Article

Waste to energy status in India: A short review

November 2013
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2013.11.020

Authors:

Krishan K Pandey

O.P. Jindal Global University

Khanjan Ajaybhai Kalyani

University of Petroleum & Energy Studies

India is one of the most rapidly developing countries in the world. It’s witnessing growing industrialization and thus development. Such rapid development needs energy to progress, which further makes India, an energy hungry nation. Currently India depends mainly upon the fossil fuels and thus has to pay a huge bill at the end of every contractual period. These bills can be shortened and the expenditures brought down by using and exploiting non-conventional sources of energy. India holds a huge potential for such non-conventional sources of energy. The rapid development of India isn’t just pressing hard upon its resources and forcing expenditures on the same. There are also some neglected side effects of this development process like, generation of waste. A population of 1.2 billion is generating 0.5 kg per person every day. This, sums up to a huge pile of waste, which is mostly landfilled in the most unhygienic manner possible. Such unmanaged waste not only eats up resources but demands expenditure as well. This can lead to the downfall of an economy and degradation of the nation. Thus, the paper presents waste to energy as a solution to both the problems stated above, using which, not only we can reduce the amount of waste, but can also produce energy from the same, thus achieving our goal of waste management as well as energy security. The paper presents the current status, major achievements and future aspects of waste to energy in India which will help decision makers, planners and bodies involved in the management of municipal solid waste to understand the current status challenges and barriers of MSWM in India for further better planning and management. Key Words: Waste to Energy (WTE), Waste Management, Anaerobic Digestion, Refuse Derived Fuel, Landfill.

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May 2014

Krishan K Pandey · Khanjan Ajaybhai Kalyani

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Full-text available

Jun 2022

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the key components of India’s prominent mission “Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.” Rising urbanization, faster economic growth, and lifestyle changes all contribute to higher waste generation in India. Unscientific treatment, improper collection, and low use of technology-based solutions for handling MSW lead to hazards like environmental degradation, water pollution, air pollution, and soil pollution. The review paper describes the current status of MSW in different states and union territories as well as reviews the MSW generation, characteristics, and processing methods as practiced in India. It also highlighted government policy and various geographic constraints while rolling out an effective municipal solid waste management (MSWM) system. Furthermore, a comparison of MSW has been described for advanced, developing, and lesser developed countries based on adopted technology, policies, and infrastructure. The study will help decision-makers and scholars formulate more effective strategies for an effective way forward plan for MSWM.

WASTE-TO-ENERGY: A PROMISING MARITIME TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY

Article

Full-text available

May 2022

Everything in the world, including the shipping industry, is powered by energy. There are numerous advanced energy-generation strategies, but it would be greatly valued if energy could be consistently derived from ship waste. Waste disposal is a difficult task in the shipping industry, so many studies are being conducted to find better ways to dispose of waste. According to regulatory agencies, India has a large source of both industrial and urban organic waste. The shipping industry, like any other, necessitates massive amounts of energy. On a daily basis, a massive amount of waste is generated, ranging from small crafts to ultra-large vessels (aerobic as well as anaerobic). So, there is a significant opportunity for capturing the energy from these waste, and both the difficulty of waste disposal and the depletion of conventional energy sources can be effectively addressed concurrently. This paper examines various means of generating energy from waste. Furthermore, the current state of Waste-to-Energy (WTE) in our country and around the world is discussed. Motivation/Background: There is a perennial need for energy in all industry. This energy is pivotal in marine sector. There is huge amount of waste disposal into sea and IMO is keen on pollution control and de-carbonization. So, converting the waste serves two purposes viz. pollution control and green energy generation. Method: Various techniques for generating energy from waste had been discussed. Results: Waste-To-Energy is still a relatively unexplored technology in the shipping industry. Large cruise ships generate massive quantities of waste. This in and of itself represents a large avenue for WTE as a source of renewable energy on board ships. There are very few manufacturers venturing into the WTE segment to create power from ship waste. Scanship, a Norwegian ship waste management system manufacturer, has established a system that uses microwave-assisted pyrolysis to transform carbon-based waste generated on ships into biofuels. Conclusions: WTE is also a relatively new concept in the shipping industry. Countries such as Norway, which is successfully operating WTE plants on land, are progressively migrating the technology and paving the way for others. More initiatives like these can radically decrease the amount of waste that ships discharge into the sea, resulting in a more comprehensive ecosystem for all life forms.

POTENTIAL USE OF TREATED BOTTOM ASH AS A CAPILLARY BARRIER IN PHYTOCAPS

Article

Full-text available

May 2022

Waste to Energy (WtE) technology has been implemented in European and many Asia countries with tremendous success and social acceptance. Bottom Ash (BA) generated from this process has also been effectively used as raw material or by-product in many applications. This technology, however, is still in its infancy in Australia. Additionally, the market and appetite for enduse of BA is still to be explored. One such option for its enduse is in landfill capping as a capillary barrier to reduce water infiltration into buried waste. Bottom ash from WtE plants could be used as a capillary barrier in phytocaps-an alternative landfill capping techniques which uses tree and soil to reduce water infiltration into waste. Literature suggests that with proper treatment (stabilisation) or proper mixing and adequate curing, the hydraulic conductivity of BA can be increased (Circa 10-7 cm/s) by increasing its density and significantly reducing the threshold limits of heavy metals and other contaminants that may otherwise pose a risk to the environment.

Perspective review on Municipal Solid Waste-to-energy route: Characteristics, management strategy, and role in circular economy

Article

May 2022
J CLEAN PROD

The proper handling of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is critical due to its high generation rate and the potential to minimise environmental impacts by simultaneously reducing resource depletion and pollution. MSW utilisation for recycling is important for transforming the linear economy model into a circular one. The current review analyses and categorises MSW to energy technologies into direct and indirect approaches taking the Circular Economy perspective. The direct approach involves incinerating MSW for heat recovery. The indirect approach, including thermochemical and biochemical processes, is more complicated but attractive due to the variety of the valorised products – such as syngas, bio-oil, biochar, digestate, humus. However, consensus on the best MSW treatment approach is yet to be established due to the inconsistency of assessment criteria in the existing studies. In the case of converting MSW to energy (Waste-to-Energy – W2E), its economic indicators, such as capital, compliance, and operation cost, are important criteria when implementations are considered. In the current work, the critical characteristics of technologies for the MSW to energy routes are scrutinised. In addition, the economic characteristics and the role of MSW in the circular bio-economy is also thoroughly evaluated. Methods to advocate the industrial adoption and important assessing aspects of W2E are proposed at the end of the review to address the environmental and resource management issues related to MSW – most notably dealing with the uncertainty in composition and amounts, the energy efficiency and the resource demands of the W2E processing.

Potential of organic waste to energy and bio-fertilizer production in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review

Article

Feb 2023

Many growing cities of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are marred by the inefficient collection, management, disposal and reuse of organic waste. The purpose of this study was to review and compare the energy recovery potential as well as bio-fertilizer perspective, from the organic waste volumes generated in SSA countries. Based on computations made with a literature review, we find that the amount of organic wastes varies across countries translating to differences in the energy and bio-fertilizer production potentials across countries. Organic wastes generated in SSA can potentially generate about 133 million GWh of energy per year. The organic waste to bio-fertilizer production potentials range from 11.08 million tons to 306.26 million tons annually. Ghana has the highest energy and bio-fertilizer potential among the SSA countries with a total per capita of 630 MWh/year and 306.26 million tons, respectively. The challenges and technical considerations for energy and bio-fertilizer approaches in the management of organic waste in SSA have also been discussed. This study is of help to the readers and strategic decision makers in understanding the contribution of bioenergy and bio-fertilizer to achieving sustainable development goals, namely, 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and 13 (Climate Action) in SSA.

An Analysis of Circular Economy Literature at the Macro Level, with a Particular Focus on Energy Markets

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2023

Arezoo Ghazanfari

Sustainability is a strategic approach to develop a more sustainable economy to support the environment and socio-economic development. Literature on sustainability has been concerned mainly with global warming and environmental degradation issues, whereas the Circular Economy (CE) concept has recently been suggested as an alternative solution to support market sustainability and deal with both environmental and socio-economic challenges. In order to tackle these challenges, countries must switch from linear economies that follow the “take-make-dispose” principle to circular and sustainable economies. This study applies a structural and conceptual literature review to elucidate the most decisive determinants in the formation of circular strategies, particularly in the context of the energy sector. This study examines obstacles that hinder CE adoption and formulates drivers and measures to overcome them. The strategic literature review shows that the circular approach is critical in achieving sustainable development. Circularity can be considered a novel and innovative approach to alleviating the contradiction between rapid economic growth and energy and raw materials shortages. The CE structure must be considered as a sustainable foundation to enhance economic growth by avoiding waste, preserving natural capital, managing resource scarcity, recycling materials, maximizing energy efficiency, and recirculating them into the economy. Analysis reveals that the circular system is a key pillar of sustainability, security, and efficiency in the energy sector. The sustainable energy transition requires incorporating the CE principles in the design process. It also revealed that both public and private sectors must move away from the linear paradigm towards circularity to achieve CE implementation.

Evaluation of moderate temperature thermal pretreatment effects on the high-solid anaerobic digestion of OFMSW

Preprint

Full-text available

Mar 2021

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW), leads to a reduction of methane emission to the atmosphere besides production of bioenergy. In this work, applying moderate temperature thermal pretreatment at 70, 90 and 110°C for the durations of 30,75,120 and 180 minutes on relatively high solid concentration (16%) OFMSW AD using batch biomethane potential assays (BMP) under mesophilic conditions has been studied. To evaluate the effects of each temperature and time of pretreatment and their interactions on methane production, factorial experiments in completely randomized design were implemented. The criteria used for deciding on the effectiveness of the thermal pretreatments were the methane enhancement and net energy production. Though, all the aforementioned thermal pretreatments increased methane yield, the energy balance evaluation revealed that the recovery of bioenergy is feasible for some of these pretreatments and could contribute to a positive energy balance. The best result of methane production (342.66 ± 6.11 ml CH 4 /g VS), which was approximately 34% higher compared with the specific methane production of untreated OFMSW, was obtained by implementing pretreatment at 90°C for 120 minutes as well as the net energy generation of 57.26 KWh/ton, resulting from applying this thermal pretreatment.

PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT Turning Challenges into Opportunities

Chapter

Full-text available

Sep 2022

Plastic is life-changing material, the qualities that make it useful have created a global waste challenge due to poor waste management. Only 15% of plastic waste is recycled worldwide and few companies contribute to plastic recycling process due to high energy consumption. Amazia Vision Enterprise Private Limited a Satara-based industry that recycles plastic and produces products in granules. The study presented investigates the plastic waste recycling process, its potential in utilities to save energy and optimize the cost. A detailed analysis of the process has been carried out to find the scope for conservation of various utilities used at each stage of the operation. Theoretical solutions have been proposed to conserve energy, reduction in waste generated, and thus minimizing cost of operation. It is intended to optimize the process for better throughput with minimum waste generation after recycling plastic waste.

Multitudinous approaches, challenges and opportunities of bioelectrochemical systems in conversion of waste to energy from wastewater treatment plants

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2023

Waste pollution contributes to environmental problems, including soil erosion, health problems, and biodiversity loss. A shortage of waste disposal sites and the unexpected generation of millions of tons of solid waste worldwide led to the adoption of various thermal, physical, and biological technologies to convert waste into energy.Through several systematic endeavours in recent years, wastewater management have been effectively achieved upon adoption of sustainable waste management pipelines, bioelectrochemical system for bioenergy production, and usage of nanoparticles guide remediation procedures. Bioelectrochemical systems are emerging techniques for waste management that utilize microbial electron transfer and electrochemical transformation to generate sustainable and carbon-neutral energy. Recent technological advancement has allowed microbial communities to play an increasingly important role in bioelectrochemical systems. Microbiological electrochemical systems (MESs) have emerged as sustainable technology for generating renewable energy and valuable products from waste. Further, different nanotechnological approaches are also being frequently used to generate energy and wastewater pollutants due to their broadspectrum activity, enhanced specificity and selectivity.Their reported antimicrobial nature against several nosocomial and pathogenic microbes dwelling in wastewater has been an added boon for environmentalists prompting their regular usage.This review article integrates recent and updated bioelectrochemical approaches for generating energy and wastewater remediation mechanisms and strategies alongside their various challenges and opportunities.

A review on municipal solid wastes and their associated problems and solutions (waste-to-energy recovery and nano-treatment) with special reference to India

Chapter

Jan 2023

Design of an incinerator working on solar PV powered electrolyzer for municipal solid waste management

Conference Paper

Oct 2022

Harnessing Energy from Animal Waste: A Win–Win Approach for India

Chapter

Jan 2023

Fossil fuels are gradually decreasing with time. The need for clean energy is the reason behind the increasing tendency to utilise renewable energy resources today. Implementing waste to energy technology such as biogas from animal waste has been considered one of the best means to achieve sustainable energy development goals in many developing countries. Biogas production from locally available renewable organic resources can be an excellent alternative to reduce GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions. Biogas technology provides an attractive route for utilising different biomass categories to meet energy needs, particularly in countryside areas. In the domestic ecosystem, plenty of animal waste materials might be available from animal husbandry and agriculture, which can be a basis to generate energy. Incorporating technology in them can offer a unique set of benefits, including good waste management techniques, enhancement in the ecology of rural areas, decrease in pathogenic diseases, optimisation of the energy consumption of rural communities, and promotion in agricultural structure. Therefore, this chapter highlights the potential application of waste to energy technology via the production of biogas from animal waste as an alternative source of power generation worldwide, but this will be a win–win situation for a dominating agricultural country like India. Due to tremendous growth in India, energy costs have risen significantly in recent years.

Construction of Combustion Line Quantification Data Set for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Process

Conference Paper

Aug 2022

CÁLCULO DIFERENCIAL E INTEGRAL E SUAS APLICAÇÕES: VALOR EFICAZ (RMS) EM CORRENTE ALTERNADA

Chapter

Full-text available

Dec 2022

A obra intitulada “Engenharias em foco vol.5”, publicada pela Brazilian Journals Publicações de Periódicos e Editora, apresenta um conjunto de quinze capítulos que visa abordar conhecimentos disciplinares ligadas à área temática das Engenharias. A seguir serão apresentados os capítulos que compõem este ebook. Dessa forma, agradecemos aos autores por todo esforço e dedicação que contribuíram para a construção dessa obra, e esperamos que este livro possa colaborar para a discussão e entendimento de temas relevantes para grande área da Engenharia, orientando docentes, estudantes, gestores e pesquisadores à reflexão sobre os assuntos aqui apresentados.

Constraints affecting the promotion of waste incineration power generation project in China: A perspective of improved technology acceptance model

Article

Jan 2023
TECHNOL FORECAST SOC

To systematically identify constraints on the promotion of renewable energy sources (RES) projects, in this study an improved technology acceptance model (TAM) was proposed, and fifteen constraints were extracted from stakeholders view taking the waste incineration power generation project as an example. The integrated methods of Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and Interpretive Structural Model (ISM) were jointly employed to analyze coupling effects among constraints and influence hierarchy of constraints, and to classify transfer paths among different constraints and their impact intensity on projects promotion. The targeted hierarchically intervention strategies were proposed from the perspective of controlling the key nodes of transfer paths of delayed payment of fees and public opposition, as well as general projects management. Results show that insufficient resources reserve and weak environmental awareness are the deep-rooted constraints; imperfect legal systems, mismatch between parameter setting and regional planning, over-expenditure of operational cost, and improper site selection are profound constraints; delayed payment of fees and public opposition are direct constraints. The findings suggest adequate intervention in deep-rooted constraints and profound constraints can fundamentally promote waste incineration power generation projects, and controlling the transfer paths can be an effective way to intervene the constraints on projects promotion.

PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT Turning Challenges into Opportunities

Book

Full-text available

Sep 2022

Vishnu Kiran Manam

As plastic is non-biodegradable in nature, it remains in environment for several years and disposing plastic waste at landfill are unsafe since toxic chemicals leach out into the soil, underground water and pollute the water bodies. Therefore, plastic waste disposal is the major problem for the civic authorities. Plastic products have become an integral part in our daily life as a basic need. It produced on a massive scale worldwide and its production crosses the 150 million Tonnes per year globally. In India approximately 8 million Tonnes plastic products are consumed every year (2008) which was expected to raise 12 million tones by 2021. Its broad range of application is in packaging films, wrapping materials, shopping and garbage bags, fluid containers, clothing, toys, household and industrial products, and building materials. It is a fact that plastics will never degrade and remains on landscape for several years. The recycled plastics are more harmful to the environment than the virgin products due to mixing of color, additives, stabilizers, flame retardants etc. Further, the recycling of a virgin plastic material can be done 2-3 time only, because, after every recycling, the strength of plastic material is reduced due to thermal degradation. It is to mention that no authentic estimation is available on total generation of plastic waste in the country however, considering 70% of total plastic consumption is discarded as waste, thus approximately 5.6 million tons per annum (TPA) of plastic waste is generated in country, which is about 15342 tons per day (TPD).

Electricity Production from Waste and Solid Waste Management

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2021

Reclaimable energy generated from waste is a major source of environmentally sustainable energy that has not been much explored in India. Excessive waste generation and poor solid waste management has led to accumulation of waste in water, on land polluting environment and causing various public health crisis. On the other hand, conventional fuels required for production of electricity is decreasing day by day and it is very essential to find out alternative sources of raw material which can be used as fuel for the production of electricity especially for developing countries with high population like India. Energy recovery from waste constitute to an excellent system of energy which could be replenished as more waste is generated in time. Combustion is one such modern waste-to-electricity generation method technically called as Incineration. It is a high-quality controlled treatment of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) which is very useful in populated countries like India, because it reduces the amount of waste to be dumped and in return offers wealth in form of energy. However, some drawbacks follows the advantages which include high economic investment along with special attention on the following issues like: volume/quantity of waste produced, heat of combustion of waste, site location, dimensions of the facility, operation and maintenance costs and investment. Disregarding the drawbacks of combustion this paper draws attention toward making sustainable environment and production of electricity for human welfare.

TÉCNICAS DE GERAÇÃO DE ENERGIA A PARTIR DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS: desafios enfrentados pelo Brasil

Chapter

Jan 2022

Solid Waste Management and Landfill in High-Income Countries

Chapter

Aug 2022

The generation of solid waste (SW) has a direct connection with the monetary status of individuals and shows in terms of gross domestic product (GDP)/gross national income (GNI). The high-income countries (HICs) have shown a lingering generation of solid waste, mainly municipal solid waste (MSW). The MSW of HICs include organic biodegradable, paper, plastic metal, glass, and other inert waste and reported higher for the United States of America (50.70%), Canada (47%), Germany (22%), Canada (13%), Germany (12%), and Hungary (35%). The solid waste generation (kg/capita/day) was reported remarkably higher in Italy (59.83), followed by Australia (8.47), Switzerland (8.08), Hong Kong (7.18), Denmark, Singapore, and Lithuania. The treatment processes such as composting, landfilling or controlled dumping, recycling, and incineration were commonly followed by the HICs. The HICs are spending 82–250 USD/ton, 70–200 USD/ton, 65–150 USD/ton, 40–100 USD/ton, and 35–90 USD/ton for waste collection, waste to energy conversation, anaerobic digestion, sanitary landfill, and composting, respectively. The HICs such as the USA, Canada, Scotland, UK, Northern Ireland, and European Union have strict guidelines and rules for landfilling. The US Environmental Protection Agency has restricted the open dumping process by enforcing laws, administrative actions, and punishments with penalties. The strict restrictions are also effected to dispose bio-hazardous materials and substances generated from demolition/renovation of the building. Other side, adoption of emerging techniques plays significant role in circular economy for high-income countries.

Challenges to Ensure Healthy Living through Sanitation and Hygiene Coverage: Study on Narail District, Bangladesh

Chapter

Full-text available

Jul 2022

Investigation of a Solar Concentrator for Water Distillation

Preprint

Mar 2020

Technical and Economic Analysis of Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste in Yola Metropolis, Adamawa State, Nigeria

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2022

There has been an increase in the general spending and consumption habit of people, the consequence of which is an increase in the quantity of municipal solid wastes (MSW) being generated particularly in urban areas. Yola, the capital of Adamawa State in the northeast region of Nigeria being an urban area also has its share of problems associated with solid waste management. In addition, the city like most other cities in Nigeria experiences inadequate electricity supply. Hence the need for this research - to assess the technical and economic potentials of recovering energy from the MSW generated in Yola using incineration as the technology of choice. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method (ASTM D5231) was used to sample and characterise the waste disposed of in the city’s dumpsites. It was found that the average calorific value of the MSW disposed of in the city’s dumpsite is 1,515.67 kcal/kg. It was also found that if incineration is used as the preferred waste-to-energy technology, a total of 3,748.60 kW of electrical energy could be recovered from the three dumpsites studied. The economic analysis conducted showed that energy recovery via incineration has an average internal rate of return (IRR) of 252%. The following conclusions were drawn from the results obtained: The quantity and composition of MSW disposed of at dumpsites in Yola are suitable for energy generation via incineration; from an economic perspective, incineration of MSW is a viable waste-to-energy technology for Yola.

Pirólise de passivo de aterro de resíduos industriais para geração de carvão

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2022

In this study, the capacity to produce coal from Class IIA residues landed in an Environmental Protection Foundation in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul was evaluated. The samples were composed (in mass/mass ratio) of 40% plastic, 25% paper/cardboard, 25% foam and synthetic rubbers, and 10% cotton fabric and cellulose casings. Low temperature (350°C) pyrolysis technique was used with a heating ramp of 2.70°C min⁻¹ and a residence time of 30 minutes. The experiments were done with and without catalyst, with 25% catalyst, consisting of red clay. In the pre-crude and pyrolysates, the Lower Calorific Power (LCP), the Higher Calorific Power (HCP), and the Useful Calorific Power (UCP) were obtained. The samples also characterized organic carbon, ash content, chlorides, as well as aluminum, antimony, barium, cadmium, calcium, lead, cobalt, copper, total chromium, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, potassium, silver, sodium, and zinc. Pyrolyzed samples with catalyst showed PCU values of 5,473 kcal kg⁻¹, having an interesting characteristic for energy generation. However, the presence of heavy metals, especially Ni and Cr, deserves attention regarding their use as fuel. The potential for fertilizer information is also critical, being discussed in this research. Keywords: landfill; environmental liability; pyrolysis; catalytic pyrolysis; charcoal

FARKLI YAKLAŞIMLARLA ENERJİ KAYNAKLARI

Book

Full-text available

Jun 2022

İnsanların refahı, ekonomik gelişimi ve fakirliğin azalması için, enerjiye erişim kritik öneme sahiptir. Herkesin enerjiye yeterince erişim sağlayabilmesini mümkün kılmak, küresel gelişim çabalarının önünde süregelen ve giderek daha önemli hale gelen bir zorluktur. Ne var ki, aynı zamanda enerji sistemlerimizin çevresel etkileri de büyük öneme sahiptir. Tarihsel olarak ve günümüzdeki enerji sistemleri fosil yakıtlara (kömür, petrol ve gaz) dayanmaktadır. Bunlar, karbondioksit ve diğer sera gazlarını üretmektedir-ki bunlar da, küresel iklim değişikliğinin ana itici gücüdür. Eğer küresel iklim hedeflerini tutturmak ve iklim değişiminin tehlikelerinden kaçınmak istiyorsak, dünyanın enerji kaynaklarını köklü ve küresel olarak gözden geçirmesi gerekmektedir. Dolayısıyla, gelişim ile çevre arasındaki dengeyi tutturmanın zorluğu, bir yandan yeterince yüksek bir yaşam standardına sahip olurken, diğer yandan yeterince miktarda sürdürülebilir enerji kaynağına erişimi olmasını gerektirmektedir.

ENERJI KAYNAKLARI

Book

Full-text available

Jun 2022

Yenilenebilie ve yenilenebilir olmayan enerji kaynakları

Waste-to-energy effect in municipal solid waste treatment for small cities in Brazil

Article

Aug 2022
ENERG CONVERS MANAGE

The most common urban solid waste disposal in Brazil is the landfill. Additionally, there are still inadequate disposal units (dumps), but there are technological alternatives for this disposal and some projects are already installed in Brazil. The economic analysis is therefore fundamental to find the best technological option, transforming an environmental problem into a viable solution. This work presents a brief review of recent literature on Waste-to-Energy technologies, projects in operation in Brazil and proposes an innovative approach to analyzing the financial viability of the combination of consolidated destinations for the management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) (technological routes), that use waste to energy, considering the complementation of revenues for small cities with populations from 30,000 to 250,000 residents, through the implementation of a rate-payers contribution optimization algorithm. A structured algorithm was used with a focus on estimating revenue from the minimum value of rate payers’ contributions (RPC) to make these routes viable for most cities considered in the project. Economic indicators used include: Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Discounted Payback Period (DPP), and Leveled Cost of Electricity (LCOE). A sensitivity analysis of the two best routes was performed (depending on lower RPC values) based on NPV. The results tend to confirm solutions that can be approved not only by the government, but also by the business sector. The best outcomes are the routes with landfill and landfill gas, and with recycling and anaerobic digestion, considering the sale of digestate and landfill. These presented the best financial values, with discounted payback periods of 15 and 20 years, maximum RPC of US$0.04 and US$0.33, per inhabitant/month, respectively, with an IRR of 11.61%, for both. The sensitivity analysis indicated a greater influence on the investment costs of landfill gas for the first route and for the second route, the urban collection and cleaning services.

THE CHALLENGES OF UTILISING BOTTOM ASH FROM WASTE TO ENERGY PLANT

Article

Full-text available

May 2022

Bottom ash generated from Waste to Energy (WtE) processes is complex to manage and dispose of with minimal environmental impacts. Most European (EU) nations and many Asian countries have tested and developed alternative end-uses for bottom ash. This has ensured relatively safe containment of contaminants which otherwise would be released into the environment posing major risk to human, flora and fauna health. Although bottom ash has been physically and chemically incorporated into aggregates, cement and road construction, for example, the lifecycle and impact on the environment of these products are not yet quantified. The lifecycle of these materials and products that use bottom ash as one of their constituents needs to be completely understood, through these currently unanswered questions: What will be the fate of the contaminants? Is there a limit on the number of years before the contained contaminants will be released into the environment? Are we giving rise to a new problem with long term implications? This paper will focus on the thermal treatment of municipal solid waste and the resulting utilisation of bottom ash.

A glance over current status of waste management and landfills across the globe: A review

Chapter

Jan 2022

The disposal of urban solid waste is a significant environmental issue. In developing countries, unsanitary waste disposal is the most commonly practised option. Leachate, a significant downside of landfilling, tends to be generated in massive amounts, and existing treatment methods are both expensive and inefficient. Assessment of landfill status, leachate characteristics and environmental effects of landfills is a critical subject in literature and, given the increasing environmental issues, has recently received increased attention. Significant information about scenario of landfills globally as a source of environmental risk was also included in the findings. In this analysis the most effective management strategy to reduce the harmful environmental impact of waste leachate is introduced. Gas and leachate production are unavoidable consequences of the activity of solid waste disposal in landfills, mainly due to microbial decomposition, climatic conditions, waste characteristics and landfill operations. In both current and new facilities, the migration of gas and leaching away from the landfill limits and their release into the local ecosystem raise significant environmental concerns. The current analysis compiles some of the most widely used approaches for landfill leachate treatment, including coagulation-flocculation and anaerobic filter treatment. The conclusion of various problems and challenges of leachate treatment in terms of sustainability has been reached.

An overview of agricultural biomass for decentralized rural energy in Ghana

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2013
RENEW SUST ENERG REV

Efforts to improve the quality of life in rural areas rely upon the provision of electrical energy services. Globally, the focus is on identifying and maintaining sustainable and environmentally friendly energy resources, by means of the clean development mechanism (CDM). Supplying electricity by extending the grid to rural domains is, in most cases, economically unproductive, taking into account other related factors that pertain, especially in developing countries. Furthermore, an unfolding energy crisis in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region intensifies the need for decentralized bioenergy applications using modern conversion techniques. Biomass energy produced in rural areas provides a sustainable alternative to grid electricity. This paper presents an overview of the potential of agricultural biomass-based resources for decentralized energy in rural areas of Ghana. It emphasizes the strategic importance of biomass energy, especially in areas where it is economically attractive because of the ready availability of resources. Assimilation of past and current research reported in the literature on biomass resources and bioenergy technologies in the country underpins this study. A more detailed evaluation of agricultural biomass-based potential was carried out and 2010 was chosen as the base period for the assessment. The result suggests that Ghana has a suitable potential of bioenergy resources and this holds considerable promise for future energy delivery in the country. The paper concludes with discussion of various promising decentralized bioenergy technologies for the exploitation of resources in Ghana.

Management of Municipal Solid Waste

Book

Full-text available

Jan 2006

T V Ramachandra

An overview for exploring the possibilities of energy generation from municipal solid waste (MSW) in Indian scenario

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2011
RENEW SUST ENERG REV

The energy crisis and environmental degradation are currently two vital issues for global sustainable development. Rapid industrialization and population explosion in India has led to the migration of people from villages to cities, which generate thousands tons of municipal solid waste daily, which is one of the important contributors for environmental degradation at national level. Improper management of municipal solid waste (MSW) causes hazards to inhabitants. The management of MSW requires proper infrastructure, maintenance and upgrade for all activities.The MSWM (municipal solid waste management) system comprises with generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid wastes.In the present study, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive review of MSW management to evaluate the current status of waste to energy facilities for sustainable management, which will be helpful in tackling this huge quantity of waste and the problem of energy crisis.A critical review of known MSW management practices/processes in Indian scenario, which will give an idea to investors about the market potential, the maturity of the practicing technologies, and the environmental and economical aspects was also evaluated with its advantages and disadvantages.

Energy content of municipal solid waste in Jordan and its potential utilization

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2000
ENERG CONVERS MANAGE

The objective of this research is to estimate the energy content of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in Jordan based on its physical composition. Calorimetric analysis revealed that the average energy content of MSW in Jordan is 2747 kcal/kg. Regression analysis of the measured and the calculated energy content by empirical models shows a good agreement with the models based on the physical composition of MSW. A relationship between the energy content and plastic to paper ratio of MSW was developed and showed that the energy content is directly related to this ratio with a correlation coefficient of 0.94. The energy content of MSW generated in Jordan accounts for 6% of the annual imported oil consumption of the country and may result in annual saving of US$ 24 million in case of utilization.

Municipal solid waste management in Indian cities – A review

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2008
WASTE MANAGE

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is one of the major environmental problems of Indian cities. Improper management of municipal solid waste (MSW) causes hazards to inhabitants. Various studies reveal that about 90% of MSW is disposed of unscientifically in open dumps and landfills, creating problems to public health and the environment. In the present study, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive review of the characteristics, generation, collection and transportation, disposal and treatment technologies of MSW practiced in India. The study pertaining to MSWM for Indian cities has been carried out to evaluate the current status and identify the major problems. Various adopted treatment technologies for MSW are critically reviewed, along with their advantages and limitations. The study is concluded with a few fruitful suggestions, which may be beneficial to encourage the competent authorities/researchers to work towards further improvement of the present system.

Sustainable Solid Waste Management

Book

Aug 2016

Sponsored by the Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Engineering Committee of the Environmental Council of the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of ASCE Sustainable Solid Waste Management describes basic principles and recent advances for handling solid waste in an environmentally sustainable way. Solid waste poses problems of quantity-the sheer amount is increasing around the world-but also of environmental impact, especially with the introduction of materials harmful to ecosystems. This volume uses a global lens to examine all aspects of the solid waste, including waste minimization, waste as a resource, appropriate disposal, and efficient systems fostered by effective public policy. Written by leading experts, the 22 chapters analyze the critical issues to be considered during the various stages of a waste management program. Topics include: public policies focusing on reducing waste at its source, recycling, and minimizing disposal amounts; technologies for treating and recycling solid waste; safe, efficient treatment and disposal of hazardous and other special wastes; development and maintenance of engineered landfills and landfill mining; and legal frameworks and the use of life-cycle assessment as a tool for the waste management industry. Municipal engineers, environmental managers, researchers, students, policy makers, and planners will find this book to be an essential guide to social and technological issues related to sustainable solid waste management.

Creating wealth from organic waste

Article

Jan 2012

Priyanka Tayde

Solid State Acidification of Vegetable Waste

Article

Oct 1998
Indian J Environ Health

Two phase anaerobic digestion of artificially prepared MSW was carried out by coupling a solid-phase acidogenic system with an upflow fixed film reactor and also a suspended growth methanogenis reactor separately. The specially developed acidogenic culture was added to solid-bed and recycled back to the same to accelerate the bioleachate formation. A part of the Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) bearing leachate from the acidogenic reactor was fed to the methanogenic reactor for methane production. Maximum cumulative VFA production was observed after 40 days of fermentation which corresponds to 73.45% of volatile solids reduction of MSW. However, maximum VFA concentration was about 11100 mg/1 as acetic acid. The performance of free cell reactor was compared with that of fixed film for the biomethanation of VFA. Fixed film reactor was found superior with respect to both BOD reduction and rate of gas production. In the fixed film reactor, 88.3% of BOD removal was observed at a loading rate of 1.48 Kg.BOD/cu.m-day.

Solid waste management in Indian urban centers

Article

Jan 1998

Solid wastes: Sources, implications and management

Article

Jan 1994

Gopal Dayal

Solid waste management plan for Indian megacities

Article

Jan 1999

Naved Ahsan

Solid waste management - A case study

Article

Oct 2003

Today's economy in the society is characterized by production of high volume of waste. Disposal of large volume of waste poses the difficulties of disposal sites, location and adoption of methods that will be economical and nuisance free. Health problems may arise since some of the refuse is attractive to insects and rodents. The solid waste generated is a nuisance. In most cities, nearly half of the solid waste remains unattended landfill sites and garbage dumps are overflowing in most cities. The existing solid waste management system has number of problems. The problem of waste management could be mitigated through adoption of improved methods of collection and transportation and active community involvement. Scientific and environment friendly technologies for disposing the waste will reduce quantity of waste to be finally dumped besides generating substantial amount of manure and energy. In order to streamline the system based on preliminary studies, conducted on Jalandhar, it has been concluded the landfill gas technology is a viable option for a city similar in nature to Jalandhar.

Environmental management of municipal solid wastes

Article

Jan 1994

R.R. Khan

Biomass gasifiers for fuel cells systems

Article

Jan 1997

Environmental status of Delhi

Article

Jan 1996

A.K. Lal

Solid waste management strategies for India

Article

Apr 2002

A. Kansal

Solid waste management in India is always being considered a low priority area and perhaps, the country, ranked far below where only for the sake of demonstration some waste management practices are adopted. Solid waste management strategies could not be looked in isolation. It is indispensable to have an integrated looking into all aspects of solid waste management including regulatory, fiscal and technological interventions.

The economics of municipal solid waste

Article

Aug 1995

This article examines the generation and management of municipal solid waste through the lens of economics. The authors estimate that the global burden of municipal solid waste amounted to 1.3 billion metric tons in 1990, or two-thirds of a kilogram of waste per person per day. Industrial countries account for a disproportionately high share of the world's waste relative to their share of world population, while developing countries account for a disproportionately high share of the world's waste relative to their share of world income. Analyses across countries and over time reveal that the generation of municipal solid waste is positively related to variations in per capita income and that the generation of municipal solid waste per capita does not vary with population size among countries with comparable per capita income. Practices for collecting, processing, and disposing of municipal solid waste vary widely across countries, generally in accord with the nature of the waste stream and key environmental and economic features. The least efficient practices tend to be found in developing countries, creating serious threats to local environmental quality and public health. Although considerable evidence indicates that the generation and management of waste is sensitive to income and price variables, natural incentives to overuse common property and the presence of inter- generational externalities both suggest that private economic behavior will not yield socially optimal outcomes in this area. Community intervention may be needed to promote the social good, with evidence accumulating in support of arrangements involving the participation of private firms. The authors' calculations also suggest that improvements made now in the handling of hazardous waste will be far less expensive in discounted terms than undoing in the future the damage being caused by current practices. Addressing these issues from a rational societal perspective will become increasingly urgent in the future, especially in the developing countries, where the authors project that municipal solid waste will increase at an annual rate of 2.7 percent through the year 2010.

An overview for energy recovery from municipal solid wastes (MSW) in Malaysia scenario

Article

Apr 2013
RENEW SUST ENERG REV

Solid Mine Waste Management – A Case Study

Article

V M Karpe

Mine waste material generated annually in state of Goa is of tune of 80 Million tones from approximately 47 working mines belonging to different mining companies. Mine managements have no option other than to develop strategies for effective management of these huge volumes of waste. Mine waste contains coarse rock fragments to fine clays and hence these mine waste should be seen as a resource and may be useful as aggregate for road construction, building material etc. The paper discusses the suitability of mine waste as an aggregate in making concrete and building material. The sieve analysis results of samples of mine waste collected randomly from various mines in Goa is also presented. The richer mixes such as 1:2:4 and 1:2:5 were tried using mine waste as coarse aggregate, where the strength observed were more than 150 Kg/cm 2 whereas the strengths that of leaner mixes such as 1:3:6 and 1:4:8 were found to be of order of 110 Kg/cm 2 It is therefore concluded that mine aggregate blocks can replace laterite stone and granite blocks, which at present are predominant in construction industry in State of Goa,thereby reducing waste disposal problem of mining industry. Although small fraction will be utilized by above way, it will provide options for opencast iron ore mines in state of Goa for management of overburden in a manner that will leave smallest possible ecological and environmental footprint. INTRODUCTION Industrialization has contributed immensely to the economic development of the world, but in its wake has caused environmental degradation. Since humans have to live within their environment, the process of development should be sustainable so that environmental quality is maintained within the safe limits. It is only through the integration effort of the environmental aspects into planning and management of industrial development that the significant progress towards sustainable society can be made. MINING AND RELEVANCE OF MINING FOR GOAN ECONOMY Mining in India meets the mineral demands of various industries. It employs about six million people and also generates revenues to the tune of 2.3% of India's gross domestic product (IBM, 1995). India is endowed with fairly large reserves of iron ore of moderate to good quality for its domestic requirement as well as for export. Though tiny, the state of Goa has been a key player in India's iron ore mining production. All the Goa's iron ore production is exported. In terms of export Goan ore represents over 60% of India's export. The value of iron ore exported from Goa reveal the importance of industry to the economy of Goa. Goa is well known for its iron and manganese ores production. Besides these, bauxite and silica sand are the other minerals produced in the state. Important iron ore deposits are located in Bicholim, Sanguem, and Sattari talukas .Value of mineral production in the tiny state of Goa is at US $ 80 million during 2001-02, about 98% of which is contributed by iron ore alone. By far, the mining industry in Goa is the largest employing industry. The average daily employment of labour in Goan mines is to the tune of 33,000, for the year 2001-02. The land mass of Goa, is a raising plateau occurring between longitudes 14° 48′ 00″ to 15° 48′ 00″ and latitude 73° 40′ 00″ to 74° 20′ 07″ having an area of approximately 3700 sq. km. with the coast line extending over 100 km.

Economic insight into municipal solid waste management in Mumbai: A critical analysis

Article

Jan 2003

Mumbai generates 6256 tonnes of waste every day, of which 17.20% is recyclable, but only a fraction of this is retrieved by rag-pickers. The economic value of the retrieved material is not considered by the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai in valuing the waste management system as there is no retrieval mechanism except the informal rag-picking activity. Moreover, the cost of land used for the dumping of waste is also not accounted for. In the present paper, a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis for the present system of municipal solid waste management in Mumbai is carried out, with due consideration for implicit or hidden costs and benefits. Accounting for the implicit costs and benefits showed a difference of $6 per every tonne of waste disposal. This could show a considerable difference in policy development at the municipality level. Demand supply analysis proved that the present system of waste management would not yield a feasible market solution without private sector participation. With the increasing demand for improved waste management, private sector participation is essential and a Pigouvian tax is a necessary tool to make the private sector participation in solid waste management a success.

Solid waste management in India: Options and opportunities

Article

Nov 1998
RESOUR CONSERV RECY

In India, the collection, transportation and disposal of MSW are unscientific and chaotic. Uncontrolled dumping of wastes on outskirts of towns and cities has created overflowing landfills, which are not only impossible to reclaim because of the haphazard manner of dumping, but also have serious environmental implications in terms of ground water pollution and contribution to global warming. Burning of waste leads to air pollution in terms of increased TSP and PM10 emissions, which is equivalent to vehicular emissions at times.In the absence of waste segregation practices, recycling has remained to be an informal sector working on outdated technology, but nevertheless thriving owing to waste material availability and market demand of cheaper recycled products. Paper and plastic recycling have been especially growing due to continuously increasing consumption levels of both the commodities.Composting-aerobic and anaerobic, both the options are available to the country for scientific disposal of waste in future. However, country also needs something in terms of policy and guidelines to enable the municipal corporations to run the waste services efficiently.

Agricultural biogas plants—A chance for diversification of agriculture in Poland

Article

Apr 2013
RENEW SUST ENERG REV

The aim of the analysis is to present the implementation and development of agricultural biogas plants as a chance for diversification of agriculture in Poland. The main exogenous and endogenous determinants of the development of agriculture biogas plants in Poland were indicated. It is an attempt to present agricultural biogas plants in terms of their spatial distribution as well as the installed capacity and efficiency of agricultural biogas installations. Moreover, the feedstock structure for agricultural biogas production is also analysed.

Assessment of optimal size of anaerobic co-digestion plants: An application to cattle farms in the province of Bari (Italy)

Article

Nov 2013
RENEW SUST ENERG REV

Integrated solid waste management and energy production - A life cycle assessment approach: The case study of the city of Thessaloniki

Article

May 2012
J CLEAN PROD

The Use of Compost: Its Effects on Heavy Metal Levels in Soil and Plants

Article

Oct 1997
RESOUR CONSERV RECY

Three organic soil conditioners were tested in 14 different Malus domestica orchards: cattle manure, SB compost (from sewage sludge and poplar barks) and MSW compost (from municipal solid waste not source separated). These materials differed notably in their heavy metal content: the SB compost contained greater amounts of Zn, Cu and Pb than did the cattle manure, while the MSW compost had higher concentrations of all the metals studied. For 6 years the Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr content were monitored in the soil—both in ‘total’ and EDTA extractable form—and in leaves and fruits. The resulting data demonstrate that the SB compost did not cause any significant increase in heavy metal levels in soil and plants; this compost can thus be used to fertilise the soil with no danger in the short/medium term either to the environment or to crops. In contrast, the experiment clearly demonstrates that the MSW compost, used over a 6 year period, increased concentrations of Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr in the soil—both in ‘total’ and EDTA extractable form—and in the case of Pb and Cd also in the vegetation and the fruits.

Biogas prediction and design of a food waste to energy system for the urban environment

Article

Jan 2011
RENEW ENERG

Anaerobic digestion applied to the organic waste produced in urban environments could provide a critical solution to growing garbage problems while simultaneously reducing external energy requirements. As landfills across Canada and the rest of the world are filled to their limits, a carbon-neutral process which can locally generate electricity and heat while providing up to 50% volatile solid reduction is something to be seriously considered. This paper investigates the feasibility of urban anaerobic digestion, presents four techniques for biogas estimation – ultimate analysis, yield from molecular formula analysis, a novel computer simulation technique using Anaerobic Digestion Model #1 (ADM1), and a literature review of experimentally determined biogas yields. In addition, a case study for small-scale anaerobic digestion system design is presented for an urban building.

Biomethanization of Municipal Solid Waste in a Pilot Plant

Article

Feb 2000
WATER RES

In this study, the behaviour of a sanitary landfill was reproduced in a pilot plant under controlled conditions. The experiment was carried out in an opaque PVC reactor at 36±1°C with recirculation of the leachates. The municipal solid waste (MSW) employed came from the regional landfill site of Asturias and the study was carried out in three stages. Firstly, 48.5kg of MSW were introduced into the pilot plant (first cell) and several phases of the waste degradation were monitored; the methanogenic phase being reached after 264days. In the second stage, 66kg of new MSW was added on top of the degraded waste of the first stage (second cell). In the third stage, 59kg of new MSW were added on top of the waste digested in the two previous steps (third cell). The waste was digested faster in the second and third steps and the methanogenic phase was reached earlier (second step: 55% CH4 on day 20; third step: 50% CH4 on day 30).

Incineration of municipal solid waste combined with energy production - latest developments

Article

Aug 1994
RENEW ENERG

Vladimir M. Wolpert

Converting organic wastes to oil

Article

Mar 1972

An Integrated Economic and Environmental Assessment of Solid waste System in India, the Case of Hydrabad

Article

Jan 1998

An overview for energy recovery from municipal solid wastes (MSW) in Malaysia scenario

Article

Apr 2013

Zainura Zainon Noor

Producing Bio-oil from Olive Cake by Fast Pyrolysis

Article

Jan 2008
Energ Sourc

Ayhan Demirbaş

This article reports on physico-chemical properties of olive cakes to evaluate them as a raw material in energy production through thermo-chemical pyrolysis conversion process. The present study focuses on the actions related to the possibilities to utilize in particularly olive cake as an agricultural residue. Olive cake is a very promising material for the production of bio-oil. Liquid, solid, and gaseous products were obtained from olive cake by pyrolysis. If the purpose were to maximize the yield of liquid products resulting from biomass pyrolysis, a low temperature, high heating rate, and short gas residence time process would be required. Flash pyrolysis gives high oil yields. The heating was carried out from 298 K to 1,050 K in the absence of oxygen. The yields of liquid products were obtained from the olive cake by pyrolysis for the runs of different heating rates: 10 K/s, 20 K/s, and 40 K/s. The highest bio-oil yields from the olive cakes were 31.0% at 700 K, 36.0% at 700 K, and 41.0% at 700 K obtained from 10 K/s, 20 K/s, and 40 K/s heating rate runs, respectively. The highest bio-oil yields olive stone shells were 27.0% at 700 K, 31.0% at 700 K, and 34.5% at 750 K obtained from 10 K/s, 20 K/s, and 40 K/s heating rate runs, respectively.

Effect of Carbonization Temperature on Combustion Reactivity of Bagasse Char

Article

Dec 2007
Energ Sourc

Sahil Katyal

The combustion reactivity of bagasse chars was investigated under isothermal conditions at 400°C in air. The bagasse char samples were prepared by carbonizing bagasse in a fixed bed reactor at temperatures between 500°C and 800°C. It was observed that raising the carbonization temperature resulted in a significant decrease in reactivity of bagasse char. This was manifested by the decrease in the values of the maximum reaction rate, average rate based on 50% burnout and conversion achieved in 30 minutes with the increase in carbonization temperature. The decrease in reactivity of bagasse char with carbonization temperature was attributed to changes in the reactive components of bagasse.

Dynamic Behavior of Stratified Downdraft Gasifiers

Article

Aug 2000
CHEM ENG SCI

Colomba Di Blasi

A one-dimensional unsteady model is formulated for biomass gasification in a stratified concurrent (downdraft) reactor. Heat and mass transfer across the bed are coupled with moisture evaporation, biomass pyrolysis, char combustion and gasification, gas-phase combustion and thermal cracking of tars. Numerical simulation has allowed to predict the influence of model parameters, kinetic constants and operational variables on process dynamics, structure of the reaction front and quality of the producer gas. In particular, two different stabilization modes of the reaction front have been determined. For high values of the air-to-fuel ratio and of the primary pyrolysis rate, the process is top-stabilized, resulting in a high conversion efficiency and good gas quality. As the air flow is decreased below a critical limit value, the reaction front becomes grate-stabilized. The two different configurations are largely determined by the gas-phase combustion of volatile pyrolysis products. Finally, the predictions of the gas composition and the axial temperature profiles are in agreement with experimental data.

Operation of a municipal solid waste co‐combustion pilot plant

Article

Nov 2007
Asia Pac J Chem Eng

The co-combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a novel and highly integrated design combining cement manufacturing, thermal processing of MSW and energy/electricity production (termed the Co-Co process). This novel design of the Co-Co process was developed in 2003–2004 and a pilot plant with a capacity of 40 tonnes per day was constructed and commissioned in 2005. The pilot plant was operated for a period of 10 weeks during 2005. Various feed protocols, namely, MSW as received and after removal of recyclables, were tested. Stack emissions were monitored either continuously (gas emission) or periodically (dioxins and heavy metal emissions). Solid residues including bottom ash and fly ash were also sampled and analysed for heavy metals and dioxins periodically. It was found that the levels of dioxins in the stack emissions and fly ash were below normal MSW thermal treatment processes, and government environmental and international limits (more than 1000 times less). Other gases, such CO, NOx, SOx and HCl, were also well below government environmental licence limits as defined by a best practical means (BPM). In addition, the materials recovery and recycling facility (MRRF) was tested. It demonstrated that different fractions, including metals, plastics and glass, of the MSW could be separated and recovered. The Co-Co process was successfully demonstrated and its emission levels were well below normal MSW thermal treatment processes. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Designs of anaerobic digesters for producing biogas from municipal solid-waste

Article

Nov 2007
APPL ENERG

The production of biogas is of growing interest as fossil-fuel reserves decline. However, there exists a dearth of literature on the design considerations that would lead to process optimization in the development of anaerobic digesters aimed at creating useful commodities from the ever-abundant municipal solid-waste. Consequently, this paper provides a synthesis of the key issues and analyses concerning the design of a high-performance anaerobic digester.

Biomass-based energy fuel through biochemical routes: A review

Article

Jul 2007
RENEW SUST ENERG REV

Energy demand is increasing continuously due to rapid growth in population and industrialization development. The development of energy sources is not keeping pace with spiraling consumption. Even developed countries are not able to compensate even after increasing the energy production multifold. The major energy demand is provided from the conventional energy sources such as coal, oil, natural gas, etc. Two major problems, which every country is facing with these conventional fuels, are depletion of fossil fuels and deterioration of environment.The present review article aims to highlight various biochemical processes for conversion of biomass into biological hydrogen gas and ethanol. The present discussion focuses on hydrogen production through various routes viz. fermentative, photosynthesis and biological water gas shift reaction. In addition, emphasis has been laid on ethanol as biomass-based energy fuel. The discussion has been focused on the technology for ethanol production from various biomass sources such as molasses, lignocellulosic feedstock and starch. Various biochemical processes and their major steps involved during the ethanol production from biomass have been discussed in detail.

Biomass conversion to energy in India—A critique

Article

Jun 2010
RENEW SUST ENERG REV

This paper critically discusses the scope, potential and implementation of biomass conversion to energy in Indian scenario. The feasibility as well as suitability of the various categories of biomass to energy in India has been discussed. Brief descriptions of potential conversion routes have been included, with their possible and existing scope of implementation in Indian context. As far as possible, the most recent statistical data have been reported from the available sources. The figures reported have been updated as on March 2009, in most of the cases. The discussion reveals that a large potential exists for the biomass feed-stocks from the various kinds of waste biomass. The gasification as well as anaerobic digestion processes seem to be most attractive in Indian scenario.

Prospects of biomethanation technology in the Indian context: A pragmatic approach

Article

Jan 2004
RESOUR CONSERV RECY

Energy has a major economical and political role as an important resource traded worldwide. Energy consumption in the developed countries has been more or less stabilized whereas in developing countries like India it is increasing at a high rate. The Government is looking forward to Biomethanation Technology (BT) as a secondary source of energy by utilizing industrial, agricultural and municipal wastes. A large amount of money is being invested in this direction with various projects under implementation and many to follow them. Hence the long-term sustainability of the technology needs to be judged. In this paper the prevailing situation is analyzed in keeping with the prospects and problems associated with BT in India. The paper discusses the technical feasibility, operational stability and commercial viability of BT in India. Various potential merits of BT like reduction in land requirement for disposal, preservation of environmental quality, etc. are also reviewed. A comparative study of researches related to the performance of various anaerobic digesters in different developed countries has been carried out wherein various fractions of municipal solid waste (MSW) have been utilized. To understand the technical feasibility in the Indian context, a comparison is made between the characteristics of Indian waste and the wastes under study. Further problems of the operational stability and commercial viability of BT in India have also been discussed. Against this background, developmental plans covering issues in the formulation of national policy, improvements in collection and transportation systems, marketing strategy, funds allocation, etc. have been outlined to establish BT in India. With the growing energy crisis supplemented by environmental concerns, BT can serve as a potential waste-to-energy generation alternative.

Biorefineries: Current activities and future developments

Article

Nov 2009
ENERG CONVERS MANAGE

Ayhan Demirbaş

This paper reviews the current refuel valorization facilities as well as the future importance of biorefineries. A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from biomass. Biorefineries combine the necessary technologies of the biorenewable raw materials with those of chemical intermediates and final products. Char production by pyrolysis, bio-oil production by pyrolysis, gaseous fuels from biomass, Fischer–Tropsch liquids from biomass, hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass, supercritical liquefaction, and biochemical processes of biomass are studied and concluded in this review. Upgraded bio-oil from biomass pyrolysis can be used in vehicle engines as fuel.

Anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste: A modern waste disposal option on the verge of breakthrough

Article

Dec 1995
BIOMASS BIOENERG

K Braber

This paper is the synthesis of three years of work in the field of anaerobic digestion (AD), waste management issues in general and many plant visits to operational digestion installations, carried out in the framework of the International Energy Agency's Bioenergy Agreement, Annex XI's Anaerobic Digestion of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) activity.The paper presents an overview of the current status and deployment of AD-technology for MSW, systems available on the market, opportunities and barriers relating to this technology when competing with alternative ways for the management of MSW (landfill, incineration, aerobic composting), including its advantages (renewable energy source a.o.) and limitations.Furthermore, AD is placed in the context of end product and energy markets and in the context of recycling and environmental aspects in general.

Economic and environmental benefits of landfill gas from municipal solid waste in Malaysia,

Article

May 2012
RENEW SUST ENERG REV

Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass for Bio-Oil: A Critical Review

Article

May 2006

Food waste conversion options in Singapore: Environmental impacts based on an LCA perspective

Article

Nov 2009

Proper management and recycling of huge volumes of food waste is one of the challenges faced by Singapore. Semakau island - the only offshore landfill of the nation - only accepts inert, inorganic solid waste and therefore a large bulk of food waste is directed to incinerators. A remaining small percent is sent for recycling via anaerobic digestion (AD), followed by composting of the digestate material. This article investigates the environmental performance of four food waste conversion scenarios - based on a life cycle assessment perspective - taking into account air emissions, useful energy from the incinerators and AD process, as well as carbon dioxide mitigation from the compost products derived from the digestate material and a proposed aerobic composting system. The life cycle impact results were generated for global warming, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical oxidation and energy use. The total normalized results showed that a small-scale proposed aerobic composting system is more environmentally favorable than incinerators, but less ideal compared to the AD process. By making full use of the AD's Recycling Phase II process alone, the Singapore Green Plan's 2012 aim to increase the recycling of food waste to 30% can easily be achieved, along with reduced global warming impacts.

Municipal solid waste management in Kolkata, India-A review

Article

Apr 2009
WASTE MANAGE

Kolkata is one of four metropolitan cities in India. With an area of 187.33sqkm and a population of about 8 million, it generates around 3,000td(-1) of municipal solid waste (MSW) at a rate of 450-500g per capita per day. With rapid urbanization as a result of planned and unplanned growth and industrialization, the problems associated with handling MSW have increased at an alarming rate over the past few years. No source segregation arrangement exists; there is only limited (60%) house-to-house collection; and 50-55% open vats are used in the present collection system. The operational efficiency of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) transport system is about 50%, with a fleet composed of about 30-35% old vehicles. The majority (80%) of these, particularly the hired vehicles, are more than 20 years old. The newly added areas covered by KMC have even lower collection efficiencies, and only an informal recycling system exists. The waste collected has a low energy value (3,350-4,200kJkg(-1)) with high moisture and inert content. A 700td(-1) compost plant set up in 2000 has not been functioning effectively since 2003. Open dumping (without liners and without a leachate management facility) and the threat of groundwater pollution, as well as saturation of an existing landfill site (Dhapa) are the most pressing problems for the city today. KMC spends 70-75% of its total expenditures on collection of solid waste, 25-30% on transportation, and less than 5% on final disposal arrangements. The Kolkata Environmental Improvement Project, funded by the Asian Development Bank, is seen as only a partial solution to the problem. A detailed plan should emphasize segregation at the source, investment in disposal arrangements (including the use of liners and leachate collection), and an optimized transport arrangement, among improvements.

Exploring possibilities of achieving sustainability in solid waste management

Article

Nov 2003
Indian J Environ Health

Waste to energy status in India: A short review

Abstract

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