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Zonele umede din Romania - tipuri, importanta
Abstract
Wetlands are transitional lands between terrestrial and aquatic systems. Even today there is still no single and generally accepted definition for wetlands (there are about 50 different definitions in use). The main reasons are the diversity of wetlands and the lack of the precise demarcation between dry and wet environments. Studies have shown that in Romania there are approximately 400 various types of marshes, bogs, more than 3450 lakes and over 12000 km of watercourses.
... The reconstruction of wetlands Pringale et al. (1991); Wetland loss impact Muica andZavoianu (1996), Vădineanu et. al (2003); The analysis of extention and the types of wetlands, Torok (1999Torok ( , 2000; Regional or local studies regarding the distribution of wetlands or their functionality Romanescu et al (2011), Vartolomei (2011) and INCDPM (2014. ...
... The HRL product Wetlands, have a spatial resolution of 20 m and includes all wetlands with water depth lower than 0.5 m (Langanke et al., 2015). By area, the largest wetlands are located alongside the Danube flood plain or in the Danube Delta (INHGA, 2013;Torok, 2000), meanwhile as incidence the wetlands are evenly distributed alongside the rivers in Romania or in the vicinity of the big lakes, in all geographical regions ( Figure 1). ...
Romanian wetlands are areas of high importance in terms of providing ecosystem services and a great biodiversity. In this study, the territorial distribution of the wetlands is analyzed based on the high resolution layers (HRL) from the European wetlands database (Copernicus Land Programme), which includes a raster having a resolution of 20m. The analysis performed takes into consideration the climatic features, topography, soil texture, land use type and the biogeographical characteristics of each wetland area in Romania. The results of the analysis show that 96% of the wetlands are located in the plain area, at under 300m elevation a.s.l., in a dry climate (75%), with less than 500 mm/year of precipitation and with an annual average temperature above 10°C (90%). Regarding the soil texture there is a higher variety of distribution, more than 34% being peat soil type and 38% of the wetlands are located in areas with other dominant land use than marsh or wetland. By combining the climatic parameters, temperature and precipitation, the " de Martonne " climatic index for each region of Romania was obtained and used in wetlands type classification, by biogeographical properties. To analyze the geographical signature of each Romanian wetland, the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) method was used in order to highlight geographical features. The most dominant characteristics of the wetlands are the topography and biogeographical properties, through which has been mapped the wetland ecosystem type at a national scale.
http://www.limnology.ro/wrw2016/proceedings/30_Ciobotaru_Nicu.pdf
... O incercare de clasificare a zonelor umede pentru România, utilizînd cele trei unităţi de bază, sistemul, subsistemul şi clasa (Török, 2000) ar include: 1. sistemul zonelor umede marine influenţate de maree; 2. sistemul zonelor umede de coastă (estuare şi delte); 3. -5. zone umede continentale (interioare), care pot fi încadrate la sistemele riverane, lacustre şi palustre. ...
Această carte este o prezentare teoretică a celor mai importante aspecte ce definesc mediul acvatic: principalele trăsături fizico-chimice, caracterizarea comunităţilor biotice care trăiesc aici, detalierea categoriilor principale de ecosisteme acvatice, atît continentale cît şi marine/oceanice; iar în final o trecere în revistă a influenţei umane asupra acestui mediu particular.
Astfel, lucrarea de faţă reprezintă un curs de hidrobiologie, abordarea didactică fiind evidentă în toate capitolele: clasificările, definiţiile sau ilustraţiile urmăresc tendinţele moderne din literatura de specialitate, însă nu au fost ignorate nici lucrările similare elaborate de specialişti români. Scopul declarat al prezentului curs de hidrobiologie este să prezinte bazele acestei ştiinţe complexe împreună cu teoriile sau conceptele moderne dezvoltate în domeniu.
In the so-called Pontic sector (Drobeta-Turnu Severin – Brăila) the stream gradient falls from 0.045 to 0.06‰, forming some islets (Rom. "ostrov") (Ostrovul Mare, Păpădia, Calnovăţ, Băloiu and Ostrovul Păsărilor) and a 4 – 13 km wide floodplain on the left handside, which before dyking and draining had encompassed numerous lakes. In this sector, the lefthandside tributaries of the Danube in Romania – the Jiu, Olt and the Argeş, are bigger than in Serbia and Bulgaria, but they are more numerous (Timok, Ogosta, Iskar, Vit, Osam, Iantra and Lom). A second hydro power station was built at Ostrovul Mare in cooperation with Serbia. A famous rail bridge between Feteşti and Cernavodă was built by Anghel Saligny in the years 1890 – 1895. It was the longest bridge across the Danube, and the eighth in the world at that time. A second road-and-rail bridge, parallel to it, was commissioned in 1987. A road-and-rail bridge (commissioned in 1954) spans the river between Giurgiu (Romania) and Ruse (Bulgaria). In this sector was built in 2015, a new bridge for vehicle traffic between Calafat (Romania) and Vidin (Bulgaria). The floodplain of the Lower Danube (Pontic Sector) between Gruia and Tulcea, comprised numerous lakes, marshlands with reed and rush as well as softwood floodplain forests usually occurring as galleries on natural levees and frequent flooding, the local population was suggestively named „balta'. The „baltă', serves as a habitat for numerous plant and animal species the development of which is closely related to the water. The closely interrelation between Danube and floodplain (Balta), as well as the natural processes occurring within floodplain accomplish significant hydrological, biogeochemical and ecological functions and comprise a number of natural resources and values that are of great use to the local population. The relationship between Danube and Balta has been largely interrupted beginning with 1960 year, when a large areas were cut by dams, drained and transformed into agricultural polders. The consequence of these measures was a not the loss of broad floodplain areas (4400 km²), it also implied the manifold natural services/functions of this area, as spawning for fish, filter for pollutants et al.
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