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Why the Brain Prefers Paper
Abstract
E-readers and tablets are becoming more popular as such technologies improve, but reading on paper still has its advantages
... However, some researchers have acknowledged some disadvantages of hypertext such as poor design (Toffer, 2000;Morrison, 2001), confusion (Kasper, 2003), problems related to screen like resolution, brightness, and eyestrain (Morrison, 2001;Duran, 2013;Jabr, 2013), exhaustion (Jabr, 2013), cost and distraction (Bando et al., 2016). In contrast, paper-based reading also has its particular benefits like time-efficiency (Delgado et al., 2018), eye-friendly (Tosun, 2014), comprehensibility (Mangen, Walgermo, & Bronnick, 2012;Duran, 2013;Jabr, 2013), simplicity (Jabr, 2013), regardless the fact that some people refuse to use paper due to increasing campaign of wasting less paper for the sake of ecological sustainability. ...
... However, some researchers have acknowledged some disadvantages of hypertext such as poor design (Toffer, 2000;Morrison, 2001), confusion (Kasper, 2003), problems related to screen like resolution, brightness, and eyestrain (Morrison, 2001;Duran, 2013;Jabr, 2013), exhaustion (Jabr, 2013), cost and distraction (Bando et al., 2016). In contrast, paper-based reading also has its particular benefits like time-efficiency (Delgado et al., 2018), eye-friendly (Tosun, 2014), comprehensibility (Mangen, Walgermo, & Bronnick, 2012;Duran, 2013;Jabr, 2013), simplicity (Jabr, 2013), regardless the fact that some people refuse to use paper due to increasing campaign of wasting less paper for the sake of ecological sustainability. ...
... However, some researchers have acknowledged some disadvantages of hypertext such as poor design (Toffer, 2000;Morrison, 2001), confusion (Kasper, 2003), problems related to screen like resolution, brightness, and eyestrain (Morrison, 2001;Duran, 2013;Jabr, 2013), exhaustion (Jabr, 2013), cost and distraction (Bando et al., 2016). In contrast, paper-based reading also has its particular benefits like time-efficiency (Delgado et al., 2018), eye-friendly (Tosun, 2014), comprehensibility (Mangen, Walgermo, & Bronnick, 2012;Duran, 2013;Jabr, 2013), simplicity (Jabr, 2013), regardless the fact that some people refuse to use paper due to increasing campaign of wasting less paper for the sake of ecological sustainability. ...
Over the past decade, numerous studies on reading preferences between print and electronic material had been carried out with generally consistent results of favoring print material. However, current condition of COVID-19 outbreak has forced students to adjust their learning environment to be fully digitalized. This study investigates the preferences and behaviors of Indonesian undergraduate students in reading their academic materials during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 318 students from eight universities across Indonesia participated in this study. They were voluntarily asked to respond to an online questionnaire adopted from Mizrachi (2015). The questionnaire focuses on the reading formats that the students prefer (print vs. electronic) and factors that motivate their choices. The data was then analyzed descriptively. Despite of the current demands of digital reading, the results revealed that most of the students still favored print format for their academic materials. Nevertheless, various factors that contributed to the students’ preferences were mentioned, including types of courses, accessibility, and print reading habits, which resulted to the students’ lack of confidence upon electronic material. Further research should be conducted to better understand on how such factors affect students’ favorableness of print material over electronic one.
... However, although technology is becoming increasingly popular and easier to use, most studies published since the early 1990s confirm that paper still has advantages over screens as a means of reading [7]. The work published by the prestigious Scientific American magazine [7], which summarises an emerging collection of studies, indicates that people often tend to understand and remember the text on paper better than on a screen. ...
... However, although technology is becoming increasingly popular and easier to use, most studies published since the early 1990s confirm that paper still has advantages over screens as a means of reading [7]. The work published by the prestigious Scientific American magazine [7], which summarises an emerging collection of studies, indicates that people often tend to understand and remember the text on paper better than on a screen. Screens prevent people from navigating efficiently in long texts, which can subtly inhibit reading comprehension. ...
... The 2011 study conducted by the Israel Institute of Technology [7] mentions that students who used paper approached the exam with a more studious attitude than their fellow screen readers and directed their attention and working memory more effectively. ...
Several years after the incorporation of digital in educational contexts, there is little systematic knowledge about the attitudes and practices of students with regard to reading in printed and digital books. This study aims to know what the students think of the Master “Research in Teaching and Learning of Experimental, Social and Mathematical Sciences”, of the University of Extremadura - Spain (2017–2018 academic year), about the study through printed books or digital books. The design of the research is descriptive and based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis (mixed-method) of the messages of an electronic Forum in which 31 students will participate. The content analysis of the messages of the Forum has been carried out following a process of reduction, organization, coding, obtaining results and determination of conclusions, using webQDA resource, software to support the qualitative analysis of data. The quantitative findings reveal that the largest of university students continues to prefer to study from printed books. The main justifications for this option refer to the importance of making annotations on an object with a life of its own and that reading on paper allows reaching higher levels of concentration and memory through the sensory experience that its use provides.
... It is a cognition form that represents environmental information, and it is a similar model to the field map formed in the brain based on past experience (Yang and Bi, 2005). When the human brain collects visual information about an object, it also collects information about its surroundings and connects them together (Jabr, 2013;Li et al., 2013). As a result, when people read a text, not only the words and semantics of the text but also the physical location and background information of the text enter the brain for processing as a whole, forming a cognitive map of the text (Payne and Reader, 2006;Hou et al., 2017a). ...
... During paper reading, the provision of rich background information helps the formation of knowledge landmarks (Li et al., 2016), which readers can use to locate information and associate its physical position in the text with the logical order of its contents (Li et al., 2013;Mangen et al., 2019), thus forming survey knowledge. However, because of the lack of background information and navigational cues during on-screen reading (Jabr, 2013;Li et al., 2013) as well as the loss of spatial knowledge about the location of specific content, readers are unable to attain an overall grasp of the text structure, which thus obstructs their construction of an effective mental map (Morineau et al., 2005;Payne and Reader, 2006;Rose, 2011;Thayer et al., 2011). ...
Reading text from a screen has been shown to be less effective compared with reading text from paper. Various signals may provide both background information and navigational cues, and may promote the construction of cognitive maps during on-screen reading, thus improving reading performance. This study randomly divided 75 college students into a paper reading group and an on-screen reading group. Both groups were tested for navigation and reading comprehension in response to three different forms of signaling (plain text, physical signaling, and verbal signaling). The results showed that when plain text was presented, the navigation and comprehension scores of the paper reading group were significantly higher than those of the on-screen reading group. However, no significant difference was found between both groups under signaling conditions. The navigation and comprehension scores of both groups were significantly higher under signaling conditions than under plain text. Moreover, the comprehension score of the on-screen reading group under physical signaling was significantly higher than that under verbal signaling. This research suggested that signals help to construct cognitive maps and effectively improve reading performance. Besides, physical signaling, such as underlining and bold formatting, is more effective for on-screen reading. The present study provides a practical and effective approach for improving on-screen reading based on cognitive map theory.
... HF input can improve system design and improve outcomes. HF can help detect some subtle forms of system design flaws such as the under-use of paper for communication and the promotion of keyboarding for data entry by physicians (Jabr, 2013;Muller and Oppenheimer, 2014). ...
... One aspect of technology use includes when to not use it. For example, there is evidence that using a keyboard to record information leads to less effective understanding than hand-writing notes and information is sometimes better transmitted using paper rather than screens (Muller and Oppenheimer, 2014) (Jabr, 2013). As noted above, the HF technique of GDTA can inform technology design and use. ...
Primary health care is a complex, highly personal, and non-linear process. Care is often sub-optimal and professional burnout is high. Interventions intended to improve the situation have largely failed. This is due to a lack of a deep understanding of primary health care. Human Factors approaches and methods will aid in understanding the cognitive, social and technical needs of these specialties, and in designing and testing proposed innovations. In 2012, Ben-Tzion Karsh, Ph.D., conceived a transdisciplinary conference to frame the opportunities for research human factors and industrial engineering in primary care. In 2013, this conference brought together experts in primary care and human factors to outline areas where human factors methods can be applied. The results of this expert consensus panel highlighted four major research areas: Cognitive and social needs, patient engagement, care of community, and integration of care. Work in these areas can inform the design, implementation, and evaluation of innovations in Primary Care. We provide descriptions of these research areas, highlight examples and give suggestions for future research.
... This needs more human efforts to filter more precise information from the junk information. E-Reader and tablets are becoming more popular as such technologies improve, but reading on paper still has its advantage (Jabr, 2013). ...
... Arrival of internet, Kindle and other book readers, had been handy but not as comfortable as reading in hard copy had been. E-Readers (Jabr, 2013) and tablets are becoming more popular as such technologies improve, but reading on paper still has its own advantages. Before 1992 most experiments concluded that people read stories and articles on screen more slowly and remember less about them. ...
The objective of the establishment of the libraries had been that the valuable information should be available at some place for the coming generations. Subsequently, various storage media were developed to store the information for longer periods but fast changes in ICT tools and technologies are threatening objective of storage of information for longer period. The format and technologies are becoming obsolete at very faster rates. The librarians under new threats have a challenge to face and change their role in changing environment. Librarians have to serve their users digital sources of information and simultaneously they have to promote the usage of analogue sources of information. To keep the reading habits alive, librarians have to promote the analogue sources of information and look into the psychological aspects associated as well as level of comfort associated with the reading is to be maintained. This paper is an effort to address the issues associated with the Digital Dark and Reading Habits.
... e-obliki. Jabr (2013) v svojem preglednem članku piše, da študije zadnjih dvajsetih let o e-učenju kažejo, da ljudje besedilo bolje razumejo in si ga zapomnijo, če je napisano na papirju in ne na zaslonu računalnika. Poudarja, da na splošno zaslon obremenjuje učenca/bralca bolj kot papirtako kognitivno kot fizično. ...
... moč tiskanega besedila ravno njegova preprostost. Jabr (2013) navaja kratek sintezni pregled raziskovalnih ugotovitev o branju na papirju v primerjavi z e-branjem. Pravi, da so zgodnje raziskave v osemdesetih in v začetku devetdesetih let preteklega stoletja prišle do sklepa, da ljudje berejo besedila na zaslonu počasneje kot v tiskani obliki in si tudi manj zapomnijo. ...
... In many situations, these purposes are not mutually exclusive. For example, the large flat shape shown in Figure 5-g can be a suitable shape to display a full page of text at once, but doing so also provides great comfort for reading [14]. ...
... For the leafing interaction, our first study shows that physical leafing is a slower and more tiring interaction compared to touch, but results in an improved recall of the structure and content of a book (H3). Similar results have been found in studies on paper vs. e-readers [14]. Their results were, however, motivated by the fact that paper books facilitate the process of picturing content on pages, as real books provide implicit cues (e.g. ...
We present the concept of highly deformable mobile devices that can be transformed into various special-purpose controls in order to bring physical controls to mobile devices. Physical controls have the advantage of exploiting people's innate abilities for manipulating physical objects in the real world. We designed and implemented a prototype, called Paddle, to demonstrate our concept. Additionally, we explore the interaction techniques enabled by this concept and conduct an in-depth study to evaluate our transformable physical controls. Our findings show that these physical controls provide several benefits over traditional touch interaction techniques commonly used on mobile devices.
... In many situations, these purposes are not mutually exclusive. For example, the large flat shape shown in Figure 5-g can be a suitable shape to display a full page of text at once, but doing so also provides great comfort for reading [14]. ...
... For the leafing interaction, our first study shows that physical leafing is a slower and more tiring interaction compared to touch, but results in an improved recall of the structure and content of a book (H3). Similar results have been found in studies on paper vs. e-readers [14]. Their results were, however, motivated by the fact that paper books facilitate the process of picturing content on pages, as real books provide implicit cues (e.g. ...
We present the concept of highly deformable mobile devices that can be transformed into various special-purpose controls in order to bring physical controls to mobile devices. Physical controls have the advantage of exploiting people's innate abilities for manipulating physical objects in the real world. We designed and implemented a prototype, called Paddle, to demonstrate our concept. Additionally, we explore the interaction techniques enabled by this concept and conduct an in-depth study to evaluate our transformable physical controls. Our findings show that these physical controls provide several benefits over traditional touch interaction techniques commonly used on mobile devices.
... Kovač (Intelekta, 2019;Kovač, 2020) še dodaja, da se zaradi tega zmanjša bralna koncentracija in bralno razumevanje besedil, kar vodi do vse manj bralno pismenega prebivalstva. To ugotavljajo tudi drugi avtorji, tako tuji kot domači (Ferk, 2018;Jabr, 2013;Mangen, Walgermo in Bronnick, 2013;Pečjak, 2015). Namen norveške raziskave (Mangen, Walgermo in Bronnick, 2013) je bil ugotoviti bralno razumevanje odlomka besedila med dijaki, starimi 15 in 16 let. ...
V prispevku predstavljamo značilnosti generacije Z, njene bralne navade in strategije iskanja informacij.
... The self-care Notebook served as a care integration tool, portable to any venue (inpatient, outpatient, residential), especially important for urgent care and emergencies [62]. Second, CHAPS fostered patient/participant engagement through nurse care manager coaching in specific actions and, at times, including the care partner (e.g., when to call Parkinson's disease specialist, using electronic and/or hard copy self-care tools based on participants' preferences [14,20,63,64]). Third, the CHAPS Program facilitated meaningful work for the nurse care managers and Parkinson's disease specialists (e.g., CHAPS Assessment provided information that would improve their patient care, their patients had a better understanding of how to manage their Parkinson's). Furthermore, nurse care managers and Parkinson's disease specialists endorsed CHAPS (81% would refer other patients to CHAPS) [20]. ...
Background
Parkinson’s disease (PD) complexity poses challenges for individuals with Parkinson’s, providers, and researchers. A recent multisite randomized trial of a proactive, telephone-based, nurse-led care management intervention - Care Coordination for Health Promotion and Activities in Parkinson’s Disease (CHAPS) - demonstrated improved PD care quality. Implementation details and supportive stakeholder feedback were subsequently published. To inform decisions on dissemination, CHAPS Model components require evaluations of their fidelity to the Chronic Care Model and to their implementation. Additionally, assessment is needed on whether CHAPS addresses care challenges cited in recent literature.
Methods
These analyses are based on data from a subset of 140 intervention arm participants and other CHAPS data. To examine CHAPS Model fidelity, we identified CHAPS components corresponding to the Chronic Care Model’s six essential elements. To assess implementation fidelity of these components, we examined data corresponding to Hasson’s modified implementation fidelity framework. Finally, we identified challenges cited in current Parkinson’s care management literature, grouped these into themes using open card sorting techniques, and examined CHAPS data for evidence that CHAPS met these challenges.
Results
All Chronic Care Model essential elements were addressed by 17 CHAPS components, thus achieving CHAPS Model fidelity. CHAPS implementation fidelity was demonstrated by adherence to content, frequency, and duration with partial fidelity to telephone encounter frequency. We identified potential fidelity moderators for all six of Hasson’s moderator types. Through card sorting, four Parkinson’s care management challenge themes emerged: unmet needs and suggestions for providers (by patient and/or care partner), patient characteristics needing consideration, and standardizing models for Parkinson’s care management. CHAPS activities and stakeholder perceptions addressed all these themes.
Conclusions
CHAPS, a supportive nurse-led proactive Parkinson’s care management program, improved care quality and is designed to be reproducible and supportive to clinicians. Findings indicated CHAPS Model fidelity occurred to the Chronic Care Model and fidelity to implementation of the CHAPS components was demonstrated. Current Parkinson’s care management challenges were met through CHAPS activities. Thus, dissemination of CHAPS merits consideration by those responsible for implementing changes in clinical practice and reaching people in need.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT01532986 , registered on January 13, 2012.
... On the other hand, when viewing a digital document through a screen, our brain always looks to an active light source, adjusting only one sense-our vision-accordingly. Studies in the past two decades indicate that people often understand and remember text on paper better than on a screen [46]. Screens may inhibit comprehension by preventing people from intuitively navigating and mentally mapping long texts. ...
In recent years and due to market demand and environmental regulations, firms have been changing their procedures regarding document production, handling, and filling. There has been a paradigm change in document sustention in order to attain such changes, from paper-based to electronic forms, resulting in the Digitization and Paperless Office Program (DPOP). The literature on digitization and paperless processes is profuse; nonetheless, it is outdated, uses only single or multiple case study approaches, and is limited to specific industries, such as healthcare or higher education. To overcome this gap, this research analyses the current implementation of the DPOP in five major sectors by using a country scale approach; consequently, this research study contributes to strengthening the literature in this area of knowledge. The methodology used is quantitative and is based on a questionnaire distributed to the most important economic sectors (education, health, trade, industry, and services) in Portugal. The results show that a DPOP positively impacts companies, as it increases profitability and, in most cases, is a sine qua non condition for negotiating with clients. Additionally, it favours companies' image, reduces costs, and contributes to environmental sustainability. This research provides new insights into how firms using a DPOP may contribute to dematerialization and paper consumption reduction. It is also original as it covers multiple sectors using a country approach.
... Jabr [18] suggests that even so-called digital natives are more likely to recall a summary of a story when they read it on paper because e-readers make too much dis-traction. ...
These days, we receive most information through digital mediums such as emails and social networking applications. Investigating the characteristics of human-paper interactions can help us design more meaningful interactions and better understand why people use paper documents in the age of digitalization. In this study, the interaction of people with physical documents was studied through a mixed-method of conducting a literature review, gathering expert opinions, interviewing subjects, and analysing Instagram photos. By codifying the gathered information, the human-paper interaction framework was developed. This framework articulates the advantages of physical documents compared to electronic documents and serves researchers and practitioners by providing insightful human factors about human-document interaction. Finally, we propose six design themes as the solutions to the findings of this study. These implications can provide practical foundations for future design and research.
... Although the past studies described above have briefly addressed this subject, the debate on switching to electronic textbooks remains unresolved. In an article in Scientific American, Jabr [13] claimed that reading from a screen is more taxing for the reader, that devices are distracting, and that students are less likely to approach the electronic medium with a learning mindset. This has led other researchers and technology commentators to comment either critically or positively [16,15]. ...
Although many app-based textbooks are available for students, reading have not been thoroughly outlined. This study aimed to understand how changes from paper to electronic textbooks have affected the academic reading task, investigate student users’ perceptions of in-app components and screen sizes, and identify issues affecting in-app components and task requirements. A mixed factorial design experiment was employed. Results showed that there were no significant changes in comprehension and time spent reading between print text and the iPad. Yet, student highlighting, notetaking, and reading behavior and perception significantly changed based on condition. In addition, students struggled to use in-app components and found them frustrating especially when accounting for sentence splitting. The findings presented can assist in understanding the changes in student reading behavior, which can be used to improve interface design of future e-textbooks.
... Participant and nurse care manager comments about the Notebook supported the value and role for this paper-based self-management tool. It may be used alone or to augment electronic patient portals (e.g., My HealtheVet) [45,57,58]. Additionally, the Notebook may assist with care continuity, as in care transitions [59], within or outside health care systems [60,61]. ...
Background
A recent nurse-led proactive care management intervention, Care Coordination for Health Promotion and Activities in Parkinson Disease (CHAPS), improved care quality when compared to usual care in a randomized controlled trial. Therefore, stakeholder (patient participants, nurse care managers, and Parkinson disease (PD) specialists) perceptions of key intervention components merit evaluation to inform decisions about dissemination.
Methods
This multi-site study occurred in five southwest United States Veterans Health Administration medical centers. Stakeholders were surveyed on their perceptions of CHAPS including the CHAPS Assessment, CHAPS nurse care managers, the Siebens Domain Management Model™ (a practical clinical model), and the Siebens Health Care Notebook (Notebook) (self-care tool). Participants’ electronic medical records were abstracted for perceptions of the Notebook. Statistical analysis software was used to provide summary statistics; open card sorting methodology was used to identify themes and attributes in qualitative data including usability of some components.
Results
Participants, overall, highly rated their medication self-management, acknowledged some challenges with the CHAPS self-care tools, reported knowledge of PD specialist follow-up and PD red flags, and rated CHAPS nurse care managers as helpful. Nurse care manager responses indicated the CHAPS Assessment and Program highly facilitated care of their patients. Most all PD specialists would refer other patients to CHAPS. Nurse care manager and PD specialist responses indicated improved participant management of their PD. Three themes emerged in participant perceptions of the Notebook: Notebook Assets (e.g., benefits and features-liked); Deferring Notebook Review (e.g., no time to review); and Reasons for Not Using (e.g., participant preference). Shared attributes regarding the Siebens Domain Management Model and Notebook usability, reported by nurse care managers, were user-friendly, person/patient-centered, and organized. Some challenges to their use were also reported.
Conclusions
Overall, stakeholder perceptions of the proactive nurse-led CHAPS intervention indicated its value in the care of individuals with PD. Responses about the CHAPS Assessment, Siebens Domain Management Model, and Notebook self-care tool signified their usefulness. Stakeholders’ constructive suggestions indicated their engagement in CHAPS. These findings support CHAPS dissemination and contribute to research in care management.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT01532986, registered on January 13, 2012.
... In comparison, reading e-texts, which cause eye fatigue and strain, may affect better performance. Moreover, decreased concentration caused by eye fatigue can be a barrier to successful e-text-based learning, as screens can strain the eyes and cause headaches (Jabr, 2013). www.ijisrt.com ...
The delivery of quality education is gauge with the performance of the graduates in the licensure examination. In the field of education, the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) is a tool which assesses the preparedness of teacher education graduate to practice the profession. This study explored the lived experiences of the passers and non-passers in the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) of the Bukidnon State University education graduates from the main campus, external centers, and the Certificate of Teaching who took the professional education units during the years 2016-2018. The experiences of the LET-takers with the internal stakeholders and external stakeholders were disclosed. The qualitative phenomenological descriptive method of Creswell (2013) was used in this study. Interviews and focus group discussion were conducted to gather the data and analyzed using Colaizzi (1978) as cited by Morrow and King (2015). The total participants of the study were the 36 LET-takers comprised the 18 passers and 18 nonpassers with two (2) sampled participants from each group. There were six (6) emergent themes transpired from the experiences of the passers and non-passers in LET with the internal stakeholders and the external stakeholders. These were engaging to self-directed undertakings; demonstrating teaching credibility; institutional commitment for quality education; imparting kin-based social support; exhibiting capability and quality; and extending non-kin based social support. An intervention plan to address the areas of concern of the non-passers was designed.
... Studies on reading habits have tended to distinguish between adults and children, and in general, it was found that as people grow older, they read less frequently (Eshel & Gilad, 1997;Ponimovsky & Tal, 1987). Most studies on reading processes among adults have looked at the degree of pleasure, especially in the context of the digital culture (Dillon, 1992;Jabr, 2013;Mullis, Martin, Gonzales & Kennedy, 2003;Moje, Overby, Tysvaer, & Morris, 2008;Roche, 2004). Unlike the studies on adult reading, in most studies in which the subjects were children, the researchers sought to examine the correlation between reading books and acquisition of langu-age knowledge (Ben Zvi & Primor, 2011;Cullinan, 2000;Morrow, 1992), and reading comprehension (Aram, 2006;Bentin, 1992;MacLean & Chapman, 1989). ...
This article focuses on the transition of preservice teachers from reading a novel to the stage of teaching it. The goal of this study was to map the difficulties that preservice teachers encounter in the learning stage and in the transition to teaching; based on the findings, we offer a model of processive literacy as the basis for a curriculum focused on how to overcome the challenges inherent to the reading of literary texts. The model consists of three branches under the umbrella of processive literacy: (1) generic literacy (2) disciplinary literacy (3) poetic literacy. Learning-teaching model for the genre of novel seeks to turn the learner-reader into a reading-learner.
... For instance, the book industry is still undergoing a digital transformation, enabled by the internet and e-book technology, which offers a novel channel for delivering books to consumers who mostly purchase paper books from physical or online bookstores (Jiang and Katsamakas, 2010). Yet, evidence shows that some customers remain aside this new trend as, in this context, people often understand and remember text on paper better than on a screen (Jabr, 2013); these implications might be weakening some firms' strategy towards the path to digital transformation. However, some leading technology companies like Amazon, Google and Apple are still manoeuvring strategically to benefit from the fast growing e-book market (Jiang and Katsamakas, 2010); therefore, our research might have managerial relevance to firms who desire to follow the same strategy. ...
Innovation in service science and the adoption of new information and communication technologies are transforming the business landscape. While senior customers are facing ever-greater challenges to adapt to new technologies, non-aligned customers may be taking defensive stances towards the adoption of new technologies. These sceptical positions may eventually weaken the firms' strategies towards the path to digital transformation. This paper uses a qualitative case study research to analyse a Portuguese network of firms who gathered around a common technology to deliver services to their customers. Although this business network appears to be gathering nation-wide enthusiasts and seem to be a success in delivering heterogeneous services through new technologies, some customers appear to contest. The results indicate that while senior customers are trying to adapt to new technologies or at least adopting an optimistic stance by showing some kind of curiosity, a niche of sideliner customers are not overcoming preconceived misconceptions, preventing them from taking a closer contact to new markets and services. By investing on the integration of sceptical customers and service operations standardisation, firms may avoid negative word-of-mouth, find new sources of revenue and expand their business, thereby increasing their competitiveness over their rivals.
... They could, however, not find any significant difference between using print and e-readers. In an article from 2013 Jabr [16] discusses why the brain prefers paper (compared to digital screens). Studies from the past 20 years indicate that the understanding and reminiscence of text are better if the text is read from paper compared to reading from a digital screen. ...
In recent years, electronic paper – a display technology known for its low power consumption and paper-like appearance has started emerging in several consumer products, replacing reading and writing on regular paper to some extent. In this paper, the capabilities of electronic ink technology is evaluated in the context of drawing and note taking. Our tests were done by letting test participants use two different tablet devices as replacements for daily activities that usually require pen and paper; the reMarkable, using an electronic ink display, and the Apple iPad, using an LCD screen. The results from the tests showed that for writing, the reMarkable was superior to the iPad, although insufficient when it comes to software and user experience. This shows that the nature of tasks performed throughout a day benefits from a less niched, more do-all device such as an iPad. In summary, the results from this evaluation shows that while the technology has come a long way mimicking the look and feel of paper, integrating electronic paper technology into a tablet in this case demands a little too much of the technology itself. Ultimately, electronic paper still has some way to go before being the go to paper replacement that has been long sought after.
... Decreased concentration caused by eye fatigue can be a barrier to successful etext-based learning, as screens can strain the eyes and cause headaches (Jabr 2013). A recent study (Lin, Wang, and Kang 2015) found that both memory and ability performance improved after using paper and pencil, and that eye fatigue was greater when using a tablet. ...
This article presents the results of a systematic critical review of interdisciplinary literature concerned with digital text (or e-text) uses in education and proposes recommendations for how e-texts can be implemented for impactful learning. A variety of e-texts can be found in the repertoire of educational resources accessible to students, and in the constantly changing terrain of educational technologies, they are rapidly evolving, presenting new opportunities and affordances for student learning. We highlight some of the ways in which academic studies have examined e-texts as part of teaching and learning practices, placing a particular emphasis on aspects of learning such as recall, comprehension, retention of information and feedback. We also review diverse practices associated with uses of e-text tools such as note-taking, annotation, bookmarking, hypertexts and highlighting. We argue that evidence-based studies into e-texts are overwhelmingly structured around reinforcing the existing dichotomy pitting print-based ('traditional') texts against e-texts. In this article, we query this approach and instead propose to focus on factors such as students' level of awareness of their options in accessing learning materials and whether they are instructed and trained in how to take full advantage of the capabilities of e-texts, both of which have been found to affect learning performance.
... For example, Mangen et al. [13] concluded that the brain has to face additional difficulties which are not present when using a conventional book, such as learning to cope with a text with which we cannot physically interact. Moreover, other works [14][15][16] have shown that physical books provide a sense of control over the text and object manipulation (underlining, bending, etc.) that helps us better understand the text. ...
The use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to improve the quality of life of people with chronic and degenerative diseases is a topic receiving much attention nowadays. We can observe that new technologies have driven numerous scientific projects in e-Health, encompassing Smart and Mobile Health, in order to address all the matters related to data processing and health. Our work focuses on helping to improve the quality of life of people with Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Essential Tremor (ET) by means of a low-cost platform that enables them to read books in an easy manner. Our system is composed of two robotic arms and a graphical interface developed for Android platforms. After several tests, our proposal has achieved a 96.5% accuracy for A4 80 gr non-glossy paper. Moreover, our system has outperformed the state-of-the-art platforms considering different types of paper and inclined surfaces. The feedback from ET and PD patients was collected at “La Princesa” University Hospital in Madrid and was used to study the user experience. Several features such as ease of use, speed, correct behavior or confidence were measured via patient feedback, and a high level of satisfaction was awarded to most of them. According to the patients, our system is a promising tool for facilitating the activity of reading.
... In Italia è attualmente nell'occhio del ciclone il problema della lettura digitale nella scuola; qui assistiamo ad un dibattito nel quale purtroppo le implicazioni pedagogiche sono messe in secondo piano, prevalgono argomentazioni pratiche, vantaggi/svantaggi commerciali, performance dei vari device, o fattori di pura attrattività. Si ignora il fatto che la ricerca nel frattempo ha fatto avanzamenti sulla natura e rilevanza dei processi cognitivi e neurologici coinvolti; sul piano delle opportunità cognitive il libro cartaceo consente un maggior controllo dell'area testuale complessiva e un più agevole scorrimento al suo interno: il fatto che ci si possa rendere immediatamente conto della consistenza del libro, delle sue parti o sezioni, o del punto in cui ci si trova rispetto al tutto, operazioni ancor più amplificate qualora si abbia la necessità di lavorare su più libri, hanno rilevanti implicazioni cognitive concernenti la comprensione stessa dell'oggetto di apprendimento (Jabr, 2013). Su un piano neurologico leggere un testo sequenziale in modo approfondito comporta significative differenze rispetto alla lettura "a scrematura veloce", tipica del browsing ipertestuale: nel primo caso si ha grande attività nelle regioni che presiedono al linguaggio, alla memoria, alla elaborazione di stimoli visivi, ma non nelle attività prefrontali che presiedono alle decisioni e risoluzioni di problemi che si attivano invece nella navigazione ipertestuale che implica impegno nella scelta dei link da seguire (Carr, 2011;Small e Vorgan, 2008). ...
Basandosi sulle evidenze relative al rapporto tra tecnologia e apprendimento e sul recente rapporto OCSE riguardante il Piano Nazionale Scuola Digitale, l’autore riflette sui criteri che devono orientare le politiche innovative, ispirati a sostenibilità, ottimizzazione dell’impatto educativo, sottolineando anche la necessità di finalizzare meglio l’impiego delle tecnologie verso specifici obiettivi. Viene ricordato come storicamente si tenda a sovrastimare l’effetto positivo delle tecnologie sull’apprendimento; la ricerca ha invece rilevato i limiti della loro efficacia (da ricercare in determinate aree) e la rilevanza del rischio del sovraccarico cognitivo che la loro introduzione può comportare. Si propongono alcuni suggerimenti per i decisori scolastici rispondendo alle due domande “Quali criteri per la politica tecnologica?”, “In che modo usare le tecnologie per apprendere a scuola?”.
... With technologies ever-increasing presence inside and out of the classroom, today's learners are presented with more options for reading than ever before (Stephens, 2014). Consequently, there has been an increase of research in the area of reading in the digital medium (e.g., Hartman, Morsink, & Zheng, 2010;Jabr, 2013;Ponce & Mayer, 2014). Trends in the literature show that readers, especially those who classify themselves as digital natives (Prensky, 2013), prefer reading in the digital medium perhaps due to the Figure 2. The graph displays the interaction between medium and text type on comprehensions of key points. ...
This study explored differences that might exist in comprehension when students read digital and print texts. Ninety undergraduates read both digital and print versions of newspaper articles and book excerpts on topics of childhood ailments. Prior to reading texts in counterbalanced order, topic knowledge was assessed and students were asked to state medium preferences. After reading, students were asked to judge under which medium they comprehended best. Results demonstrated a clear preference for digital texts, and students typically predicted better comprehension when reading digitally. However, performance was not consistent with students’ preferences and outcome predictions. While there were no differences across mediums when students identified the main idea of the text, students recalled key points linked to the main idea and other relevant information better when engaged with print. No differences in reading outcomes or calibration were found for newspaper or book excerpts.
... Because many Veterans receive care outside the VA where their electronic medical information will not be available, a printed binder given to patients provides one option for improving communication, and in turn care coordination, among VA and non-VA providers. In addition, research on learning and reading suggests differences in the use of paper versus screen presentations [20,21]. For example, students showed better reading comprehension of printed texts compared to digital texts. ...
Background:
Parkinson's disease, the second most common neurodegenerative disease, is diagnostically defined by motor impairments, but also includes often under-recognized impairments in cognition, mood, sleep, and the autonomic nervous system. These problems can severely affect individuals' quality of life. In our prior research, we have developed indicators to measure the quality of care delivered to patients with Parkinson's disease, and we identified gaps in delivering evidence-based treatments for this population. Effective strategies to close these gaps are needed to improve patient quality of life.
Methods/design:
Building on prior research we developed a multi-faceted proactive implementation program called Care Coordination for Health Promotion and Activities in Parkinson's Disease (CHAPS). To be eligible, patients had to have at least two visits with a primary diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (ICD-9 code: 332.0) at one of five Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in the southwestern United States from 2010 to 2014. The program consists of telephone assessments, evidence-based protocols, and tools to enhance patient self-management, care planning, and coordination of care across providers, including an electronic database to support and track coordination of care. Our mixed-methods study employs a randomized, controlled trial design to test whether the CHAPS intervention improves performance in 38 quality measures among an analytic sample of 346 patients. The 38 quality measures are categorized into overarching areas of communication, education, and continuity; regulatory reporting; diagnosis; periodic assessment; medication use; management of motor and non-motor symptoms; use of non-pharmacological approaches and therapies; palliative care; and health maintenance. Secondary outcomes are patient health-related quality of life, self-efficacy, and perceptions of care quality. We are also evaluating the extent of the CHAPS Program implementation and measuring program costs and impacts on health services utilization, in order to perform a analysis of the CHAPS program from the perspective of the Veterans Health Administration (VA). Outcomes are assessed by interviewer-administered surveys collected at baseline and at 6, 12, and 18 months, and by medical record chart abstractions. Analyses will be intention-to-treat.
Discussion:
The CHAPS Program is poised for dissemination within the VA National Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Center Consortium if demonstrated efficacious.
Trial registration:
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01532986 ; registered on January 13, 2012.
... 18 A recently published Scientific American article notes that there have been hundreds of studies on reading comprehension differences between print and online, but the results have been mixed as to whether there is a significant difference. 19 Purpose A 2009 comprehensive study by the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) in the United Kingdom found that most e-books are consumed in small "chunks," indicating that users were extracting information, and not spending a great deal of time in any one book. 20 The study also found that only about 5% of users spent more than five minutes on a page, and 85% of users spent less than a minute. ...
Kate Moore’s presentation gave audience members an overview of the current e-book environment in academic libraries. Her presentation included a review of the literature on motivations for moving to an e-preferred collection development policy, information on user preferences and behavior with e-books, and technological barriers and other obstacles that still impede library uptake of e-books. She concluded with a list of items to consider when incorporating e-books into a collection development policy.
... Patterns of brain activation observed by functional magnetic resonance imaging during word association tasks show similar patterns of activation in association cortex and socioaffective processing areas among artists and scientists (45). The emergence of new ideas is associated with the default mode network, or random episodic silent thought (REST), in which an individual primed by a long incubation period is allowed to performing a relaxing activity such as watching television, reading a book, taking a shower, driving, or exercising (46). ...
Science has always been a competitive undertaking. Despite recognition of the benefits of cooperation and team science, reduced availability of funding and jobs has made science more competitive than ever. Here we consider the benefits of competition in providing incentives to scientists and the adverse effects of competition on resource sharing, research integrity and creativity. The history of science shows that transformative discoveries often occur in the absence of competition, which only emerges once fields are established and goals are defined. Measures to encourage collaboration and ameliorate competition in the scientific enterprise are discussed.
Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
... This is a far different activity than producing a scholarly manuscript where I like to have all my resources available a click away. Reading for pleasure is a different matter and paper books may be preferred by our brains (3). However, this may be because of how we learned to read. ...
Comparing comprehension outcomes in print and digital reading is an active area of research but little is known about the reading processes that these media entail. This study involved an eye-tracking experiment with 50 undergraduate students to investigate the differences in reading processes in print and digital media. The participants were randomly assigned to read the same six-page popular science article that included several diagrams either in print or on a tablet computer and then answer reading comprehension questions. The results showed that comprehension was better when reading in print. Eye-movement data indicated that the print and digital groups spent about the same amount of time processing the article, texts, diagrams, and diagram statements, but the time was not divided evenly between the first pass and the rereading stages. The digital group spent more time reading the article at the first-pass reading stage and seldom reread it. In contrast, the print group first skimmed the article and then reread the important parts, exhibiting both longer total fixation durations in the rereading stage and a higher number of rereading instances across pages. In sum, the findings indicate that reading in print versus digital media employs different cognitive strategies with those reading in print showing more selective and intentional reading behavior.
The relationship between books and their readers are intimacy and personal. The texts are firsthand resources for readers experience personal journey while reading, and their own unparalleled inspiration. The reflection after reading could be represented in diverse fashions, most of them were written using words as reviews. Visualization of the book experience is another presentation are used as the interpretation by designers that are often belonged to designers’ own collection. With these reflections, a single story allowed widening imaginaries and extended values. Sharing such unique presentation requires a unique setting. How to create and what are such interactive reading spaces, called Muse Space in a co-existing fashion in both physical bookshop and the collective drawing space associated with it is the problem this project wants to explore. Muse Space is comprised of three layers: physical environment, collective drawing space for visualization of book-inspired drawing and association and interactive tools for creating the book-inspired drawing are examined and analyzed in three research steps, namely (1) persona and journey map for contextual inquiry and requirement for physical and virtual spaces; (2) scenario planning for interactive behaviors of user centered installation design; and (3) information visualization for visual cue and feedback of collective drawing. Part of Muse Space’s system had displayed and been test by several kinds of target users, with their feedback we could identify that Muse Space creates opportunities for readers to learn more knowledges from not only books but also other readers feedbacks and how to emphasize independent bookstores’ superiorities with interactive tools.
Digital technology is reshaping not just the way we garner information, conduct commerce, and communicate but also how we read. Computers, eReaders, tablets, and mobile phones provide new platforms for encountering text. Many people argue that content, not container (here meaning print versus onscreen) is all that matters when we read. Exploring this argument, the chapter views reading through several analytical lenses: cognitive (including comprehension and memory, concentration, complexity, reflection, and text length), aesthetic and perceptual, and pragmatic (including convenience, cost, and environmental issues). The chapter then considers how the explosion of onscreen reading is reshaping both reading and writing practices. Since reading patterns do not emerge in a vacuum, the chapter closes by setting the digital reading revolution in the context of both shifts in the American population and changes in educational values and practices.
As students are processing information from digital media and educational materials, they are increasingly being interrupted by competing media and their surroundings. This trend of increased interruptions suggests the continuous increase of instances of fragmented reading in learning settings for the younger generation of students. This study investigated learning in situations where information and the processing of information were either fragmented or congruous. In this study, information (congruous and fragmented) and information processing (congruous and fragmented) were examined using a 2 × 2 design on reading materials. Four classes totaling 129 students participated in the study. The effects of these two factors on reading skills (including reading attention and comprehension), perceived reading motivation, persistence, and attitude of primary school students were investigated. The findings showed four effects. (1) Significant differences in the reading comprehension and attention scores of the four student groups; (2) significant influence of reading processing (congruous vs. fragmented) on reading comprehension results; (3) an interaction between genders and reading conditions, that is, girls exhibited higher reading attention than boys when using fragmented reading materials; and (4) a relationship among different levels of reading engagement and reading skills, that is, readers with medium-level reading engagement gained high reading scores regardless of their reading conditions. Fragmented information and fragmented information processing are increasingly common in and out of classroom. The results of this study may help in the design of instruction, instructional activities, and instructional support, especially amid the expansion of ICT in various educational contexts.
A revised and expanded version of this bibliography may be downloaded here: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361729326
A revised and expanded version of this bibliography may be downloaded here: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361729326
Although the literature generally supports the view that peer feedback activities in ESL writing classes can be a valuable aid to help learners improve their writing skills, many teachers and students seem to doubt its usefulness in their own particular educational context. A recent area of research in this field explores the potential of electronic tools in peer editing. Our study is one of the first to examine the e-learning platform Moodle and its Workshop feature through classroom action research. This tool is designed to enhance the quality of student work by encouraging the learners to “assess the work of their peers and learn from each other”, as stated in the Moodle Workshop settings. This paper first provides an overview of the main tenets of using peer feedback in the ESL writing classroom and then provides insights into our own experiences gathered in two different courses in which the Moodle peer-review tool was used, applying both a quantitative and qualitative approach. Our aim is to shed light on how teachers can enhance writing outcomes through improved peer editing design. We explore the usefulness and applicability of the Moodle Workshop feature from two different perspectives: the view of the teachers and the view of the students. In addition, we make suggestions for the effective use of this tool. It is hoped that the findings of this paper may assist practitioners in designing and implementing online peer feedback activities in their ESL classrooms. Finally, we offer insights for future software development of peer-review activities, from both a user experience and pedagogical perspective.
A revised and expanded version of this bibliography may be downloaded here: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361729326
Purpose
This article describes the creation and work of a Collaborative Learning Community (CLC), consisting of library staff from a variety of library departments. The purpose was to build proficiency in using tablet devices and to explore the potential application of tablets to various types of library work.
Design/methodology/approach
Data was collected from discussion sessions, journals, and a survey, which documented participants’ experiences in learning how to use tablets and how they applied them to work-related tasks.
Findings
The project helped increase participants’ awareness of different types of work across the library, encouraged inter-departmental communication, and provided an open environment for asking questions, trouble-shooting, and sharing tips about using tablets. Participants mastered basic functions and navigation and explored ways to use tablets in their work. Portability was the top advantage of the tablet.
Originality/value
Although participants found tablets to be convenient and portable for some tasks, they are not ready to entirely replace office computers for library work. Laptops remain a more flexible and powerful option at this time.
To promote critical engagement with technology in the classroom, particularly the digital technology that increasingly mediates reading, this essay examines the assumptions and rhetorical implications of the term “digital native” – a label widely and often uncritically used to describe millennial learning practices. A critical reading of Marc Prensky's “Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants” provides a stimulus for students and teachers alike to reflect on and redefine their relationship to digital technology. Additionally, a series of reflective, analytical, and creative exercises is set forth to help students become more deliberate and purposeful users of technology. A concluding discussion of how reading on devices and screens may affect comprehension highlights the importance of teaching students the principles of critical and deep reading, while encouraging engagement with reading-related technology.
As textbook prices continue to skyrocket, open educational resources (OER) offer a significant way to deliver high quality content to students in higher education. The pressing issue is whether these OER are engaging, relevant, and accurate. Authoring multi-touch interactive resources that are delivered to students as open-access may not only alleviate the financial burden many are faced with but also give teachers an opportunity to deepen their own content knowledge and efficacy through the act of authoring such resources. This analysis provides a rationale and means by which pre-service and novice in-service teachers can scaffold their own content knowledge and teaching practices by authoring open-access multi-touch interactive digital resources. However, multi-touch authoring solutions are limited both in scope and ability. Many multi-touch authoring solutions are cumbersome to use, difficult to publish for a universal readership, or both. Much more study is needed to study the efficacy of publishing multi-touch interactive OER and the specific effects this activity has on teacher content knowledge as well as on student receptivity and engagement with the multi-touch medium.
Background and goals. Previous researches explored the different areas of ICT-usage, for example, information seeking, contact with others, communication, learning etc. (Krajcsi, Kovács, & Pléh, 2001; Csepeli, & Prazsák, 2010). It depends on the age of user, what he/she use the ICT-devices (especially the internet) for, but despite of our presumption, the results of previous researches show, that the professional users of these devices aren't the digital natives. In the current article, we investigate the following questions; what kind of attitudes have the college students toward the computers, how long they know the different kind of ICT-devices, and what areas characterize the ICT-usage of college students, how they take the advantages of the online area, and how they use these devices for entertainment during learning. Method and sample: In our research, we measured the characterics of ICT-usage between college students with questionnaires. Results and conclusion: Our results can give a general view about the habits of college students' ICT-usage, what can give us a more complex view for questions about the ICT-usage.
Psychology investigates the impact of ICT (information- and communication technology) devices from many aspects; these new tools have both positive and negative effects, and they also study the impact of these tools on our social network, motivation and cognitive processes as attention or memory. This review paper summarizes the direction of psychological research in this area. Psychology trying to discover the human characteristics of ICT use, considers the limits of human perception in processing information presented by ICT devices. In line with attention we should emphasize the impact of split focus, which can facilitate, or in other circumstances restrict the correct information processing, and it is associated with multitasking, like the automation of attention, which could be relevant question in the case of frequent use of ICT devices. The use of ICT devices influences many aspects of human memory (procedural, prospective, semantic...) and leads to a referential mode of information acquisition, when we merely store the access route to the place of information, rather than the information itself. In addition, ICT devices give an access to a sort of extended memory. At the same time, people should develop specific skills of search, and connect its results to declarative knowledge. The use of ICT devices has explicit and implicit motivational factors, which appear like rewards because of the usage of these devices. Finally, we can’t forget the sociocognitive impact of ICT devices, since these devices react to human community, they motivate people for further development, and they could be indicators of social changes.
Library is a repository of reading material for use. During the last two and half decades, there has been a tremendous growth in information and communication technology (ICT) which has swayed not only publishing industry but also on the readers as well. With the development in ICT, books and journals are published in print and electronic formats. However, both of the formats have advantages and disadvantages over each other. Old generation still prefer to read print books and journals, whereas new generation prefer online text. Advent of new reading devices like Kindle, Nook, I Pad, and smart phones have made e-reading easy. Various surveys across the world have been done to know the preference of the users towards print and e-text and it has been concluded that for comprehensive reading, print books and journals are used whereas for casual reading or research projects, online books and journals are required. Keeping in view the users preference, it is assumed that print and e-version of books and journals will go simultaneously. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/djlit.36.2.9363
Web-based platforms for online reading and research create increasing accessibility of information but more challenging “findability.” This article discusses concerns about losing the “values” of print-based research, as more libraries drop print subscriptions and reference materials and rely exclusively on electronic access. The visible organization of information, as well as its physical layout, make real contributions to the way we find answers and how we understand what we find. In the ongoing transition away from print resources, librarians have opportunities to carry forward the values of print into the digital future.
Scholarly engagement with the magazine form has, in the last two decades, produced a substantial amount of valuable research. Authored by leading academic authorities in the study of magazines, the chapters in The Routledge Handbook of Magazine Research not only create an architecture to organize and archive the developing field of magazine research, but also suggest new avenues of future investigation. Each of 33 chapters surveys the last 20 years of scholarship in its subject area, identifying the major research themes, theoretical developments and interpretive breakthroughs. Exploration of the digital challenges and opportunities which currently face the magazine world are woven throughout, offering readers a deeper understanding of the magazine form, as well as of the sociocultural realities it both mirrors and influences. The book includes six sections: Methodologies and structures presents theories and models for magazine research in an evolving, global context. Magazine publishing: the people and the work introduces the roles and practices of those involved in the editorial and business sides of magazine publishing. Magazines as textual communication surveys the field of contemporary magazines across a range of theoretical perspectives, subjects, genre and format questions. Magazines as visual communication explores cover design, photography, illustrations and interactivity. Pedagogical and curricular perspectives offers insights on undergraduate and graduate teaching topics in magazine research. The future of the magazine form speculates on the changing nature of magazine research via its environmental effects, audience, and transforming platforms.
Significance
Deprivation of vision during typical age-defined critical periods results in seemingly irreversible changes in neural organization and behavior in animals and humans. We describe visual development in a unique population of patients who were blind during typical critical periods before removal of bilateral cataracts. The rarity of such cases has previously limited empirical investigations of this issue. Surprisingly, we find substantial improvement after sight onset in contrast sensitivity, a basic visual function that has well-understood neural underpinnings. Our results show that the human visual system can retain plasticity beyond critical periods, even after early and extended blindness.
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