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Entropic Definition of Human Happiness and Suffering. Philosophy study, 3, 7, 609-618, 2013.
... In a smaller scale, exterminating something that has a negative influence, or revitalizing the dead that features certain positive value reveals a human desire for control. Control, as one of the primary methods for people to "achieve pleasure, satisfaction and happiness, and to avoid suffering, pain and sorrow", motivates most human behavior (Aminoff, 2013(Aminoff, , 2014. Aminoff defines this kind of action which brings about positive feeling as anti-entropy, in contrast to entropy, which is seen as "a degree of chaos" (Aminoff, 2014). ...
... The main causes of suffering at the end-of-life are inadequate medical and nursing care, overprotection phenomenon with dying patients [35,36] and Geriatrics D refusal phenomenon [37]. The suffering assessment [40,41,42,43,44,45] and quality of dying evaluation [46,47] are important at the end of life. Some available instruments developed for suffering assessment in end of life: Initial assessment of suffering [48], Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self Measure [49], Suffering Assessment Tool [50] State of Suffering-V [51], The Suffering Scales [52], and Structured Interview for Symptoms and Concerns Scale [53]. ...
The diagnosis of Aminoff Suffering Syndrome in advanced dementia determined by measuring the suffering level of patients according to the Mini Suffering State Examination (MSSE) scale-facilitates acceleration and intensity of care by the nursing staff in order to prevent and relieve suffering. Relief of Suffering Units for patients with Aminoff Suffering Syndrome should be an integral part of any medical department or nursing home that specializes in caring for elderly people. Aminoff Suffering Syndrome at the end of life could, and should be diagnosed, prevented and diminished. The treatment of patients with Aminoff Suffering Syndrome at the end of life is a genuine challenge for medical and nursing personnel. Our proposals for further experimental studies at the end of life are the diagnosis of Aminoff Suffering Syndrome in dying patients with cancer, AIDS, cardiac, pulmonary, kidney, liver and other terminal diseases. We recommend that such studies should be performed at the St Christopher's Hospice and all other settings.
... The suffering assessment [35][36][37][38][39] and quality of dying evaluation [40,41] are important at the end of life. Some available instruments developed for suffering assessment in end of life are: Initial assessment of suffering [42] , Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self Measure [43] , Suffering Assessment Tool [44] , State of Suffering-V [45] , The Suffering Scales [46] , and Structured Interview for Symptoms and Concerns Scale [47] . ...
The Aminoff Suffering Syndrome in advanced Alzheimer disease and end-of-life is characterized by a high Mini Suffering State Examination (MSSE) scale score, less than 6 months survival, irreversible and intractable aggravation of suffering and actively dying medical condition until demise. The Aminoff Suffering Syndrome was first defined by us, presented and published 10 years ago in the 10th International Conference on Alzheimer's disease and Related Disorders (Madrid, 2007). Its diagnosis in end-of-life was performed by measuring the suffering level of patients by evaluating the Mini Suffering State Examination (MSSE) scale score. The treatment of patients with Aminoff Suffering Syndrome at the end of life is a great challenge to medical and nursing personnel. The diagnosis of Aminoff Suffering Syndrome opens new horizons in the approach to anguish at end-of-life and provides a novel method for identifying advanced Alzheimer's disease patients that require immediate palliative treatment.
... Perpetual and increased agony of an end-stage dementia patient is reminiscent of the suffering of patients prior to the era of anesthesia, or antibiotics. The suffering assessment [38,39,40,41,42,43] and quality of dying evaluation [44,45] are important at the end of life. Some available instruments developed for suffering assessment in end of life: Initial assessment of suffering [46], Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self Measure [47], Suffering Assessment Tool [48] State of Suffering-V [49], The Suffering Scales [50], and Structured Interview for Symptoms and Concerns Scale [51]. ...
The diagnosis of Aminoff Suffering Syndrome in advanced dementia determined by measuring the suffering level of patients according to the Mini Suffering State Examination (MSSE) scale — facilitates acceleration and intensity of care by the nursing staff in order to prevent and relieve suffering. Relief of Suffering Units for patients with Aminoff Suffering Syndrome should be an integral part of any medical department or nursing home that specializes in caring for elderly people. Aminoff Suffering Syndrome at the end of life could, and should be diagnosed, prevented and diminished. The treatment of patients with Aminoff Suffering Syndrome at the end of life is a genuine challenge for medical and nursing personnel. Our proposals for further experimental studies at the end of life are the diagnosis of Aminoff Suffering Syndrome in dying patients with cancer, AIDS, cardiac, pulmonary, kidney, liver and other terminal diseases. We recommend that such studies should be performed at all medical settings.
... Human behavior is characterized by prominent tendencies and drives to achieve pleasure, satisfaction, and happiness and to avoid suffering, pain, and sorrow. 34,35 The suffering assessment [36][37][38][39][40] and quality of dying evaluation 41,42 are important in advanced dementia. Some available instruments developed for suffering assessment are Initial assessment of suffering, 43 Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self Measure, 44 Suffering Assessment Tool, 45 State of Suffering-V, 46 The Suffering Scales, 47 and Structured Interview for Symptoms and Concerns Scale. ...
We studied 183 patients with advanced dementia who had been admitted to the Geriatric-Internal Medicine Department of a general hospital, with a 1 year follow-up evaluated by Mini-Suffering State Examination (MSSE) scores on first days after admission. The not calm compared to calm patients with advanced dementia had a high suffering level (6.12 + 2.16 versus 3.21 + 1.71) with a statistically significant difference (P ¼ 0.001). The not calm patients were sicker, a higher percentage had fever (P ¼ 0.005), elevated
levels of white blood cells WBC (P ¼ 0.003) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (P ¼ 0.020). The Kaplan–Meier function analysis showed a shorter survival of not calm versus calm advanced dementia patients, with a statistically significant difference (Log Rank [Mantel–Cox] P ¼ 0.002). Not calm in advanced dementia patients is the first item of the MSSE and is a very important symptom of Aminoff Suffering Syndrome.
... My colleagues and I presented and published the entropic definition of human happiness and suffering (Aminoff 2001(Aminoff , 2007(Aminoff , 2011(Aminoff , 2013a). An anti-entropy deficiency phenomenon in Aminoff suffering syndrome in advanced dementia was first defined and presented by Aminoff in 2013Aminoff in (2013b. ...
Measure of chaos, disintegration, disorder and disorganisation, aging and disease, suffering. Degree of organisation, order and integration, beauty, power, wealth and happiness. Legend of desirable anti-entropy: Process in the human brain, “creation” in mind and emotional systems as project, stimulus (legend) that could be the source of feeling good, enjoyment and happiness. The main targets of a human being are to achieve pleasure, gladness, delight, enjoyment, and happiness. Most techniques for contentment are simple, and include legitimate every day well-being. Unfortunately, many individuals are not content with a routine lifestyle as they feel that such a lifestyle lacks stimuli to brain mechanisms and does not provide a feeling of well-being. Any stimulus, such as an event, product, achievement, wealth, sense, thought, conception, or anything that may have value for a human being can be defined as anti-entropy in contrast to entropy that is a degree of chaos. Individuals who cannot enjoy and be happy with a routine lifestyle are defined as having anti-entropy deficiency phenomenon. Such individuals may experience abnormal behaviour that occasionally can lead to psychopathy, or sickness. Causes of anti-entropy deficiency phenomenon may be a genetic, or an acquired deficiency of brain mechanisms that provide feelings of well-being, enjoyment and happiness in a routine lifestyle. As a compensatory mechanism, individuals suffering from anti-entropy deficiency phenomenon may create in their psyche and emotional life, legends of desirable anti-entropy that could at times be harmful to them or their surroundings. To define, recognize and diagnose the legends of anti-entropy deficiency phenomenon could facilitate in coping with more abnormal human behaviour, crime and sickness.
... 34 In fact, in our previous studies most patients with endstage dementia had a high suffering level upon their demise. 35 The suffering assessment [36][37][38][39][40] and quality of dying evaluation [41][42][43] are important in advanced dementia. Some available instruments developed for suffering assessment are Initial assessment of suffering, 44 Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self Measure, 45 Suffering Assessment Tool, 46 State of Suffering-V, 47 The Suffering scales, 48 and Structured Interview for Symptoms and Concerns scale. ...
On the first few days after admission to the Geriatric-Internal Medicine department, the suffering level of patients with advanced dementia (Mini-Mental State Examination 0 of 30) was evaluated according to the Mini-Suffering State Examination (MSSE). During hospitalization, 14.8% (27 of 183) of patients with advanced dementia were died with a mean survival rate of 19.86 + 26.9 days. The MSSE scale score of died patients was 7.56+1.71 during the first few days of admission which indicates high suffering levels. The
MSSE scale score of survived patients with advanced dementia was 3.99 + 2.10 which confirms their low level of suffering. There was a significant difference (P < .001) between the groups. Patients with dementia who died and were diagnosed as having Aminoff suffering syndrome during the first few days of admission had a high suffering level and short-survival time.
Keywords: advanced dementia, end of life, Aminoff suffering syndrome, survival prognosis, relief of suffering units, palliative care
This paper presents the conceptual framework for a study of musical experience and the associated architecture centred on Human-Humanoid Interaction (HHI). On the grounds of the theoretical and experimental literature on the biological foundation of music, the grammar of music perception and the perception and feeling of emotions in music hearing, we argue that music cognition is specific and that it is realized by a cognitive capacity for music that consists of conceptual and affective constituents. We discuss the relationship between such constituents that enables understanding, that is extracting meaning from music at the different levels of the organization of sounds that are felt as bearers of affects and emotions. To account for the way such cognitive mechanisms are realized in music hearing and extended to movements and gestures we bring in the construct of tensions and of music experience as a cognitive frame. Finally, we describe the principled approach to the design and the architecture of a BCI-controlled robotic system that can be employed to map and specify the constituents of the cognitive capacity for music as well as to simulate their contribution to music meaning understanding in the context of music experience by displaying it through the Geminoid robot movements.
"תכבד העבודה על האנשים ויעשו בה, ועל ישעו בדברי שקר"
שמות-ה-ט
Let there more work be laid upon the men that they may labour therein: and let them not regard vain words
The Bible, Exodus 5, 9 (1) (1996a)
Definitions
Entropy: Measure of chaos, disintegration, disorder and disorganisation, aging and disease, suffering.
Anti-entropy: Degree of organisation, order and integration, beauty, power, wealth and happiness.
Legend of desirable anti-entropy: Process in the human brain, "creation" in mind and emotional systems as project, stimulus (legend) that could be the source of feeling good, enjoyment and happiness.
Abstract
The main targets of a human being are to achieve pleasure, gladness, delight, enjoyment, and happiness. Most techniques for contentment are simple, and include legitimate every day well-being. Unfortunately, many individuals are not content with a routine lifestyle as they feel that such a lifestyle lacks stimuli to brain mechanisms and does not provide a feeling of well-being.
Any stimulus, such as an event, product, achievement, wealth, sense, thought, conception, or anything that may have value for a human being can be defined as anti-entropy in contrast to entropy that is a degree of chaos. Individuals who cannot enjoy and be happy with a routine lifestyle are defined as having anti-entropy deficiency phenomenon. Such individuals may experience abnormal behaviour that occasionally can lead to psychopathy, or sickness. Causes of anti-entropy deficiency phenomenon may be a genetic, or an acquired deficiency of brain mechanisms that provide feelings of well-being, enjoyment and happiness in a routine lifestyle. As a compensatory mechanism, individuals suffering from anti-entropy deficiency phenomenon may create in their psyche and emotional life, legends of desirable anti-entropy that could at times be harmful to them or their surroundings.
To define, recognize and diagnose the legends of anti-entropy deficiency phenomenon could facilitate in coping with more abnormal human behaviour, crime and sickness.
Key words: Human behaviour, Anti-entropy, Legends of desirable anti-entropy, Well-being, Happiness
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