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The evaluation of the quality of the milk thistle (Silybum marianum Gaernt.) fruits depending on their shapeliness
Abstract and Figures
The fruits of the milk thistle, classified in three groups: <1.7 mm, 1.8-2.5 mm and >2.6 mm depending on their shapeliness (measured by the seed thickness) were examined. A significant dependence between the shapeliness of the fruits and the mass of a thousand fruits and ability of sprouting was indicated. The biggest fruits had the highest mass and best vigour. The content of flavonoiignans in fruits of the milk thistle ranged from 1.54% to 3.54%. Significant differences in these compounds content were indicated in fruits of the examined fractions.
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... Therefore, it is difficult, based on the present results and those reported by other authors to determine finally whether there is dependence between the size of achenes and the content of silymarin. Najda and Dyduch [16] point that plump fruit accumulates more silymarin. The analyses of the material involved in the present research showed, however, an opposite correlation. ...
Over 2004-2006 at the Agricultural Experiment Station at Mochełek (University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz), there was evaluated the effect of harvest methods and dates on the yield and quality of fruit (achene) of milk thistle cultivated on light soil. A two-stage harvest was applied when 30% of inflorescences had pappus and one-stage harvest when 30 or 50% of inflorescences developed the pappus. The highest fruit yield (1.43 t.ha-1) was recorded from the one-stage harvest when 30% of the flower heads were ripe. A delay in the one-stage harvest resulted in an increase in the content of silymarin (from 2.5 to 2.7%) but in a decrease in the fruit yield to 1.17 t.ha-1 that was comparable with the two-stage harvest (1.09 t.ha-1). At an earlier ripeness stage (30% of inflorescences with pappus) the content of silymarin was negatively correlated with the share of the pericarp in the achene weight as well as with the achene yield. The harvest dates and methods resulted in differences in the silymarin yield from 27.3 (two-stage harvest) to 35.6 kg.ha-1 (earlier one-stage harvest).
As soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds develop and mature, they gradually desiccate to cause a switch in metabolic processes from a developmental to a germination phase. This investigation was conducted to determine when fresh (nondesiccated), immature soybean seeds acquire the ability to germinate and develop into normal seedlings. Soybean pods were detached from ‘DeSoto’ plants at four developmental stages ranging from full seed (first time the seed filled the locule) to yellow pod [physiological maturity (PM)] in 1981 to 1983. Freshly harvested seeds were immediately evaluated for seed moisture, dry seed weight, viability (radicle protrusion through the testa), germination (normal seedling development), and respiration. Seed and axis dry weight accumulation and moisture loss were nearly identical throughout development. Near maximum viability (93%) of freshly harvested seeds occurred when the seed first filled the locule (35% of final dry seed weight); however, maximum germination (development of normal seedlings) did not occur until maximum accumulation of dry seed weight (PM). Respiration during germination of fresh seed harvested before PM declined prior to radicle emergence without a concomitant decrease in seed moisture, followed by an increase in respiration typical of a germinating seed. Contrary to previous reports, freshly harvested immature soybean seeds did not need a desiccation period prior to expression of maximum viability and normal seedling development.
Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds harvested as young as 26 days after flowering (DAF) and allowed to air‐dry in intact pods underwent a maturation process and were viable. Seeds shelled and dried outside the pod lost moisture more rapidly and had poorer viability than seeds slow‐dried in intact pods. Maturation under slow dehydration allowed degradation of chlorophyll but fast‐dried seed remained green. Greater amounts of inorganic phosphate, sugars, and soluble protein were leached from fast‐dried seeds during subsequent imbibition, than from slow‐dried seeds. The activity of several soluble enzymes remained the same in both fast‐ and slow‐dried seed. Freshly harvested seed of all ages did not contain the germination‐specific enzymes malate synthase and isocitrate lyase (of the glyoxylate cycle). When planted in moist sand these enzymes were produced by fresh seed only if they were 54 DAF or older. By contrast seeds as young as 33 DAF produced malate synthase and isocitrate lyase after 4 days germination if they were slow‐dried before planting in moist sand. Seeds slow‐dried 3 days before planting in moist sand produced small amounts of malate synthase and isocitrate lyase but fast‐dried seeds never produced these enzymes. Seed maturation in soybeans is a necessary process brought about by slow dehydration with distinct effects on chlorophyll degradation and influence on the genome to allow production of germination‐specific enzymes.
Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield has been positively associated with seed‐filling period, and soybean genotypes have been identified that exhibit significant differences in seed‐filling period. This experiment was conducted to obtain heritability estimates of the seed‐filling period duration based on effective filling period (EFP) and growth stage measurements, to determine the effect of stem termination type on the heritability estimates, and to measure the correlations between seed‐filling period length, and maturity and seed size. Data were collected on four populations in the F 2 , F 2:3 , and F 2:4 generations from 1983 through 1986 at Lexington, KY on a Maury silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Paleodalfs) soil. Parent (F 2:3 )‐progeny (F 2:4 ) regression gave nonsignificant heritability timates for EFP in all four populations (−0.11–0.22), highly significant estimates for duration of the R5 to R7 period in three of the four populations (0.16–0.63), and highly significant estimates all populations for duration of the R1 to R8 period (0.37–0.82). Seed size was rarely correlated with filling‐period duration. For the four populations, maturity was positively correlated with R1 to R8 in three, with R5 to R7 in two, and with EFP in none. Stem termination class did not affect heritability estimates. In populations segregating for stem termination, however, determinate genotypes were preferentially identified as having long R5 to R7 periods. The EFP was not a useful selection criterion in these segregating populations. For the duration of the R5 to R7 period to be a useable selection criterion, selection will need to be performed in separate subpopulations of the different stem termination types with attention being paid to the maturity of the genotypes selected.
Phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variability, heritability in broad sense and genetic advance were determined investigating the characters of 15 accessions of Silybum marianum. Seed yield/plant and number of capsules/plant had highest estimates of genotypic variation, heritability and genetic advance which suggest that direct selection for these traits is suitable for the improvement of this crop. Number of capsules/plant had a significant positive correlation with the number of branches/plant and leaf length (r=0.3398, 0.7547), whereas seed yield/plant had a positive significant correlation with leaf length, stem diameter, capsule diameter and silymarin content (r=0.6830, 0.3140, 0.3484, 0.2925).
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