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Abstract

India is one of the most rapidly developing countries in the world. It’s witnessing growing industrialization and thus development. Such rapid development needs energy to progress, which further makes India, an energy hungry nation. Currently India depends mainly upon the fossil fuels and thus has to pay a huge bill at the end of every contractual period. These bills can be shortened and the expenditures brought down by using and exploiting non-conventional sources of energy. India holds a huge potential for such non-conventional sources of energy. The rapid development of India isn’t just pressing hard upon its resources and forcing expenditures on the same. There are also some neglected side effects of this development process like, generation of waste. A population of 1.2 billion is generating 0.5 kg per person every day. This, sums up to a huge pile of waste, which is mostly landfilled in the most unhygienic manner possible. Such unmanaged waste not only eats up resources but demands expenditure as well. This can lead to the downfall of an economy and degradation of the nation. Thus, the paper presents waste to energy as a solution to both the problems stated above, using which, not only we can reduce the amount of waste, but can also produce energy from the same, thus achieving our goal of waste management as well as energy security. The paper presents the current status, major achievements and future aspects of waste to energy in India which will help decision makers, planners and bodies involved in the management of municipal solid waste to understand the current status challenges and barriers of MSWM in India for further better planning and management. Key Words: Waste to Energy (WTE), Waste Management, Anaerobic Digestion, Refuse Derived Fuel, Landfill.

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... Finalmente el gestionar los RSU con DA tiene ventajas frente a la recuperación de energía y la producción de fertilizantes, al tener un sistema cerrado captura el biogás permitiendo controlar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, no requiere de energía para cerner y girar los desechos, no libera malos olores, no atrae roedores ni insectos, no genera contaminación visible y tiene un diseño compacto que se puede usar a pequeña escala; las desventajas de esta tecnología es que solo es aplicable a la materia orgánica y es necesaria la separación y trituración de los residuos a fin de mejorar la eficiencia del proceso implicando un incremento en los costos (Kalyani, 2014). ...
... partículas como dioxinas y furanos que son altamente peligrosos para la salud humana y ambiental (Kalyani, 2014). ...
... ), PlanET Biogas Technology en New York que acepta diversidad de materia prima entre ella RSU, estiércol, residuos de cultivos entre otros (PlanEt-Biogas-USA-Inc, 2020), Kompogas Plants en California puesta en marcha en 2018 que maneja 30.000 t/año y produce 16.200.000 kWh/año (HZI BioMethan, 2018) y Michigan State University's anaerobic digester en Michigan que genera en biogás 4.813,864 m 3 por día, es usado para cogeneración y produce 2,8 millones de kWh por año (US-EPA, 2016).En India se ha utilizado esta tecnología en ciudades como Gujarat y se ha obtenido en biogás 4.800 Nm 3 y en Maharashtra 14.000 m 3 con potencial de generar 1,2 MW de potencia(Kalyani et al., 2014).En Nueva Gales, Australia un estudio en 2019 evaluó el potencial de la DA a partir de residuos alimenticios, los resultados arrojados mostraron que con aproximadamente 940.791 t/año de materia prima se puede generar en energía eléctrica 409 GWh/año(Dastjerdi, 2019).En el vertedero de Taman Beringin, Malasia en 2012 se hizo un estudio energético, económico y ambiental para la gestión de RSU usando la tecnología de la DA concluyendo que a partir de 2.500 t/día de desechos es posible obtener 5'000.000 m 3 de biogás, 1.050 MWh/d de energía eléctrica, 2.000 MWh/día de calor, 750 t/día de digestato y reducir las emisiones de carbono en 3105,95 t CO2 / día(Tan et al., 2015).En Brasil esta tecnología se encuentra en fases iniciales (R. E. dos Santos, 2019), algunos estudios como el realizado en 2019 en el relleno sanitario de Caieiras muestra la proyección de la producción de metano utilizando los métodos matemáticos de Moletta, Verrier con Albagnac (1986) y el de Liu et al. (2008) donde a partir de 3,57 millones de toneladas de RSU con un contenido de 55,7% de FORSU, las simulaciones en MATLAB de los métodos muestran que el ...
Thesis
Los residuos sólidos urbanos son una fuente de energía que debe aprovecharse y transformar a energía eléctrica. Este documento presenta una revisión que incluye las características, ecuaciones, esquemas, ventajas y desventajas frente a las tecnologías de tratamiento in situ del gas de vertedero, digestión anaerobia, incineración, gasificación y pirólisis que permiten la generación de energía eléctrica a partir de los Residuos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU). Se abordan artículos científicos de distintos países y empresas que han aplicado estas tecnologías para la disposición final de los desechos. A raíz de las experiencias revisadas se concluye que la incineración no es una tecnología adecuada ya que no favorece el cuidado ambiental ni la salud de los seres vivos: asimismo la digestión anaerobia es la mejor alternativa para la fracción orgánica de los residuos sólidos urbanos (FORSU), ya que entre sus subproductos están los lodos biológicos que se usan para producir fertilizantes promoviendo el concepto de economía circular, a nivel internacional se considera la pirólisis como alternativa para los residuos que no se puedan reciclar y deban ser eliminados. De estas tecnologías generalmente se obtienen sólidos, líquidos y/o gases combustibles, por tanto, hay retos frente al uso de elementos de generación de energía eléctrica que son usados para combustibles fósiles y que también se usan con estos biocombustibles pero que generan resultados de eficiencia bajos. Por último, la viabilidad económica de estas tecnologías con RSU necesitan políticas gubemamentales que disminuyan costos como: la clasificación, el pretratamiento de los residuos. entre otros: además que se regule la gestión de estos residuos y se den alivios económicos a proyectos con estas tecnologías como reconocimiento por el impacto positivo que se generaría para el medio ambiente y la sociedad)
... The country hasn't given up and is still actively experimenting with ways to get electricity out of its massive garbage stockpile. There are numerous waste-to-energy initiatives running state-by-state across India [7]. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is chiefly made up of inert fractions, C&D trash, non-biodegradable combustible fractions, and biodegradable organic fractions. ...
... Biomethanation is an advanced approach for the bio-chemical conversion of the organic part of municipal solid waste by bacteria in the absence of oxygen [7]. The four key stages of this process are, Hydrolysis, Acidogenesis, Acetogeneis and Methanogenesis. ...
Article
Due to the recent population expansion, fast industrialization, and urbanisation, garbage generation has dramatically increased both globally and in India. This waste has huge potential for material and energy recovery. There are numerous waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies available, such as gasification, pyrolysis, incineration, biomethanation etc. that can offer dual benefit of combating the nuisance created by the waste as well support the energy needs of the country. Of these technologies, biomethanation are one of the most used technology to tap energy (gas/electricity) and procure compost (digestate).There are numerous municipal solid waste based biomethanation plants operating in India. The aim is to identify the key challenges that the MSW based biomethanation plants are facing and provide possible recommendations for improving their performance and making them successful. The research outcome could be beneficial in helping regulatory authorities, plant operators, technology providers and other stakeholders in facilitating the conducive environment for the success of bio-methanization as energy recovery facilities.
... The rapid increase in India's population has a huge detrimental influence on the country's resources. As a result, the government is required to focus on maximizing resource usage and recovering as much as possible from those resources [6]. Waste-to-energy conversion has long been recognized as a feasible solution for long-term solid waste management and as one of the most important future renewable energy sources [7]. ...
... Step 3: Compute the normalized fuzzy decision matrix (N ij ) as shown in Table 4 using below listed equations: N ij = [n ij ] m×n (i = 1, 2, ⋯⋯., mandj = 1, 2, ⋯⋯., n) G (5,7,9) F (3,5,7) G (5,7,9) G (5,7,9) F (3,5,7) G (5,7,9) VG (7,9,9) H (5,7,9) M (3,5,7) c2 VG (7,9,9) G (5,7,9) F (3,5,7) G (5,7,9) VG (7,9,9) F (3,5,7) VG (7,9,9) G (5,7,9) VH (7,9,9) H (5,7,9) c3 G (5,7,9) G (5,7,9) VG (7,9,9) G (5,7,9) G (5,7,9) VG (7,9,9) G (5,7,9) VG (7,9,9) H (5,7,9) VH (7,9,9) c4 G (5,7,9) VG (7,9,9) G (5,7,9) VG (7,9,9) VG (7,9,9) G (5,7,9) VG (7,9,9) G (5,7,9) H (5,7,9) VH (7,9,9) (3,6,9) (3,6,9) (3,6,9) (5,8,9) (3,6,9) c2 (5,8,9) (3,6,9) (3,7,9) (5,8,9) (5,8,9) c3 (5,7,9) ...
Article
Municipal solid waste (MSW) has long been regarded as a reliable and efficient source of waste-to-energy conversion. However, the conversion approach has many drawbacks that limit its application. This paper explores MSW to energy innovations as a potential solution to understand better MSW's potential applications in energy generation, existing technologies, technological feasibility, and environmental effect. The study used a Multimoora-based MCDM model to convert MSW to energy in a picture-fuzzy environment to build more effective technology for future generations. The incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, and bio-methanation conversion technologies, were explored and assessed based on various physical and chemical criteria like energy efficiency, capacity, useful side product, environmental effect, waste material, cost aspect, temperature and the system's long-term utilization from MSW to energy. A comparative analysis was done to verify the superiority of the proposed MCDM model with the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) model. According to the suggested Picture fuzzy MCDM model, the weight attributions for all seven criteria that determine the technique's output are waste material (0.1602) > temperature (0.1503) > useful side product (0.1456) > environmental effect (0.1370) = capacity (0.1370) > cost aspect (0.1360) > energy efficiency (0.1340). Each technique underwent evaluation and comparison, then ranked according to the proposed MCDM model from most to least preferred. The results of both picture fuzzy Multimoora-based MCDM and TOPSIS models showed that, although other technologies are also effective, as having a high output, the Bio-methanation technology is highly effective in converting MSW to energy with the least environmental damage.
... Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is a complex system that converts waste into energy (WTE) [10][11][12][13]. It plays a key role in addressing urban environmental challenges and supporting renewable energy recycling [14,15]. With the push for "net-zero" goals [16], developing countries like China have promoted MSWI for over 30 years. ...
Article
Full-text available
Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is essential for tackling urban environmental challenges and facilitating renewable energy recycling. The MSWI process has characteristics of multiple variables, strong coupling, and complex nonlinearity, requiring advanced process control (APC) technology. Although there have been several reviews on the modeling and control of the MSWI process, there is a lack of focus on model predictive control (MPC), a widely used APC technology. This article aims to comprehensively review MPC strategies in the MSWI process. First, it describes MSWI process technology in detail, examining control issues and objectives to highlight the complexity and challenges in controller design while providing an overview of MPC methods and their benefits. Second, it reviews incinerator modeling for control, including traditional modeling techniques and machine learning technologies such as fuzzy neural networks. Third, it reviews the controllers used for MSWI process, emphasizing the advantages of MPC over existing control methods. Fourth, it discusses the current status of MPC design and online updates, covering the need for an accurate dynamic predictive model and objective function and the online updates components such as predictive modeling, rolling optimization, and feedback correction. Finally, the study concludes with a summary of the findings.
... These WtE technologies are investigated with highly positive results in developing countries, but in India, this is still a challenge due to its installation cost and sustainability (Sharholy et al., 2008), and even in many cities, they are unsuccessful due to various operational and design issues, lack of consciousness, insufficient funding, irresponsibility, and lack in terms of technical aspects (Kalyani and Pandey, 2014 India still needs to improve its solid waste management system, there could be numerous reasons for its failure (specially WtE projects), some of them could be insufficient waste collection techniques, lack of source segregation, litigation challenges, waste quality, viable technology, insufficient financial support, lack of public participation and lack of policies. Some of the major challenges faced by the country regarding SWM/WtE projects are as follows (Malav et al., 2020): ...
Thesis
Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a leading challenge for humans currently. As we not only have to deal with the daily generated waste, but also must find the solutions for already generated waste which still lying somewhere on the earth's surface. Landfilling which use to be the most viable option to get rid of our waste is no longer an acceptable disposal option left. Poor waste management and the increasing waste generation have become the environmental and health hazards. Now, this piled-up waste from decades in these landfills causes an alarming situation and can’t be ignored. Other than sanitary landfills there are numerous unsanitary landfills and open dump sites which create more dangerous situations in the environment. One of the ways to deal with it could be extracting the waste from the landfills and recirculating the material and land cost in the economy, through enhanced landfill mining techniques. The most abundantly excavated material from the sanitary landfills or open dump sites is the municipal solid waste (MSW) fine fractions which consist of more than 50% of the waste composition. These fine fractions also called “MSW fines/soil-like material” have the potential to be used as a bulk replacement for construction/geomaterials. Before this material can be used in bulk in fields as geomaterials in structures, it is important to check the behaviour of the considered material under realistic loading conditions (monotonic or dynamic). The heterogenic characteristic of the MSW is the major factor that influences all the other parameters and makes this material more unpredictable and challenging to reuse. The material characteristic of the MSW is very specific to the site it has been collected (origin of the waste), so it requires specified pilot projects to deal with the waste locally. The data from these pilot projects can be further helpful to predict or model general geotechnical parameters (static or dynamic). Contributing to this objective a comprehensive experimental program has been planned. The MSW fines (particle size less than 4.75 mm) which contribute to the major portion of the decomposed waste and closely resemble the soil have been the focus of the study. The sample was collected from the local site Ramana in Varanasi. After segregation and processing, about 60% of waste was characterized as MSW fines. The basic physical, chemical, and geotechnical characterization of the waste categorize the MSW fines as lightweight, non-plastic silty sand-type material with good shear strength properties (cohesion and friction angle from 31.37 to 42.19 kPa and 26.69° to 30.74°, for relative compaction of 95 to 99% respectively) with an organic content of 5.9% and slight acidic behaviour. The study on MSW fines has been continued under static and cyclic loading conditions for unreinforced and reinforced categories. A set of 100 strain-controlled cyclic triaxial tests under consolidated undrained conditions were performed to study the cyclic behaviour of the considered MSW fines. The sensitivity of different parameters (relative compaction, effective confining pressure, cyclic shear strain, and loading frequency) on dynamic properties (dynamic shear modulus (G) and damping ratio (D)) of the MSW fines were evaluated. The MSW fines were reinforced with randomly distributed fibers which were also part of the waste collected from another site Karsada, Varanasi. These fibers were mixed to the MSW fines in 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10%. The static and dynamic strength of the composite mix was evaluated to find the optimum percentage of fiber content in the mix. Through static strength tests, the optimum fiber content can be decided as 8%. But, the improvement in dynamic shear strength can’t be seen as governed by the dynamic shear modulus of the material. The inclusion of fibers enhances the damping parameter of the MSW fines and can be used as shock absorbers but does not help in excess pore water pressure dissipation. It can be concluded from the results that under static conditions, these waste fibers work satisfactorily and can be used as backfill or embankment material but have limited applications in high seismic zones. Moreover, the small-strain shear modulus of unreinforced and fiber-reinforced MSW fines was evaluated through the laboratory bender element apparatus. The data evaluated from the laboratory tests were further used to develop empirical correlations for the unreinforced and fiber-reinforced MSW fines. Based on the experimental test results, the excess pore water pressure (ru) model for the fiber-reinforced MSW fines was established. A cubic polynomial model was applied to correlate the normalized small-strain shear modulus and normalized shear strength of the reinforced and unreinforced MSW fines. Nonlinear models were fitted for the normalized shear modulus and damping ratio with cyclic shear strain for both the unreinforced and reinforced MSW fines. Further, the dynamic shear modulus data obtained from the cyclic triaxial tests of the unreinforced and reinforced MSW fines was used for the prediction model of MSW fines (dynamic shear modulus) through two machine learning techniques, i.e., Artificial neural network (ANN) and Gaussian process regression (GPR). The GPR model predicts better results for the dynamic shear modulus of unreinforced and reinforced MSW fines. The sensitivity analysis of the considered parameters on the dynamic shear modulus of MSW fines also correlated with the experimental results.
... The process of composting/fertilizing, defined as the natural decomposition of large amounts of biodegradable waste under mostly aerobic conditions, transforms biomass into CO2, H2O, heat, and another stable product known as fertilizer. The fertilizer is easy to use, manageable, and safe to use in farming to enhance the soil [49]. The initial C/N ratio being consumed into an assortment of 30:1, together with the strictly attained and observed wetness and oxygen stages and temps, usually accelerates the composting process. ...
Article
India is the world's most populous country and plays a crucial role in achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. SDG No. 7 (affordable and clean energy) and climate change reduction goals are essential for sustainable development. This review discusses clean energy potential, obstacles and stimulants, and renewable energy policies in India, focusing on solar and biomass resources. With biomass resources, the nation can generate 130 million tonnes of oil equivalent annually, and it can generate 5,000 trillion kWh of solar energy annually. For the production of renewable energy, biomass resources such as Jatropha, sweet sorghum, cassava, rice, coconut, and agricultural leftovers can be employed. The purpose of this review is to highlight the benefits of using bioenergy to achieve a sustainable energy future through financial incentives, enhanced research, public awareness, social amenities, strategic replenishment, and productive intergovernmental collaborations. Solar thermal and photovoltaic systems offer great possibilities for grid-connected, off-grid, and hybrid installations. Site-specific considerations such as incentives, financing, research, public awareness, government regulations, and private investments influence the techno-economic viability and environmental relevance of solar power and bioenergy for India's sustainable development.
... The economic feasibility of this process is amplified by its dual role in waste management and energy production [102]. The conversion of waste into useful products not only mitigates the environmental impact of landfills but also presents economic opportunities for waste-to-energy initiatives [103]. The synthetic fuels produced can be seamlessly integrated into existing infrastructure, reducing the reliance on conventional fossil fuels and contributing to a more sustainable and resilient energy economy. ...
Article
This review offers a comprehensive overview of synthetic fuels as promising alternatives to conventional fossil fuels. The carbon-neutral potential of synthetic fuels, when produced using renewable energy and captured CO2, offering significant opportunities to mitigate CO2 emissions is discussed. Moreover, the efficiency of synthetic fuels is presented as they do not require dedicated agricultural land or substantial water resources, addressing concerns related to land use change and water scarcity associated with traditional biofuels. The economic viability of synthetic fuels is explored highlighting the advancements in technology and decreased renewable energy costs, coupled with their independence from food crops, mitigating concerns about potential impacts on food prices. Major investments by industry leaders like Porsche, HIF Global, and ExxonMobil, totalling $1 B, aimed at achieving an annual production of 550 M liters by 2026 are detailly covered. This study further extends emphasizing the scalability of synthetic fuel production through modular processes, enabling tailored facilities to meet regional demands and contribute to a decentralized and resilient energy infrastructure. Additionally, the "drop-in" nature of synthetic fuels, seamlessly compatible with existing fuel storage, pipelines, and pumps, is highlighted, facilitating a smooth transition without requiring extensive infrastructure changes. Challenges such as the current high cost of synthetic fuel production are acknowledged, necessitating supportive government policies and incentives for widespread adoption. Overall, synthetic fuels emerge as promising contenders in the pursuit of sustainable and adaptable energy solutions, with tangible benefits for the environment, economy, and existing energy infrastructure.
... Waste-to-energy (WtE) developments are rapidly gaining interest and have been studied in various industrialized countries (Loizidou et al., 2021), including the USA (Badgett and Milbrandt, 2020), Canada (Esfilar et al., 2021), UK (Foster et al., 2021), China (Zhou et al., 2021), and New Zealand (Munir et al., 2021) among others and in multiple areas such as agriculture (Barros et al., 2020), food (Mahmudul et al., 2022;Pham et al., 2015;Tian et al., 2021), biomass (Siwal et al., 2021), and plastic (Sharma et al., 2021). Waste management through WtE plants could prove to be the way for sustainable waste management that is economically feasible and environmentally friendly (Kalyani and Pandey, 2014;Stehlík, 2009). WtE, also known as energy from waste (EfW), facilities utilize excess energy from waste to generate usable heat and electricity as turbines are driven by steam or gas, or fuel in the form of biomass (Agaton et al., 2020;Tan et al., 2015;Zhao et al., 2016). ...
Article
The environmental risks of conventional waste disposal methods, along with the resource and energy value of waste, have formed the foundation for waste-to-energy (WtE) technology. WtE systems that work on recovering energy present a suitable solution to generate energy and sustainably manage waste. This type of waste management system in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is still considered underutilized as WtE technology is rarely used due to a lack of experience in their specific local conditions, lack of qualified competencies, and the absence of an appropriate regulatory and legislative structure. This study reviews the existing WtE policies and regulations, and it investigates the potential of WtE techniques in the MENA region. Moreover, sustainability in water consumption is critical; therefore, various water-conservation techniques were reviewed and considered when selecting regulatory actions. The radiative sky cooling technique was recommended to reduce water consumption. Barriers to implementing WtE and solutions for developing countries were presented to enable proper WtE implementation.
... (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 24 January 2024 doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1718.v119 ...
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Artificial intelligence (AI) has found extensive applications in the sustainability domain. The municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) process can achieve waste-to-energy (WTE) goals through the assistance of automation and information technologies. In theory, AI can facilitate the intelligent operation of the MSWI process, simultaneously achieving low pollution emissions and high production efficiency. This study provides an overview of AI applications in the MSWI process. Addressing fundamental challenges, the optimal control of the MSWI process is categorized into four aspects: modeling, control, optimization, and maintenance. Subsequently, this study conducts a detailed analysis and discussion of AI applications in each of these technological domains. In conclusion, this paper outlines the future research directions and provides an outlook on the fundamental issues pertaining to AI applications in the optimal control of the MSWI process.
... The heat produced is utilized to produce steam, and then onwards cyclic conversion into electrical energy, therefore, termed WTE technology. The WTE process aims to treat MSW to reduce its mass and volume, implicating value addition by converting it into energy [6]. The WTE technology using MSW, compared to other renewable energy sources such as wind, geothermal, solar, etc. can be a sustainable, and alternative energy source [7]. ...
... There are three main ways of disposing of waste in China, namely landfills, incineration and composting. Due to a scarcity of land and secondary pollution from landfills, many scientists believe that incineration is the best option (Kalyani andPandey 2014, Cucchiella et al 2017) and waste incineration has become the dominant method of waste disposal in China (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the Peoples' Republic of China 2022). ...
Article
Full-text available
Waste incineration is becoming the dominant method of waste disposal globally, including in China. Local residents are concerned about the potential negative impacts of waste incineration plants (WIPs) on their environment and health. This study aimed to measure the differences of risk perception of local residents living within 0-3 km versus those living 3-8 km distant from a WIP and explore other factors associated with risk perception. A cross-sectional study was conducted in communities surrounding three municipal WIPs in Dongguan, China. Of 881 residents randomly selected, 454 lived within 0-3 km and 427 lived 3-8 km from their local WIP. Differences in risk perception between the two groups and factors associated with risk perception were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Seventy percent of the residents reported a high overall risk perception towards the WIPs. Overall risk perceptions, perceived health effects, and psychological stress domains were not significantly different between those living within 0-3 km and 3-8 km groups after adjusting for other variables. The effect of distance on risk perception was modified by social trust, as the study found that those in the 0-3 km group having low social trust had significantly higher risk perception. Gender, marital status, housing type, and duration of residence were independently associated with risk perception. Social trust is an important factor in alleviating the residents' risk perceptions towards a WIP, and is further affected by the distance from the WIP. It is essential for WIP governors to provide accurate information about WIPs to their residents along with good quality control.
... This has strong implications for the quantity of land required for garbage disposal. The logistics expenses and the environmental damages are growing because of waste creation [92,93]. For a long time anaerobic digestion and biogas technology have been used in India to produce energy using waste. ...
Article
In Paris Climate Agreement (COP 21) in December 2015, India committed to cut its carbon (C) emissions by 30-35% of its GDP (gross domestic product) and attain 40% of installed energy from renewables by 2030. In the Glasgow Climate Pact (COP 26), an agreement developed at COP26 of UNFCCC in November 2021, India committed to enhancing its renewable energy (RE) capacity to 500 GW and installing 50% of its power from renewable resources by 2030. It is projected that this will help India to reduce its C emissions by 1Bt, reduce emission intensity to the economy by 45% by 2030, and meet the goal of C neutral economy by 2070. Realization of these highly ambitious commitments made at COP26 can be determined by the nation's growth in REs after COP21. Therefore, this article reviews the overall development of renewable energies-solar, wind, biomass, hydrogen, and hydro-in India after COP21 by the end of December 2021. This review provides detailed information on various policies and roadmaps for each energy sector commitments. It identifies major technical and social challenges associated with the sustainability of these sectors. This review offers insights into how realistically ambitious plans India has for 'phasing down' the use of coal by 2050 and being a carbon-neutral economy by 2070. India achieved massive success through solar energy after COP21 and 80% of future investments are for solar energy. Comparatively, there has been the least investment in other REs such as bio-energy, water, and wind.
... These technologies include landfill gas collection, gasification, incineration, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, composting, and recycling (Bello et al., 2022;Hamad et al., 2014;Obuobi et al., 2022;Rena et al., 2022;Troschinetz & Mihelcic, 2009). For example, Poland, Malaysia, Italy, and Ghana have implemented waste-to-power projects using landfill gas and anaerobic digestion technology (Kalyani & Pandey, 2014). ...
Article
Despite the potential economic benefit that can be realized, universities in developing countries continue to invest money in disposing of solid wastes. This is because they often view solid wastes as a burden and a problem, rather than as a potential resource. This paper presents the results of a study that examined the sources, composition, and volume of solid waste at the University of Dodoma, the largest campus in Tanzania, and explored its potential environmental and economic benefits. The study found that the university generates an annual average of 644.56 tonnes of solid waste, with paper and cardboard accounting for 35.81%, plastics for 43.73%, e-waste for 2.38%, food waste for 9.24%, clothes for 5.72%, glass for 1%, and metals for 2.12%. In spite of the potential economic benefits of recycling and composting, the university currently disposes of most of its waste, and does not engage in sorting and separation of waste at the source. The study estimates that 90.76% of the recyclable waste generated at the university has an economic value of 142,301.20 USD annually, and could be sold to relevant recycling markets, while 9.24% of the waste is compostable and has the potential to be used for biogas generation and composting. The paper discusses the economic potential of each identified solid waste stream, and presents recommendations for profitability and sustainable environmental management on campus. The paper offers valuable insights for other universities with similar settings and aspirations for sustainable waste management practices.
... The management of municipal solid waste has become major anxiety in the present time. There should be rigorous work done on municipal solid waste to minimize its generation and developed technologies to get rid of these waste and dispose of it in a safe and economical way [3][4]. Various researches disclose that about 85-90% MSW dumped out unscientifically in open dumps and landfills which creates problems to environment and public alike. ...
Article
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Municipal solid waste generation and it’s management become a serious problem in present context. The main problem of MSW is its volume consumption and released gas associated with it. On the other side, limited source of energy available for the growth and economic development of huge population. Municipal solid waste contains a lot of material which can be used as a source of energy. The waste to energy is a best method to tackle with these waste in economically and environmental friendly way. This study was emphasized on the potential utilization of MSW by preparing Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) as a feed stock, the RDF was prepared by using coal, paper, cardboard, rice husk and wood in different proportion. Then this RDF was subjected to laboratory analysis to determine the proximate and ultimate analysis composition using ASTM standards, including the calorific value. This result show that the average moisture content was 4% and average calorific value was 3200 Cal/g. This result reveal that RDF can be used as a substitute of coal in burning process in many process industries and calcination in cement industry.
... There are several factors that need to be considered when planning to recover energy from MSW through incineration. These factors include quantities, classes, composition, competing interests, moisture content, calorific values of waste and the waste processing technology options, so that optimal combinations can be selected and implemented (Kalyani and Pandey 2014). The potential of WtE generation in the NWP is discussed in relation to information on these factors. ...
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... Draft SWM Strategic Plan Prepared by Department of Urban Development (MoUD, 2015) to Offer Advice for improvement. Strong recommendations on the use of the option of waste to energy conversion were made by one research (Kalyani and Pandey, 2014). In research they did in four Indian cities, the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) produced suggestions on using incinerators (CII, 2017). ...
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A rise in urban populations has necessitated the need for municipal solid waste management (MSWM). Municipal corporations and urban local authorities are legally obligated to reduce and effectively handle solid waste. The local municipality of Dehradun is experiencing numerous issues due to increased MSW output and difficulty in appropriately handling it. The paper covers several government initiatives implemented in Indore city to manage its waste better. This research will also provide a thorough understanding of legal aspects in Indore city to be enlisted in clean cities of India. Dehradun has much flexibility to enhance its position and make it the cleanest city in India. Dehradun and Indore, two tier-II Indian towns, will be the focus of this article, for comparison of waste management practices.
... According to estimates from the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), there is about 1460 MW of potential energy in MSW. Many attempts concerning WtE technologies were made in India, which did not reach fruition due to myriads of institutional and operational bottlenecks (Kalyani and Pandey 2014 (Gupta et al. 2018). Furthermore, the government of India is formulating numerous projects in WtE across the country in the upcoming years. ...
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Fast expansion of urbanization and development is rapidly increasing the waste everywhere and land area left for dumping such huge waste is hardly available. Therefore, handling of such waste has now become a big challenge. This issue demands a kind of solution where the waste can be minimized without compromising environmental sustainability. Several methods are already available for the management of waste with each of them having some kind of drawback. The only method with complete solution to the waste handling in modern times is the process of recycling of waste and simultaneously derive good proportion of energy and value additive products. Waste to energy (WTE) technology involves eco-friendly methods including physical, thermal and biological method for the treatment of the waste and does not only minimizes the waste up to significant extent but offers a great benefit in terms of energy generation as well. Besides solving the challenging issue of waste generation, WTE technology reduces the energy demand as well.
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Solid waste management is now acknowledged as one of the major environmental issues of our times.
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Today, due to various reasons, including the increase in population and the advancement of technology, the amount of urban solid waste production has increased and according to the future perspective, it will be more than the current values. The increase in waste production has made the role of municipal solid waste management more prominent than before. In most developing countries, landfilling is the dominant method for municipal solid waste management. Burying waste brings many environmental damages, and its transportation and collection require a lot of money due to the vast areas and distances with landfills. In addition, waste contains materials and energy that can be recycled, and direct burial without processing wastes these materials and energy. There are new ways to process waste to recycle materials and energy, which are, of course, costly. Therefore, it is necessary to design a supply chain network for urban solid waste management and all its dimensions such as transportation, inventory control, appropriate method, etc., in order to reduce environmental damage, costs and identify the appropriate method for each region with the help of mathematical modeling.
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Sustainable agriculture strives to ensure future food and energy supply while safeguarding natural resources. The interpretation of sustainability varies by context and country, yielding distinct indicators. Researchers have studied sustainable agriculture for the past 25 years and have developed several indicators. Renewable energy holds a vital role in sustainable agriculture, aiding energy needs and mitigating environmental harm tied to agriculture. It curbs fossil fuel dependency and harnesses agricultural waste for energy. However, a consistent update of renewable energy indicators for agricultural sustainability is needed. Employing SALSA (Search, Appraisal, Synthesis, and Analysis) and PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) methodolo-gies within the PRISMA protocol, this study extracts 84 indicators from 420 papers via SCOPUS. These indicators span social, environmental, economic, institutional, and technical dimensions. The study refines these indicators based on significance and influence, offering an enriched perspective. Furthermore, the analysis categorizes papers by publication year, continent, and topic, providing insights for stakeholders, policymakers, and researchers. By ensuring periodic indicator updates, this research promotes sustainable agriculture, informs priority areas, and guides strategic decisions. This contributes to global resilience and food security aspirations in a changing world. The future of renewable energy and sustainable agriculture will involve cutting-edge technologies, refined policy frameworks, and inclusive cross-sector collaboration to address pressing global challenges and create a greener, more resilient world.
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The current study analyzed the high heating values (HHVs) of various waste biomass materials intending to the effective management and more sustainable consumption of waste as clean energy source. Various biomass waste samples including date leaves, date branches, coconut leaves, grass, cooked macaroni, salad, fruit and vegetable peels, vegetable scraps, cooked food waste, paper waste, tea waste, and cardboard were characterized for proximate analysis. The results revealed that all the waste biomass were rich in organic matter (OM). The total OM for all waste biomass ranged from 79.39% to 98.17%. Likewise, the results showed that all the waste biomass resulted in lower ash content and high fixed carbon content associated with high fuel quality. Based on proximate analysis, various empirical equations (HHV = 28.296-0.2887(A)-656.2/VM, HHV = 18.297-0.4128(A)+35.8/FC and HHV = 22.3418-0.1136(FC)-0.3983(A)) have been tested to predict HHVs. It was observed that the heterogeneous nature of various biomass waste considerably affects the HHVs and hence has different fuel characteristics. Similarly, the HHVs of waste biomass were also determined experimentally using the bomb calorimeter, and it was observed that among all the selected waste biomass, the highest HHVs (21.19 MJ kg-1) resulted in cooked food waste followed by cooked macaroni (20.25 MJ kg-1). The comparison revealed that experimental HHVs for the selected waste biomass were slightly deviated from the predicted HHVs. Based on HHVs, various thermochemical and biochemical technologies were critically overviewed to assess the suitability of waste biomass to energy products. It has been emphasized that valorizing waste-to-energy technologies provides the dual benefits of sustainable management and production of cleaner energy to reduce fossil fuels dependency. However, the key bottleneck in commercializing waste-to-energy systems requires proper waste collection, sorting, and continuous feedstock supply. Moreover, related stakeholders should be involved in designing and executing the decision-making process to facilitate the global recognition of waste biorefinery concept.
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This study reports the effect of plastic variation on the decomposition kinetics, and thermodynamic parameters of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) in the N2 and O2 atmospheres. Two simulated RDF compositions were analyzed: RDF-1 with 35 %-plastics, and RDF-2 with 5 %-plastics. Thermo-gravimetric analysis was conducted at multiple heating rates. The activation energy (E) and the pre-exponential factor (A) were determined using both Kissinger- Akahira-Sunnose, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa methods and the compensation factor method, respectively. In N2-atmo- sphere, increasing plastic fraction from 5 % to 35 %, increased both E, and A values from 169 to 259 kJ mol−1 and 1.6 × 1010 to 1.2 × 1023 s−1, respectively, due to higher energy requirement for plastic decomposition. However, an increase in plastic fraction reduces the fixed‑carbon content of RDF, which leads to a decrease in E and A values in the O2-atmosphere from 126 to 105 kJ mol−1 and 3.5 × 1016 to 1.6 × 106 s−1, respectively. 1.
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Efforts to improve the quality of life in rural areas rely upon the provision of electrical energy services. Globally, the focus is on identifying and maintaining sustainable and environmentally friendly energy resources, by means of the clean development mechanism (CDM). Supplying electricity by extending the grid to rural domains is, in most cases, economically unproductive, taking into account other related factors that pertain, especially in developing countries. Furthermore, an unfolding energy crisis in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region intensifies the need for decentralized bioenergy applications using modern conversion techniques. Biomass energy produced in rural areas provides a sustainable alternative to grid electricity. This paper presents an overview of the potential of agricultural biomass-based resources for decentralized energy in rural areas of Ghana. It emphasizes the strategic importance of biomass energy, especially in areas where it is economically attractive because of the ready availability of resources. Assimilation of past and current research reported in the literature on biomass resources and bioenergy technologies in the country underpins this study. A more detailed evaluation of agricultural biomass-based potential was carried out and 2010 was chosen as the base period for the assessment. The result suggests that Ghana has a suitable potential of bioenergy resources and this holds considerable promise for future energy delivery in the country. The paper concludes with discussion of various promising decentralized bioenergy technologies for the exploitation of resources in Ghana.
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The energy crisis and environmental degradation are currently two vital issues for global sustainable development. Rapid industrialization and population explosion in India has led to the migration of people from villages to cities, which generate thousands tons of municipal solid waste daily, which is one of the important contributors for environmental degradation at national level. Improper management of municipal solid waste (MSW) causes hazards to inhabitants. The management of MSW requires proper infrastructure, maintenance and upgrade for all activities.The MSWM (municipal solid waste management) system comprises with generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid wastes.In the present study, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive review of MSW management to evaluate the current status of waste to energy facilities for sustainable management, which will be helpful in tackling this huge quantity of waste and the problem of energy crisis.A critical review of known MSW management practices/processes in Indian scenario, which will give an idea to investors about the market potential, the maturity of the practicing technologies, and the environmental and economical aspects was also evaluated with its advantages and disadvantages.
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The objective of this research is to estimate the energy content of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in Jordan based on its physical composition. Calorimetric analysis revealed that the average energy content of MSW in Jordan is 2747 kcal/kg. Regression analysis of the measured and the calculated energy content by empirical models shows a good agreement with the models based on the physical composition of MSW. A relationship between the energy content and plastic to paper ratio of MSW was developed and showed that the energy content is directly related to this ratio with a correlation coefficient of 0.94. The energy content of MSW generated in Jordan accounts for 6% of the annual imported oil consumption of the country and may result in annual saving of US$ 24 million in case of utilization.
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Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is one of the major environmental problems of Indian cities. Improper management of municipal solid waste (MSW) causes hazards to inhabitants. Various studies reveal that about 90% of MSW is disposed of unscientifically in open dumps and landfills, creating problems to public health and the environment. In the present study, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive review of the characteristics, generation, collection and transportation, disposal and treatment technologies of MSW practiced in India. The study pertaining to MSWM for Indian cities has been carried out to evaluate the current status and identify the major problems. Various adopted treatment technologies for MSW are critically reviewed, along with their advantages and limitations. The study is concluded with a few fruitful suggestions, which may be beneficial to encourage the competent authorities/researchers to work towards further improvement of the present system.
Book
Sponsored by the Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Engineering Committee of the Environmental Council of the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of ASCE Sustainable Solid Waste Management describes basic principles and recent advances for handling solid waste in an environmentally sustainable way. Solid waste poses problems of quantity-the sheer amount is increasing around the world-but also of environmental impact, especially with the introduction of materials harmful to ecosystems. This volume uses a global lens to examine all aspects of the solid waste, including waste minimization, waste as a resource, appropriate disposal, and efficient systems fostered by effective public policy. Written by leading experts, the 22 chapters analyze the critical issues to be considered during the various stages of a waste management program. Topics include: public policies focusing on reducing waste at its source, recycling, and minimizing disposal amounts; technologies for treating and recycling solid waste; safe, efficient treatment and disposal of hazardous and other special wastes; development and maintenance of engineered landfills and landfill mining; and legal frameworks and the use of life-cycle assessment as a tool for the waste management industry. Municipal engineers, environmental managers, researchers, students, policy makers, and planners will find this book to be an essential guide to social and technological issues related to sustainable solid waste management.
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Today's economy in the society is characterized by production of high volume of waste. Disposal of large volume of waste poses the difficulties of disposal sites, location and adoption of methods that will be economical and nuisance free. Health problems may arise since some of the refuse is attractive to insects and rodents. The solid waste generated is a nuisance. In most cities, nearly half of the solid waste remains unattended landfill sites and garbage dumps are overflowing in most cities. The existing solid waste management system has number of problems. The problem of waste management could be mitigated through adoption of improved methods of collection and transportation and active community involvement. Scientific and environment friendly technologies for disposing the waste will reduce quantity of waste to be finally dumped besides generating substantial amount of manure and energy. In order to streamline the system based on preliminary studies, conducted on Jalandhar, it has been concluded the landfill gas technology is a viable option for a city similar in nature to Jalandhar.
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Solid waste management in India is always being considered a low priority area and perhaps, the country, ranked far below where only for the sake of demonstration some waste management practices are adopted. Solid waste management strategies could not be looked in isolation. It is indispensable to have an integrated looking into all aspects of solid waste management including regulatory, fiscal and technological interventions.
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This article examines the generation and management of municipal solid waste through the lens of economics. The authors estimate that the global burden of municipal solid waste amounted to 1.3 billion metric tons in 1990, or two-thirds of a kilogram of waste per person per day. Industrial countries account for a disproportionately high share of the world's waste relative to their share of world population, while developing countries account for a disproportionately high share of the world's waste relative to their share of world income. Analyses across countries and over time reveal that the generation of municipal solid waste is positively related to variations in per capita income and that the generation of municipal solid waste per capita does not vary with population size among countries with comparable per capita income. Practices for collecting, processing, and disposing of municipal solid waste vary widely across countries, generally in accord with the nature of the waste stream and key environmental and economic features. The least efficient practices tend to be found in developing countries, creating serious threats to local environmental quality and public health. Although considerable evidence indicates that the generation and management of waste is sensitive to income and price variables, natural incentives to overuse common property and the presence of inter- generational externalities both suggest that private economic behavior will not yield socially optimal outcomes in this area. Community intervention may be needed to promote the social good, with evidence accumulating in support of arrangements involving the participation of private firms. The authors' calculations also suggest that improvements made now in the handling of hazardous waste will be far less expensive in discounted terms than undoing in the future the damage being caused by current practices. Addressing these issues from a rational societal perspective will become increasingly urgent in the future, especially in the developing countries, where the authors project that municipal solid waste will increase at an annual rate of 2.7 percent through the year 2010.
Article
Mine waste material generated annually in state of Goa is of tune of 80 Million tones from approximately 47 working mines belonging to different mining companies. Mine managements have no option other than to develop strategies for effective management of these huge volumes of waste. Mine waste contains coarse rock fragments to fine clays and hence these mine waste should be seen as a resource and may be useful as aggregate for road construction, building material etc. The paper discusses the suitability of mine waste as an aggregate in making concrete and building material. The sieve analysis results of samples of mine waste collected randomly from various mines in Goa is also presented. The richer mixes such as 1:2:4 and 1:2:5 were tried using mine waste as coarse aggregate, where the strength observed were more than 150 Kg/cm 2 whereas the strengths that of leaner mixes such as 1:3:6 and 1:4:8 were found to be of order of 110 Kg/cm 2 It is therefore concluded that mine aggregate blocks can replace laterite stone and granite blocks, which at present are predominant in construction industry in State of Goa,thereby reducing waste disposal problem of mining industry. Although small fraction will be utilized by above way, it will provide options for opencast iron ore mines in state of Goa for management of overburden in a manner that will leave smallest possible ecological and environmental footprint. INTRODUCTION Industrialization has contributed immensely to the economic development of the world, but in its wake has caused environmental degradation. Since humans have to live within their environment, the process of development should be sustainable so that environmental quality is maintained within the safe limits. It is only through the integration effort of the environmental aspects into planning and management of industrial development that the significant progress towards sustainable society can be made. MINING AND RELEVANCE OF MINING FOR GOAN ECONOMY Mining in India meets the mineral demands of various industries. It employs about six million people and also generates revenues to the tune of 2.3% of India's gross domestic product (IBM, 1995). India is endowed with fairly large reserves of iron ore of moderate to good quality for its domestic requirement as well as for export. Though tiny, the state of Goa has been a key player in India's iron ore mining production. All the Goa's iron ore production is exported. In terms of export Goan ore represents over 60% of India's export. The value of iron ore exported from Goa reveal the importance of industry to the economy of Goa. Goa is well known for its iron and manganese ores production. Besides these, bauxite and silica sand are the other minerals produced in the state. Important iron ore deposits are located in Bicholim, Sanguem, and Sattari talukas .Value of mineral production in the tiny state of Goa is at US $ 80 million during 2001-02, about 98% of which is contributed by iron ore alone. By far, the mining industry in Goa is the largest employing industry. The average daily employment of labour in Goan mines is to the tune of 33,000, for the year 2001-02. The land mass of Goa, is a raising plateau occurring between longitudes 14° 48′ 00″ to 15° 48′ 00″ and latitude 73° 40′ 00″ to 74° 20′ 07″ having an area of approximately 3700 sq. km. with the coast line extending over 100 km.
Article
Mumbai generates 6256 tonnes of waste every day, of which 17.20% is recyclable, but only a fraction of this is retrieved by rag-pickers. The economic value of the retrieved material is not considered by the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai in valuing the waste management system as there is no retrieval mechanism except the informal rag-picking activity. Moreover, the cost of land used for the dumping of waste is also not accounted for. In the present paper, a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis for the present system of municipal solid waste management in Mumbai is carried out, with due consideration for implicit or hidden costs and benefits. Accounting for the implicit costs and benefits showed a difference of $6 per every tonne of waste disposal. This could show a considerable difference in policy development at the municipality level. Demand supply analysis proved that the present system of waste management would not yield a feasible market solution without private sector participation. With the increasing demand for improved waste management, private sector participation is essential and a Pigouvian tax is a necessary tool to make the private sector participation in solid waste management a success.
Article
In India, the collection, transportation and disposal of MSW are unscientific and chaotic. Uncontrolled dumping of wastes on outskirts of towns and cities has created overflowing landfills, which are not only impossible to reclaim because of the haphazard manner of dumping, but also have serious environmental implications in terms of ground water pollution and contribution to global warming. Burning of waste leads to air pollution in terms of increased TSP and PM10 emissions, which is equivalent to vehicular emissions at times.In the absence of waste segregation practices, recycling has remained to be an informal sector working on outdated technology, but nevertheless thriving owing to waste material availability and market demand of cheaper recycled products. Paper and plastic recycling have been especially growing due to continuously increasing consumption levels of both the commodities.Composting-aerobic and anaerobic, both the options are available to the country for scientific disposal of waste in future. However, country also needs something in terms of policy and guidelines to enable the municipal corporations to run the waste services efficiently.
Article
The aim of the analysis is to present the implementation and development of agricultural biogas plants as a chance for diversification of agriculture in Poland. The main exogenous and endogenous determinants of the development of agriculture biogas plants in Poland were indicated. It is an attempt to present agricultural biogas plants in terms of their spatial distribution as well as the installed capacity and efficiency of agricultural biogas installations. Moreover, the feedstock structure for agricultural biogas production is also analysed.
Article
Three organic soil conditioners were tested in 14 different Malus domestica orchards: cattle manure, SB compost (from sewage sludge and poplar barks) and MSW compost (from municipal solid waste not source separated). These materials differed notably in their heavy metal content: the SB compost contained greater amounts of Zn, Cu and Pb than did the cattle manure, while the MSW compost had higher concentrations of all the metals studied. For 6 years the Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr content were monitored in the soil—both in ‘total’ and EDTA extractable form—and in leaves and fruits. The resulting data demonstrate that the SB compost did not cause any significant increase in heavy metal levels in soil and plants; this compost can thus be used to fertilise the soil with no danger in the short/medium term either to the environment or to crops. In contrast, the experiment clearly demonstrates that the MSW compost, used over a 6 year period, increased concentrations of Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr in the soil—both in ‘total’ and EDTA extractable form—and in the case of Pb and Cd also in the vegetation and the fruits.
Article
Anaerobic digestion applied to the organic waste produced in urban environments could provide a critical solution to growing garbage problems while simultaneously reducing external energy requirements. As landfills across Canada and the rest of the world are filled to their limits, a carbon-neutral process which can locally generate electricity and heat while providing up to 50% volatile solid reduction is something to be seriously considered. This paper investigates the feasibility of urban anaerobic digestion, presents four techniques for biogas estimation – ultimate analysis, yield from molecular formula analysis, a novel computer simulation technique using Anaerobic Digestion Model #1 (ADM1), and a literature review of experimentally determined biogas yields. In addition, a case study for small-scale anaerobic digestion system design is presented for an urban building.
Article
In this study, the behaviour of a sanitary landfill was reproduced in a pilot plant under controlled conditions. The experiment was carried out in an opaque PVC reactor at 36±1°C with recirculation of the leachates. The municipal solid waste (MSW) employed came from the regional landfill site of Asturias and the study was carried out in three stages. Firstly, 48.5kg of MSW were introduced into the pilot plant (first cell) and several phases of the waste degradation were monitored; the methanogenic phase being reached after 264days. In the second stage, 66kg of new MSW was added on top of the degraded waste of the first stage (second cell). In the third stage, 59kg of new MSW were added on top of the waste digested in the two previous steps (third cell). The waste was digested faster in the second and third steps and the methanogenic phase was reached earlier (second step: 55% CH4 on day 20; third step: 50% CH4 on day 30).
Article
This article reports on physico-chemical properties of olive cakes to evaluate them as a raw material in energy production through thermo-chemical pyrolysis conversion process. The present study focuses on the actions related to the possibilities to utilize in particularly olive cake as an agricultural residue. Olive cake is a very promising material for the production of bio-oil. Liquid, solid, and gaseous products were obtained from olive cake by pyrolysis. If the purpose were to maximize the yield of liquid products resulting from biomass pyrolysis, a low temperature, high heating rate, and short gas residence time process would be required. Flash pyrolysis gives high oil yields. The heating was carried out from 298 K to 1,050 K in the absence of oxygen. The yields of liquid products were obtained from the olive cake by pyrolysis for the runs of different heating rates: 10 K/s, 20 K/s, and 40 K/s. The highest bio-oil yields from the olive cakes were 31.0% at 700 K, 36.0% at 700 K, and 41.0% at 700 K obtained from 10 K/s, 20 K/s, and 40 K/s heating rate runs, respectively. The highest bio-oil yields olive stone shells were 27.0% at 700 K, 31.0% at 700 K, and 34.5% at 750 K obtained from 10 K/s, 20 K/s, and 40 K/s heating rate runs, respectively.
Article
The combustion reactivity of bagasse chars was investigated under isothermal conditions at 400°C in air. The bagasse char samples were prepared by carbonizing bagasse in a fixed bed reactor at temperatures between 500°C and 800°C. It was observed that raising the carbonization temperature resulted in a significant decrease in reactivity of bagasse char. This was manifested by the decrease in the values of the maximum reaction rate, average rate based on 50% burnout and conversion achieved in 30 minutes with the increase in carbonization temperature. The decrease in reactivity of bagasse char with carbonization temperature was attributed to changes in the reactive components of bagasse.
Article
A one-dimensional unsteady model is formulated for biomass gasification in a stratified concurrent (downdraft) reactor. Heat and mass transfer across the bed are coupled with moisture evaporation, biomass pyrolysis, char combustion and gasification, gas-phase combustion and thermal cracking of tars. Numerical simulation has allowed to predict the influence of model parameters, kinetic constants and operational variables on process dynamics, structure of the reaction front and quality of the producer gas. In particular, two different stabilization modes of the reaction front have been determined. For high values of the air-to-fuel ratio and of the primary pyrolysis rate, the process is top-stabilized, resulting in a high conversion efficiency and good gas quality. As the air flow is decreased below a critical limit value, the reaction front becomes grate-stabilized. The two different configurations are largely determined by the gas-phase combustion of volatile pyrolysis products. Finally, the predictions of the gas composition and the axial temperature profiles are in agreement with experimental data.
Article
The co-combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a novel and highly integrated design combining cement manufacturing, thermal processing of MSW and energy/electricity production (termed the Co-Co process). This novel design of the Co-Co process was developed in 2003–2004 and a pilot plant with a capacity of 40 tonnes per day was constructed and commissioned in 2005. The pilot plant was operated for a period of 10 weeks during 2005. Various feed protocols, namely, MSW as received and after removal of recyclables, were tested. Stack emissions were monitored either continuously (gas emission) or periodically (dioxins and heavy metal emissions). Solid residues including bottom ash and fly ash were also sampled and analysed for heavy metals and dioxins periodically. It was found that the levels of dioxins in the stack emissions and fly ash were below normal MSW thermal treatment processes, and government environmental and international limits (more than 1000 times less). Other gases, such CO, NOx, SOx and HCl, were also well below government environmental licence limits as defined by a best practical means (BPM). In addition, the materials recovery and recycling facility (MRRF) was tested. It demonstrated that different fractions, including metals, plastics and glass, of the MSW could be separated and recovered. The Co-Co process was successfully demonstrated and its emission levels were well below normal MSW thermal treatment processes. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Article
The production of biogas is of growing interest as fossil-fuel reserves decline. However, there exists a dearth of literature on the design considerations that would lead to process optimization in the development of anaerobic digesters aimed at creating useful commodities from the ever-abundant municipal solid-waste. Consequently, this paper provides a synthesis of the key issues and analyses concerning the design of a high-performance anaerobic digester.
Article
Energy demand is increasing continuously due to rapid growth in population and industrialization development. The development of energy sources is not keeping pace with spiraling consumption. Even developed countries are not able to compensate even after increasing the energy production multifold. The major energy demand is provided from the conventional energy sources such as coal, oil, natural gas, etc. Two major problems, which every country is facing with these conventional fuels, are depletion of fossil fuels and deterioration of environment.The present review article aims to highlight various biochemical processes for conversion of biomass into biological hydrogen gas and ethanol. The present discussion focuses on hydrogen production through various routes viz. fermentative, photosynthesis and biological water gas shift reaction. In addition, emphasis has been laid on ethanol as biomass-based energy fuel. The discussion has been focused on the technology for ethanol production from various biomass sources such as molasses, lignocellulosic feedstock and starch. Various biochemical processes and their major steps involved during the ethanol production from biomass have been discussed in detail.
Article
This paper critically discusses the scope, potential and implementation of biomass conversion to energy in Indian scenario. The feasibility as well as suitability of the various categories of biomass to energy in India has been discussed. Brief descriptions of potential conversion routes have been included, with their possible and existing scope of implementation in Indian context. As far as possible, the most recent statistical data have been reported from the available sources. The figures reported have been updated as on March 2009, in most of the cases. The discussion reveals that a large potential exists for the biomass feed-stocks from the various kinds of waste biomass. The gasification as well as anaerobic digestion processes seem to be most attractive in Indian scenario.
Article
Energy has a major economical and political role as an important resource traded worldwide. Energy consumption in the developed countries has been more or less stabilized whereas in developing countries like India it is increasing at a high rate. The Government is looking forward to Biomethanation Technology (BT) as a secondary source of energy by utilizing industrial, agricultural and municipal wastes. A large amount of money is being invested in this direction with various projects under implementation and many to follow them. Hence the long-term sustainability of the technology needs to be judged. In this paper the prevailing situation is analyzed in keeping with the prospects and problems associated with BT in India. The paper discusses the technical feasibility, operational stability and commercial viability of BT in India. Various potential merits of BT like reduction in land requirement for disposal, preservation of environmental quality, etc. are also reviewed. A comparative study of researches related to the performance of various anaerobic digesters in different developed countries has been carried out wherein various fractions of municipal solid waste (MSW) have been utilized. To understand the technical feasibility in the Indian context, a comparison is made between the characteristics of Indian waste and the wastes under study. Further problems of the operational stability and commercial viability of BT in India have also been discussed. Against this background, developmental plans covering issues in the formulation of national policy, improvements in collection and transportation systems, marketing strategy, funds allocation, etc. have been outlined to establish BT in India. With the growing energy crisis supplemented by environmental concerns, BT can serve as a potential waste-to-energy generation alternative.
Article
This paper reviews the current refuel valorization facilities as well as the future importance of biorefineries. A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from biomass. Biorefineries combine the necessary technologies of the biorenewable raw materials with those of chemical intermediates and final products. Char production by pyrolysis, bio-oil production by pyrolysis, gaseous fuels from biomass, Fischer–Tropsch liquids from biomass, hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass, supercritical liquefaction, and biochemical processes of biomass are studied and concluded in this review. Upgraded bio-oil from biomass pyrolysis can be used in vehicle engines as fuel.
Article
This paper is the synthesis of three years of work in the field of anaerobic digestion (AD), waste management issues in general and many plant visits to operational digestion installations, carried out in the framework of the International Energy Agency's Bioenergy Agreement, Annex XI's Anaerobic Digestion of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) activity.The paper presents an overview of the current status and deployment of AD-technology for MSW, systems available on the market, opportunities and barriers relating to this technology when competing with alternative ways for the management of MSW (landfill, incineration, aerobic composting), including its advantages (renewable energy source a.o.) and limitations.Furthermore, AD is placed in the context of end product and energy markets and in the context of recycling and environmental aspects in general.
Article
Proper management and recycling of huge volumes of food waste is one of the challenges faced by Singapore. Semakau island - the only offshore landfill of the nation - only accepts inert, inorganic solid waste and therefore a large bulk of food waste is directed to incinerators. A remaining small percent is sent for recycling via anaerobic digestion (AD), followed by composting of the digestate material. This article investigates the environmental performance of four food waste conversion scenarios - based on a life cycle assessment perspective - taking into account air emissions, useful energy from the incinerators and AD process, as well as carbon dioxide mitigation from the compost products derived from the digestate material and a proposed aerobic composting system. The life cycle impact results were generated for global warming, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical oxidation and energy use. The total normalized results showed that a small-scale proposed aerobic composting system is more environmentally favorable than incinerators, but less ideal compared to the AD process. By making full use of the AD's Recycling Phase II process alone, the Singapore Green Plan's 2012 aim to increase the recycling of food waste to 30% can easily be achieved, along with reduced global warming impacts.
Article
Kolkata is one of four metropolitan cities in India. With an area of 187.33sqkm and a population of about 8 million, it generates around 3,000td(-1) of municipal solid waste (MSW) at a rate of 450-500g per capita per day. With rapid urbanization as a result of planned and unplanned growth and industrialization, the problems associated with handling MSW have increased at an alarming rate over the past few years. No source segregation arrangement exists; there is only limited (60%) house-to-house collection; and 50-55% open vats are used in the present collection system. The operational efficiency of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) transport system is about 50%, with a fleet composed of about 30-35% old vehicles. The majority (80%) of these, particularly the hired vehicles, are more than 20 years old. The newly added areas covered by KMC have even lower collection efficiencies, and only an informal recycling system exists. The waste collected has a low energy value (3,350-4,200kJkg(-1)) with high moisture and inert content. A 700td(-1) compost plant set up in 2000 has not been functioning effectively since 2003. Open dumping (without liners and without a leachate management facility) and the threat of groundwater pollution, as well as saturation of an existing landfill site (Dhapa) are the most pressing problems for the city today. KMC spends 70-75% of its total expenditures on collection of solid waste, 25-30% on transportation, and less than 5% on final disposal arrangements. The Kolkata Environmental Improvement Project, funded by the Asian Development Bank, is seen as only a partial solution to the problem. A detailed plan should emphasize segregation at the source, investment in disposal arrangements (including the use of liners and leachate collection), and an optimized transport arrangement, among improvements.
Article
The solid waste management scenario in the recent years has shifted towards a more sustainable approach. This paper brings in to focus the waste management methods that can be adopted using Bangalore as case study, in order to achieve economic viability and explores the sustainable options that conserves both natural and man-made resources and averts ecological risks. Bangalore, the Garden City of India with a population of 6 million is facing the daunting task of handling 3613 tonnes of municipal solid waste per day. Added to this are the constraints that are faced by the authorities such as poor political back up, inadequate infrastructure, insufficient funds and lack of public support. Attempts have been made to clear wastes by door to door collection method, introduction of push carts, which separate biodegradable wastes from non biodegradable wastes, deployment of auto tippers to clear slum wastes etc. under the guidance of Bangalore Agenda Task Force (government appointed body) and Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (city municipal corporation). Integrated waste management system is proposed as an option, which include collection, transport and processing of wastes in an environmentally sound way. The methods to overcome constraints in waste management and the future plans and actions that will bring about a significant change in the current waste management practices are also discussed in the paper.
Article
Increasing population levels, rapid economic growth and rise in community living standard accelerates the generation rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Indian cities. Improper management of MSW causes hazards to inhabitants. The objectives of the study are to determine the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of MSW along with basic information and to create GIS maps for Allahabad city. The samples have been randomly collected from various locations and analyzed to determine the characteristics of MSW. A questionnaire survey has been carried out to collect data from inhabitants including MSW quantity, collection frequency, satisfaction level, etc. The Geographic Information System (GIS) has been used to analyze existing maps and data, to digitize the existing sanitary ward boundaries and to enter the data about the wards and disposal sites. The total quantity of MSW has been reported as 500 ton/day, and the average generation rate of MSW has been estimated at 0.39 kg/capita/day. The generated ArcGis maps give efficient information concerning static and dynamic parameters of the municipal solid waste management (MSWM) problem such as the generation rate of MSW in different wards, collection point locations, MSW transport means and their routes, and the number of disposal sites and their attributes.
Article
There has been a significant increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation in India during the last few decades and its management has become a major issue because the poor waste management practices affect the health and amenity of the cities. In the present study, various physico-chemical parameters of the MSW were analyzed to characterize the waste dumped at Gazipur landfill site in Delhi, India, which shows that it contains a high fraction of degradable organic components. The decomposition of organic components produces methane, a significant contributor to global warming. Based on the waste composition, waste age and the total amount dumped, a first-order decay model (FOD) was applied to estimate the methane generation potential of the Gazipur landfill site, which yields an estimate of 15.3 Gg/year. This value accounts to about 1-3% of existing Indian landfill methane emission estimates. Based on the investigation of Gazipur landfill, we estimate Indian landfill methane emissions at 1.25 Tg/year or 1.68 Tg/year of methane generation potential. These values are within the range of existing estimates. A comparison of FOD with a recently proposed triangular model was also performed and it shows that both models can be used for the estimation of methane generation. However, the decrease of the emission after closure is more gradual in the case of the first-order model, leading to larger gas production predictions after more than 10 years of closure. The regional and global implications of national landfill methane emission are also discussed.
Article
In this study, experiments were conducted to investigate the production of biogas from municipal solid waste (MSW) and domestic sewage by using anaerobic digestion process. The batch type of reactor was operated at room temperature varying from 26 to 36 degrees C with a fixed hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 25 days. The digester was operated at different organic feeding rates of 0.5, 1.0, 2.3, 2.9, 3.5 and 4.3kg of volatile solids (VS)/m(3) of digester slurry per day. Biogas generation was enhanced by the addition of domestic sewage to MSW. The maximum biogas production of 0.36m(3)/kg of VS added per day occurred at the optimum organic feeding rate of 2.9kg of VS/m(3)/day. The maximum reduction of total solids (TS) (87.6%), VS (88.1%) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (89.3%) occurred at the optimum organic loading rate of 2.9kg of VS/m(3)/day. The quality of biogas produced during anaerobic digestion process was 68-72%.
Pyrolysis & gasification of waste. worldwide technology & business review
  • Juniper
Juniper. Pyrolysis & gasification of waste. worldwide technology & business review, Juniper Consultancy Services Ltd.; 2000.