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Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari): A Versatile Female Tonic
Komal Sharma*
www.ijpba.info.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives 2011; 2(3):855-863
1, Maheep Bhatnagar2
1Department of Pharmacology, B. N. PG College of Pharmacy, Udaipur-313001, Rajasthan.
2
ABSTRACT
Asparagus racemosus, traditionally known as shatavari means "who possesses a hundred husbands or
acceptable to many". In Ayurveda it is considered a female tonic. In spite of being a rejuvenating herb it
is beneficial in female infertility, as it increases libido, cures inflammation of sexual organs and even
moistens dry tissues of the sexual organs, enhances folliculogenesis and ovulation, prepares the womb for
conception, prevents miscarriages, acts as post partum tonic by increasing lactation and normalizing the
uterus and the changing hormones. Its use is also advocated in leucorrhoea and menorrhagia. Shatavari is
the main Ayurvedic rejuvenative tonic for the females, as is Withania for the males.
Keywords: Asparagus racemosus; shatavari; antenatal tonic; postnatal tonic
College of Science, ML Sukhadia University, Udaipur-313001, Rajasthan.
Received 28 Apr 2011; Revised 24 May 2011; Accepted 28 May 2011
INTRODUCTION
Shatavari means "who possesses a hundred
husbands or acceptable to many". It is considered
both a general tonic and a female reproductive
tonic. Shatavari may be translated as "100
spouses", implying its ability to increase fertility
and vitality. In Ayurveda this amazing herb is
known as the "Queen of Herbs" because it
promotes love and devotion. Shatavari is the main
Ayurvedic rejuvenative tonic for the female, as is
Withania for the male.
Asparagus racemosus (family- Asparagaceae)
also known by the name “Shatavari” is one of the
well known drugs in Ayurveda, effective in
treating madhur rasam, madhur vipakam, seet-
veeryam, som rogam, chronic fever and internal
heat[1,2]. Shatavari means “she who possesses a
hundred husbands” indicates that this herb is
highly effective in problems related with female
reproductive system. Charak Samhita written by
Charak and Ashtang Hridyam written by
Vagbhata, the two main texts on Ayurvedic
medicines, lists Asparagus racemosus as part of
the formulas to treat disorders affecting women’s
health [3,4,5,6]
In modern Ayurvedic practices the roots of plant
are considered to be effective as antispasmodic,
appetizer, stomach tonic, aphrodisiac,
galactogogue, astringent, antidiarhoeal,
antidysentiric, laxative, anticancer, anti-
inflammatory, blood purifier, antitubercular,
antiepileptic and also in night blindness, kidney
problems and in throat complaints
.
[7]. Further, it is
mentioned as medhya- the plants which increase
intelligence and promote learning and memory [8] ,
and as rasayana, the rejuvenator herbs which
improves health by increasing immunity, vitality
and resistance, imparting longevity as well as
protection against stress[9]. This herb is also
mentioned as balya means a strength promoter,
stanya-a galactogogue[1] and jeevaniya- an
erythropoetic.
From pharmacognostical point of view,
Asparagus racemosus was previously included
under the family Liliaceae, but now it has been
shifted to a newly created family i.e.
Asparagaceae. The plant is known in India by
common names such as Shatavari, Satmuli,
Satavar etc. It is a woody climber which grows to
a height of 1-2 m. The leaves are of pine needle
shape, small but uniform and have tiny white
flowers arranged in the form of small spikes
(Fig.1). The roots are tuberous, succulent, finger
shaped and clustered [10,11,12,13]
Chemical constituents: Shatvari is known to
posses a wide range of phytochemical constituents
.
Komal Sharma et al. / Asparagus racemosus as female tonic
856
© 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved.
which are mentioned below. Some of the
structures have been drawn in (Fig 2)
1. Steroidal saponins, known as shatvarins.
Shatvarin I to VI are present. Shatvarin I is the
major glycoside with 3-glucose and rhamnose
moieties attached to sarsapogenin[14,15,16,17].
Recently, Shatavarin V, Asparinins,
Asparosides, Curillins, Curillosides have also
been reported [17]
Fig 1 : Asparagus racemosus (family-Asparagaceae) plant, roots and fruits
.
2. Oligospirostanoside referred to as Immunoside
[18]
3. Polycyclic alkaloid- Aspargamine A, a cage
type pyrrolizidine alkaloid
.
[19,20,21]
4. Isoflavones - 8-methoxy- 5, 6, 4-trihydroxy
isoflavone-7-0-beta-D-glucopyranoside
.
[22]
5. A cyclic hydrocarbon-Racemosol i.e.
dihydrophenantherene
.
[23,24]
6. Furan compound- Racemofuran
. [25]
7. Carbohydrates- Polysacharides, mucilage
. [26]
8. Flavanoids- Glycosides of quercitin, rutin and
hyperoside are present in flower and fruits
.
[27]
9. Sterols- Roots also contain sitosterol, 4,6-
dihydryxy-2-O(-2-hydroxy isobutyl)
benzaldehyde and undecanyl cetanoate
.
[28]
10. Trace minerals - are found in roots-zinc
(53.15), manganese (19.98), copper (5.29),
cobalt (22.00 microgram per gram) along with
calcium, magnesium, potassium zinc and
selenium
.
[29,30]
11. Kaepfrol- Kaepfrol along with Sarsapogenin
from woody portions of tuberous roots could
be isotaled
.
[31]
.
12. Miscellaneous- Essential fatty acids- Gamma
Linoleinic acids, Vitamin A, Diosgenin,
quercetin 3-glucourbnides [32,33,34]
.
IJPBA, May - Jun, 2011, Vol. 2, Issue, 3
Komal Sharma et al. / Asparagus racemosus as female tonic
857
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Fig. 2. Some chemical constituents of Asparagus racemosus.
In Ayurveda it is considered a female tonic. In
spite of being a rejuvenating herb it is beneficial
in female infertility, as it increases libido, cures
inflammation of sexual organs and even moistens
dry tissues of the sexual organs[2] enhances
folliculogenesis and ovulation[35], prepares the
womb for conception, prevents miscarriages[36,37],
acts as post partum tonic by increasing lactation
and normalizing the uterus and the changing
hormones[38]. Its use is also advocated in
leucorrhoea and menorrhagia[39]. A. racemosus has
estrogenic activity[40]. In higher doses its
hormononal influences are manifested in
conjunction with female sex hormones. A clinical
dose of A.R. induces higher cornification of
vaginal epithelium. Asparagus racemosus (AR)
has been used only clinically and shows
oesterogenic effects in adult virgin female
mammary glands and genital organs of rats[41]. In
a similar study on pregnant ratst the alcoholic
extract of AR rhizome increased the size of the
mammary glands with a dilated vaginal orifce in
virgin rats. The alcoholic extract AR rhizome was
administered orally to adult pregnant female
albino rats at a dose of 30 mg/100 g body weight,
daily for 15 days (days 1–15 of gestation). The
macroscopic findings revealed a prominence of
the mammary glands, a dilated vaginal opening
and a transversely situated uterine horn in the
treated group of animals.It also revealed
thickening of all the layers of the genital organs,
especially the muscular layer. This may be due to
hypertrophy of the glandular, stromal and
muscular cells and hyperplasia of the stromal
tissue along with numerous dilated blood vessels,
especially in the muscular wall [42]
Further the presence of glycosides, diosgenins,
cytoestrol and stigmaestend support the proposed
.
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Komal Sharma et al. / Asparagus racemosus as female tonic
858
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hormonal basis of A.R.[43]
Effect in young females: In young females it may
increase weight of ovaries and may enhance
folliculogenesis, as evidenced by a histological
study of ovaries of immature female rats. A
significant rise is serum follicle stimulating
hormones (FSH) is observed with a dose 100
mg/kg of A.R. root extract
. This phytoestrogenic
activity is due to the presence of steroidal
saponins which exert hormone like actions in the
body, and also due to the isoflavones which have
mild estrogenic activity that help to balance the
estrogen levels.
[35]. In a study the
mammogenic effect of topical application of
phytoestrogen containing plant materials was
assessed in female wistar rats. A significant
increases in size of the breast and teats has been
reported, further histological study of breast
tissues showed hyperplasia which was not like the
changes typical of late pregnancy and lactation.
The effect is being hypothesized due to the
phytoestrogens[44], but the mechanisms of action is
not justified.
Problems related with menstruation:
The constituents of A. racemosus make it useful in
menstrual disorders such as dysmenorrhea,
premenstrual syndrome, irregular bleeding during
perimenopausal period and also in situations after
menopause. A. racemosus contain saponins which
hinder the oxytocic activity on uterine
musculature, thereby maintain the spontaneous
uterine motility, confirming its utility in
dysmenorrhea which comprises of painful
menstruation without significant pelvic
pathology[15]. Ethyl acetate and acetone extracts of
roots of A. racemosus block spontaneous motility
of the virgin rat’s uterus. These can also inhibit
the spasmogenic effect of Ach, barium chloride
and serotonin on the uterus [45], further confirming
its activity in relieving dysmenorrhea. An herbal
formulation Evecare was found effective in all
patients of dysmenorrhea and in 80% cases of
premenstrual syndrome (which encompasses
emotional and physical symptoms in week
preceding menstruation). The effectiveness in
PMS is considered due to immunomodualator
activity which boosts the immune status and
imparts a feeling of well being[46]. Saponin
glycoside A4 produces specific and competitive
blockade of pitocin induced contraction and
spontaneous motility [45]. A medicinal composition
containing A. racemosus has been made and
patented for the treatment of PMS in human
females [47]
Problems related with female infertility
.
It has been demonstrated that the AR containing
preparations stimulate haemopoetic function and
increase weight of accessory sex glands[48,49]. The
plant is also beneficial in female infertility [2], as it
enhances folliculogenesis and ovulation, prepares
the womb for conception, and prevents
miscarriages [50,51]. The energy source for the
female reproductive system is oestrogen
dependent glycogen. Estrogen increases the
glycogen content in the uterus and any decrease in
uterine glycogen would directly implicate
estrogen deficiency. Asparagus racemosus extract
containing formulation was found to cause an
increase in uterine weight and uterine glycogen
with out altering serum estrogen progesterone
levels in immature rats as against ovariectomized
rats used as control. This study indicates that the
phytoestrogen performs its function by binding
directly to the estrogen receptor with out
enhancing the endogenous estrogen levels [52] .
Menopause is a natural event of women’s life’s as
they transit from reproductive to non reproductive
stage few years before and after this transition a
majority of women encounter problems like hot
flushes, night sweats, palpitations, insomnia,
anxiety, irritability, vaginal dryness, vaginal
atrophy, atrophy of cervix and decreases in size of
uterus
Problems related with menopause
[53].Women having undergone hysterectomy
also experience such symptoms due to removal of
functional organs of reproductive system. They
have elevated levels of serum follicle stimulating
and serum lutenising hormones. These hormones
are important in female reproductive system as
they help to regulate and stimulate ovarian cycles
through feed back mechanism to ovaries and
hypothalamus. A common practice to relieve
menopausal symptoms is to administer hormone
replacement therapy [54], which is not free from
adverse effects. Therefore women are turning to
natural medicine in an attempt to have a safe
alternative to synthetic steroidal hormones. A.
racemosus being known source of phytoestrogens
can be effective in reducing adverse menopausal
symptoms (The chemicals entities from plants
which mimic hormones are called
phytoestrogens). These are weaker than natural
estrogens in action [55]. However they compete
with estrogen for estrogen receptors. In the
presence of excess of estrogens in the body
phytoestrogens may have antiestrogenic effect by
occupying some estrogen receptor[56]
IJPBA, May - Jun, 2011, Vol. 2, Issue, 3
. The
symptoms of a menopause are due to the body
Komal Sharma et al. / Asparagus racemosus as female tonic
859
© 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved.
experiencing a withdrawal to estrogen, during thus
phytoestrogens occupy vacant receptors and
stimulate estrogenic action [56]. Various formulas
containing A. racemosus have shown their
effectiveness in alleviating the symptoms in and
postmenopausal period and in hysterectomised
patients [57,58,59]
The preparations based on A.racemosus roots
(eg.Shatavari sidh ghrit) are recommended in
cases of threatened abortions
.
Pregnancy:
Antiabortifacient:
[60]. This activity is
due to Shatavarin-I[61]. Which blocks even
oxytocin induced contractions in rat, guinea pig
and rabbit uteri in vivo and in situ in a dose
dependent manner. The researchers also
confirmed that the in vivo effect of shatvarin IV
i.e. Saponin A4on the uterine muscles is just like
the estrogen [15]. Its rasayana as well as antioxidant
activity helps in modulating various immune
processes and also prevents lipid peroxides at the
placental level [62,63]. The polycyclic alkaloid
asparagamine A is also reported to have an
antioxytocic action[21], showing an
antiabortifacient affect.
Antenatal tonic:
Classical ayurvedic texts eg. Charka Samhita,
Sushrut Samhita & Kashyap Samhita mention the
objective of antenatal care as super baby, means a
healthy child (both physically and mentally) with
good complexion, built and strength. These
recommended the use of medicines which are
Jeevaniya (Erythropoetic ) Balya (strength
promotens), Medhya (Promoters of mental
abilities) and Rasayana (agents for antiaging).
Shatavari possesses all above qualities and is one
of the ingredients of modern formulations which
are advocated for the pregnant women in
programming a super baby. Capsule Sujat and
Torchinil are the formulation bases on such
ideas[62]. A. racemosus root extract has shown to
treat pre eclampsia associated with pregnancy. In
a clinical trial done on Sujat with 450 patient’s
reports that regular use of this A.R. containing
capsule during antenatal period enhances the fetal
wt. and foetal out come and decreases the
incidence of perinatal deaths. The incidence of
pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) is also
decreased [63]
PGI .
2 and NO are important vasodilators; a
deficiency of these can lead to PIH. Essential fatty
acid GLA (Gamma linolenic acid) of A.R. is
known to produce PGI2 in preference to TXA2.
Antioxidant activity prevents PIH by preventing
placental peroxides which otherwise may lead to
endothelial cell damage which further can cause
an imbalance between vasodilators and
vasoconstrictors leading to PIH (Bhosale 2000).
Rasayana activity of Sujat helps in modulating
various immune processes at placental level. Anti
ADH activity also helps in maintaining blood
pressure and decreasing edema of pregnancy by
causing dieresis [63].
Post partum tonic:
Galactogogue:
A. racemosus is termed as stanya i.e.
galactogogues in ayurveda. It has been
investigated by a number of researchers and they
found that its roots, and root extracts can improve
lactational inadequacy in lactating
mothers[64,65].Ayurvedic companies launched
various herbal formulations viewing this
application, Ricalex lactare, Payapro are few to
name. Research on these demonstrated increase in
milk secretions[66,67,68] . Lactogenic effects of
these were investigated in guinea pigs[69], goats[70]
, buffaloes[71,72] and humans[73]. After
administration of alcoholic extract of A.R. a
significant increase in milk yield has been
observed along with increased growth of the
mammary glands, alveolar tissues and acini[74].
A group of researchers studied A.racemosus for
its antidopaminergic activity with a working
hypothesis, that therapeutic effects, of shatavari
like dyspepsia and galactogogue , may be due to
an active principle containing dopamine receptor
antagonistic activity because shatavari produced
similar effects when compared to
metoclopramide, a dopamine receptor antagonist.
An increase in prolactin level comparable to
metoclopramide was demontrated, but the
antidopaminergic activity was not observed [75].
The intramuscular administration of alcoholic
extract of shatavari root produced an increase in
weight of mammary glands in post partum-
estrogen primed rats and increased uterine weight
in estrogen primed group. These were an increase
in weights of adrenals coupled with depletion of
ascorbic acid, suggesting the release of pituitary
ACTH [74]. The growth of lobuloalvelar tissue and
milk secretion in the estrogen primed rats was
thought to be due to the action of released
corticoids or prolactin[69]
On chronic use, root extracts even at very high
doses did not produce any abnormality in
behaviour of rats and mice. The plant is found
safe during pregnancy and lactation
.
Safety of Asparagus racemosus:
[45]
IJPBA, May - Jun, 2011, Vol. 2, Issue, 3
. Prabha et
Komal Sharma et al. / Asparagus racemosus as female tonic
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© 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved.
al.[76]
CONCLUSION
Since most drugs containing Shatavari that are
available in the market are in the form of
polyherbal formulations, it is difficult to attribute
a particular medicinal action as being solely due
to the Asparagus racemosus component of the
drug. The plant extracts are complex mixtures that
contain multiple components and therefore unless
proper investigations are conducted there would
be no method to connect a particular constituent to
a specific action within the biological system.
Therefore, further research is imperative to probe
into the actual mode of action responsible for the
medicinal effect. Clearly, more research is needed
to define the effect of phytoestrogens from
Asparagus racemosus and at the same time
standardizing and characterising formulations
and/or isolated phytoestrogens is imperative. In
addition, developing an understanding of the
effects of phytoestrogens from Asparagus
racemosus as opposed to human oestrogens also
holds great promise for further research.
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extract is demonstrated decrease in body part
lengths, placental weight, enhanced foetal
resorption,of pups.How ever this study was unable
to identify any specific constituent as being
responsible for this teratogenicity and there for
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