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Apple ermine moth,Yponomeuta malinellus Zeller Two components of female sex pheromone gland highly effective in field trapping tests
Abstract
When electroantennographic responses of maleYponomeuta malinellus Zeller to model compounds were determined at dosages of 0.3-30 ng, the strongest responses were obtained from (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate (Z9-12∶Ac). Also, strong responses were obtained from (Z)-11-tetradecenal (Z11-14∶A1) and (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (Zl1-14∶OH). At a dosage of 0.3 ng,Z11-14∶A1 produced a stronger response thanZ11-14∶OH, while at a dosage of 30 ng,Z11-14∶OH andZ11-14∶A1 produced equal responses. Gas chromatographic and mass spectral analysis of extracts of female sex pheromone glands showed the presence ofZ9-12∶Ac, tetradecan-1-ol (14∶OH), (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (E11-14∶OH),Z11-14∶OH, hexadecan-1-ol, and hexadecan-1-ol acetate in a ratio of 0.6∶200∶37∶100∶140∶35. In field tests,Z9-12∶Ac andZ11-14∶OH together were required for trap catch, and addition ofZ11-14∶A1,E11-14∶OH, 14∶OH, or (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate did not increase catch. Ratios in rubber septa of 0.5∶99.5 to 1.5∶98.5 (Z9-12∶ Ac/Z11-14∶OH) captured the most males and captures were statistically equivalent for dosages of 10-1000 μg/rubber septum. Traps baited with the synthetic lure produced better catches than those baited with females.
... The apple ermine moth, Yponomeuta malinellus Zeller, 1838 (Lepidoptera Yponomeutidae), is a member of a European group of small ermine moths (Yponomeuta), consisting of nine species (McDonough et al. 1990). Adult Yponomeuta species are difficult to separate from one another, even by genitalia examination. ...
... Larval foodplant and some larval and pupal features are most reliable in their separation (Kimber 2021). Y. malinellus occurs in the Palaearctic region (in both Asia and Europe) (Kuhlmann et al. 1988;McDonough et al. 1990). However, there is a record that this species is also found in North America (Nearctic region) (Unruh et al. 1993). ...
The apple ermine moth, Yponomeuta malinellus Zeller, 1838 (Lepidoptera Yponomeutidae), is a common pest of apple trees in Asia and Europe, and it has spread to North America. In apple growing regions of Turkey, the population of this pest may increase from time to time, requiring a separate control measure. In such cases, Turkish apple growers generally rely on synthetic insecticides to control this pest. The present study aimed to evaluate indigenous isolates of some entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) against the pest as potential biological control agents. In the pathogenicity tests, 14 EPF isolates that belong to 4 fungal species [Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. – 7, Clonostachys rosea (Link) Schroers – 3, Isaria farinosa (Holmsk.) Fr. – 2 and Purpureocillium lilacinum (formerly known as Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson) (Thom) Luangsa-ard, Houbraken, Hywel-Jones & Samson – 2] were assayed against the 4th instar larvae of Y. malinellus under laboratory conditions. All the EPF isolates were tested against the pest with three different conidial suspensions (1 × 107, 1 × 108 and 1 × 109 conidia ml-1), using the spray method. The results of pathogenicity assays demonstrated that the effectiveness of the isolates increased with increasing concentration and elapsed time up to 9 days after treatment. Of the 14 isolates tested, 3 B. bassiana isolates (BbDm-1, BbDs-2 and BbKm-3) were the most pathogenic, causing mortalities between 96.7% and 100% at the highest concentration 9 days post treatment. All the results suggest that the most pathogenic above-mentioned 3 isolates of B. bassiana have a significant biocontrol potential against Y. malinellus.
... Among all nine species only female Y. malinellus use Z9-12Ac as a sex pheromone compound together with Z11-14OH (McDonough et al. 1990). However, female pheromone glands in that species also contain E11-14OH, 14OH, 16OH, and 16Ac but neither saturated nor unsaturated C 14 acetates (McDonough et al. 1990). ...
... Among all nine species only female Y. malinellus use Z9-12Ac as a sex pheromone compound together with Z11-14OH (McDonough et al. 1990). However, female pheromone glands in that species also contain E11-14OH, 14OH, 16OH, and 16Ac but neither saturated nor unsaturated C 14 acetates (McDonough et al. 1990). The presence of these compounds in female glands supports the hypothesis that pgFAR has broad range activity similar to that of Y. padella, Y. evonymella, and Y. rorrella and a selective acetyl transferase that does not acetylate the C 14 alcohols. ...
... Consequently, the evolution of reproductive isolation is generally regarded as a key step in speciation. The generally accepted mode of speciation in sexually reproducing animals requires that populations initially are geographically isolated from each other for many generations (Mayr 1963). During this period of time different selection pressures together with random changes will result in signifi© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart-New York cant genetic differences between the populations with reproductive isolation as a possible by-product. ...
... If hybrids were less fit, then the asymmetric premating reproductive isolation evolved into complete reproductive isolation as was suggested earlier for Y. rorellus (L6fstedt et al. 1986a). Mayr (1963) suggested that population bottlenecks associated with a genetic revolution might be important in speciation. Y. rorellus is almost monomorphic at some 75 enzyme loci (Menken 1987). ...
Sex pheromone communication in the nine European species of small ermine moths (Yponomeuta) is reviewed in regard to the potential role of pheromones in the speciation process. Six of the nine species studied (viz.,Y. evonymellus, Y. cagnagellus, Y. padellus, Y. irrorellus, Y. plumbellus, andY. vigintipunctatus) use a mixture of (E)-11-and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate in different ratios as primary pheromone components, with combinations of tetradecyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate and the corresponding alcohols of the acetates as additional pheromone components. Analysis of (Z)- to (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ratios produced by individual females of these species demonstrated significant variation among females of all species. However, the ranges of ratios produced byY. cagnagellus, Y. irrorellus, andY. plumbellus, sharing the same host-plant species, spindle tree, did not overlap. Niche separation of all six species mentioned required consideration of at least one additional pheromone component or of temporal aspects. The remaining three species,i.e. Y. malinellus, Y. mahalebellus andY. rorellus, have pheromones that differ qualitatively.
Biosynthetic routes to the pheromone components identified are proposed on the basis of fatty acid pheromone precursors found in the pheromone glands. A phylogenetic tree for the genus is constructed based on allozyme frequency data and changes in pheromone composition are superimposed on this tree. We suggest that the ancestral ermine moth pheromone is a mixture of (Z)-11- and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and the corresponding alcohols, and a scenario of how present-day patterns evolved is outlined. The pheromone differences among the three species using spindle tree as their host-plant might have evolved throughreproductive character displacement upon secondary contact between populations that had already diverged genetically in allopatry. Pheromone differences within the so-calledpadellus-complex (includingY. cagnagellus, Y. mahalebellus, Y. malinellus, Y. padellus, andY. rorellus) in which species might have originated sympatrically, may have evolved byreinforcing selection as these species still hybridise and produce viable offspring when confined in cages. The role of pheromones in reproductive isolation amongYponomeuta species is emphasised by (1) the function of pheromone components of some of the species as behavioural antagonists to other species, (2) the cross-attraction under experimental conditions between allochronic species with similar pheromones, and (3) the formation of hybrids in the laboratory between species that are isolated in nature by pheromone differences.
... Hence, we used pheromone trap data to provide a crude measure of regional population trends of AEM across years. A synthetic lure based on the AEM male sex pheromone (McDonough et al., 1990; see also Lofstedt et al., 1986) was used to monitor populations at 8-11 study sites in 1988-1996. Pherocon 1-C traps were baited with grey rubber septa impregnated with a two component lure (200 lg of Z11-14:OH and Z9-12:Ac in a ratio of 200:3; McDonough et al., 1990) and three traps were placed at each site beginning when cocooning was observed. ...
... A synthetic lure based on the AEM male sex pheromone (McDonough et al., 1990; see also Lofstedt et al., 1986) was used to monitor populations at 8-11 study sites in 1988-1996. Pherocon 1-C traps were baited with grey rubber septa impregnated with a two component lure (200 lg of Z11-14:OH and Z9-12:Ac in a ratio of 200:3; McDonough et al., 1990) and three traps were placed at each site beginning when cocooning was observed. Traps were serviced every 14 days and septa were replaced every 28 days. ...
Four parasitoids were imported from five countries in Eurasia and released in northwestern Washington, US, to control the apple ermine moth (AEM), Yponomeuta malinellus Zeller, which colonized the Northwest around 1981. From 1988 to 1991, 95,474 individuals of Ageniaspis fuscicollis (Dalman) from France, China, Korea, and Russia were released in Washington. Parasitism of AEM increased 4- to 5-fold over that produced by preexisting natural enemies between 1989 and 1994 at 22 monitored sites. Subsequently, the wasp dispersed up to 20 km from release sites. A. fuscicollis also parasitized the cherry ermine moth, Yponomeuta padellus (L.), which was discovered in the Pacific Northwest in 1993. A total of 1813 individuals of Herpestomus brunnicornis (Gravenhorst) from France, Korea, and Japan were released in 1989–1991, and 26 wasps were recovered in 1994–1995. From 1989 to 1991, 2647 Diadegma armillata (Gravenhorst) individuals from France were released. D. armillata was recovered at one site in 1991 two months following release, but no other recoveries have been made. A total of 8274 Eurystheae scutellaris (Robineau-Desvoidy) individuals were released in 1989 to 1991. However, this tachinid has not been recovered. A consistent decline of AEM populations occurred in 1989–1995, including at sites where A. fuscicollis was not recovered, suggesting other factors also contributed to this pest’s decline. Now well established in western Washington, A. fuscicollis may help suppress future outbreaks of Y. malinellus and its congener, Y. padellus.
Focuses on the nine species (of the c30 in the genus) found in W Europe, six of these being monophagous on shrubs/trees of the Celastraceae, Rosaceae and Salicaceae. Yponomeuta vigintipunctatus is restricted to Sedum telephium, Y. malinellus to species of Malus and Pyrus, and Y. padellus to various Rosaceae. Comments are made on: 1) Life cycle. All species except Y. vigintipunctatus are univoltine. Adults fly in late spring. Females oviposit in one or a few egg clusters on branches of the food plant. Larvae remain aggregated under a protected shield (hibernaculum) until the following spring. Yponomeuta are attacked by c20 hymenopterous and dipterous endoparasitoids, but birds may be the major natural enemy. 2) Systematics and phylogeny. 3) Mating systems (including courtship behaviour), communication and reproductive isolation. The significance of sex pheromones is indicated; chemical communication is involved in resource partitioning. 4) Insect-host plant interactions, with particular reference to oviposition, food acceptance and larval performance. 5) Population structure, including observations on host-race formation and speciation. -P.J.Jarvis
(Z)-3-Dodecen-1-ol (4), a candidate trail-following semiochemical for several termite species, was synthetized by (Z)-stereoselective reduction of 3-dodecyn-1-ol (8). (3Z,6Z)-3,6-Dodecadien-1-ol (6), which is a structural analogue of 4, was prepared by a reaction sequence in which the key step was the cross-coupling between 5-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-pentyn-1-yl p-toluene-sulfonate (11) and 1-heptyne (12), in the presence of Cul, NaI and K2CO3. Finally, (3Z,6Z,8E)-3,6,8-dodecatrien-1-ol (3), which is a non-species-specific trail-following pheromone of termites, was prepared by a convergent synthesis in which compound 11 and (E)-3-hepten-1-yne (18) were used as key intermediates.
Sex pheromone biosynthesis in the codling mothCydia pomonella (Lepidoptera; Tortricidae) was studied by topical application of deuterated fatty acids in DMSO to pheromone glands. The incorporation of deuterium label into fatty acids and alcohols in the pheromone gland was monitored by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode. Dodecanol, (E)-9-dodecenol, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienol, tetradecanol, and hexadecanol were found in gland extracts. The application of [12,12,12-2H3]dodecanoic acid resulted in labeled dodecanol, (E)-9-dodecenol, and (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienol, as well as the corresponding labeled acids. No label was incorporated into tetradecanol or hexadecanol or any acid with more than 12 carbon atoms. The application of labeled tetradecanoic or hexadecanoic acid introduced label not only into the 12-carbon alcohols, but also into tetradecanol, or tetradecanol and hexadecanol, respectively. The application of (E)-[11, 11,12,12,12,-2H5]9-dodecen-oic acid, whose facile synthesis is described, resulted in labeled (E)-9-do-decenol and (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienol. The (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienol so produced was characterized by an ion atm/z 186, equivalent to [M]+ of a dienol labeled with four deuterons. Thus, one deuterium label is lost when the labeled (E)-9-monoene is converted to the (E,E)-8,10-diene. We conclude that (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienol is synthesized by chain shortening (ß-oxidation) of palmitic acid to dodecanoic acid, followed by an unusualE9 desaturation and subsequent conversion of this intermediate into the conjugated precursor, which is finally reduced to the pheromone alcohol. The evolutionary significance ofE9 desaturation being responsible for pheromone production in an Olethreutinae species is discussed.
The half-lives (t
1/2) of alcohol sex pheromones, 1-alkanols, acetate sex pheromones, and an epoxide (disparlure) were determined on natural rubber septa. Thet
1/2 values for the homologous alcohols from decanol to heptadecanol increased regularly from 2.2 to 1117 days, but thet
1/2 of octadecanol was 609 days. Thet
1/2 values of (Z)7-, (E)7-, and (Z)9-tetradecen-1-ol acetates were 154, 168, and 199 days, respectively, whereas those of five other tested 14-carbon acetates ranged from 310 to 350 days. The dependence oft
1/2 values on chain length and double-bond position is consistent with the hypothesis that molecular size is an important variable affectingt
1/2 values. Also, in accordance with the hypothesis, when aZ-alkenyl compound has a much shortert
1/2 than the corresponding saturated compound, thet
1/2 values of theZ compound and itsE isomer may be quite different. Thus, (E)-9-tetradecen-l-ol acetate had at
1/2 of 331 days. Thet
1/2 of disparlure was 180 days. The effect of thecis-7,8 epoxide group is apparently similar to that of the olefin group in lowering thet
1/2 below the value that would be expected solely on the basis of chain length.
Reproductive isolation among four sympatric small ermine moths (Yponomeuta) is analyzed in terms of niches in the sexual communication channel. Potential pheromone components were identified from pheromone gland secretions ofY. evonymellus,Y. cagnagellus,Y. padelius, andY. vigintipunctatus by gas chromatography with flame ionization and electroantennographic detection and tested for behavioral activity in the field. The species were found to share (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14: OAc) in combination with varying proportions of theE isomer as primary sex pheromone components.Y. cagnagellus differs from the rest of the species by having only a small amount (1.5%) ofE isomer relative toZ isomer in its pheromone. The closely relatedY. padelius has a three-component pheromone including large amounts (ca. 400%) of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:OAc) in addition toZ11-14: OAc (100%) andE11-14: OAc (34%).Z11-16: OAc appears to reduce trap catches ofY. evonymellus andY. vigintipunctatus when added to the pheromone. Although these species are the two most distantly related European small ermine moths, they seem to share the same sex pheromone, i.e.,Z11-14∶OAc (+20%E) and (Z)-11-tetradecenol. Our interpretation is that this might have been the sex pheromone of the ancestor of today'sYponomeuta species.
The half-lives (t
1/2) for evaporative loss ofn-alkyl andn-alkenyl acetates from rubber septa were determined at temperatures varying from 15 to 35 °C. The changes int
1/2 with temperature gave high correlations with the equation, Int
1/2 = ΔH/RT+y
o where ΔΔH is the heat of vaporization,R is the gas constant,T is the absolute temperature, andy
o is a constant. Half-lives changed dramatically with temperature and the degree of change with temperature increased with increasing molecular weight. For mixtures, component ratios changed with temperature, but the degree was modest. At 20 °C there was a 7.5-fold ratio oft
1/2 between members of the homologousn-alkyl orn-alkenyl acetates differing by two carbon atoms. The large change int
1/2 with temperature and with number of carbon atoms is a consequence of the thermodynamic relationships and the temperature range of pheromone usage. Therefore, a similar degree of change inf
1/2 with temperature and number of carbon atoms will apply to other formulations of the same type (those in which the rate of evaporation is first order). The values oft
1/2 at 20 °C mainly agreed very well with those reported previously at room temperature. However, our previously reported values for pentadecyl and hexadecyl acetate were revised. Half-lives were shown to depend on the vapor pressure of a compound in the formulation substrate, but not on the vapor pressure of the pure compound.
The nine sympatric forms of small ermine moths of the genus Yponomeuta (Lepidoptere; Yponomeutidae) in the west palaearctic region show various degrees of differentiation1,2, including among other characteristics, differences in their sexual pheromones3. As is the case for many other moths4, the ermine moths so far analysed use delta 11-unsaturated acetates ((Z)-11-tetradecenyl, (E)-11-tetradecenyl and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate) as primary pheromone components. Here for the first time in Lepidoptera we report that a saturated acetate, tetradecyl acetate, is the primary pheromone component5 of Y. rorellus (Hübner). Y. rorellus is almost monomorphic with respect to isoenzyme variation6 and has fewer chromosomes than its relatives7,8. We suggest that it has evolved through loss of unsaturated pheromone components in a ‘genetic revolution’ at a population bottleneck, and by the founders of the new species filling an empty communication niche, separated from that of the ancestral species.
Male behaviour in pheromone attraction was observed in a wind tunnel for eight species of the genus Yponomeuta Latreille. Interspecific responses and the effect of some combinations of female pheromones were also investigated. The results show that the species Yponomeuta cagnagellus (Hübner), Y. malinellus Zeller, Y. rorellus (Hübner) and Y. plumbellus (Den. & Schiff.) are isolated by the specificity of their female pheromones. The other four species, Y. evonymellus (L.), Y. padellus (L.), Y. irrorellus (Hübner) and Y. vigintipunctatus (Retz.), exhibited interspecific pheromone attraction.
The sex pheromones produced by virgin females of three species of small ermine moths occurring sympatrically on the European spindle tree were analysed by gas chromatography and the synthetic compounds tested against male moths in the laboratory and field. Pheromone gland extracts of Yponomeuta cagnagellus were shown to contain tetradecyl acetate, ( E )‐11‐ and ( Z )‐11‐tetradecenyl acetate, tetradecanol, ( E )‐11‐ and ( Z ‐11‐tetradecenol and hexadecyl acetate in 30/3/100/6/0/7/42 ratio. Wind tunnel bioassays and field tests showed that ( E )‐11‐ and ( Z )‐11‐tetradecenyl acetate primary pheromone components, and that tetradecyl acetate synergised their attractiveness. The alcohols were unimportant in these tests. Analysis of the pheromone gland extracts from Y. irrorellus showed the above components in 68/56/100/9/6/8/17 ratio, and a mixture of these attracted male moths in laboratory and field. Omission of either unsaturated acetate gave unattractive mixtures, and the alcohols were also found to be important for attraction. Pheromone gland extracts from Y. plumbellus were shown to contain the seven components in 46/148/100/20/20/13/25 ratio. Field tests showed that the two monounsaturated acetates are primary pheromone components, and removal of the alcohols had no significant effect. The titre of ( Z )‐11‐tetradecenyl acetate in Y. plumbellus pheromone gland extracts was approximately 0.5 ng per female, one tenth the titre in the other two species. It is concluded that mixtures of three or more pheromone components with specific E/Z ratio are essential for full attraction and contribute towards premating reproductive isolation of the three species. Other factors such as rate of pheromone emission, time of flight and height of flight may also contribute to reproductive isolation.
RÉSUMÉ
Phéromones sexuelles de 3 Yponomeutes trouvés sur fusain (Evonymus europeus)
L'analyse a porté sur les phéromones sexuelles de 3 Yponomeutidae, trouvés en sympatrie sur le fusain. Des expériences sur le comportement de Y. cagnagellus ont montré que la fraction acétate de tétradécyl de la phéromone synergise les fractions connues antérieurement: (E)‐11‐ et ( Z )‐11‐acétates de tétradécényl, lorsque les proportions sont 37/2/100. L'analyse en chromatographie gazeuse d'extraits de glandes à phéromone de Y. irrorellus a mis en évidence, dans les proportions approximatives suivantes 68/56/100/9/6/8/7, de l'acétate de tétradécyl, des (E)‐11 et (Z)‐11 acétates de tétradécényl, du tétradé‐canol, des (E)‐11 et (Z)‐11‐tétradécénols, et de l'acétate d'hexadécyl. Un mélange de ces composés a provoqué un vol intégral contre le vent des mǎles dans un tunnel à vent et a attiré les mǎles dans la nature.
L'analyse des extrait de glandes à phéromone de Y. plumbellus a donné de l'acétate de tétradécyl, du (E)‐11‐acétate de tétradécényl et du (Z)‐11‐acétate de tétradécényl, dans les proportions: 50/150/100. Une étude par élimination dans la nature a montré que les acétates non saturés étaient les composés fondamentaux de la phéromone. La teneur en (Z)‐11‐ acétate de tétradécényl de la glande à phéromone de Y. plumbellus était d'environ 0.5 ng par femelle, soit approximativement le dixième de celle observée chez les deux autres espèces.
Une très faible attraction croisée a été trouvée avec des phéromones totalement synthétisées. Lorsque l'acétate de (E)‐11‐ tétradécényl a été enlevé des phéromones de Y. irrorellus et Y. plumbellus , le reliquat a attiré des nombres significatifs de Y. cagnagellus . Nous en concluons que des mélanges de trois composés ou plus, avec des proportions spécifiques des isomères (E) et (Z), sont indispensables pour une activité complète et pour maintenir un isolement reproductif précopulatoire entre les espéces.
The half-lives (tin1/2) of acetate sex pheromones andn-alkyl acetates were determined on either or both West Co. and Arthur H. Thomas Co. natural rubber septa. These septa gave equal half-lives. Thet
1/2 values covered a large range: e.g.,t
1/2 for decyl acetate was 5 days and that for pentadecyl acetate was 1353 days. The expected linear relationship between Int
1/2 versus the number of carbon atoms was found for the six acetates fromn-decyl to pentadecyl, but thet
1/2 of hexadecyl acetate was only 478 days. This nonlinearity in the plot is attributed to the presence of polymer cross-links which create molecular size cages and produce an effect similar to that produced in gel permeation chromatography wherein large molecules elute faster than smaller ones. Thet
1/2 of 4 monounsaturated acetates were close to thet
1/2 for the corresponding saturated acetates, but this relationship may not be general. The half-life of one nonconjugated diunsaturated acetate was much less than that for the corresponding monounsaturated acetate, whereas the half-life of another nonconjugated diunsaturated acetate was similar to the half-life of the corresponding monounsaturated acetate. Thet
1/2 values determined for the pheromones may be used to estimate evaporation rates, the length of time the evaporation rates will be within a given range, and, with multicomponent pheromones, the ratio of components in the vapor.
(Z)-11-Hexadecen-1-ol acetate (Z11–16Ac) free of theE isomer ( Ac), and a hexadecen-1-ol [the (Z)-11 isomer based on the retention time on a Carbowax capillary column] were identified in extracts of the sex pheromone glands of adult virgin female armyworms,Pseudaletia unipuncta. Also, gas Chromatographic retention times on polar and nonpolar columns indicated the possible presence of (Z)-9-hexadecen-1-ol acetate (Z9–16Ac). The ratioZ11–16Ac/16Ac/Z11–16OH/Z9–16Ac was 10.150.130.02. Infield testsZ11–16 Ac was attractive alone, and the addition ofZ9–16Ac,Zll–16 OH, or 16 Ac singly or in combination in ratios found in the gland did not increase trap capture.
Many sex pheromones of Lepidoptera have been isolated and chemically identified. Almost all consist of one or more unsaturated straight-chain alcohols, aldehydres or acetates. More than 270 potential insect sex pheromones have already been synthesized in this institute and form a pheromone bank. Several methods of synthesis, purification and analysis of these compounds will be discussed. Many have been tested, either singly or as mixtures, for their attraction to male Lepidoptera in various biotopes. These experiments have yielded sex attractants for many species, including several of economic significance. Two tortricid species, new to the Dutch fauna, have been discovered using sex attractants.
Morphological classification of the nine European representatives of small ermine moths yields four distinct species and a complex of five closely related forms. In four forms of the complex and one distinct species receptor and action potentials were recorded from the outer dendritic segments of the olfactory cells in individual antennal sensilla trichodea during stimulation with sex-attractants. Two types of cells were activated. The response spectra of these cells in males for the sex-attractants differed characteristically among the various Yponomeuta tested. This indicates that the composition of the respective female sex pheromones may differ. The activity of two cell types suggests that multi-component sex pheromone systems are utilized.
Zusammenfassung Die Anlockung von Männchen des Apfelwicklers (Laspeyresia pomonella L.) mittrans-8,trans-10-Dodecadien-1-ol (Codlemone) oder mit lebenden Weibchen wird durch verschiedene Analoge des Sexuallockstoffs gehemmt. Starke Inhibitorwirkung zeigtecis-8-Dodecenylacetat. Der graue Knospenwickler,Hedya nubiferana Haw., der ebenfalls durch Codlemone angelockt wird, reagiert spezifisch auf weitere Inhibitoren.
Status tassonomico, ibridazione naturale e identificazione elettroforetica diYponomeuta padellus eYponomeuta malinellus (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)
- P Arduino
- R Cianchi
- L Andbullini
- P. Arduino
Sex pheromones, attractants, and inhibitors in small ermine moths: A comparison of bioassays
- A Hendrikse
- W M Herrebout
- C J Persoons
- A. Hendrikse
The speciation process in small ermine moths
- J T Wiebes
- J.T. Wiebes
Insect sex pheromones: Evaporation rates of acetates from natural rubber septa
- L I Butler
- L M Andmcdonough
- L.I. Butler
Insect sex pheromones: Evaporation rates of alcohols and acetates from natural rubber septa
- L I Butler
- L M Andmcdonough
- L.I. Butler
Sex pheromones of three small ermine moths found on the European spindle tree
- C Löfstedt
- W M Andherrebout
- C. Löfstedt
Reproductive isolation and genetic divergence between the small ermine mothsYponomeuta padellus andY. malinellus (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)
- P Arduino
- L Andbullini
- P. Arduino
Insect sex pheromones: effect of temperature on evaporation rates of acetates from rubber septa
- L M Mcdonough
- D E Brown
- W C Andaller
- L.M. McDonough