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Estrutura e dinâmica das comunidades de peixes da planície inundável do rio Miranda, Pantanal de Mato Grosso do Sul
... Contudo, a área que realmente contribui com a descarga líquida para o sistema é de aproximadamente 35.570 km² (Brasil, 1974), pois a área restante corresponde à parte baixa e considera-se que sua contribuição seja mínima para esses dois rios principais (Resende & Palmeira, 1999 altitude e ao atingir a planície passa a apresentar um curso sinuoso com a presença de muitas lagoas marginais denominadas localmente como baías, ou ainda como lagos em formato de ferradura (oxbow lakes). ...
... Para os modelos das lagoas Braço Morto Acima e Braço Morto Abaixo, os dados foram coletados no mesmo período e descritos em Resende (1996Resende ( , 1998aResende ( , 1998bResende ( , 2000aResende ( , 2000b (Resende, 1996(Resende, , 1998a(Resende, , 1998b(Resende, , 2000a(Resende, , 2000b M -mortalidade natural (ano -1 ); K -constante de crescimento (ano -1 ); ...
... Para os modelos das lagoas Braço Morto Acima e Braço Morto Abaixo, os dados foram coletados no mesmo período e descritos em Resende (1996Resende ( , 1998aResende ( , 1998bResende ( , 2000aResende ( , 2000b (Resende, 1996(Resende, , 1998a(Resende, , 1998b(Resende, , 2000a(Resende, , 2000b M -mortalidade natural (ano -1 ); K -constante de crescimento (ano -1 ); ...
Neste trabalho, as interações tróficas e os fluxos de energia/matéria de três lagoas marginais do Pantanal (MS) submetidas ao pulso de inundação anual - Baía da Onça, Braço Morto Acima e Braço Morto Abaixo - foram analisados com modelos de balanço de massas elaborados no software Ecopath. Assim, os objetivos foram: (i) descrever os mecanismos que controlam a dinâmica das teias tróficas; (ii) identificar os principais grupos que atuam como espécie-chave; (iii) identificar as lacunas de informação para estes ambientes; (iv) quantificar a comunidade ecotrófica e avaliar o grau de desenvolvimento do ecossistema. Além dos diversos compartimentos peixes, foram inseridos outros grupos para compor os modelos, como fitoplâncton, macrófitas, zooplâncton, insetos aquáticos, insetos terrestres, aves, répteis e mamíferos. Os dados dos compartimentos peixes foram coletados em 1988-1990 e dos outros compartimentos foram retirados da literatura. Para identificar os grupos que atuam como espécie-chave foi utilizado um índice que se baseia na matriz de impacto trófico de cada modelo. Os resultados indicam que nos três modelos, a biomassa e o número de espécies concentrou-se entre os níveis tróficos 2 e 3, sugerindo que dentro destes níveis ocorre uma maior estabilidade, o que permite a coexistência de espécies. Nos três modelos a contribuição mais efetiva do fluxo de energia é observada do compartimento de detritos para o nível trófico II, evidenciando o papel da detritivoria nos sistemas. A matriz de impacto trófico obtida para os três modelos corrobora a participação dos detritos e de alguns compartimentos presentes em níveis tróficos inferiores (insetos aquáticos e zooplâncton) sobre a maioria dos grupos nos modelos, sugerindo um controle bottom-up no sistema. No entanto, a presença de predadores de topo e suas fortes relações com os demais grupos sugerem ainda a presença do efeito top-down. Isto é verificado pela análise do índice de espécie-chave, que nos três modelos é maior para detritos, Hoplias malabaricus, Serrasalmus spp, aves e mamíferos. Portanto, há nas três lagoas um controle combinado (bottom-up e top-down) com a atuação dos produtores primários e dos níveis tróficos superiores. A análise de alguns atributos ecossistêmicos, como PP/R, Ascendência, Overhead e Razão de Schödinger mostram que os três sistemas são maduros e possuem alta resiliência. Este estudo é considerado um passo inicial na síntese das interações ecológicas sobre as lagoas marginais do Pantanal (MS) haja vista que não há trabalhos com esta abordagem para este ecossistema. In this study trophic interactions and flows of energy/matter of three lagoons in the Pantanal (MS) submitted to the annual flood pulse - Baia da Onça, Braço Morto Acima and Braço Morto Abaixo - were analyzed with models of mass balance constructed using the Ecopath software. Thus, the objectives were: (i) to describe the mechanisms that control the dynamics of trophic webs, (ii) to identify the major groups that act as keystone, (iii) to identify information gaps for these environments, (iv) to quantify the ecotrophic community and assess the degree of development of the ecosystem. In addition to several fish compartments in other groups were inserted to compose the models, such as phytoplankton, macrophytes, zooplankton, aquatic insects, terrestrial insects, birds, reptiles and mammals. The data from fish compartments were collected in 1988-1990 and the other compartments were taken from literature. To identify the groups that act as keystone an index that is based on the trophic impact matrix of each model was used. The results indicate that in the three models, biomass and number of species concentrated between trophic levels 2 and 3, suggesting that within these levels there is greater stability, allowing the coexistence of species. In the three models, the most effective contribution of the energy flow is observed from the detritus compartment to the trophic level II, highlighting the role of detritivores in the systems. The trophic impact matrix obtained for the three models confirms the participation of detritus and some compartments found in lower trophic levels (aquatic insects and zooplankton) over most of the groups in the models, suggesting a bottom up control system. However, the presence of top predators and their strong relationships with other groups suggest the presence of top-down effect. This is verified by analysis of the index of keystone, which in the three models is greater for detritus, Hoplias malabaricus, Serrasalmus spp, birds and mammals. So, there are in the three lagoons a matched control (bottom-up and top-down) with the acting of primary producers and higher trophic levels. The analysis of some ecosystem attributes, such as PP/R, Ascendency, Overhead and Ratio Schödinger show that the three systems are mature and have high resilience. This study is considered an initial step in the synthesis of ecological interactions about the Pantanal lagoons (MS) for that there are no studies with this approach to this ecosystem.
... Esta espécie possui hábito alimentar onívoro, e explora uma gama bastante diversificada de alimentos, em função da sazonalidade de ocorrência dos mesmos (Bicudo, 2008). Em decorrência de sua alimentação o pacu possui uma dentição particular na forma de dentes molariformes grandes multicuspidados , especialmente adaptada para quebrar e esmagar frutos e sementes que compõem a sua alimentação na fase adulta (Resende et al., 1998). A atividade de pesca no pantanal , nas modalidades profissional e esportiva, representa a segunda atividade econômica mais importante ocupando a mão-de-obra desde a catação de iscas vivas à pesca propriamente dita (Marques, 2005), e a espécie P. mesopotamicus possui um grande potencial econômico, podendo alcançar 5kg (Resende et al., 1998), e apresenta uma carne saborosa, com rápido crescimento e boa aceitação nos alimentos industrializados (Bicudo, 2008). ...
... Em decorrência de sua alimentação o pacu possui uma dentição particular na forma de dentes molariformes grandes multicuspidados , especialmente adaptada para quebrar e esmagar frutos e sementes que compõem a sua alimentação na fase adulta (Resende et al., 1998). A atividade de pesca no pantanal , nas modalidades profissional e esportiva, representa a segunda atividade econômica mais importante ocupando a mão-de-obra desde a catação de iscas vivas à pesca propriamente dita (Marques, 2005), e a espécie P. mesopotamicus possui um grande potencial econômico, podendo alcançar 5kg (Resende et al., 1998), e apresenta uma carne saborosa, com rápido crescimento e boa aceitação nos alimentos industrializados (Bicudo, 2008). A importância dos estudos com peixes remete-se ao manejo e uso dos recursos naturais de forma sustentável, que segundo Aquino (2005) deve ser feito de forma planejada e racional , dando sustentabilidade para a espécie, para não causar à rápida destruição dos ambientes naturais e extinção das espécies, sendo somente isso possível através de estudos, pesquisas e esclarecimentos de forma a conscientizar a população do uso adequado desses recursos. ...
This work was performed between the Taiama Ecological Station and the Sepotuba river, aiming to describe and compare the morphophysiological indices (hepatosomcitic index, gonadosomatic index and condition factor) of Piaractus mes-opotamicus among collection sites. Samples were collected over a period of 28 months between 2007 and 2012. Fish were caught with rods with lines, cast nets and gillnets. After capture, the fishes were identified, their biometric measurements and gonadal maturation stages recorded, and packaged in boxes with ice for further analysis. The gonadosomatic index showed significant differences (p<0.05) related to the seasonal periods of collections at the Taiama Ecological Station. The hepatosomatic index showed greater dispersion in the Sepotuba river, while at the Ecological Station it was more uniform. The condition factor, with b=3.05, showed a significantly higher value in the ecological station (1,412x10(-5)) when compared with the Sepotuba river (0,924x10(-5)). The length of the fishes in relation to two environments collection also showed a significant difference (p<0,5). Through observation of the morphophysiological indices it can be inferred that the reproductive activity of Piaractus mesopotamicus takes place during flooding periods, and that the Taiama Ecological Station offers a more balanced physical environment conducive to the development and well being of fish of this species.
... According to Junk et al. (1997) the impact of the fl ood pulse on the fi sh fauna of the Amazon River fl oodplain selects for r-strategies, great mobility, adaptations to varying water quality (hypoxia) and an explicit seasonality in an environment with weak climatic seasonality. This statement also holds true for the fi sh fauna of the Pantanal, however, knowledge about the biology and ecology of many species is limited (Resende and Palmeira, 1999;Machado, 2003). Feeding habits vary according to food availability between low water and high water period. ...
... Freshwater sting rays (Potamotrygonidae) are viviparous and Pamphorichthys hasemani (Poecilidae) is ovoviviparous. According to Resende and Palmeira (1999) of 101 species studied in 4 different environments along Miranda River, 15 % are white fi sh, 43 % black fi sh and 42 % gray fi sh. Aquat. ...
... According to Junk et al. (1997) the impact of the fl ood pulse on the fi sh fauna of the Amazon River fl oodplain selects for r-strategies, great mobility, adaptations to varying water quality (hypoxia) and an explicit seasonality in an environment with weak climatic seasonality. This statement also holds true for the fi sh fauna of the Pantanal, however, knowledge about the biology and ecology of many species is limited (Resende and Palmeira, 1999; Machado, 2003). Feeding habits vary according to food availability between low water and high water period. ...
... Freshwater sting rays (Potamotrygonidae) are viviparous and Pamphorichthys hasemani (Poecilidae) is ovoviviparous. According to Resende and Palmeira (1999) of 101 species studied in 4 different environments along Miranda River, 15 % are white fi sh, 43 % black fi sh and 42 % gray fi sh. Aquat. ...
The Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil, is famous for its luxurious plant and animal life. We combine a literature review with
recent work and show that species diversity is large but that most major plant and animal groups contain a large number of
not wetland-specific species that depend on permanently terrestrial habitats within the Pantanal, or are restricted to dry
areas during the low water period. These species occur also in the neighbouring biomes of Cerrado, Amazon Forest or Chaco.
Until now, very few endemic species have been described, however, there are large populations of species in the Pantanal that
are considered rare or endangered in South America. The number of trees adapted to long term flooding is low in comparison
with the Amazon River floodplain. We hypothesize that the reason for the lack of local endemisms and the occurrence of a large
number of species with a large ecological amplitude is the climatic instability of the region of the Pantanal, which suffered
severe drought during glacial periods. The instability of the actual climate, which is characterized by multi-annual wet and
dry periods, has a strong impact on distribution, community structure and population size of many plant and animal species
and hinders spatial segregation of populations. The dependence of the system on the flood pulse makes the Pantanal very vulnerable
to human induced changes in hydrology and the predicted changes in global climate.
... According to Junk et al. (1997) the impact of the fl ood pulse on the fi sh fauna of the Amazon River fl oodplain selects for r-strategies, great mobility, adaptations to varying water quality (hypoxia) and an explicit seasonality in an environment with weak climatic seasonality. This statement also holds true for the fi sh fauna of the Pantanal, however, knowledge about the biology and ecology of many species is limited (Resende and Palmeira, 1999;Machado, 2003). Feeding habits vary according to food availability between low water and high water period. ...
... Freshwater sting rays (Potamotrygonidae) are viviparous and Pamphorichthys hasemani (Poecilidae) is ovoviviparous. According to Resende and Palmeira (1999) of 101 species studied in 4 different environments along Miranda River, 15 % are white fi sh, 43 % black fi sh and 42 % gray fi sh. Aquat. ...
The Convention on Biological Diversity demands the assessment of biodiversity at both regional and national levels, and the formulation of strategies for conservation. In this sense, the Brazilian Government has organized a National Program of Biological Diversity (PRONABIO), which is developing strategies to present the data collected as well as developing recommendations for the protection of the major national biomes. The Pantanal of Mato Grosso, the world's largest floodplain, is an important Brazilian biome that sustains rich aquatic and terrestrial biota. The quantity of data on the biodiversity of the Pantanal is still scarce. The fragile equilibrium of the Pantanal ecosystems, maintained by the flood-pulse, is threatened by new paradigms in economic politics which lead to changes in landuse practices. This article covers mainly the current state of information on biodiversity in the Pantanal wetlands, its use, and the initiatives of public policies and of the private sector which affect conservation. This evaluation shows that the current studies concerning biodiversity within the Pantanal mostly concern the landscape units which are not seasonally flooded. Such surveys mostly take into account the plant communities, mainly the richness and variety of species. Few studies have charted indexes concerning the diversity of species. There is an array of parasite and vector studies which are not dealt with here. The few existing studies on social use of biodiversity show that the landscape units are differently used by the traditional stakeholders (pantaneiros) who are familiar with the specific conditions of the Pantanal, while new landowners from outside the Pantanal frequently apply non-sustainable practices. It is recommended that a program to study and manage the biodiversity of the Pantanal should include the catchment area. The program should be based on a tripod of research, pilot projects, and training for biodiversity management. Studies and actions should be supported by documents such as “Priority Actions for the Conservation of the Biodiversity of the Cerrado and the Pantanal“ and “Conservation Plan of Upper Paraguay Basin“ (PCBAP 1997 a). Ecological theories appropriate for Pantanal biodiversity management, specific training on biodiversity management, and approaches for pilot projects are suggested.
... In regions where flood pulse is evidenced, fish assemblages show a higher richness of iliophagous species (Bowen, 1984;Fugi et al., 1996;Resende & Palmeira, 1999), those that explore the bottom or the perithyton, ingesting great quantity of sediment associated with unicellular algae and microorganisms and organic matter in fine particles . These species play an important ecological role in organic matter mineralization, which favors degradation by microorganisms and accelerating the nutrient recycling (Gneri & Angelescu, 1951). ...
O objetivo do estudo foi descrever aspectos ecológicos do peixe iliófago Cyphocharax abramoides, na Amazônia Oriental, Brasil, a respeito da variação da ingestão de matéria orgânica (OCC), do padrão de crescimento e do fator de condição (K). Os valores de OCC presentes nos conteúdos estomacais dos peixes foram obtidos a cada dois meses e avaliados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. O padrão de crescimento foi obtido por meio da equação da relação peso-comprimento. A variação bimestral dos valores de K também foi avaliada pelo teste Kruskal-Wallis. Os resultados evidenciam diferenças nos valores de OCC ao longo do período estudado, com menores valores no período de seca e maiores valores na enchente. O padrão de crescimento foi alométrico positivo (b > 3). Os valores de K também variaram ao longo do estudo, o que sugere diferentes períodos de atividades fisiológicas. Os resultados também sugerem que as mudanças nesses parâmetros podem ser associadas às variações físicas no ambiente, em função do pulso de inundação. Esse estudo incrementa o nosso conhecimento sobre a relação entre espécies e ambiente, tornando-se relevante em uma região de alta biodiversidade e poucos estudos biológicos, como a Amazônia.
... In regions where flood pulse is evidenced, fish assemblages show a higher richness of iliophagous species (Bowen, 1984;Fugi et al., 1996;Resende & Palmeira, 1999), those that explore the bottom or the perithyton, ingesting great quantity of sediment associated with unicellular algae and microorganisms and organic matter in fine particles . These species play an important ecological role in organic matter mineralization, which favors degradation by microorganisms and accelerating the nutrient recycling (Gneri & Angelescu, 1951). ...
The aim of this study was to describe ecological aspects of the iliophagous fish Cyphocharax abramoides, in Eastern Amazonia, Brazil, concerning the variation of organic carbon content (OCC) in ingested food, growth pattern, and condition factor (K). The OCC present in stomach contents was obtained bimonthly and evaluated with a Kruskal-Wallis test. The growth pattern was obtained through the length-weight relationship. Bimonthly K variation was also assessed with a Kruskal-Wallis test. Our results showed differences in OCC values during the studied period, with lower OCC values in the dry period and the highest OCC values during the flooding. The growth pattern was established as positive allometric growth (b > 3). K values also differed within the sampling periods, which showed different periods of physiological activity. The results also suggest that changes in these parameters can be associated with physical changes of the aquatic environment due to the flood pulse. Ecological studies can increase our knowledge about the relationship between species and environment, and are relevant in a still poorly documented region of high species richness such as the Amazon.
... In regions where flood pulse is evidenced, fish assemblages show a higher richness of iliophagous species (Bowen, 1984;Fugi et al., 1996;Resende & Palmeira, 1999), those that explore the bottom or the perithyton, ingesting great quantity of sediment associated with unicellular algae and microorganisms and organic matter in fine particles . These species play an important ecological role in organic matter mineralization, which favors degradation by microorganisms and accelerating the nutrient recycling (Gneri & Angelescu, 1951). ...
The aim of this study was to describe ecological aspects of the iliophagous fish Cyphocharax abramoides, in Eastern Amazonia, Brazil, concerning the variation of organic carbon content (OCC) in ingested food, growth pattern, and condition factor (K). The OCC present in stomach contents was obtained bimonthly and evaluated with a Kruskal-Wallis test. The growth pattern was obtained through the length-weight relationship. Bimonthly K variation was also assessed with a Kruskal-Wallis test. Our results showed differences in OCC values during the studied period, with lower OCC values in the dry period and the highest OCC values during the flooding. The growth pattern was established as positive allometric growth (b > 3). K values also differed within the sampling periods, which showed different periods of physiological activity. The results also suggest that changes in these parameters can be associated with physical changes of the aquatic environment due to the flood pulse. Ecological studies can increase our knowledge about the relationship between species and environment, and are relevant in a still poorly documented region of high species richness such as the Amazon.
... Detritus makes up more than 77% of its food, with algae and other items making up the rest. The large catfish Pseudoplatystoma spp. is commonly seen feeding on P. lineatus when it begins to leave the flooded areas and large lakes in 306 Rondon, 1990;Resende et al., 1996aResende et al., , 1996bResende & Palmeira, 1999;Lima et al.,1984a, 1984b307 Bonetto et al., 1969, 1970, 1971, 1981308 Nión, 1996309 Resende et al. 1996a which it remains during the flood season. The catfishes appear to leave the flooded areas when their prey starts to migrate upstream. ...
... The impact of introduction seems to depend on the richness and diversity of native fish assemblages. As cited by Gomiero and Braga (2004b) "tucunarés do not cause overbalance in their natural environments owing to the adaptation of countless species of prey to predatory pressure and to the great number of competing piscivorous species", a situation that seems to be occurring in the Pantanal, as more than 260 fish species are found and diversity is high (Resende and Palmeira, 1999;Resende and Machado, 2002;Marques and Resende, 2005b). However, the well succeeded introduction of tucunaré in the Pantanal cannot be used as an argument for more introductions. ...
The 'tucunaré', Cichla piquiti, an exotic Amazonian fish has become established along the left bank of the Paraguay River in the Pantanal. It was introduced by escaping from culture ponds in the Upper Piquiri River and spread downstream, along the lateral flooded areas of that river, continuing through the clear waters of the left bank of the Paraguay River and reaching south as far as the Paraguai Mirim and Negrinho rivers. Adult spawners have been found in the region, meaning that it is a self-sustained population. Reproduction occurs in the period of low waters. They were found feeding on fishes of lentic environments belonging to the families Characidae, Cichlidae and Loricariidae. Until the end of 2004, its distribution was restricted to the left bank of the Paraguay River, but in March 2005, some specimens were found on the right bank, raising a question for the future: what will be the distribution area of the tucunaré in the Pantanal? Information about its dispersion is increasing: it is known to be in the Tuiuiú Lake, Pantanal National Park and in the Bolivian Pantanal, all of them on the right bank of the Paraguay River. The hypothesis that the 'tucunaré' could not cross turbid waters, such as in the Paraguay River, was refuted by these recent findings. Possibly, the tucunaré's capacity to lay more than one batch of eggs in a reproductive period, as well as its care of eggs and young, lead them to establish themselves successfully in new environments, as has been observed in the Pantanal and other localities.
A região hidrográfica do rio Paraguai abriga a maior superfície continental inundável do planeta, o Pantanal brasileiro. Seus pulsos de inundação influenciam os ciclos da biodiversidade regional, tendo elevada importância para a manutenção da abundância de peixes. Contudo, mudanças climáticas associadas a alterações antrópicas modificam sua dinâmica, aumentando a possibilidade de eventos extremos como os incêndios do ano de 2020. Neste contexto, buscou-se avaliar espécies da ictiofauna da macrorregião hidrográfica do rio Paraguai suscetíveis aos impactos dos incêndios de 2020, por meio do levantamento de áreas queimadas, da identificação das espécies mais sensíveis aos impactos do fogo e da percepção dos pescadores sobre os impactos dos incêndios. Dentre as espécies avaliadas neste estudo foram identificadas como mais suscetíveis aos impactos dos incêndios Neofundulus paraguayensis (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903), Hyphessobrycon rutiliflavidus Carvalho, Langeani, Miyazawa & Troy, 2008, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix & Agassiz, 1829), Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) e Zungaro jahu (Ihering, 1898). As regiões de pesca utilizadas pelas colônias de Barão de Melgaço, Miranda e Rondonópolis foram as mais atingidas pelo fogo, tanto na análise das áreas queimadas quanto na percepção dos pescadores. A percepção dos pescadores aparenta ser um bom indicador dos efeitos dos grandes incêndios sobre a disponibilidade dos recursos pesqueiros. Assim, o monitoramento participativo da pesca pode fornecer dados sobre a situação das populações de peixes ao longo do tempo, contribuindo para a compreensão das mudanças provocadas por eventos extremos sobre a dinâmica ecológica da região.
Age and growth parameters of Salminus brasiliensis (Curvier, 1816) from the Manso Reservoir and from the river Cuiabá are estimated by their fish scales. Sampling was performed between January and December 2006. There was a linear relationship between the standard length of the fish (cm) and the scale radius (mm) (r = 0.93). The coefficients of variation of standard mean lengths calculated for fish of the same age class were low (>19.0%), while temporal variation analysis of mean marginal increment showed that growth ring was annually formed in November, possibly related to the species’s reproductive period between November and January. The maximum number of rings was 12 for both sexes. The growth curve for length expressed by von Bertalanffy model was Sl = 69.0[1-e-0.21(t-(-0.86)] for males and Sl = 77.9[1-e-0.17(t-(-0.41)] for females. The growth curve in weight was Wt = 7334.6[1-e-0.21(t-(-0.86)]3.07 for males and Wt = 10226.8[1-e-0.17(t-(-0.41)]3.05 for females. Females attained greater length and weight than males. Since growth rate for the species was initially accelerated for both sexes, specimens attain size to start migration after the floods, avoiding predation and frequenting sites with greater food availability. © 2016, Eduem - Editora da Universidade Estadual de Maringa. All rights reserved.
Of a total of 101 fish species caught in the Lower Miranda River floodplain, 29 were omnivorous, 16 ichthyophagous, 12 herbivorous, 18 detritivorous, 8 zooplanktophagous, 7 insectivorous, 2 lepidophagous, 4 ichthyophagous/insectivorous and 4 zooplanktophagous/insectivorous. Almost half of the species belong to omnivorous and detritivorous trophic guilds. The same is not true when biomass is considered. The number of fish species by trophic guild didn't change along the year whereas the biomass changed significantly. The frequency of abundant fish species was not the same for the sampled environments.
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