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Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research
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Purposeful sampling is widely used in qualitative research for the identification and selection of information-rich cases related to the phenomenon of interest. Although there are several different purposeful sampling strategies, criterion sampling appears to be used most commonly in implementation research. However, combining sampling strategies may be more appropriate to the aims of implementation research and more consistent with recent developments in quantitative methods. This paper reviews the principles and practice of purposeful sampling in implementation research, summarizes types and categories of purposeful sampling strategies and provides a set of recommendations for use of single strategy or multistage strategy designs, particularly for state implementation research.
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... More importantly, this approach allowed for the selection of individuals or groups with relevant insights into coaching and related initiatives within their organisations, which were crucial for enriching the data collection process. A Purposive sampling refers to the process of selecting individuals or groups who possess relevant knowledge or experience related to the phenomenon being studied (Palinkas et al., 2015). As depicted in Figure 1, the semi-structured interviews were held with managers, coachees, internal coaches, and external coaches, providing a comprehensive data collection approach for the purpose of this study. ...
This study explores workplace coaching, grounded in psychological theories, to examine its role in enhancing employee motivation and fostering positive behavioural changes. As part of a larger research project, the study employed a mixed-methods approach, beginning with a quantitative phase that identified the use of both internal and external coaching practices in the Australian rail sector. This article presents an exploratory analysis, specifically using thematic analysis, of emergent qualitative data from semi-structured interviews in Phase Two. Although the interviews were initially designed to explore specific aspects of workplace coaching, participants shared broader experiences that revealed unanticipated yet significant themes. Thematic analysis of these additional insights led to the identification of two key themes: Positive Behaviour Change and Improved Motivation. These findings are particularly relevant in the context of job insecurity, workload, role transitions, limited employee support, and concerns about productivity and job satisfaction during times of organisational change. This study offers insights for organisations, coaching practitioners, and policymakers by demonstrating how coaching supports employee motivation and fosters constructive behavioural approaches in response to challenges, particularly during times of change. While this study is focused on workplace coaching within rail organisations in Australia, its findings may contribute to broader discussions and offer potential insights for exploring the role of coaching in different organisational contexts.
... These cities were chosen because they have greater adoption of homeschooling than rural areas, thus offering more diversity of views (Fatima et al., 2023 e ). The participants were recruited through purposive sampling, which is the selection of participants with particular skills or knowledge relevant to the study (Palinkas et al., 2015). Parents who have been homeschooling for a minimum of six months and are active users of Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter were included. ...
This research investigates how homeschooling parents in Pakistan leverage social media to combat some misconceptions, like elitism and lack of rigor, which are associated with homeschooling. Even though homeschooling is becoming increasingly common in Pakistan as an alternative to formal schooling, it is still quite misunderstood. This study attempts to answer the following questions: 1. How do homeschooling parents in Pakistan challenge these misconceptions using social media? 2. What specific content do they share to influence public perception? A qualitative research design was employed, collecting data from ten homeschooling parents located in metropolitan areas (Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad) using semi-structured questionnaires. The data were subjected to thematic analysis to address the primary areas of social media advocacy and myth-busting. Results show that while social media is a powerful tool for sharing personal experiences and correcting misconceptions, persistent stereotyping remains a barrier. The research concludes that, in the context of Pakistan, homeschooling can be better understood, misconceptions accurately addressed, and supportive networks constructed with the strategic use of social media. Active policy support and greater representation are essential for enduring change.
... Five star-rated hotels (two fourstar and three three-star hotels) were selected using purposive sampling based on the following criteria: having implemented Green HRM policies for at least two years, offering structured career development programs, and employing a workforce comprising at least 30% young talents under the age of 35. This sampling strategy enabled the selection of information-rich cases suitable for in-depth exploration [20]. ...
This study investigates the application of Green Human Resource Management (Green HRM) policies and practices within star-rated hotels in Semarang, Indonesia, and explores their influence on the performance and career progression of young professionals. Employing a qualitative methodology through a case study approach, data were collected from five star-rated hotels, with participants comprising HR managers, environmental supervisors, and early-career employees. The findings reveal that all five dimensions of Green HRM are being implemented across the sampled hotels, though with varying levels of intensity and consistency. The adoption of Green HRM practices positively contributes to organizational performance, particularly in enhancing operational efficiency, corporate image, regulatory compliance, and innovation in service delivery. For young talents, the integration of Green HRM fosters increased motivation, skill development, job satisfaction, and managerial recognition. Furthermore, Green HRM practices support career advancement by facilitating entry into environmental specialist roles, strengthening competitiveness in the labor market, accelerating promotion trajectories, and expanding professional networks. However, challenges in implementation persist, including constrained resources, organizational inertia, limited environmental expertise, and the absence of standardized performance metrics. This research contributes to the theoretical enrichment of Green HRM literature, particularly within the hospitality sector in emerging economies, and offers practical insights for both hotel practitioners and aspiring professionals.
... All participants had a direct link to either gambling, money laundering or a combination of both and as such, were identified and selected based upon their knowledge, experience and exposure to the phenomenon of interest. This purposeful sampling technique, although non-representative of a target population (Sugathan, 2015), can be highly beneficial to a study which is exploratory in nature because when used effectively, it often ensures that the collected data is both meaningful and rich (Palinkas et al., 2013). Such mechanisms were paramount to this study because although interviews sought clarity, it was also hoped that knowledge outside of the current literature would be generated. ...
... Çalışmamızda amaçlı örneklemin bir türü olan tipik durum örneklemesi (typical case sampling) çerçevesinde; her biri kendi döneminde etkili olmuş ve sonraki distopyalara yön veren, dönemin politik, teknolojik ve kültürel ruhunu yansıtan kilit üç distopik kurgu incelenmiş, nitel araştırmalarda belirli kimi özelliklerin ölçüt olarak seçilerek araştırmanın hedefine yönelik inceleme yapmaya olanak sağlayan ölçüt örnekleme (criterion sampling, [6], [7]) ekseninde 'ideolojik kodlama' temel alınmıştır. Gelinen noktada 1932, 1949 ve 1953 yıllarında gerçeklik, otorite, gözetim, direniş vb. ...
zet-Kısaltma işlemi, dilin sadeleştirilmesi veya ekonomik kullanımı için kullanılan bir düzenektir. Kısaltma süreciyle elde edilen kısaltmabirimlerin verimliliği ve hızı artırmak, uzun yinelemelerin önüne geçmek, alanı etkin kullanmak, karmaşık kavramları sesbilgisel açıdan daha kısa bir yükle ifade etmek vb. gibi işlevleri bulunmaktadır. Bu hedeflerin yanı sıra kısaltmabirimlerin bilinçli olarak ideolojik bir araç olarak da kodlandığı savunusunu ortaya atan çalışmamız, genellikle gelecekteki/olası otoriter yönetimler, baskıcı toplum düzeni, toplumsal denetleme yöntemleri, bireysel özgürlüğün kısıtlanması gibi konuları odağına alan distopik kurgularda ideolojinin kısaltmabirimler aracılığıyla temsil edildiğini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda yazına, politikaya ve popüler kültüre damgasını vuran 1932, 1949 ve 1953 yıllarında yayımlanmış üç distopik kurguda kısaltmabirimlerin ne/ler oldukları belirlenmiş, söz konusu işlevleri tartışılmıştır. Alanyazında sıklıkla yapısal ve yalnızca kullanım amaçları doğrultusunda işlevsel düzlemde ele alınan kısaltmabirimlerin, ideolojik bir araç olarak kodlandığının ortaya koyulmasıyla, çalışmamız özgün ve öncü niteliğiyle alana katkı sağlamaktadır.
This study investigates the integration of mentorship, self-regulated learning (SRL), and generative artificial intelligence (gen-AI) to support pre-service teachers (PSTs) before and during work-integrated learning (WIL) placements. Utilising the Mentoring and SRL Pyramid Model (MSPM), it examines how mentors’ dual roles as coaches and assessors influence PSTs’ SRL and explores to what extent gen-AI can assist PSTs in meeting the demands of WIL placements. Quantitative and qualitative data from 151 PSTs, including survey, interview, placement scores, and mentor feedback were analysed using statistical correlation analysis and thematic analysis to reveal varied mentorship approaches. Gen-AI tools are highlighted as valuable in enhancing PSTs’ SRL, providing tactical and emotional guidance where traditional mentorship is limited. However, challenges remain in gen-AI’s ability to navigate complex interpersonal dynamics. The study advocates for balanced mentorship training that integrates technical and emotional support, and equitable access to gen-AI tools. These insights are critical for educational institutions aiming to optimise PST experiences and outcomes in WIL through strategic integration of gen-AI and mentorship.
Purpose
In recent years, mindfulness has garnered more attention from experts than many other subjects and fields. Numerous courses, meetings, and workshops have been organized by universities, with a focus on encouraging managers to adopt more mindful leadership practices. Given the challenging and tension-filled nature of military environments in Iran, understanding the experiences of managers in these organizations regarding mindful leadership can offer valuable insights for policymakers.
Design/methodology/approach
Consequently, this research seeks to explore mindfulness among academic leaders across different cultural contexts (military context), using a grounded theory approach informed by Charmaz’s constructivist theory. The research focused on Iran’s military universities, specifically targeting the managers of Shahid Sattari Aeronautical University. Fifteen managers were purposefully selected and invited to participate using a semi-structured interview protocol.
Findings
The results identified four strategies related to mindful leadership in university management, categorized as reflective practice, cognitive practice, organizational practice, and social practice. Despite the diversity of experiences, attention to skillful action combined with presence and intentionality has proven effective for leaders, fostering a more active differentiation and openness to new information. Participants also highlighted strategies such as coping with failure and a reluctance to oversimplification, which they deem essential for implementing broader strategies at the level of socialpractices. These strategies include self-other agreement, interdependence and egolessness.
Research limitations/implications
This research was conducted in a specific organizational context, a military university, where finding and contacting the leaders were much more difficult than other context so genializing it to other academic contexts is problematic.
Originality/value
By focusing on the experiences of managers, the study bridges the gap between military leadership and mindfulness practices, offering fresh insights into how mindful leadership can be applied in a rigid, hierarchical context. Additionally, the identification of strategies like reflective practice and coping with failure in military university leadership underscores the value of mindfulness for fostering resilience, adaptability, and social consciousness in leaders.
Effective coordination between law enforcement personnel and public prosecutors is critical in maintaining the integrity and effectiveness of the criminal justice system. This qualitative case study examines the institutional and structural dynamics of police-prosecution coordination in Islamabad, Pakistan. By adopting Institutional Theory and Resource Dependence Theory as theoretical perspectives, the study examines how formal rules, informal routines, and interdependencies over resources shape collaborative relations. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with fifteen police investigators and five public prosecutors and analyzed using thematic coding procedures. The findings indicate that while there are formal institutional requirements, routine working practices are significantly shaped by informal norms, role definition ambiguities, and fractured communication channels. Moreover, resource interdependencies complicate power relations, often limiting effective case preparation and advocacy in the courtroom. The Islamabad case represents more prevalent systemic issues typical of Pakistan's justice system, suggesting an imperative for holistic reforms addressing clarifying roles, standardizing procedures, and strengthening accountability among agencies. This study contributes to academic and policy discourses, offering insights for future empirical studies on reform models specifically tailored for transitional legal systems.
Previous research on rural homestays has predominantly emphasized external factors, often overlooking the personal challenges faced by hosts. While most studies have concentrated on developed countries, the unique issues in developing regions remain underexplored. This study aims to fill these two gaps by investigating the personal barriers experienced by hosts of rural homestays in Kumaon, Indian Himalayan Region. Drawing upon self-efficacy theory, this research conducts a qualitative analysis through 30 semi-structured interviews of hosts of rural homestays. The interviews are thoroughly analyzed using Gioia’s methodology. The analysis leads to three significant personal barriers – personal competency deficit, underplay of rural homestays, and dearth of professionalism. The findings highlight the psychological and professional development needs of rural hosts, providing valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners. This study contributes to the rural tourism literature by offering a nuanced understanding of the hosts’ perspectives, which is crucial for fostering sustainable rural tourism.
Guidelines for determining nonprobabilistic sample sizes are virtually nonexistent. Purposive samples are the most commonly used form of nonprobabilistic sampling, and their size typically relies on the concept of “saturation,” or the point at which no new information or themes are observed in the data. Although the idea of saturation is helpful at the conceptual level, it provides little practical guidance for estimating sample sizes, prior to data collection, necessary for conducting quality research. Using data from a study involving sixty in-depth interviews with women in two West African countries, the authors systematically document the degree of data saturation and variability over the course of thematic analysis. They operationalize saturation and make evidence-based recommendations regarding nonprobabilistic sample sizes for interviews. Based on the data set, they found that saturation occurred within the first twelve interviews, although basic elements for metathemes were present as early as six interviews. Variability within the data followed similar patterns.
This book is about conducting research on the process and outcomes of the translation and implementation of evidence-based practices in social work. Its aims are to outline a strategy for conducting such research and to identify the infrastructure and resources necessary to support such research within the field of social work. Using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Roadmap as a guide, the book describes the challenges of investigating the process and outcomes of efforts to translate and implement evidence-based social work practice. It begins with a general introduction to the topic of translation and implementation of evidence-based practice and its importance to the field of social work. It then moves to an examination of the methods for studying the effectiveness, dissemination, and implementation of evidence-based practices and the organizational context in which these activities occur in social work practice. It also describes the use of mixed-methods designs and community-based participatory research (CBPR) methods to address these challenges. It is unique in that it provides case studies of research on the translation and implementation in social work practice, identifies potential barriers to conducting such research, and offers recommendations and guidelines for addressing these barriers. The proposed strategy is founded on the principle and practice of cultural exchange between members of social worker-led interdisciplinary research teams and between researchers and practitioners. The outcome of such exchanges is the transformation of social work research and practice through the linkage between translational research and research translation.
There remains a lack of consensus on methodological approaches to the study of dissemination and implementation (D&I) processes, and especially tests of implementation strategies. To begin to address these deficiencies, this chapter reviews design issues for dissemination and implementation research. It presents an overview of some of the analytic approaches to D&I research, recognizing that this analytic work is still at an early stage of development. Finally, the chapter presents a case study of research that crosses three of four recognized D&I phases and illustrates a number of design and analysis issues.
• Summary: We assessed patient and provider barriers and facilitators to sustainability of a collaborative depression care model for depression treatment in predominantly Hispanic diabetes patients in safety net care clinics.
• Findings: Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted with patients and providers at two community clinics participating in a randomized controlled effectiveness trial of the Multi-faceted Depression and Diabetes Program (MDDP), a socioculturally adapted collaborative care model. Analysis identified eight themes grouped into three categories: barriers, facilitators, and recommendations for program sustainability. Barriers included patient concerns about use of medication and provider concerns about use of psychotherapy, increased workload for clinic staff, delay in receiving outcomes data, and lack of resources to sustain the program. Facilitators included patient benefits such as improved clinical outcomes, quality of care received, access, and satisfaction; provider benefits such as increased awareness and reduced anxiety; and clinic benefits in the form of reduced costs of care. Recommendations included changes in communication patterns among providers, specific changes in procedures, changes in resources, and changes in clinic organizational culture.
• Applications: Sustainable adoption of collaborative depression care for underserved populations in safety net care systems by organizational decision-makers and providers requires: stable funding and qualified staff; technologies to facilitate provider access to easily applied treatment guidelines, information exchange between primary care physicians and depression care providers, and routine monitoring of patient depression symptoms and treatment adherence and satisfaction; and treatment consistent with patient preferences.