocarps, and echinulate basidiospores with spines up to 1.36 µm long. Laccaria pallidus is characterized by medium-sized greyish-red basidiocarps, and echinulate basidiospores with spines up to 1.9 µm long. Laccaria darjeelingensis is characterized by dull red basidiocarps, and echinulate basidiospores with spines up to 1.27 µm long. Altogether, the study shows that these three Laccaria species are previously unknown to science.
... Morphological data are not enough to differentiate between the species of Laccaria because of their high phenotypic plasticity level (Mueller & Vellinga, 1986;Osmundson, 2003;Popa et al., 2016). Although, combined micro-morphological and molecular data can be helpful in the correct identification of species within the genus (Luo et al., 2016;Osmundson et al., 2005;Popa et al., 2014Popa et al., , 2016Wilson et al., 2013). Cooke based on morpho-anatomical characters (Ahmad et al., 1997;Sultana et al., 2011), while only L. moshuijun Popa & Zhu L. Yang has been characterized using molecular tools also (Ishaq et al., 2021;Khalid, 2022). ...
Two species of the genus Laccaria , are described as new reports for Pakistan. Laccaria murina has been collected from a Himalayan moist temperate forest in Khanspur, KP, while L. pumila was found in the moist temperate forests of Kumrat Valley in Dir Upper, KP, and at higher altitudes of the Deosai plains of Gilgit‐Baltistan, Pakistan. Phylogenetic analysis based on the nrITS region clustered the Pakistani species with L. murina sequences with other Asian collections and L. pumila from USA and Netherlands. SEM of basidiospores along with detailed micro‐morphological data are provided. General distribution, habitat, ecology, and diagnostic features are also discussed.
Research Highlights
It has new reports from Pakistan, studies based on light, scanning electron microscopy, and nrITS molecular markers.
These species have been described with detailed micro‐morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses.
General distribution, ecology, diagnostic features, and comparisons with closely related specimens have been provided.
Graphical representation of DNA extraction and geographical locations of sampling sites are also illustrated (Figures 1 and 2 ).
Very few members of this genus are already described from Pakistan.
... Laccaria (Agaricales) is considered a model genus for understanding ectomycorrhizal (ECM) ecology and evolution (Martin et al., 2008;Wilson et al., 2017a). In a little more than a decade, studies incorporating morphological and molecular data have described 22 Laccaria species worldwide: one from New Zealand (Wilson et al., 2017a), 18 from Asia (Wilson et al., 2013;Popa et al., 2014;Vincenot et al., 2017;Cho et al., 2018;Latha et al., 2019;Li, 2020), and three from subtropical and tropical North and Central America (Montoya et al., 2015;Popa et al., 2016;Ramos et al., 2017). ...
Since 2013 there have been 22 new species of Laccaria described worldwide. Only three of these represent species from the neotropics. In Panama, Laccaria is abundant in monodominant Oreomunnea mexicana (Juglandaceae) forests based on sporocarps and environmental sequencing of roots. This study uses a combination of morphological and phylogenetic evidence to document up to seven species of Laccaria from these forests, one previously described, three described as new, and three requiring more data before being formally described. Molecular data used for phylogenetic analysis include the nuclear ribosomal ITS and 28S regions, along with TEF1 and RPB2. Laccaria stellata, has previously been reported from O. mexicana cloud forests of Panama. Laccaria dallingii sp. nov., L. nitrophila sp. nov., and L. fortunensis sp. nov. are described as new based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis of multiple collections. A taxon referred to as “PAN sp3” is resolved sister to L. stellata. Phylogenetic analysis also resolved two separate clades of Panamanian Laccaria as sister to L. roseoalbescens, a species previously described from Mexico. These three taxa are not described in this paper as there is too little material from which to make effective morphological descriptions even though their placement in phylogenetic analysis identify them as being unique. Ecologically, all described species except for L. fortunensis were amplified from O. mexicana ectomycorrhizal root tips. L. nitrophila was one of the most recovered species from the roots of O. mexicana in a previous study, and it has been shown to respond positively to long term nitrogen addition. Our results expand the knowledge of Laccaria diversity for Central America and highlight that at least some species of Laccaria are nitrophilic in neotropical Juglandaceae forests as well as in temperate forests.
... In the monographic work of Laccaria by Mueller (1992), 19 species are recognized from North America, and 40 worldwide. New or potential undescribed species from different regions, based on morphological and molecular characteristics of fructifications, or on DNA identifications of environmental samples, have been discovered recently (Wang et al. 2004, Osmundson et al. 2005, Sheedy et al. 2013, Wilson et al. 2013, Montoya et al. 2015, Luo et al. 2016, Popa et al. 2014. Nowadays, MycoBank recognizes 112 records in this group of fungi, and additionally, Wilson et al. (2017) inferred 116 phylogenetic species from 30 countries covering the known geographic range of Laccaria. ...
Two species of Laccaria discovered in relicts of Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana forests in eastern Mexico are described based on the macro- and micromorphological features, and their identity supported by molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) of the ribosomal RNA gene. The phylogeny obtained here showed that one of the Mexican species is nested in an exclusive clade which in combination with its striking morphological features, infers that it represents a new species, while the other species is placed as a member in the Laccaria trichodermophora clade. This is the first report in Mexico of Laccaria with Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana trees, with which the reported species may form ectomycorrhizal association. Descriptions are accompanied with illustrations of macro- and micromorphological characters and a discussion of related taxa are presented.
... The typical violet fruitbodies of L. amethystina are described as widely distributed from temperate and boreal regions of the northern hemisphere to mountain areas (above 2000 m a.s.l.) of subtropical regions, and in association with coniferous (Pinaceae) and deciduous (Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Salicaceae) hosts (Mueller 1984;Roy et al. 2008). Therefore, a northern hemisphere distribution of L. amethystina was assumed, although several different violet species may exist worldwide (Wilson et al. 2013;Wilson et al. 2017a ; Fig 1). One possible reason for this simplistic picture of global distribution could be difficulty in delineating species within a global L. amethystina species complex, as suggested by Vincenot et al. (2012). ...
Purple Laccaria are ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes associated with temperate forests all over the Northern Hemisphere in at least two taxa: L accaria amethysteo-occidentalis in North America, and L. amethystina complex in Eurasia, as shown by Vincenot et al. (2012). Here, we combine a further study of the genetic structure of L. amethystina populations from Europe to southwestern China and Japan, using neutral Single Sequence Repeat (SSR; microsatellite) markers; and a systematic description of two novel Asian species, namely L accaria moshuijun and L accaria japonica, based on ecological, morphological, and molecular criteria (rDNA sequences). Population genetics provides evidence of the ancient isolation of three regional groups, with strong signal for speciation, and suggests a centre of origin of modern populations closest to present-day Chinese populations. Phylogenetic analyses confirm speciation at the molecular level, reflected in morphological features: L. moshuijun samples (from Yunnan, China) display strongly variable cheilocystidia, while L. japonica samples (from Japan) present distinctive globose to subglobose spores and clavate cheilocystidia. This study of a species complex primarily described with an extremely wide ecological and geographical range sheds new light on the biodiversity and biogeography of ectomycorrhizal fungi.
... Laccaria has a cosmopolitan distribution, and is distributed mainly in temperate and tropical regions (Kropp and Mueller 1999). The genus contains 75 species (Kirk et al. 2008), having been well studied in Asia, Oceania, Europe and America (McNabb 1972, Castro Cerceda and Freire 1984, Mueller and Vellinga 1986, Tommerup et NOTES ON GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION al. 1991, Kropp and Mueller 1999, Wilson et al. 2013. In South America, 9 Laccaria species are recorded from Argentina (Niveiro and Albertó 2013) and 10 species are recorded from Brazil, with most records occurring within the southern states of Brazil (Giachini et al. 2004, Capelari et al. 2015. ...
Laccaria fraterna is recorded for the first time from the Cordillera Department, Paraguay and from northern Argentina. Both macroscopic and microscopic morphological characteristics of the basidiomata are described. Photographs of fresh material are presented along with photographs of the microscopic characters. Comments regarding the distribution and taxonomy are provided.
... The typical violet fruitbodies of L. amethystina are described as widely distributed from temperate and boreal regions of the northern hemisphere to mountain areas (above 2000 m a.s.l.) of subtropical regions, and in association with coniferous (Pinaceae) and deciduous (Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Salicaceae) hosts (Mueller 1984;Roy et al. 2008). Therefore, a northern hemisphere distribution of L. amethystina was assumed, although several different violet species may exist worldwide (Wilson et al. 2013;Wilson et al. 2017a ; Fig 1). One possible reason for this simplistic picture of global distribution could be difficulty in delineating species within a global L. amethystina species complex, as suggested by Vincenot et al. (2012). ...
Studies on ectomycorrhizal fungi (EcMF) populations, their genetic diversity, dynamics and the ecological drivers of their structure have long struggled with characterisation of fungal infraspecific variability, until development of molecular tools. Population dynamics have enhanced understanding of basic biological features of EcMF at population level, such as mating systems, local dispersal patterns and relationships between soil mycelial colonisation and fructification. Investigating population structure and dynamics also allowed the transfer of ecological colonisation strategies derived from plant ecology to EcMF species, although local environmental drivers and individual variations can shape populations beyond such ecological strategies. Characterisation of genetic diversity of EcMF populations from contrasted habitats has then been used to explore the role of environmental drivers, for instance soil parameters, in shaping the genetic structure and adaptive responses of populations. Detection of genetic structure of populations also proved relevant to explore host specialisation versus generalism in the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. Extended up to the breadth of species’ range, investigation through the prism of landscape genetics and demographic reconstruction helped deciphering ancient and modern environmental drivers of population diversity, indicating the value of EcMF for testing biogeographic hypotheses. Present development of high-throughput sequencing methods is now allowing to explore the evolutionary mechanisms and traits beyond EcMF population history and response to environmental variation.
... Several studies have described the diversity of Laccaria from various regions (Mueller, 1992;Osmundson et al., 2005;Vincenot et al., 2012;Sheedy et al., 2013;Wilson et al., 2013;Popa et al., 2014Popa et al., , 2016Montoya et al., 2015). These studies are limited to relatively small geographical areas and/or datasets that do not resolve critical systematic relationships within the genus. ...
•A systematic and evolutionary ecology study of the model ectomycorrhizal (ECM) genus Laccaria was performed using herbarium material and field collections from over 30 countries covering its known geographic range.
•A four-gene (nrITS, 28S, RPB2, EF1a) nucleotide sequence dataset consisting of 232 Laccaria specimens was analyzed phylogenetically. The resulting Global Laccaria dataset was used for molecular dating and estimating diversification rates in the genus. Stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen was used to evaluate the origin of Laccaria's ECM ecology.
•In all, 116 Laccaria molecular species were identified, resulting in a near 50% increase in its known diversity, including the new species described herein: Laccaria ambigua. Molecular dating indicates that the most recent common ancestor to Laccaria existed in the early Pale-ocene (56–66 million yr ago), probably in Australasia. At this time, Laccaria split into two lin-eages: one represented by the new species L. ambigua, and the other reflecting a large shift in diversification that resulted in the remainder of Laccaria. L. ambigua shows a different isotopic profile than all other Laccaria species.
•Isotopes and diversification results suggest that the evolution of the ECM ecology was a key innovation in the evolution of Laccaria. Diversification shifts associated with Laccaria's dispersal to the northern hemisphere are attributed to adaptations to new ecological niches.
... WILSON ET AL.: AGARICALES POPULATION GENETICS USING RAD 219 ribosomal internally transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (ITS) to determine their systematic and taxonomic relationship to 115 Laccaria and five outgroup samples (supporting materials TABLE I). Molecular methods for obtaining and analyzing nrITS sequence data follow the protocols outlined in Wilson et al. (2013). ...
Given the diversity and ecological importance of Fungi, there is a lack of population genetic research on these organisms. The reason for this can be explained in part by their cryptic nature and difficulty in identifying genets. In addition the difficulty (relative to plants and animals) in developing molecular markers for fungal population genetics contributes to the lack of research in this area. This study examines the ability of restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing to generate SNPs in Laccaria bicolor. Eighteen samples of morphologically identified L. bicolor from the United States and Europe were selected for this project. The RAD sequencing method produced anywhere from 290 000 to more than 3 000 000 reads. Mapping these reads to the genome of L. bicolor resulted in 84 000-940 000 unique reads from individual samples. Results indicate that incorporation of non-L. bicolor taxa into the analysis resulted in a precipitous drop in shared loci among samples. This suggests the potential of these methods in identifying cryptic species. F-statistics were easily calculated, although an observable "noise" was detected when using the "All Loci" treatment versus filtering loci to those present in at least 50% of the individuals. The data were analyzed with tests of Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium, population genetic statistics (FIS and FST), and population structure analysis using the program Structure. The results provide encouraging feedback regarding the potential utility of these methods and their data for population genetic analysis. We were unable to draw conclusions of life history among L. bicolor populations from this dataset, given the small sample size. The results of this study indicate the potential for these methods to address population genetics and general life history questions in the Agaricales. Further research is necessary to explore the specific application of these methods in the Agaricales or other fungal groups.
Laccaria is a diverse and widespread genus of ectomycorrhizal fungi that form symbiotic associations with various trees and shrubs, playing a significant role in forest ecosystems. Approximately 85 Laccaria species are formally recognised, but recent studies indicate this number may be an underestimation, highlighting the need for further taxonomic studies to improve our understanding of species boundaries. This manuscript focuses on Laccaria affinis, originally described by Singer in 1967 as Laccaria laccata var. affinis, and details a comprehensive study of its morphological and molecular characteristics, including the examination of its holotype and recent collections from Italy and the United Kingdom. Our findings reveal significant micromorphological traits that enhance the original description. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that L. affinis occupies a distinct clade within Northern Hemisphere Laccaria species, although minimal genetic differences challenge its independence from L. macrocystidiata. Consequently, we propose that these two taxa be considered synonymous. This study not only contributes to the understanding of Laccaria diversity but also proposes the formal designation of an epitype for L. affinis, thereby providing a foundation for future research on this ecologically significant genus. Furthermore, a new species named Laccaria albifolia belonging to the “/Laccaria bicolor complex clade” is described here on the base of six collections from Italy and Spain.
Macrofungi do not exist in isolation but establish symbiotic relationships with microorganisms , particularly bacteria, within their fruiting bodies. Herein, we examined the fruiting bodies' bacteriome of seven species of the genus Laccaria collected from four locations in Yunnan, China. By analyzing bacterial diversity, community structure, and function through 16S rRNA sequencing, we observed the following: (1) In total, 4,840,291 high-quality bacterial sequences obtained from the fruiting bodies were grouped into 16,577 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), and all samples comprised 23 shared bacterial ASVs. (2) The Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium complex was found to be the most abundant and presumably coexisting bacterium. (3) A network analysis revealed that endophytic bacteria formed functional groups, which were dominated by the genera Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium, Novosphingobium, and Variovorax. (4) The diversity, community structure, and dominance of ecological functions (chemoheterotrophy and nitrogen cycling) among endophytic bacteria were significantly shaped by geographic location, habitat, and fungal genotype, rather than fruiting body type. (5) A large number of the endophytic bacteria within Laccaria are bacteria that promote plant growth; however, some pathogenic bacteria that pose a threat to human health might also be present. This research advances our understanding of the microbial ecology of Laccaria and the factors shaping its endophytic bacterial communities.
Introduction
The genus Laccaria has been reported from temperate and tropical areas and is an important constituent in forest ecosystems. However, the species diversity of Laccaria in Southwest China (Yunnan) has been underestimated.
Methods
In this paper, descriptions based on morphological and multi-gene sequence data from internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (nrLSU), translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1α) and the polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) of three new Laccaria species from Southwest China (Yunnan) are reported.
Results
Two of these were characterized by orange pileus and globose to subglobose basidiospores: L. cinnabarina and L. spinulosa. While L. cinnabarina has orange red colored basidiocarps with conspicuously pellucid-striate pattern, and a fibrillose stipe with longitudinally striations, L. spinulosa has a brownish orange to brown fruiting body with light white pruinae and 2-spored basidia. Laccaria longistriata is characterized by brown to flesh-colored basidioma, prominently striate to sulcate pileus and globose to subglobose basidiospores.
Discussion
The three new species were described, illustrated and compared with closely related species in morphology and phylogeny.
This article is the 15th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein 115 taxa from three phyla, nine classes, 28 orders, 48 families, and 64 genera are treated. Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include a new family, five new genera, 61 new species, five new combinations, one synonym, one new variety and 31 records on new hosts or new geographical distributions. Ageratinicolaceae fam. nov. is introduced and accommodated in Pleosporales. The new genera introduced in this study are Ageratinicola, Kevinia, Pseudomultiseptospora (Parabambusicolaceae), Marasmiellomycena, and Vizzinia (Porotheleaceae). Newly described species are Abrothallus altoandinus, Ageratinicola kunmingensis, Allocryptovalsa aceris, Allophoma yuccae, Apiospora cannae, A. elliptica, A. pallidesporae, Boeremia wisteriae, Calycina papaeana, Clypeococcum lichenostigmoides, Coniochaeta riskali-shoyakubovii, Cryphonectria kunmingensis, Diaporthe angustiapiculata, D. campylandrae, D. longipapillata, Diatrypella guangdongense, Dothiorella franceschinii, Endocalyx phoenicis, Epicoccum terminosporum, Fulvifomes karaiensis, F. pannaensis, Ganoderma ghatensis, Hysterobrevium baoshanense, Inocybe avellaneorosea, I. lucida, Jahnula oblonga, Kevinia lignicola, Kirschsteiniothelia guangdongensis, Laboulbenia caprina, L. clavulata, L. cobiae, L. cosmodisci, L. nilotica, L. omalii, L. robusta, L. similis, L. stigmatophora, Laccaria rubriporus, Lasiodiplodia morindae, Lyophyllum agnijum, Marasmiellomycena pseudoomphaliiformis, Melomastia beihaiensis, Nemania guangdongensis, Nigrograna thailandica, Nigrospora ficuum, Oxydothis chinensis, O. yunnanensis, Petriella thailandica, Phaeoacremonium chinensis, Phialocephala chinensis, Phytophthora debattistii, Polyplosphaeria nigrospora, Pronectria loweniae, Seriascoma acutispora, Setoseptoria bambusae, Stictis anomianthi, Tarzetta tibetensis, Tarzetta urceolata, Tetraploa obpyriformis, Trichoglossum beninense, and Tricoderma pyrrosiae. We provide an emendation for Urnula ailaoshanensis Agaricus duplocingulatoides var. brevisporus introduced as a new variety based on morphology and phylogeny.
The genus Laccaria (Hydnangiaceae, Agaricales) plays an important role in forest ecosystems as an ectomycorrhizal fungus, contributing to nutrient cycles through symbiosis with many types of trees. Though understanding Laccaria diversity and distribution patterns, as well as its association with host plants, is fundamental to constructing a balanced plant diversity and conducting effective forest management, previous studies have not been effective in accurately investigating, as they relied heavily on specimen collection alone. To investigate the true diversity and distribution pattern of Laccaria species and determine their host types, we used four different approaches: specimen-based analysis, open database search (ODS), NGS analysis, and species-specific PCR (SSP). As a result, 14 Laccaria species have been confirmed in Korea. Results regarding the species distribution pattern were different between specimen-based analysis and SSP. However, when both were integrated, the exact distribution pattern of each Laccaria species was determined. In addition, the SSP revealed that many Laccaria species have a wide range of host types. This study shows that using these four different approaches is useful in determining the diversity, distribution, and host of ECM fungi. Furthermore, results obtained for Laccaria will serve as a baseline to help understand the role of ECM fungi in forest management in response to climate change.
Symbiotic association has been subject to great heed in part because of the prime of the disease to world agriculture, but also because both host and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are persuadable to proceed investigational approaches. The goal of the review is to furnish an overview of the microbial association system and designate concurrent remarkable studies that amend our comprehension of the biology and Omics of VAM fungi. The genomic studies have been organized to long-term well-established areas of investigation, including disease development and the characterization of proteins in relation to host. VAM fungi act as biological control in global sustainable development under varied agroecological regions. VAM fungi illustrate the plant–root/microbial interactions which serves gaining knowledge and a wide out-look of issues in crop production/protection.
Species of Laccaria (Hydnangiaceae, Agaricales, and Basidiomycota) are well-known ectomycorrhizal symbionts of a broad range of hosts. Laccaria species are characterized by brown, orange, or purple colored basidiocarps, and globose or oblong, echinulate and multinucleate basidiospores. While some Laccaria species are easily identified at the species level using only the morphological characteristics, others are hard to distinguish at the species level due to small differences in morphology. Heretofore, ten Laccaria species have been reported in Korea. While studying the fungal diversity in the National Parks of Korea, two new Laccaria species were discovered. Species identification was done based on molecular analyses (ITS, 28S rDNA, rpb2, and tef1), then were confirmed by their corresponding morphologies. The two newly discovered Laccaria species are proposed here as Laccaria macrobasidia and Laccaria griseolilacina. The unique morphological characters of L. macrobasidia that distinguish it from its closely related species are orange-brown colored basidiocarp, long basidia and the absence of cheilocystidia. L. griseolilacina is characterized by a light grayish lavender-colored pileus and the absence of cheilocystidia. Two new species are described and illustrated in the present paper.
A new species of Agaricales, called Laccaria stellata, was collected in a premontane cloud forest in the Fortuna Forest Reserve, Panama, and it is described based on morphological and molecular characteristics. It differs morphologically from all known species of Laccaria by minute, pinkish-orange colored basidiomata, a very thin and translucent pileus, very distant lamellae, 4-spored basidia, and globose basidiospores covered by relatively large echinulae. Molecular rDNA sequence data confirm the separation of this new species from other Laccaria species for which rDNA sequence data are available.
This review deals with the forest vegetation of the Himalaya with emphasis on: paleoecological, phytogeographical, and phytosociological
aspects of vegetation; structural and functional features of forest ecosystem; and relationship between man and forests.
The Himalayan mountains are the youngest, and among the most unstable. The rainfall pattern is determined by the summer monsoon
which deposits a considerable amount of rain (often above 2500 mm annually) on the outer ranges. The amount of annual rainfall
decreases from east to west, but the contribution of the winter season to the total precipitation increases. Mountains of
these dimensions separate the monsoon climate of south Asia from the cold and dry climate of central Asia. In general, a rise
of 270 m in elevation corresponds to a fall of 1°C in the mean annual temperature up to 1500 m, above which the fall is relatively
rapid.
Large scale surface removals and cyclic climatic changes influenced the course of vegetational changes through geological
time. The Himalayan ranges, which started developing in the beginning of the Cenozoic, earlier supported tropical wet evergreen
forests throughout the entire area (presently confined to the eastern part). The Miocene orogeny caused drastic changes in
the vegetation, so much so that the existing flora was almost entirely replaced by the modern flora. Almost all the dominant
forest species of the Pleistocene continue to maintain their dominant status to the present. Presently the Himalayan ranges
encompass Austro-Polynesian, Malayo-Burman, Sino-Tibetan, Euro-Mediterranean, and African elements. While the Euro-Mediterranean
affinities are well represented in the western Himalayan region (west of 77°E long.), the Chinese and Malesian affinities
are evident in the eastern region (east of 84°E long.). However, the proportion of endemic taxa is substantial in the entire
region.
A representation of formation types in relation to climatic factors, viz., rainfall and temperature, indicates that boundaries
between the types are not sharp. Formation types often integrate continuously, showing broad overlaps. Climate does not entirely
determine the formation type, and the influence of soil, fire, etc., is also substantial. The ombrophilous broad leaf forests
located in the submontane belt (< 1000 m) of the eastern region are comparable to the typical tropical rain forests. On the
other extreme, communities above 3000 m elevation are similar to sub-alpine and alpine types. From favorable to less favorable
environments, as observed with decreasing moisture from east to west, or with decreasing temperature from low to high elevations,
the forests become increasingly open, shortstatured and simpler, with little vertical stratification. Ordination of forest
stands distributed within 300–2500 m elevations of the central Himalaya, by and large indicates a continuity of communities,
with scattered centers of species importance values in the ordination field. Within the above elevational transect, sal (Shorea robusta) and oak (Quercus spp.) forests may be designated as the climax communities, respectively, of warmer and cooler climates. The flora of a part
of the central Himalayan region is categorized as therohemigeophytic and that of a part of the western Himalayan region as
geochamaephytic.
An analysis of population structure over large areas in the central Himalaya, based on density-diameter distribution of trees,
suggests that oldgrowth forests are being replaced by even-aged successional forests, dominated by a few species, such asPinus roxburghii. Paucity of seedlings of climax species, namelyShorea robusta andQuercus spp. over large areas is evident.
The Himalayan catchments are subsurface-flow systems and, therefore, are particularly susceptible to landslips and landslides.
Loss of water and soil in terms of overflow is insignificant.
Studies on recovery processes of forest ecosystems damaged due to shifting cultivation or landslides indicate that the ecosystems
can recover quite rapidly, at least in elevations below 2500 m. For example, on a damaged forest site, seedlings of climax
species (Quercus leucotrichophora) appeared only 21 years after the landslide.
In the central Himalaya, the biomass of a majority of forests (163-787 t ha−1) falls within the range (200-600 t ha−1) given for many mature forests of the world, and the net primary productivity (found in the range of 11.0–27.4 t ha−1 yr−1) is comparable with the range of 20–30 t ha−1 yr−1 given for highly productive communities of favorable environments. In most of the forests of this region, the litter fall
values (2.1-3.8 t C ha−1 yr−1) are higher than the mean reported for warm temperate forests (2.7 t C ha−1 yr−1). Of the total litter, the tree leaves account for 54–82% in the Himalayan forests.
The rate of decomposition of leaves in some broadleaf species of submontane belt (0.253-0.274% day−1) are comparable with those reported for some tropical rain forest species. Because of the paucity of microorganisms and microarthropods
in the forest litter and soil, high initial C:N ratio and high initial lignin content in leaves, the rate of leaf litter decomposition
inPinus roxburghii is markedly slower than in other species of the central Himalaya. The fungal species composition of the leaf litterof Pinus roxburghii is also distinct from those of other species.
A greater proportion of nutrients is accumulated in the biomass component of the Himalayan forests than in the temperate forests.
Although litter fall is the major route through which nutrients return from biomass to the soil pool, a substantial proportion
of the total return is in the form of throughfall and stemflow. Among the dominant species of the central Himalaya, retranslocation
of nutrients from the senescing leaves was markedly greater inPinus roxburghii than inQuercus spp. andShorea robusta. Consequently, the C:N ratio of leaf litter is markedly higher inPinus roxburghii than in the other species. Immobilization of nutrients by the decomposers of the litter with high C:N ratio is one of the
principal strategies through whichPinus roxburghii invades other forests and holds the site against possible reinvasion by oaks.
Observations on the seasonality of various ecosystem functions suggest that Himalayan ecosystems are geared to take maximum
advantages of the monsoon period (rainy season).
Most of the human population depends on shifting-agriculture in the eastern region and on settled agriculture in the central
and western regions. Either of these is essentially a forest-dependent cultivation. Each unit of agronomic energy produced
in the settled agriculture entails about seven units of energy from forests. Consequently, forests with reasonable crown cover
account for insignificant percentage of the land. Tea plantations and felling of trees for timber, paper pulp, etc., are some
of the major commercial activities which adversely affected the Himalayan forests.
Cette revue concerne la végétation forestière de l’Himalaya. Elle précise l’information concernant la paléoécologie, la phytogéographie,
la phytosociologie, le structure et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes et le rapport entre l’homme et la forêt.
Les montagnes de l’Himalaya sont les plus jeunes et parmi les plus instables. La pluviométrie dépend surtout de la mousson
d’été et les chaînes extérieures sont bien arrosées (>2500 mm par an). Les précipitations annuelles décroissent de l’Est vers
l’Ouest tandis que la composante hivernale augmente. Ces montagnes séparent les climats de mousson de l’Asie du Sud des climats
froids et secs de l’Asie Centrale.
L’érosion du sol sur une grand étendue et des changemenets cycliques du climat ont déterminé des changements dans le couvert
végétal tout au long des temps géologiques. Les chaînes Himalayennes qui ont commencés leur soulèvement au commencement du
coenozoïque étaient entièrement couvertes d’une forêt ombrophile tropicale. (Ce type se trouve encore de nos jours dans la
partie orientale de l’Himalaya.) L’orogénie miocène provoqua de tels changements dans la végétation que la flore de cette
époque a été entièrement remplacée par la flore moderne. Les espèces forestières dominantes du pleistocène gardent leur importance
dans les forêts actuelles.
Des éléments floraux Austro-Polynésiens, Malais-Birmans, Sino-Tibetains, Euro-Méditerranéens et Africains sont actuellement
présents sur les montagnes himalayennes. Tandis que les affinités Euro-Mediterranéennes sont bien représentées dans l’Himalaya
occidental (à l’Ouest du 77° Est), les affinités Chinoises et Malaises sont évidentes dans la partie orientale (à l’Est de
84°E). Cependant la proportion des éléments endémiques est importante dans toute la région.
La relation entre les types de formations et les facteurs climatiques (pluviosité, température) indique que les limites entre
les types sont approximatives. D’ailleurs, le climat lui même ne détermine pas exclusivement les types et les effets du sol,
du feu, etc., peuvent être importantes. Les forêts feuillues ombrophiles localisées dans l’étage sous-montagnard (< 1000 m)
de la région orientale sont comparables aux forêts ombrophiles tropicales typiques. A l’opposé les communautés qui se trouvent
au-dessus de 3000 m d’altitude sont comparables aux types subalpins et alpins. En allant des conditions favorables vers le
moins favorables soit par exemple d’Est en Ouest le long de l’axe de diminution des précipitations soit en suivant les gradient
altitudinal de baisse des températures les forêts deviennent de plus en plus ouvertes, basses et structurellement simples
avec peu de stratification verticale. L’ordination des peuplements forestières situés entre 300–2500 m dans l’Himalaya central
indique une continuité des communautés avec des centres de valeurs d’importance des espèces dispersés dans le champ d’ordination.
Dans ce transect altitudinal, les forêts à sal (Shorea robusta) et à chêne (Quercus spp.) peuvent être désignés comme des communautés climax pour les climats chaud et froid respectivement.
Le spectre biologique basé sur les formes biologiques de Raunkiaer est du type Théro-Hémi-Géophytique dans l’Himalaya central
tandis que celui de l’Himalaya occidental est du type Géo-Chamaephytique.
L’analyse de la structure du peuplement couvrant une superficie assez importante dans l’Himalaya central basé sur la répartition
des arbres par densité-diamètre suggère que les anciennes forêts sont en train d’être remplacées par des forêts équiennes
de succession, dominées par un petit nombre d’espèces, tel quePinus roxburghii. La mauvaise régénération des espèces climax, à savoir le sal (Shorea robusta) et le chêne (Quercus) sur une aire assez vaste est un fait bien établi.
Les bassins versants de l’Himalaya sont du type à l’écoulement hypodermique et sont donc sensibles aux glissements de terrain.
La perte d’eau et de sol en terme d’épanchement est peu important.
L’étude de la reconstitution des écosystèmes forestiers dégradés par les cultures itinérantes ou par les glissements de terrain
montre que les écosystèmes endommagés peuvent se reconstituer assez rapidement au moins en dessous de 2500 m.
Par exemple, sur un site forestière dégradée, les plantules de l’espèce climax (Quercus leucotrichophora) sont réapparues seulement 21 ans après le glissement du terrain.
Dans l’Himalaya central, la biomasse de la majorité des forêts (163783 t ha−1) tombe dans la classe de la plupart des forêts du monde (200600 t ha−1) et la productivité nette primaire (11.0-27.4 t ha−1 an−1) est comparable à celle des meilleures forêts (20-30 t ha−1 an−1) soumises à des conditions favorables. Les valeurs de la chute de litière des forêts de cette région (2.1-3.8 t C ha−1 an−1) sont plus élevées que la moyenne de celles des forêts tempérées chaudes (2.7 t C ha−1 an−1). La contribution des feuilles d’arbre à la litière totale est entre 54 et 82 pourcent dans les forêts Himalayennes.
Le taux de décomposition des feuilles chez certains feuillus de l’étage sous-montagnard (0.253–0.274% par jour) est comparable
à celui de certaines espèces de la forêt ombrophile. C’est à cause d’une pauvreté de la litière forestière et du sol en microorganismes
et des microarthropodes, du rapport initial élevé C:N et du pourcentage initial élevé en lignine des feuilles, que le taux
de décomposition des aiguilles dePinus roxburghii est significativement plus lent que chez les autres espèces de l’Himalaya central. D’ailleurs la composition de la flore
fongique de la litière des aiguilles dePinus roxburghii est bien différente de celles des autres espèces.
Une plus grande proportion d’éléments biogéochimiques est accumulée dans la composante biomasse des forêts Himalayennes par
rapport aux forêts tempérés.
Bien que la chute du litière constitue la voie principale par laquelle les éléments de la biomass retournent au sol, une fraction
assez importante est restituée sous formes de pluviolessivats et d’écoulements sur le tronc.
Parmi les espèces dominantes d l’Himalaya central, la redistribution des éléments des feuilles senescentes est plus important
chezPinus roxburghii que chezShorea ouQuercus. Par conséquent, le rapport C:N de la litière de feuille est plus élevé chez le pin que chez les autres espèces. L’immobilisation
des éléments par les décomposeurs de la litière à rapport C:N élevé est une des stratégies principales par laquellePinus roxburghii envahit les autres forêts et évite la reconquête par les autres espèces.
L’étude saisonnière des divers fonctionnements de l’écosystème met en évidence des liens étroits avec la régime des pluies
de mousson.
La majorité de la population humaine pratique la culture itinérante dans la région orientale et l’agriculture sédentaire dans
les parties central et occidentale. Ces deux types d’agriculture sont très liés à la forêt. Chaque unité d’énergie agronomique
produite en agriculture sédentaire demande sept unités d’énergie des forêts. Par conséquent, les forêts peu ouvertes à canopées
assez fermées n’occupent plus qu’un pourcentage négligeable de ces régions. Les plantations de thé et l’exploitation forestière
(bois d’oeuvre, pâte à papier, etc.) sont parmi les activités qui ont contribué à dégrader les forêts de l’Himalaya.
The alpine zone is comprised of habitats at elevations above treeline, and macromycetes play important ecological roles as decomposers and mycorrhizal symbionts here as elsewhere. Laccaria is an important group of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes widely used in experimental and applied research. A systematic study of alpine Laccaria species using morphological, cultural and molecular (ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer) data revealed five taxa in the Rocky Mountain alpine zone: L. laccata var. pallidifolia, L. nobilis (the first published report for arctic-alpine habitats), L. pumila, L. montana and L. pseudomontana (a newly described taxon similar to L. montana with more ellipsoidal, finely echinulate basidiospores). All occur in the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado; however, only L. pumila and L. montana were found on the Beartooth Plateau in the northern Rocky Mountains of Montana and Wyoming. All are associated with dwarf and shrub Salix species, with L. laccata var. pallidifolia also associated with Dryas octopetala and Betula glandulosa. Maximum-parsimony phylogenetic analysis of rDNA-ITS sequences for 27 Laccaria accessions supports the morphological species delineations.
Unlabelled:
RAxML-VI-HPC (randomized axelerated maximum likelihood for high performance computing) is a sequential and parallel program for inference of large phylogenies with maximum likelihood (ML). Low-level technical optimizations, a modification of the search algorithm, and the use of the GTR+CAT approximation as replacement for GTR+Gamma yield a program that is between 2.7 and 52 times faster than the previous version of RAxML. A large-scale performance comparison with GARLI, PHYML, IQPNNI and MrBayes on real data containing 1000 up to 6722 taxa shows that RAxML requires at least 5.6 times less main memory and yields better trees in similar times than the best competing program (GARLI) on datasets up to 2500 taxa. On datasets > or =4000 taxa it also runs 2-3 times faster than GARLI. RAxML has been parallelized with MPI to conduct parallel multiple bootstraps and inferences on distinct starting trees. The program has been used to compute ML trees on two of the largest alignments to date containing 25,057 (1463 bp) and 2182 (51,089 bp) taxa, respectively.
Availability:
icwww.epfl.ch/~stamatak
Nineteen species are recognized from the study area. Laccaria laccata is further divided into two varieties. Discussions regarding the distribution, presumed ectomycorrhizal hosts, and biology of these taxa are provided along with data on select extralimital taxa. -from Author
Laccaria alba and L. angustilamella are described as new species. The former is characterized by its white to whitish basidioma, 4-spored basidia, and globose to subglobose basidiospores with moderate echinulae, and the latter is by its basidioma with a furfuraceous, pinkish flesh-colored pileus with a thin context, low lamellae, a fibrillose, brownish red stipe and 4-spored basidia that bear globose to subglobose basidiospores with long and broad echinulae. © 2004 J. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung.
We have designed two taxon-selective primers for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region in the nuclear ribosomal repeat unit. These primers, ITS1-F and ITS4-B, were intended to be specific to fungi and basidiomycetes, respectively. We have tested the specificity of these primers against 13 species of ascomycetes, 14 of basidiomycetes, and 15 of plants. Our results showed that ITS4-B, when paired with either a ‘universal’ primer ITS1 or the fungal-specific primer ITS1-F, efficiently amplified DNA from all basidiomycetes and discriminated against ascomycete DNAs. The results with plants were not as clearcut. The ITS1-F/ITS4-B primer pair produced a small amount of PCR product for certain plant species, but the quantity was in most cases less than that produced by the ‘universal’ ITS primers. However, under conditions where both plant and fungal DNAs were present, the fungal DNA was amplified to the apparent exclusion of plant DNA. ITS1-F/ITS4-B preferential amplification was shown to be particularly useful for detection and analysis of the basidiomycete component in ectomycorrhizae and in rust-infected tissues. These primers can be used to study the structure of ectomycorrhizal communities or the distribution of rusts on alternate hosts.
Detailed restriction analyses of many samples often require substantial amounts of time and effort for DNA extraction, restriction digests, Southern blotting, and hybridization. We describe a novel approach that uses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for rapid simplified restriction typing and mapping of DNA from many different isolates. DNA fragments up to 2 kilobase pairs in length were efficiently amplified from crude DNA samples of several pathogenic Cryptococcus species, including C. neoformans, C. albidus, C. laurentii, and C. uniguttulatus. Digestion and electrophoresis of the PCR products by using frequent-cutting restriction enzymes produced complex restriction phenotypes (fingerprints) that were often unique for each strain or species. We used the PCR to amplify and analyze restriction pattern variation within three major portions of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats from these fungi. Detailed mapping of many restriction sites within the rDNA locus was determined by fingerprint analysis of progressively larger PCR fragments sharing a common primer site at one end. As judged by PCR fingerprints, the rDNA of 19 C. neoformans isolates showed no variation for four restriction enzymes that we surveyed. Other Cryptococcus spp. showed varying levels of restriction pattern variation within their rDNAs and were shown to be genetically distinct from C. neoformans. The PCR primers used in this study have also been successfully applied for amplification of rDNAs from other pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi, including Candida spp., and ought to have wide applicability for clinical detection and other studies.
We describe MUSCLE, a new computer program for creating multiple alignments of protein sequences. Elements of the algorithm
include fast distance estimation using kmer counting, progressive alignment using a new profile function we call the log‐expectation score, and refinement using tree‐dependent
restricted partitioning. The speed and accuracy of MUSCLE are compared with T‐Coffee, MAFFT and CLUSTALW on four test sets
of reference alignments: BAliBASE, SABmark, SMART and a new benchmark, PREFAB. MUSCLE achieves the highest, or joint highest,
rank in accuracy on each of these sets. Without refinement, MUSCLE achieves average accuracy statistically indistinguishable
from T‐Coffee and MAFFT, and is the fastest of the tested methods for large numbers of sequences, aligning 5000 sequences
of average length 350 in 7 min on a current desktop computer. The MUSCLE program, source code and PREFAB test data are freely
available at http://www.drive5. com/muscle.
bullipellis can be differentiated by the inflated hyphae of the pileipellis with an average cell diameter of !20 mm, whereas the average cell diameter of L. himalayensis is 15 mm. Also, there are very few cylindrical hyphae in the accuracy and high throughput
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However, L. bullipellis can be differentiated by the inflated hyphae of the pileipellis with an average cell diameter of !20 mm, whereas the average cell diameter of L. himalayensis is 15 mm. Also, there are very few cylindrical hyphae in the accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Research 32: 1792e1797.
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