Der Einfluß von Maßnahmen auf den Stoffhaushalt der Schweiz, insbesondere auf die Entsorgung von Abfällen
... Zur Charakteristik von Überflußgesellschaften gehören steigende Güterflüsse in der Versorgung und steigende Abfallflüsse in der Entsorgung [1] einige Prozent pro Jahr [2]. ...
... In allen Überflußgesellschaften wurde bis heute der größte Teil der festen Abfälle, mit oder ohne Vorbehandlung, deponiert. Zusammenfassend sei hervorgehoben, daß die Leitsätze (3) und (4) als Folge der ethisch hegründeten Leitsätze ( f ) und (2) zu verstehen sind. Mit naturwissenschaftlichen Argumenten allein läßt sich das Endlagerkonzept nicht durchsetzen 1 ...
Landfill strategies of a society are based, consciously or unconsciously, on ethical demands. An ecologically orientated economy is challenged to control its metabolism according to the principle of precaution. With regard to landfilling of solid wastes, the principle of precaution can be interpreted as follows: The material should have properties similar to those of the earth crust, that is natural sediments, rocks, minerals or soils. Each generation should handle its waste in a way that these properties are reached within the producers lifespan. In industrialized and affluent societies the landfills of the youngest past do not meet these criteria. They are biological and chemical reactors which have to be controlled at present and by future generations, most probably at least several hundreds of years to prevent detrimental emissions to the biosphere. The most problematic substances are the organic components which endanger the groundwater quality. With regard to their resource potential these heterogeneous mixtures of a wide variety of substances (for example municipal solid waste, industrial waste) are of minor or no value. It becomes evident that such landfill types are in contradiction to the principle of precaution. An ecologically orientated landflll strategy should be based on models of modern geology. Landfills should be understood as anthropogenic sediments which undergo diagenetic processes. The recorded history of different geogenic sediments in geological times gives informations on their physical and chemical transformations under different boundary conditions. From this one can deduce quality criteria for anthropogenic sediments. A first evaluation of two products of waste treatment plants, namely bottom ashes and filter dust from incineration of municipal solid waste, shows that these criteria are not yet met. It follows that on a short-term range a strong improvement of process engineering and a capacity increase of waste treatment plants (mainly separate collection and thermal treatment) is indispensable. However, projects of new waste treatment plants in densely populated regions are very often rejected by the people of the community which is selected. On a long-term range only an adaptation of the whole economy to the above mentioned criteria is ecologically reasonable. Such an adaptation can not be achieved solely by technical means. It touches severely the existing hierarchy of values of a national economy. Therefore it is necessary to combine the methods of political and social sciences with those of the natural and engineering sciences to transpose landfill strategies into practice.
... Friege in [2]). Dabei lassen sich im wesentlichen drei Sichtweisen unterscheiden: Die zuerst genannten Ansätze finden sich u.a. in zahlreichen Arbeiten der Gruppen um Brunner und Baccini [19,20]. ...
In den letzten Jahren werden in vielen Ländern eher die Abfallkomponenten als vielmehr die Stoffmischungen betrachtet. Das
gesetzliche Rahmenwerk des Stoffstrommanagement kann dazu beitragen, die Probleme auf wissenschaftlicher Grundlage zu lösen.
Der Einfluss der neuen Gesetzgebung in Deutschland und Europa auf das Stoffstrommanagement sowie auf die Entwicklung neuer
Techniken bei Abfallentsorgung und-recycling wird in diesem Beitrag untersucht. Neue Prinzipien für das Abfallmanagement werden
vom Management der Stoffströme abgeleitet.
In many countries, the discussion on waste management is focussed on goods instead on materials and compounds. Using the framework
of management of material streams waste problems can be solved on a scientific basis. The influence of new German and European
legislation on the management of material streams and on the development of new techniques for waste removal and recycling
is analyzed. New principles for waste management are derived from the management of material streams.
The term “waste” has, first of all, a personal aspect, as Thompson[9.1] demonstrated with the example of inherited books, which can either be antiques, obligatory heirlooms, or simply waste. In a broader social context, it should be noted that most people in industrialized countries do not have a conscious awareness of used up products (“throw-away society”). Whereas waste removal was originally a public health measure to remove heating and food residues from increasingly crowded spaces, today it has become an institution for disposing superfluous, used, and used up items. Waste encompasses the entire range of goods made by a productive industrial sector which employ all possible advertising tricks to sell to households and small businesses. On the technical-economic level, developments, at least conceptually, are taking place in the field of “waste management” that will have inevitable repercussions on society due to increasing urgency of the problem “waste emergency”. This has been described drastically by Schenkel[9.2]: “Fortunately, because of our experiences with bubbling and oozing abandoned hazardous waste deposits, we have learned of our inadequacies both in dealing with the changing chemistry and in the recent treatment and disposal of waste. Our high production technology is not balanced by an adequate disposal technology. The supposedly cheap treatment has now led to expensive, long-term damages.”
Summary“Societal metabolism” provides the appropriate conceptual basis for the rapidly growing development and analylical and policy interest in materials flow analysis (MFA). Following the review of the earlier intellectual background of societal metabolism in the first installment of this two-part article, this paper focuses on the current state of the art by examining more recent research referring t o societal metabolism in terms of material and substance flows. An operational classification of the literature according to frame of reference (socioeconomic system, ecosystem), system level (global, national, regional, functional, temporal), and types of flows under consideration (materials, energy, substances) highlights some of its characteristic features. There follows an integrated discussion of some of the major conceptual and methodological properties of MFA, with a particular focus on the field of bulk materials flows on a national level, comparing the major empirical results. Finally, the theoretical stringency research productivity, and political relevance of the MFA-related studies are assessed.
Siedlungswasserbau als traditionelles Fachgebiet des Bauingenieurwesens umfasst heute neben den Aufgaben bei der Reinigung
von Wasser und Abwasser auch die Aufbereitung von Trinkwasser (Kap.7), von kontaminiertem Grundwasser (Kap.ß8) und die Behandlung
von Sickerwässern aus Deponien (Kap.9). Dabei rücken einerseits die Verfahrens-, Energie- und Informationstechnologien und
zum anderen die sozioökonomischen Aspekte stärker in den Vordergrund. Im Abschn.6.1 werden übergreifende Aufgaben der Gewässergütewirtschaft
unter der Europäischen Wasserrahmenrichtlinie behandelt. Abschnitt6.2 beschreibt die Abwässer und ihre Bestandteile, die
Sammlung und Behandlung der Abwässer in kommunalen Kläranlagen sowie die wichtigsten Rechtsvorschriften. Die Abschn.6.3 und
6.4 befassen sich mit grundlegenden biologischen bzw. chemisch-physikalischen Prozessen bei der weitergehenden Reinigung von
häuslichen und gewerblichen Abwässern. Im Abschn.6.5 werden die Techniken der Schlammbehandlung und die Verwertung von Klärschlamm
als Dünger oder Brennstoff beschrieben. Abschn.6.6 „Integrierte Wasserwirtschaft“ zeigt neue Entwicklungen bei der dezentralen
Abwasserentsorgung, Wiederverwendung von Nährstoffen und Energieinhalten sowie in Abschn.6.6.4 die Effekte des demographischen
Wandels.
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