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Antioxidant activity of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruit extracts
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterise the antioxidant properties of both water and ethanol extracts from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (GJE). The IC50 values for DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), ABTS [2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)diammonium salt], hydroxyl and superoxide radical-scavenging activities were 0.14, 0.21, 1.08 and 1.43 mg/ml for the water-based extract, and 0.36, 0.39, 1.56 and 1.99 mg/ml for the ethanol-based extract, respectively. The extracts also showed strong reducing power, nitrite-scavenging activity, inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation, superoxide dismutase-like (SOD-like) activity and catalase activity. However, the water extract had a higher antioxidant activity than the ethanol extract. In addition, the antioxidant activities were highly correlated with the observed phenolic and flavonoid contents. Therefore, our study strongly suggests that extracts derived from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides could be an excellent source of antioxidants as dietary supplements.
... The DPPH assay is known to provide a quick and easy way to select antioxidant active ingredients from natural medicines (Zhang et al., 2021). The evaluation with the DPPH method was carried out following the methodology reported (Debnath et al., 2011). Briefly, an aliquot of 1650 mL of each extract (19.53-312.5 mg/mL; Fig. S2) or vitamin C as a positive control (1.56-6.25 mg/mL; Fig. S2) dissolved in methanol, was mixed with 1650 mL of DPPH (0.1 mM) dissolved in methanol. ...
... The antioxidant activity of the extracts was also evaluated by the ABTS + method (Debnath et al., 2011). A stock solution was prepared by mixing an ABTS + solution (7 mM) and a potassium persulfate solution (K 2 S 2 O 8 ; 2.45 mM) in a 1: 1 ratio. ...
... The flavonoids presence was determined by aluminum chloride colorimetric method (Debnath et al., 2011). Briefly, 250 mL of extracts (0.625, 1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL) or quercetin flavonoid standard (162.5, 125 and 250 mg/L) dissolved in methanol was mixed with 1.25 mL of distilled water, then 75 mL NaNO 2 (5%) was added and allowed to react for 6 min in the dark. ...
Randia aculeata (Rubiaceae) is a medicinal plant distributed in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. In folk medicine it is used to counteract the effects produced by the bite of snakes and other poisonous insects. However, there are no reports of new alternatives to use the plant in a sustainable way. The main objective of this study was to establish a cell culture of R. aculeata, evaluate its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial potential and determine the phytochemical profile. In addition, we determine the total phenolics content and antioxidant activity of methanol extracts. Cell suspension cultures (CSC) was established with 2.0 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and 0.5 mg/L 6-furfurylaminopurine in MS culture medium. CSC produced 13.77 ± 0.49 g/L biomass in dry weight at 36 days of culture. GC-MS analysis showed high amounts of β-sitosterol for hexane (HE-L: 22.02 ± 0.44%) and dichloromethane (DE-L: 19.69 ± 0.49%) leaf extracts. Hexane CSC extract (HE-CSC) stood out for containing high amount of palmitic acid (43.95 ± 0.02%) and dichloromethane extract (DE-CSC) had mainly palmitic acid (30.16 ± 2.14%) and vanillic acid (10.23 ± 0.34%). The methanol CSC extract (ME-CSC) showed antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 16.49 ± 0.25 µg/mL, which was almost equal to the methanol leaf extract (ME-L) that showed a IC50 of 14.37 ± 0.20 µg/mL. The HE-CSC and DE-CSC were the only ones that showed inhibition against S. aureus, S. aureus-MRSA, S. typhimurium and E. coli. However, S. aureus was the most susceptible with HE-CSC (MIC = 62.5 µg/mL) and DE-CSC (MIC = 125 µg/mL). The HE-CSC exhibited the highest percentages of inhibition of NO production (36.88 ± 4.35%) at 40 µg/mL in RAW 264.7 macrophages, which was slightly lower than indomethacin (47.45 ± 7.41%) tested at 30 µg/mL. This extract was also the most effective against bacteria. The results suggest that cell culture extracts of R. aculeata may be a sustainable source for obtaining bioactive compounds.
... The DPPH assay is known to provide a quick and easy way to select antioxidant active ingredients from natural medicines (Zhang et al., 2021). The evaluation with the DPPH method was carried out following the methodology reported (Debnath et al., 2011). Briefly, an aliquot of 1650 mL of each extract (19.53-312.5 mg/mL; Fig. S2) or vitamin C as a positive control (1.56-6.25 mg/mL; Fig. S2) dissolved in methanol, was mixed with 1650 mL of DPPH (0.1 mM) dissolved in methanol. ...
... The antioxidant activity of the extracts was also evaluated by the ABTS + method (Debnath et al., 2011). A stock solution was prepared by mixing an ABTS + solution (7 mM) and a potassium persulfate solution (K 2 S 2 O 8 ; 2.45 mM) in a 1: 1 ratio. ...
... The flavonoids presence was determined by aluminum chloride colorimetric method (Debnath et al., 2011). Briefly, 250 mL of extracts (0.625, 1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL) or quercetin flavonoid standard (162.5, 125 and 250 mg/L) dissolved in methanol was mixed with 1.25 mL of distilled water, then 75 mL NaNO 2 (5%) was added and allowed to react for 6 min in the dark. ...
Randia aculeata (Rubiaceae) is a medicinal plant distributed in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. In folk medicine it is used to counteract the effects produced by the bite of snakes and other poisonous insects. However, there are no reports of new alternatives to use the plant in a sustainable way. The main objective of this study was to establish a cell culture of R. aculeata, evaluate its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial potential and determine the phytochemical profile. In addition, we determine the total phenolics content and antioxidant activity of methanol extracts. Cell suspension cultures (CSC) was established with 2.0 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and 0.5 mg/L 6-furfurylaminopurine in MS culture medium. CSC produced 13.77 ± 0.49 g/L biomass in dry weight at 36 days of culture. GC-MS analysis showed high amounts of β-sitosterol for hexane (HE-L: 22.02 ± 0.44%) and dichloromethane (DE-L: 19.69 ± 0.49%) leaf extracts. Hexane CSC extract (HE-CSC) stood out for containing high amount of palmitic acid (43.95 ± 0.02%) and dichloromethane extract (DE-CSC) had mainly palmitic acid (30.16 ± 2.14%) and vanillic acid (10.23 ± 0.34%). The methanol CSC extract (ME-CSC) showed antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 16.49 ± 0.25 µg/mL, which was almost equal to the methanol leaf extract (ME-L) that showed a IC50 of 14.37 ± 0.20 µg/mL. The HE-CSC and DE-CSC were the only ones that showed inhibition against S. aureus, S. aureus-MRSA, S. typhimurium and E. coli. However, S. aureus was the most susceptible with HE-CSC (MIC = 62.5 µg/mL) and DE-CSC (MIC = 125 µg/mL). The HE-CSC exhibited the highest percentages of inhibition of NO production (36.88 ± 4.35%) at 40 µg/mL in RAW 264.7 macrophages, which was slightly lower than indomethacin (47.45 ± 7.41%) tested at 30 µg/mL. This extract was also the most effective against bacteria. The results suggest that cell culture extracts of R. aculeata may be a sustainable source for obtaining bioactive compounds.
... The evaluation using a 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was carried out following the methodology reported by Debnath et al. [27]. A 1650 µL extract aliquot (1.95-500 µg/mL) or positive control (ascorbic acid: 0.625-5 µg/mL) dissolved in ethanol was briefly mixed with 1650 µL of DPPH (0.1 mM) dissolved in ethanol. ...
... Antioxidant activity analysis using 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic (ABTS) acid assays was performed according to Debnath et al. [27]. A stock solution was prepared by mixing an ABTS solution (7 mM) with a potassium persulfate solution (K 2 S 2 O 8 : 2.45 mM) at a 1:1 ratio. ...
Acmella radicans (Asteraceae) is a plant native to America. Despite it having medicinal attributes, studies on its phytochemical properties are scarce, and biotechnological studies do not exist for this species. In this study, we established an adventitious root culture from A. radicans internodal segments in shake flasks with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and then elicited it with jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA). The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were evaluated, and a comparison was made using in vitro plantlets and wild plants. Internodal segments with 0.1 mg/L IBA showed 100% root induction and exhibited better growth after transfer to shake flasks with MS liquid culture medium. JA had a significant effect on biomass increase compared to unelicited roots, mainly with 50 µM JA (28%), while SA did not show significant results. Root elicited with 100 µM (SA and JA) showed a 0.34- and 3.9-fold increase, respectively, in total phenolic content (TPC) compared to the control. The antioxidant activity was also significant, and a lower half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was observed as the AJ concentration increased. Roots elicited with AJ (100 µM) exhibited high antioxidant activity with DPPH (IC50 = 9.4 µg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 = 3.3 µg/mL) assays; these values were close to those for vitamin C (IC50 = 2.0 µg/mL). The TPC and antioxidant activity of in vitro plants and root cultured in shake flasks showed the lowest values in most cases; even the root cultures without elicitation were better than those of a wild plant. In this study, we demonstrated that A. radicans root culture is capable of producing secondary metabolites, while its production and antioxidant activity can be enhanced using jasmonic acid.
... Antioxidant activities of BE were investigated against free radical scavenging activities like DPPH, ABTS, nitrite radical scavenging and ferric reducing activities) as earlier mentioned (Debnath et al., 2011) using the concentrations 50 to 400 μg/mL. The free radical scavenging activities were examined by the colorimetric method. ...
... The inhibiting effect of BE in lipid peroxidation was assessed by the ferric thiocyanate (FTC) method with slight modification (Debnath et al., 2011) against linoleic acid oxidation. 2.5 mL of sample (1 mg/mL) or AA(1 mg/mL) used as a positive control was mixed with 1 mL of 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 1 mL of 50 mM linoleic acid solution, and 0.5 mL of DW. ...
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is a medicinal fruit known for its high content of anthocyanins, flavonoids, vitamins, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, tocopherols and phenolic acid. Bilberry has long been used in oriental medicine for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, such as visual acuity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, diabetes, cancer, obesity, inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we investigated using the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of 70% ethanol extracts of bilberry in vitro. Antioxidant activities were measured with total phenolic, flavonoid and ascorbic acid contents. The bilberry extract (BE) showed significant free radical scavenging activities and inhibited oxidation of linoleic acid in a dose-dependent manner. BE also suppressed nitric oxide (NO) generation and reversed pro-inflammatory cytokines such as iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. From these results, we suggest that BE is a natural powerful antioxidant, and the anti-inflammatory agent being a rich source of anthocyanins.
... The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was determined by conducting a reaction using 200 µL enzyme extract, 200 µ pyrogallol solution (7.2 mM in H 2 O), 3 mL of 50 mM Tris HCL (pH = 8.5), and 10 mM EDTA. After 10 min, the reaction was stopped by adding 1 ml of 1 N HCL [44]. The percentage of scavenging activity can be calculated using the equation: Scavenging activity % = 100 -[(A -B) / C] * 100, where A represents the absorbance reading at 420 nm. ...
Background
Nanotechnology has been recognized as a viable technology for enhancing agriculture, particularly in the plant pathogen management area. Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) is a global pathogen that affects many plant species, especially economically valuable crops. Currently, there is less data on the interaction of nanoparticles with phytopathogens, particularly viruses. The current study looked into how copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs)-mediated Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous extract can fight AMV infections on tobacco plants.
Results
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses showed that CuO-NPs have a spherical and hexagonal structure ranging from 20 to 70 nm in size. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed that the produced CuO-NPs have many functional groups and a lot of secondary plant metabolites. Under greenhouse conditions, the foliar application of CuO-NPs (100 ppm) enhanced tobacco growth and decreased viral symptoms. Treatment with CuO-NPs 48 h before (protective treatment) or 48 h after (curative treatment) AMV infection significantly reduced AMV accumulation levels by 97%. Additionally, the levels of total chlorophyll, phenolic, and flavonoid contents, as well as DPPH, exhibited a significant increase in tobacco leaves 30 days after inoculation in comparison to untreated plants. Moreover, considerable differences in levels of different antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, PPO, POX, and CAT, were also observed. On the other hand, the oxidative stress markers (MDA and H2O2) were significantly reduced in CuO-NPs-treated plants compared with non-treated plants. It was also found that the protective treatment increased the expression levels of genes involved in the jasmonic pathway (JERF3 and WRKY1). On the other hand, the curative treatment increased the expression levels of polyphenolic pathway acid (CHI and HQT) and the SA-signaling pathway genes (PR-2 and POD). The study of molecular docking interactions with four AMV target proteins showed that CuO-NPs had high binding energy with the viral replication protein 1a, measured at -3.2 kcal/mol. The binding with these proteins can suppress AMV replication and spread, potentially clarifying the mechanism behind the antiviral effect.
Conclusions
The overall analysis results indicate that the curative treatment is more influential and successful than the protective treatment in combating AMV infection. Consequentially, CuO-NPs could potentially be employed in foliar sprays for the effective and environmentally friendly management of plant virus infections.
... The biological process by which living things make energy is oxidation, which leads to the development of reactive oxygen species. These species have been linked to numerous disorders, including cancer, inflammation, and degeneration, as well as aging ( [8,25,2] . ...
... The Folin Ciocalteu (FC) method with certain modifications was used to determine the total phenolic content of the five different extracts [28][29][30]. Gallic acid was used as a standard for this assay. Extract solutions for the assay were prepared in methanol or water depending on their solubility with a concentration of 10 mg mL − 1 and gallic acid solutions were prepared in methanol with different concentrations (15.625, 31.25, ...
The plant based natural products have always been a rich source of bioactive molecules for drug discovery. The tender shoots of Calamus leptospadix Griff., an edible medicinal plant was extracted using methanol, water and ethanol as three different solvents to study the effect of the extracting solvents and temperature on their antioxidant, antidiabetic and antibacterial properties and total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The antioxidant properties were determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The α-glucosidase inhibitory assay was carried out to determine the antidiabetic potential. The antibacterial properties of the extracts were determined against four strains of bacterial species viz. Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Citrobacter freundii using Broth macro dilution method.
The methanolic extracts of the plant were found to possess the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. In the antioxidant assays, the cold methanolic extract was found to exhibit the highest DDPH radical scavenging activity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. In the antidiabetic assay, the extract exhibited better α-glucosidase inhibitory potential than that of the positive control acarbose. It was also found to be effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative strains in the antibacterial assay. A flavan-type compound 4-(5,7-dimethoxychroman-2-yl)phenol was isolated from the most bioactive cold methanolic extract of the plant and characterised from its XRD, ¹H and ¹³C NMR, HRMS and IR data.
... Due to its beautiful white flower and rich fragrance, it is often used as a cut flower and ornamental plant (Chuenboonngarm et al. 2001;Wilkins 1986). In addition, the fruit of G. jasminoides, which is reputed to be effective in the treatment of inflammation, headache, jaundice, edema, hepatitic disorders, fever, and hypertension (Lelono et al. 2009), is a traditional Chinese medicine and is used as a folk medicine in many other Asian countries as well (Debnath et al. 2011;Zhou et al. 2017). ...
... Ferric reducing power assay. We evaluated the antioxidant capacity of the sample extract using the reducing power as described by Debnath et al. [34]. In line with the procedure, we combined 1 mL solution with 2.5 mL of sodium phosphate buffer (0.2 mM, 6.6 pH) and 2.5 mL of 1% K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ]. ...
This study featured broad/fava bean pods as by-products of food production. It assessed the chemical composition of green bean pods (Vicia faba L.) and their methanolic extract. The extract was tested in vitro for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities against prostate cancer (Pc3) and liver cancer (HepG2) cells. Broad bean pods proved to be rich in carbohydrates, fiber, protein, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. The extract contained 286 mg GAE/g total phenols and 105 mg QE/g total flavonoids. The antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract was measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The highest DPPH scavenging activity belonged to the extract concentrations of 1000 µg/mL (80.5%) and 500 µg/mL (73.7%), whereas the IC50 value was 87.35 µg/mL. The methanolic extract possessed the anti-inflammatory effect as it significantly reduced the hemolysis of red blood cells. The maximal inhibition percentage reached 66.7% at 1000 µg/mL. Regarding the antimicrobial activity, the broad bean pod metha-nolic extract inhibited Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as Candida albicans. The extract reduced the cell viability of human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) and prostate cancer (PC3) cells in a concentration-dependent manner. It also caused significant changes in cell shape, compared to the control. Therefore, broad beans can be recommended for human consumption together with pods, fresh or cooked, as a potential source of bioactive substances in functional food production. Please cite this article in press as: Elbadrawy E, Mostafa MY. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties of green broad bean pods (Vicia faba L.). Foods and Raw Materials. 2024;12(2):308-318. https://doi.
... Usos: Algunos estudios sugieren que los extractos derivados del fruto de G. jasminoides podrían ser una excelente fuente de antioxidantes como suplementos dietéticos [80]. Por otro lado, se menciona que el fruto de esta planta es utilizado como tinte amarillo natural, y también ha sido una de las medicinas tradicionales chinas populares desde hace algunas décadas, con efecto hipoglucemiante, inhibición de la inflamación, actividad antidepresiva y mejora de la calidad del sueño [81]. ...
En el presente trabajo se describen las principales especies de plantas arbustivas y
herbáceas presentes en el Jardín Botánico de Mérida, junto con su origen, distribución y usos. Para esto se realizó un levantamiento florístico
dentro jardines temáticos de la institución, donde se colectaron, describieron e identificaron las especies más conspicuas en cada jardín temático.
Posteriormente, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de cada especie para determinar sus usos potenciales en diferentes áreas como la
medicina, construcción, paisajismo, biorremediación, obtención de materias primas,
entre otras. El estudio florístico aporto un total de 87 especies entre arbustos y hierbas, distribuidas dentro de 75 géneros y 47 familias botánicas. Las familias mejor representadas fueron Heliconiaceae con 6 especies, Araceae y Verbenaceae con 5 especies cada una, seguidas de Asparagaceae, Cactaceae y Melastomataceae con 4 especies cada una. Los géneros con mayor número de especies fueron Heliconia con 6 especies y Costus, Agave, Anthurium, Lippia, Monochaetum y Tibouchina con 2 especies en cada caso. El estudio realizado
demuestra una destacada diversidad en cuanto a potencial de usos artesanales y medicinales de las plantas en el contexto económico, social y ambiental. La recopilación y divulgación de este tipo de información promueve la sensibilización del público y a su vez sirve de plataforma para proyectos futuros en diversas disciplinas.
... Nitrite scavenging activity of Lp.Cr was performed as described previously [31]. Lp.Cr or ascorbic acid (0.125-2.0 mg/ml) were mixed with 1 ml of NaNO 2 (1 mM) and pH 2.0 was adjusted with 0.1 N HCl. ...
Background
Leptadenia pyrotechnica Forssk. Decne is a member of family Apocynaceae and locally known as ‘Khipp’. It is found in dry, sandy habitat of Pakistan and in several other regions around the world including Asia, Tropical Africa, Western Gulf and Mediterranean countries. It has nutritional value, containing 4 % lipids, 23 % proteins, 28 % carbohydrates, 4 % fibers, vitamin E and several minerals. Traditionally, this plant has been used by several communities for pain, different inflammatory and kidney disorders. Ethno-botanical studies have reported the use of L. pyrotechnica in nephrolithiasis, kidney disorders and induction of diuresis, which requires a detailed pharmacological study to validate the folkloric use of L. pyrotechnica as diuretic.
Methods
The 70 % methanolic L. pyrotechnica (Lp.Cr) extract was prepared and qualitatively checked for the presence of various phytochemicals. Phenolic, flavonoid, tannin and saponin contents were quantified. GC-MS analysis of Lp.Cr was also performed. Antioxidant potential of Lp.Cr was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS and nitrite radical scavenging assays. CUPRAC and FRAP assay described the reducing potential of Lp.Cr. Diuretic activity was performed in both acute and prolonged models at different doses followed by the estimation of electrolytes, urea and creatinine levels. The mechanism of diuresis was described by pre-treatment with atropine, l-NAME, indomethacin and carbonic anhydrase inhibition.
Results
Lp.Cr. indicated high phenolic and flavonoid contents which correlated with good antioxidant activity. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 104 compounds from different phytochemical classes. Diuretic activity was performed at 10–300 mg/kg concentrations where the dose of 100 and 300 mg/kg showed good diuretic and saluretic activity comparable to furosemide. Lp.Cr exhibited diuresis both in acute and prolonged study protocols which can be attributed to carbonic anhydrase inhibition, effect on prostaglandins and cholinergic pathways.
Conclusion
L. pyrotechnica contained several phytochemicals and exhibited good antioxidant activity. It induced diuresis and saluretic activity which was comparable to furosemide at higher doses. Diuretic activity can be attributed to carbonic anhydrase inhibition, prostaglandin synthesis and cholinergic pathways.
... Se empleó el ensayo colorimétrico con cloruro de aluminio usado por Debnath en 2011 (16). Se adi-cionaron a 25 μL de muestra o solución estándar 125 μL de agua destilada, luego 5 μL de solución de nitrato de sodio al 5% (v/v). ...
Antecedentes: extractos etanólicos de P. peruviana han mostrado actividad citotóxica contra diferentes células cancerosas. Objetivo: estudiar la actividad anticancerígena de un extracto acuoso del fruto uchuva en células de cáncer de colon SW480 y SW620. Materiales y métodos: se analizaron citotoxicidad e índice de selectividad (SI) (MTT), antiproliferación (sulforodamina-B), apoptosis (ciclo celular, anexina-V, receptores TRAIL-DR4/-DR5 y caspasa-3), actividad antioxidante (contenido de flavonoides y carotenoides totales). Resultados: el extracto acuoso de uchuva mostró efecto citotóxico y antiproliferativo en células SW480 (IC50=44,2 µg/mL, SI=11,6) y SW620 (IC50=85,1µg/mL, SI=6,0). Las células hipodiploides SW480 y SW620 aumentaron 13% y 12%, respectivamente. Las células apoptóticas incrementaron 19% y 21% en SW480 y SW620, respectivamente, con incremento en la expresión de receptores TRAIL-DR4/-DR5 en SW480 (+59%/+53%) y SW620 (+67%/+65%), y activación de caspasa-3 en ambas líneas celulares. El extracto neutralizó radicales OH-, presentó baja capacidad reductora y atrapadora de especies reactivas del oxígeno y nitrógeno. El contenido de flavonoides y carotenoides fue 487,1 mg catequina y 0,9 mg β-caroteno por 100 g de liofilizado, respectivamente. Conclusiones: estos hallazgos sugieren que la uchuva puede ser una fuente prometedora de compuestos bioactivos con actividad quimiopreventiva en cáncer de colon humano.
... has been used to extract natural food colorants and as an important oriental herbal medicine, which has been recorded as Fructus Gardeniae (FG) in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and commonly used for the treatment of depression, anxiety, insomnia, psychosis and other mental disorders in Chinese traditional medicine [1,2]. The pharmacological actions of FG, such as protection against oxidative damage, anti-inflammatory activity, melanogenesis inhibitory activity and hepatoprotective activity, have been well characterized previously [3][4][5][6]. ...
A response surface methodology was applied to optimize the variables affecting
the supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction of oil from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides
using the Box–Behnken design. The optimum extraction parameters were an extraction
temperature of 49.94 °C, an extraction pressure of 29.89 MPa and an extraction time of
93.82 min. Through a GC/MS analysis, we revealed 16 major components of the oil
extract, which showed potent antidepressant effects in both of two behavior despair models
in mice: tail suspension test and forced swimming test. Our results suggest that the oil
extract of Gardenia jasminoides prepared using the supercritical fluid carbon dioxide
extraction may contain effective constituents to be used for depression therapy.
... The Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, a member of Rubiaceae family, is an evergreen shrub cultivated in numerous temperate regions [1]. The fruits of G. jasminoides have been utilized as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for the therapy of hepatic cirrhosis, abdominal pain, angina pectoris, jaundice, and other disorders [2]. ...
The utilization of deep eutectic solvent as an alternative and environmentally friendly option has gained significant attention. This study first proposed a series of benzylammonium chloride based-deep eutectic systems for the extraction of bioactive compounds from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Through the implementation of response surface methodology, the optimal solvent was determined to be dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride-levulinic acid (1:3, mol/mol) with 35% (v/v) water, specifically tailored to extract geniposide, genipin-1-β-d-gentiobioside, crocin-1, and crocin-2 from gardenia fruits with the ratio of solid to liquid of 1:20 at 86°C for 16 min. Their total extraction yields could reach 70.6 mg/g, outperforming those obtained by other solvents and corresponding techniques. Furthermore, the eutectic system was retrieved after first-cycle extraction, and then applied in the subsequent extraction progress, yielding a consistent extraction efficiency of 97.1%. As compared to previous traditional methods, a quick, high-yielding, and green extraction procedure was achieved through simple heating settings that did not constrain the instrument. Therefore, dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride-levulinic acid could serve as a sustainable and reusable solvent for efficient extraction of natural bioactive compounds from plant-based raw materials. The application of deep eutectic solvents has demonstrated their potential as designable solvents with stronger extraction capabilities than traditional organic solvents.
... The fruit of G. jasminoides is a dry oval fruit, which is red and yellow after ripening in late autumn. It has many Chinese pharmacological effects, such as purging fire and removing annoyance, clearing heat and diuresis, cooling blood and detoxification, and so on [3,4]. Geniposide and Crocin are the main secondary metabolites in fruits, which have different pharmacological effects on different diseases [5]. ...
Background
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is a perennial evergreen shrub of G. jasminoides of Rubiaceae. Geniposide and Crocin are important components in the fruit of G. jasminoides. In addition to being used as medicinal materials, they are also widely used in food, medicine, cosmetics, and other fields. They have high medicinal value, economic value, and ornamental value. However, at present, the utilization rate of G. jasminoides resources is low, mainly focused on germplasm cultivation, primary processing, and clinical pharmacology, and there are few studies on the quality of Gardenia fruit.
Methods and results
Based on transcriptome sequencing and metabolic group analysis, the morphological and structural changes of Gardenia fruit with young fruit, middle fruit, and ripe fruit were analyzed, and the formation mechanism and content changes of Geniposide and Crocin in Gardenia fruit were studied. The content of Geniposide decreased with the development of fruit, so did the expression of the main structural gene GES, G10H, and IS in its synthesis pathway, while the content of Crocin increased with the development of fruit, and the expression of the main structural gene CCD, ALDH, and UGT in its synthesis pathway also increased. The relationship between the morphological structure of G. jasminoides and the accumulation of Geniposide and Crocin was summarized.
Conclusions
This study not only provides a theoretical basis for the mining and utilization of Geniposide and Crocin, but also provides a theoretical basis for genetic background for the identification and cloning of bioactive substances in gardenia fruit in future. At the same time, it provides support for increasing the dual-use value of G. jasminoides and breeding excellent germplasm resources.
... Fruits have long usage history as food, medicine, and colouring agent due to the presence of significant secondary metabolites such as gardenoside, geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid, geniposide, crocin, crocetin, etc. (Luo et al., 2014;Wang et al., 2016). These phytoconstituents are commercially exploited as food additives, used in dye-sensitised solar cells, and the textile industry (Sakai et al., 2021;Shahid et al., 2013;Shen et al., 2014;Sommano et al., 2020), and possess antiangiogenic, anti-arthritic, antidepressant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antithrombotic, antihyperlipidemic, and genotoxicity properties (Debnath et al., 2011;Kuratsune et al., 2010;Tao et al., 2014). ...
Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (Cape jasmine) is a horticultural plant. It is difficult to cultivate species due to pathogen sensitivity; hence, the demand for this species is gradually increasing. Thus, micropropagation would be a convenient tool to produce quality planting material, but the higher rate of mortality constitutes a constraint to large-scale propagation. Seismic stress is one of the abiotic stresses that promote growth, structural stability, and positively affect plantlet development. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of moderate seismic stress under in vitro conditions on the proliferation of shoots, biochemical attributes (photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates constituents, free amino acids, etc.), and foliar anatomical stability of plantlets G. jasminoides. Results showed the superiority of moderate seismic stress (75 rpm for 10 min) in the improved proliferation of shoots, development of functional stomata, elimination of anatomical abnormalities, improved photosynthetic pigments and rooting efficiency, and finally increased survival percentage of plantlets after transplantation into field conditions. These findings provided evidence for the positive role of the optimised seismic stress in regulating the morpho-anatomical and biochemical traits in G. jasminoides which is an indication of the development of diverse adaptive strategies by the micropropagated plantlets to abiotic stress.
... In the present study, we tried to reach an effective treatment with fewer side effects for melanoma using Polypodium vulgare. A similar study in Korea showed that the ethanolic extract of the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis inhibited metastasis and migration of melanoma tumors and reduced angiogenesis (Debnath et al., 2011).In another study, a medicinal plant from the ginseng family was introduced as an effective treatment for melanoma. This plant could inhibit the mediators involved in tumor growth and accelerate the apoptosis of melanoma cells (Lee et al., 2009). ...
Background:
Melanoma is a malignant tumor that originates from the skin's melanocytes and has the highest death rate from skin cancer. Developing more efficacious anticancer medications with fewer adverse effects is the key to effective cancer management. Natural products are considered relevant and cost-effective sources of treatment. The plant (Polypodium vulgare) is a small and evergreen fern. One of the most important chemical compounds in the extract of this herb is flavonoids, which are thought to have beneficial effects in the treatment of melanoma through antioxidant properties.
Objectives:
Due to the limitations of current cancer management and cytotoxic drugs available in the country, the need to study drugs of natural origin has become more prominent. In this regard, the present study aims to investigate the cytotoxic effects of the ethanolic extract of Polypodium vulgare on A375 melanoma cells.
Methods:
Polypodium vulgare was extracted in 80% ethanol by the maceration. Then, its effects on the cell death of the melanoma cell line A375 compared to the AGO-1522 cell line as control were measured using the MTT-assay technique. The amount of cellular lipid peroxidation was estimated by TBARS assay. The amount of cellular ROS was calculated by fluorescent reagent 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Cytochrome c concentration was measured by a cytochrome c immunoassay kit.
Results:
In this experiment, the anticancer effects of Polypodium vulgare ethanolic extract on human melanoma cell lines were investigated for the first time. Herb extract with a concentration of 0.123 mg/ml significantly increased the death of A375 melanoma cells (p < 0.001), lipid peroxidation (p < 0.01), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (p < 0.01) and cytochrome c concentration (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, the same amount was ineffective and safe on AGO-1522 normal fibroblast cells.
Conclusion:
A 0.123 mg/ml concentration of Polypodium vulgare increases apoptosis in melanoma cells. Meanwhile, the same amount was safe on healthy cells. So, it could be considered an effective treatment without side effects in human melanoma.
... (family Rubiaceae), Star Gardenia, is a shrub or small tree that thrives in Egypt and many African and Asian nations [2]. The flavonoids, terpenoids, iridoids, and steroids found in the Gardenia family have many therapeutic advantages, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties, which may be attributed to flavonoids [3,4]. In the present study, LC-ESI-MS/MS was utilized to reveal, tentatively, the phytochemicals of the leaves of the plant. ...
The rising prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD has strained the healthcare system. Natural products could solve this problem, so the current study focused on the impact of G. thunbergia Thunb. against this ailment. LC–ESI–MS/MS revealed the phytochemical profile of the methanol extract from Gardenia thunbergia leaves (GME). Forty-eight compounds were tentatively identified, and stigmasterol, fucosterol, ursolic acid, and rutin were isolated. The separation of the last three compounds from this plant had not before been achieved. The anti-NAFLD effect of the methanol extract of the leaves of G. thunbergia, and its major metabolite, rutin, was assessed in mice against high-fructose diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Male mice were allocated into nine groups: (1) saline (control), (2) 30% fructose (diseased group), (3) HFD, and 10 mg/kg of simvastatin. Groups 4–6 were administered HFD and rutin 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg. Groups (7–9) were administered HFD and methanol extract of leaves 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg. Methanol extract of G. thunbergia leaves at 200 mg/kg, and rutin at 75 mg/kg significantly reduced HFD-induced increments in mice weight and hepatic damage indicators (AST and ALT), steatosis, and hypertrophy. The levels of total cholesterol, LDL–C, and triglycerides in the blood decreased. In addition, the expressions of CYP2E1, JNK1, and iNOS in the diseased mice were downregulated. This study found that GME and rutin could ameliorate NAFLD in HFD-fed mice, with results comparable to simvastatin, validating G. thunbergia’s hepatoprotective effects.
... 7 Furthermore, The flavonoid, terpene, iridoid, and steroid chemicals found in the Gardenia family have a variety of medicinal uses, such as antiinflammatory and analgesic properties as well as antioxidant effects. 8,9 A previous study reported the isolation of nine compounds from G. thunbergia: astragalin, isoquercitrin, loliolide, 5,6-epoxy-3-hydroxymegastigm-7-en-9-one, scopoletin, lupeol, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol, including a new triterpenoid saponin with antiplasmodial activity. 5 In addition, the G. thunbergia aerial parts demonstrated selective in vitro cytotoxic activities against HL-60 and HepG2 cells, according to a previous study. ...
... mg GAEAC/L, and the IC 50 analysis was 74.54 ppm, with a moderate antioxidant activity criteria. The TFC and TPC of the ethanol extract of the gardenia fruit were 20.7 mg catechin/100 g and 44.8 mg GAE/100 g, respectively (Debnath et al., 2011). Therefore, under the conditions of 70 °C at 28.6 min, the extracted ethanol from 70% GJE fruit managed to yield TPC (2497 mg) (Yang et al., 2009), which was lower than the leaf extract. ...
Purpose: The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the active compound antioxidant fractions from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis leaves. Research Method: The antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH 0.1 mM (1:1), and was analyzed spectrophotometrically. In addition, separation was performed using column chromatography. The most active isolate was identified by UV-Vis, FT-IR, and LC-MS/MS. The quantitative analysis was done in three replicated. Findings: It was discovered that the antioxidant activity in the semi-polar fraction (IC50 = 62,50 ppm) was higher than both the polar and non-polar fractions. Combining 295 isolates via column chromatography, 11 combined isolates were obtained (fA-fK). The fK isolate had the highest antioxidant activity of 90.38% and IC50 15.74 ppm. It also obtained 2 maximum wavelengths (336 and 275 nm) and could be categorised as flavonoid (flavonol with 3-OH substituted). The FTIR analysis also showed that the fK isolate had functional groups found in flavonoid. Finally, the identification of the fK isolate by LC-MS/MS showed that the compound at retention times of 5,91 and 5,06 minutes were kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside and rutin, respectively. Originality/ Value: Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that GJE leaves have the potential to be developed as a new and inexpensive source of flavonoids.
... Gardenia jasminoides is an evergreen shrub, belonging to the Rubiaceae. It originates from the middle part of China, and it has traditionally been used as an ornamental and medicinal plant in several Asian countries (Debnath et al., 2011). The highly fragrant white flowers of gardenia are commonly borne singly in the leaf axils. ...
Gardenia jasminoides , belonging to the Rubiaceae family, is widely distributed and planted in China. It has traditionally been used as an ornamental and medicinal plant in several Asian countries. The rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technology makes it feasible to obtain complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequences and will deepen our understanding of evolution of G. jasminoides . In this study, we sequenced the complete cp genomes of two botanical varieties of G. jasminoides . The complete cp genomes of both botanical varieties of G. jasminoides showed highly conserved structures and the length was 154,954 base pairs (bp) for G. jasminoides var. radicans (GJR) and 155,098 bp for G. jasminoides var. grandiflora (GJG). A total of 132 and 133 genes were identified in GJR and GJG, respectively. The cp genomes of two newly sequenced G. jasminoides were further compared with two published G. jasminoides cp genomes. Multiple repeats and simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were detected among different genotypes of G. jasminoides . The intron sequences of rps16 and rpl16 genes were slightly divergent among four genotypes of G. jasminoides . Phylogenetic analyses based on the complete cp genome sequences showed that G. jasminoides was closely associated with Fosbergia shweliensis , with Coffea as their close relative. Taken together, the complete cp genomes of GJG and GJR provided significant insights and important information that can be used to identify related species and reconstruct their phylogeny.
... Reducing power assay The antioxidant activity of tested samples was measured through the reduction of Fe 3+ to Fe 2+ ion according to [15] procedure. One mL of tested sample solution was mixed with 2.5 mL of sodium phosphate buffer (0.2mM, 6.6pH) and 2.5 mL of 1% K 3 [Fe (CN) 6 ], then the mixture was incubated for 20 min at 50 º C. Aliquots of 10% CCl 3 COOH (2.5mL) were added to stop the reaction. ...
... Finally, the absorbance read at 540 nm. Catalase activity was represented as nmol/min/g tissue (25). ...
Background:
Nano selenium (Nano Sel) has many therapeutic properties including antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory actions.
Objective:
Impacts of Nano Sel administration against cardiac fibrosis and heart and aorta tissue oxidative damage observed in hypothyroid rats were explored.
Methods:
The animals were randomly grouped and treated as: 1) Control; 2) Propylthiouracil (PTU) in which PTU was added to the drinking water (0.05%) to induce hypothyroidism; 3-5) PTU-Nano Sel 50, PTU-Nano Sel 100, and PTU-Nano Sel 150 groups, which received daily PTU plus 50,100 or 150 µg/kg of Nano Sel for 6 weeks intraperitoneally. The heart and aorta tissues were removed under deep anesthesia and then biochemical parameters including malondialdehyde (MDA), total thiol groups, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as cardiac fibrosis were assessed.
Results:
Hypothyroidism induced by PTU was remarkably associated with myocardial hypertrophy and perivascular fibrosis in Masson's trichrome staining. Moreover, hypothyroidism increased MDA level, while it subtracted total thiol group content and activity of SOD and CAT. Treatment with Nano Sel recovered hypothyroidism-induced cardiac fibrosis in the histological assessment. Nano Sel also promoted CAT and SOD activity and thiol content, whereas alleviated MDA levels in the heart and aorta tissues.
Conclusion:
Results propose that administration of Nano Sel exerts a protective role in the cardio vascular system via preventing cardiac fibrosis and inhibiting oxidative stress.
... The major ones include geniposide (GPS), geniposidic acid (GPSA), genipin (GNP), gardenoside, crocins; and their derivatives [2]. A diversity of its biological activities has been documented, which include antioxidant properties [5], anti-inflammatory [6,7], antidiabetic [8], antidepression [9], improving insomnia [1], anti-hypertension, anti-hyperglycemia, anticancer, anti-hyperlipidemia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) [10]. GPS alleviated cholestasis liver diseases by regulating the expression of bile salt export pump (BSEP) through farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway [11]. ...
The recovery of physiologically bioactive ingredients from agricultural wastes as an abundant and low-cost source for the production of high value-added mutraceuticlas has been recognized and supported for the commercial interests and sustainable managements. In the extraction of geniposide for the development of natural food colorants from the dried fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Rubiaceae, the gardenia fruit waste (GFW) still remaining 0.86% (w/w) of crocins has always been discarded without any further treatments Until now, there was no simple and effective protocol for high-purity trans-crocein (TC) preparation without the coexistence of non-biologically active cis-crocein from GFW. We proposed an effective process to obtain the compound as follows. Crocins were extracted firstly by 50% of ethanol in the highest yield of 8.61 mg/g (w/w) from GFW. After the HPD-100 column fractionation in the collecting of crocins, the conversion ratio of 75% of crocins to crocetins can be obtained from the commercial available enzyme- Celluclast® 1.5 L. The crocins hydrolyzed products, were then separated through the HPD-100 resin adsorption and finally purified with the centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) in single-step to obtain TC in a purity of 96.76 ± 0.17%. Conclusively, the effective enzyme transformation and purification co-operated with CPC technologies on crocins resulted in a high purity product of TC may be highly application in the commercial production.
... In Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2010), it is cold in nature and bitter in taste, with the effects of discharging fire, eliminating vexation, protecting the liver, promoting choleretics, causing diuresis, cooling blood, etc. In recent decades, research has also confirmed several pharmacological actions of Gardeniae fructus, such as antioxidant [1], anti-inflammatory [2], antidiabetic [3], anti-cancer [4], treating liver disease [5], etc. ...
Gardeniae fructus is a common neuroprotective medicinal food in China, however the extraction efficiency and mixture activities are rarely mentioned. In this study, accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) parameters were optimized by a response surface methodology to extract antioxidants from Gardeniae fructus. Neuroprotective activity was evaluated using H2O2 and amyloid-β25–35 peptide-treated PC12 cells. By comparing with three other extract methods (i.e., heated refluxing extraction (HRE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)), it was found that the yield (35.10%), total iridoids (27.69%), total flavonoid (6.12%) content, antioxidant activities (IC50 on DPPH, 164.46 µg/mL; FRAP value 4703.54 μmol/L), and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory ability (IC50 92.58 µg/mL) of ASE extract under the optimal condition (150 °C temperature, 10 min static time, 60% ethanol, 2 extract cycles) were significantly higher than other extract methods. The strongest ability to protect PC12 cells from damage was also present in ASE extract, as evidenced by decreasing lactate dehydrogenase and malondialdehyde levels, elevating superoxide dismutase and glutathioneperoxidase activities. Compositional analysis indicated that the extremely high crocetin level in ASE extract (1.30 μg/mg) may offer great potential. Our results indicated that ASE is a proper extraction method that could offer great potential for finding the neuroprotective ability of Gardeniae fructus for the treatment of AD.
... It has been used for many years to obtain a natural yellow dye [2,3], and it's mature and dried fruits are employed in traditional Chinese medicine. Its fruits exhibit a cold and bitter taste, present anti-inflammatory [4], antidiabetic [5], antidepression [6], hepatocyte-protective [7], antioxidant properties [8] and improve the quality of sleep [1,9]. Iridoids, organic acids, flavonoids and triterpenes have been identified in the fruit of G. jasminoides [1]. ...
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (G. jasminoides) fruits are used as a resource for obtaining natural colorants and in traditional Chinese herbal medicine. However, G. jasminoides presents a relatively long flowering period and different ripening periods, so there are significant differences in the accumulation of metabolites in fruits of different colors. In addition, the complete metabolic pathways of iridoidsand crocins, which are used as medicinal composition of G. jasminoides, are poorly understood at present. In this research, we comprehensively compared the transcriptome and metabolites profiles of the developmental stages and locations of iridoid and crocin biosynthesis. A large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were detected in four groups of samples, and clear variation in the pattern of metabolite abundance and gene expression were observed among different fruit colors and parts. Geniposide and gardenoside mainly accumulated in the sarcocarp of green fruit (GFS) and the sarcocarp of red fruit (FS), respectively. Crocin mainly accumulated in the peel and sarcocarp of red fruits. In the iridoid pathway, we hypothesized that there was a transport mechanism from the sarcocarp to the peel of G. jasminoides because of the inconsistent expression of G8O, 10-HGO and IS associated with differences in fruit ripening. UGTs play an important role in the biosynthesis of the active components of G. jasminoides. Combined transcriptome and metabonomics analysis showed a negative correlation between the biosynthesis of geniposide and crocin. The redirection of the metabolic flux and the regulation of key enzymes may be the main reasons for the changes in the biosynthesis of iridoid and crocin in G. jasminoides fruit. Our study expended valuable information for functional genomic library and provided new insights for metabolic engineering of secondary metabolite in G. Jasminoides.
... (Rubiaceae) is an aromatic and medicinal plant species with wide application in traditional and ethnomedicine in many Asian countries. There are many reports concerning phytochemical composition and biological activities of different extracts, obtained by Gardenia [1][2][3], but such data is missing for extracts of in vitro systems from this plant. In this study, for the first, we reported the method for initiation of differentiated and dedifferentiated in vitro systems from G. jasminoides and comparison of their potential to produce phenolic antioxidants with possible application in cosmetics. ...
Aromatic and medicinal plants have been indispensable source for active substances used in cosmetic and pharmacy formulations. The market share of cosmeceuticals, a product that exert both cosmetic and therapeutic beneficial effects, has steadily increased over the past decades and nowadays, there is growing interest in searching and development of new natural bioactive ingredients with plant origin. Plant biotechnology offers a powerful tool for continuous and renewable supply of phytochemicals or active biomass by large scale cultivation of plant cells or organ cultures. Here, we report initiation and comparison of biosynthetic potential of three types (callus, cell suspension and shoots) in vitro systems of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. The callus and cell suspension cultures were obtained on half MS medium with addition of 2.0 mg/L NAA and 0.5 mg/L BAP, and showed the lowest total phenolic contents (1.43±0.02 mg GAE/g DW, and 2.44±0.01 mg GAE/g DW) and lowest abilities to scavenging DPPH radical (0.80±0.20 µmol TE/g DW, and 1.86±0.04 µmol TE/g DW). The shoot cultures, obtained on full strength MS medium with addition of 4.0 mg/L BAP, showed the same total phenolic content compared to the original plant (23.34±0.27 mg GAE/g DW, compared to 24.15±0.61 mg GAE/g DW), but has 12% increased ability to scavenging DPPH radical (87.81±0.70 µmol TE/g DW, compared to 76.81±1.15 µmol TE/g DW). In conclusion, the differentiated shoot culture of G. jasminoides Ellis is perspective matrix for future study on in vitro production of phenolic antioxidants.
... Fructus Gardeniae (FG) is the mature dry fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and belongs to the Rubiaceae family of plants. It is a common TCM and food used alone or in formulations for the treatment of various diseases, including jaundice, diarrhea, liver disease, and gastroenteritis (Chen et al., 2016;Debnath et al., 2011;Yokoyama & Nagino, 2014) and is additionally used as a natural colorant in food Yamada et al., 1996). The major bioactive constituents are iridoids , carotenoids (Ni et al., 2017), flavonoids, and organic acids (Kim et al., 2006). ...
Fructus Gardeniae (FG) is medicine food widely used for the treatment and prevention of various diseases. However, in recent years, research has suggested that high doses of FG can cause hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. To assess this potential toxicity in more depth, this study investigated the effects of decocted FG and two of its bioactive constituents (geniposide and genipin) on liver and kidney function in rats. Rats were intragastrically administered FG (330 mg/kg body weight), geniposide (50 mg/kg body weight), or genipin (50 mg/kg body weight) for 12 weeks. Changes in body weight, liver and kidney indices, biochemical indices, and inflammatory factors were monitored. In addition, pathological sections were assessed and the expression of caspase-3, NF-κBp65, COX-2, and iNOS was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. It was found that the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and urea nitrogen increased following administration of FG, geniposide, and genipin. Furthermore, the activities of superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione decreased following treatment, while malondialdehyde levels increased. Pathological and immunohistochemical evaluations further confirmed that FG and its constituents may cause damage to the liver and kidneys. The mechanism study revealed that the protein level of inflammatory pathway increased and further promoted apoptosis, suggesting that it should not be taken orally for extended periods of time.
Practical applications
Chinese medicine and food safety have always been public health concerns. Fructus Gardeniae (FG) is a plant with a dual-purpose as it is used as both a medicine and food. Medicinally, it has the effects of heat-clearing and detoxification. However, its adverse effects and related mechanisms are not clear, and this has potential safety implications. In this study, rats were treated with FG for 12 weeks and found that the long-term administration of FG or high dosing can lead to damage to liver and kidney function. Therefore, close attention must be paid to the dosage of FG in order to achieve a therapeutic effect and avoid adverse reactions. Thus, this study lays a foundation for the safety evaluation and clinical application of FG.
The pretreatment process of various foods has been reported to improve their nutritional properties. The soaking of brown rice improves the texture and nutrients, which are crucial for cooking and maintaining its high functional value. Illite, a clay mineral, has recently been discovered to improve the nutritional value of seeds. Based on these findings, we soaked brown rice with different concentrations of illite solution for different durations and allowed the germination to perform analyses. Soaking the brown rice for 6 h with a germination period of 48 h was determined to be the optimal condition because of its higher sprout length. In addition, this optimal condition had improved textural characteristics such as reduced hardness, gumminess, chewiness, and cohesiveness, and it also had increased adhesiveness and stabilized resilience and springiness. The treatment solutions were free from heavy metal contaminants, whereas the mineral contents such as K, Ca, Fe, Mg, and Na were significantly increased with the increase in illite concentration. Moreover, our results showed that illite treatment could preserve the color appearance and seed germination. The ratio of essential amino acids to non-essential amino acids and antioxidants (phenolic contentγ-oryzanol, and flavonoid) of germinated brown rice was considerably increased with illite treatment. In germinated brown rice, an increase in DPPH and superoxide dismutase levels, a slight decrease in flavonoids, and no difference in polyphenol content were observed. These findings suggest that pre-soaking brown rice seeds with the appropriate concentration of illite could enhance their nutritional properties, which might attract consumers' interest to include this in their daily diet.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a serious digestive disorder, which is mainly of two forms ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). IBS is characterised by abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhoea, and constipation periods. Among these constipation is accompanied by a number of bowel symptoms including difficulty passing stool, hard stool, and inadequate evacuation sensations. Although the aetiology is unknown, it is widely thought that diet and microbiota contribute to the development of IBS. By targeting the various aetiological factors, medical treatment aims to control the symptoms. Due to the multifactorial causes of these disorders, unimpressive results from conventional IBS medications, the economic burden for patients and pharmacologic effects, the treatment of IBS and constipation is challenging and the use of complementary and alternative medicines, especially herbal therapies is increasing. Complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) for IBS and related disorders include hypnosis, acupuncture, cognitive behaviour therapy, yoga, faecal microbiota transplantation, and nutritional supplementation with probiotics, prebiotics, and herbal medicine. The practice of prescribing herbal medications for a variety of gastrointestinal disorders has a long history in various parts of the world. Herbal medications have the potential to target multiple organs and have exhibited efficacy for UC and CD in experimental models and clinical trials by maintaining the epithelial integrity barrier, regulating macrophage activation, and modulating the immune response. In this chapter, the author investigates the efficacy of herbal medicines in the management of irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, and related disorders.
The need for natural antioxidants and phenolics additives is constantly growing, there are a number of aspects that need to be studied before the introduction of technology into production. Therefore, in presented work was studied the antioxidant properties of Stevia products that exist on the European market with comparison them to extracts of in vitro cultures of Stevia plants. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in leaf crops (89%) of in vitro cultures of Stevia rebaudiana which further were selected as components for the development of beverages based on tea, herbs and coffee with improved organoleptic properties. It was estimated that antioxidant activity in different varieties of tea, herbal drinks and coffee was lower compared to the same kinds plus 10% S. rebaudiana leaf culture extracts to be added to beverages. The profile of phenolic compounds in Stevia, tea and coffee consists of a wide range of compounds of phenolic nature, which includes phenolic acids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, catechins but shown different composition. Organoleptic evaluation of beverages (black, green, aronia, hibiscus, chamomile, mint, mate teas, yoga-tea, lapacho, Coffea arabica) and its change under the influence of Stevia additives has been presented.
Background
The fruits of Gardenia are rich in flavonoids and geniposides, which have various pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome and metabolome of gardenia peel and kernel at different growth stages, revealed the regulatory network related to flavonoid synthesis, and identified the key regulatory genes.
Results
The results showed that in terms of flavonoid metabolic pathways, gardenia fruits mainly synthesized cinnamic acid through the phenylpropanoid pathway, and then synthesized flavonoids through the action of catalytic enzymes such as 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligase, chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase and flavanol synthase, respectively. In addition, we found that the metabolomics data showed a certain spatial and temporal pattern in the expression of genes related to the flavonoid metabolism pathway and the relative content of metabolites, which was related to the development and ripening process of the fruit.
Conclusions
In summary, this study successfully screened out the key genes related to the biosynthesis metabolism of flavonoids in gardenia through the joint analysis of transcriptome and metabolome. This is of certain significance to the in-depth study of the formation mechanism of gardenia efficacy components and the improvement of quality.
Neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases are increasingly affecting individuals' quality of life, thus increasing their cost to social and health systems. These diseases have overlapping mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, protein aggregation, neuroinflammation, neurotransmission impairment, mitochondrial dysfunction, and excitotoxicity. Currently, there is no cure for neurodegenerative diseases, and the available therapies have adverse effects and low efficacy. For neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, the current therapies are not adequate to one-third of the patients, the so-called treatment-resistant patients. So, searching for new treatments is fundamental. Medicinal plants appear as a strong alternative and complement towards new treatment protocols, as they have been used for health purposes for thousands of years. Thus, the main goal of this review is to revisit the neuroprotective potential of some of the most predominant medicinal plants (and one fungus) used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), focusing on their proven mechanisms of action and their chemical compositions, to give clues on how they can be useful against neurodegeneration progression.
Gardenia jasminoides fruits are extensively grown worldwide, with a large harvest, and its major medicinal ingredients are geniposide and crocins. Research on their accumulation and biosynthsis-related enzymes is rare. In this study, the accumulation of geniposide and crocin of G. jasminoides fruits at different developmental stages were clarified by HPLC. The highest cumulative amount of geniposide was 2.035% during the unripe-fruit period, and the highest content of crocin was 1.098% during the mature-fruit period. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing was performed. A total of 50 unigenes encoding 4 key enzymes related in geniposide biosynthsis pathways were screened, and 41 unigenes encoding 7 key enzymes in the pathways of crocin were elucidated. It was found that the expression levels of differentially expressed genes of DN67890_c0_g1_i2-encoding GGPS, which is highly related to geniposide biosynthesis, and DN81253_c0_g1_i1-encoding lcyB, DN79477_c0_g1_i2-encoding lcyE, and DN84975_c1_g7_i11-encoding CCD, which are highly related to crocin biosynthesis, were consistent with the accumulation of geniposide and crocin content, respectively. The qRT-PCR results showed that the trends of relative expression were consistent with transcribed genes. This study provides insights for understanding the geniposide and crocin accumulation and biosynthsis during fruit development in G. jasminoides.
This study is focused on determining the phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of Chrysanthemum morifolium using, methanol (MeOH) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) as solvents. The in vitro antioxidant activity was studied adopting three different tests: reducing power assay, Phosphomolybdenum antioxidative power assay and inhibition of free radical 1,1-di phenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH). Total phenolic content (TPC), using Folin Ciocalteu reagent ranged from 27.36±0.7 to105.72±0.64 mg gallic acid equivalent (mgGAE)/g D.W. While, total flavonoid content (TFC) ranged from 3.76±0.41 to 37.75±1.8 mg quercetin equivalent (mgQE)/g D.W. A total of 29 phenolics including 15 phenolic acids and 14 flavonoids, were characterized and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ellagic acid was the prevalent phenolic in green aerial parts MeOH extract and its EtOAc fraction (23.11and 35.63 mg/g, dry extract respectively). Hesperidin was the dominant flavonoid in flowers MeOH extract amounted 43.23mg/g, dry extract. Flowers EtOAc fraction was the most efficient in all applied antioxidant methods. While, Green aerial parts methanolic extract was more dynamic than its EtOAc fraction, except in reducing power assay with EC50 value 2020.5±27.97 µg/mL. The results of this study implied that the analyzed samples were important natural sources for bioactive compounds with potential antioxidant activity.
Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua, an edible and medicinal plant in China, is usually steamed and then dried before use. Changes in homoisoflavonoids composition, radical scavenging activity, starch digestive enzyme inhibitory activity, cell glucose consumption and intracellular ROS formation of steamed P. cyrtonema Hua rhizome with various steaming degrees were investigated. Nine homoisoflavonoids were identified in raw and steamed rhizome extracts, and their contents were almost increased with increasing steaming degree. Steamed rhizome extract had increased activities to scavenge free radicals, reduce ferric iron, and inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The treatment with dark-steamed and deep-dark-steamed rhizome extracts restored glucose consumption in IR-HepG2 cells to normal level, and suppressed ROS level to that of Trolox treated group. Multivariate analyses (heat-map, correlation coefficient and PCA) indicated that the hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of steamed rhizome depended on steaming degree, and were significantly correlated with disporopsin and 5,7,2′,4′-tetrahydroxy-6-methyl-homoisoflavanone (p < 0.05). Overall, these results suggested that steaming degree had remarkable impacts on homoisoflavonoids composition and bioactivities of P. cyrtonema Hua rhizome, and homoisoflavonoids greatly contributed to these activities.
The human lifespan has been markedly extended since the 1900s, but it has not brought healthy aging to everyone. This increase in life expectancy without an increase in healthspan is a major global concern that imposes considerable healthcare budgets and degrades the quality of life of older adults. Dietary interventions are a promising strategy to increase healthspan. In this study, we evaluated whether a Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruit ethanol extract (GFE) increases the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Treatment with 10 mg/mL GFE increased the lifespan by 27.1% when compared to the vehicle group. GFE (10 mg/mL) treatment improved healthspan-related markers (pharyngeal pumping, muscle quality, age-pigment, and reactive oxygen species accumulation) and exerted a protective effect against amyloid β1-42 toxicity. These effects of GFE are related to the inhibition of insulin/IGF-1 signaling and activation of SKN-1/Nrf, thereby promoting the expression of stress resistance-related genes. In addition, treatment with 10 mM geniposide, the most abundant component of GFE, improved healthspan-related markers and increased lifespan by 18.55% when compared to the vehicle group. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that GFE and its component geniposide increase the lifespan along with healthspan in C. elegans.
Three underutilized leafy vegetables Sarcochlamys pulcherrima (Roxb.) Gaudich (SP), Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. (IA) and Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC (ZR) were extracted with different solvents viz. 95% ethyl alcohol, methanol and hot water. The extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant potential via DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assay along with electroanalytical studies using cyclic voltammetry. The antidiabetic potential was determined by recording their α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase inhibitory assay. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and the liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) based phytochemical profiles of the extracts were also determined. All three extracts of SP exhibited significant antioxidant capacity. The antidiabetic potential of the IA and ZR extracts was found to be higher than or at par with that of standard acarbose. LC‐MS studies reveal the presence of hitherto reported antioxidant and antidiabetic compounds like gamma‐aminobutyric acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, a‐viniferin, piperlonguminine, niacin, kaempferol, etc., in the extracts.
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. is an aromatic and medicinal plant of high economic value. Much research has focused on the phytochemistry and biological activities of Gardenia fruit extracts; however, the potential of the Gardenia plant in vitro cultures used as mass production systems of valuable secondary metabolites has been understudied. This paper presents data on metabolite profiling (GC/MS and HPLC), antioxidant activities (DPPH, TEAC, FRAP, and CUPRAC), and SSR profiles of G. jasminoides plant leaves and in vitro cultures with different levels of differentiation (shoots, callus, and cell suspension). The data show strong correlations (r = 0.9777 to r = 0.9908) between antioxidant activity and the concentrations of chlorogenic acid, salicylic acid, rutin, and hesperidin. Eleven co-dominant microsatellite simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers were used to evaluate genetic variations (average PIC = 0.738 ± 0.153). All of the investigated Gardenia in vitro cultures showed high genetic variabilities (average Na = 5.636 ± 2.157, average Ne = 3.0 ± 1.095). This is the first report on a study on metabolite profiles, antioxidant activities, and genetic variations of G. jasminoides in vitro cultures with different levels of differentiation.
Zhi-Zi-Chi decoction (ZZCD), comprising of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (GJE) and Semen sojae preparatum (SSP), is a classical Chinese medicine formula. A novel analysis strategy was set up to obtain an evaluation of ZZCD on attenuation and synergy of compatibility. High-resolution ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-IT-TOF-MS) was used for qualitative analysis. Variant ingredients were analyzed to compare the componential differences between ZZCD formula and single herbs. Based on our previous fingerprint studies that combined with chemometric methods, 13 remarkable chemical markers were selected and evaluated for quantitative determination by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in three different ratios of ZZCD. 62 compounds in ZZCD, 55 compounds in GJE and 16 compounds in SSP were characterized. The compatibility of GJE and SSP may lead to the undetection of hepatotoxic components such as genipin and the emergence of protective components such as jasminoside A, which was not found in single herbs. Meanwhile, 13 selected chemical markers were successfully determined in three ratios of ZZCD. The compatibility may lead to the decrease of toxic ingredients and the increase of beneficial ingredients. By comparing the dissolution of chemical markers, iridoids in GJE and flavonoids in SSP had the best dissolution when the compatibility ratio was 1:1. This strategy would be a valuable reference for further study on the compatibility of traditional Chinese medicine formula.
Our objectives were to (1) encapsulate de‐glycosylated mulberry fruit extract (dg‐MFE) through double‐layered multiple emulsions of pectic polysaccharide from Ulmus davidiana (UDP) and soy protein isolate (SPI) by spray dryer and (2) investigate the physicochemical, storage, and in vitro digestibility properties of the encapsulated powders. Four different concentrations of UDP (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g UDP per 3.0 g SPI) were prepared for microencapsulation of dg‐MFE. HR FE‐SEM morphology of encapsulated powders became spherical with an increase in the concentrations of UDP. Due to the production of thicker layers by the formation of electrostatic interactions between small positively charged groups of SPI and negatively charged groups of UDP, particle sizes and storage stability of the encapsulated powders prepared by SPI‐UDP were improved. In vitro digestion study indicated that the release of dg‐MFE was effectively controlled by a protective coating of SPI‐UDP under the simulated gastric and intestinal fluid.
Gardenia yellow pigment (GYP) was isolated from Gardenia jasminoides fruit. GYP possess various beneficial biological activities, but its immunomodulatory activity remains incompletely known. In present study, we evaluated the stability of GYP at different temperature, light, pH, and metal ions firstly. The antioxidant capacity of GYP was then evaluated by 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and Hydroxyl radicals. Finally, the immunomodulatory activities and underlying mechanism of GYP were determined using RAW264.7 cells. The results indicated that the stability of GYP was greatly affected by higher temperature (60–100 ℃), ultraviolet radiation, acid, alkali, and Fe³⁺. Furthermore, GYP exhibited strong antioxidant activity, and the IC50 values of DPPH, ABTS, and Hydroxyl radicals were 0.44, 0.07, and 0.09 mg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, FRAP value was 1.65 ± 0.04 mM FeSO4 at the GYP concentration of 0.11 mg/mL. The cell experiment exhibited that GYP significantly enhanced the proliferation and phagocytosis of macrophages. It also increased the secretion of NO, TNF-α, IL-10, and COX-2, and promoted the activation of transcription factor (NF-κB) in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, GYP promoted the phosphorylation of P13K and Akt in RAW264.7 cells, indicating that GYP might exert its immunoregulatory effects through modulation of PI3K/Akt pathway. Overall, the results of this study suggest that GYP can be used as a natural antioxidant and immunomodulator in the fields of functional foods.
Soybean sprouts, a nutritional food product, can contribute to food security because they can be grown within a week and do not require sophisticated technology. The yield and quality of soybean sprouts are influenced by various factors, including seed priming and growing conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of seed soaking in different concentrations of illite, a clay mineral, on the yield and quality of soybean sprouts. Soybean seeds soaked in five concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 10%, w/v) of illite or tap water for 8 h were named IP-0.5, IP-1, IP3, IP-5, IP-10, and control, respectively. The highest sprout yield was found in IP-3, followed by IP-1, and IP-5, which had 11.1%, 8.8%, and 7.4% increments, respectively, compared to the control. The content of vitamin C, mineral element, isoflavone, total polyphenol, and total flavonoid was higher in many of the illite-treated soybean sprouts than in the control. The overall results indicated that pre-soaking soybean seeds in lower concentrations (0.5-3%, w/v) of illite could be helpful to enhance the yield and nutritional value of soybean sprouts in an easy and inexpensive way.
The extract of the Gardenia jasminoides fruit (GJFE) can been consumed as an herbal tea or used as a yellow dye. Recently, studies report that GFJE exerts inhibitory effects on lipid accumulation and adipogenesis in white adipocytes. We evaluated the thermogenic actions of GJFE by focusing on mitochondrial activation and studying the underlying mechanisms. To investigate the role of GJFE on thermogenesis in mice, we used an acute cold exposure model. After 2 weeks of feeding, the cold tolerance of GJFE-fed mice was notably increased compared to PBS-fed mice. This was due to an increase in thermogenic proteins in the inguinal white adipose tissue of the cold-exposed mice. Moreover, GJFE significantly increased thermogenic factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), and PPARγ coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) in vitro as well. Factors related to mitochondrial abundance and functions were also induced by GJFE in white and beige adipocytes. However, the treatment of PPARγ inhibitor abolished the GJFE-induced changes, indicating that activation of PPARγ is critical for the thermogenic effect of GJFE. In conclusion, GJFE induces thermogenic action by activating mitochondrial function via PPARγ activation. Through these findings, we suggest GJFE as a potential anti-obesity agent with a novel mechanism involving thermogenic action in white adipocytes.
Two varieties of guava fruit were a nalyzed for total phenol contents, ascorbic ac id contents and antioxidant activities. The a ntioxidant activities were a ssessed b ased on the a bility of the fruit extracts in 50 % ethanol t o scavenge DPPH, reduce Fe(III) to Fe(II) and to bind to Fe(II) ion. The results were compared to several other local fruits as well as orange. It was found that the guava fruit contains relatively high amounts of antioxidant. It also h as high p rimary, but l ow secondary antioxidant potential. Storage a t 4oC has the e ffect of increasing ascorbic acid content, and the non-peeled fruit has higher total phenol and ascorbic acid contents compared to the peeled fruit. The length and width o f the seedy guava were a lso monitored o ver a period o f 17 weeks to define specific stages of fruit ripening.
We evaluated total phenolics and antioxidative activities of water extracts from different parts of Cudrania tricuspidata (specifically, the leaves, stems, roots, and fruits). The antioxidative activities of these samples were determined using five methods, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging, reducing power, ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and -carotene/linoleic acid system. The water extract of leaves exhibited the higher DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activities, reducing power, and FRAP than water extract of stem, roots, and fruits. Inhibition values on linoleic oxidation of water extracts from leaves, stems, roots, and fruits were calculated as 45.98%, 33.03%, 39.73%, and 25.48% at 10 mg/mL, respectively. The water extract of C. tricuspidata leaves had the highest amount of toal phenolics (73.600.28 mg/g). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that quercetin is the predominant phenolic compound in water extract of leaves. Thus, our study verified that the water extract of leaves has strong antioxidant activities which are correlated with its high level of phenolic compounds, particularly quercetin. This water extract of C. tricuspidata leaves can be used as an effective and safe source of antioxidants.
Gardenia jasminoides E. (Rubiaceae) methanol extracts showed the highest level of antifungal activity against Pleurotus ostreatus, a wood-rotting fungus, compared to five other methanol plants extracts; [Thuja orientalis L. (Cupressaceae), Datura innoxia (Solanaceae), Ligustrum japonicum T. (Oleaceae), Juniperus chinensis var. procumbens (Cupressaceae) and Mallotus japonica M. (Euphorbiaceae)] and selected for further analysis. Two antifungal compounds were isolated from n-butanol and ethyl acetate solubles in the methanol extracts of Gardenia jasminoides leaves and stems by bioassay-guided fractionation, using Pleurotus ostreatus. The antifungal compounds found for the first time in Gardenia jasminoides against Pleurotus ostreatus were identified as genipin and geniposide based on instrumental analyses. Both also had potent inhibitory effects on two plant pathogenic fungi; Fusarium oxysporum and Corynespora cassiicola.
Flavonoids are nearly ubiquitous in plants and are recognized as the pigments responsible for the colors of leaves, especially in autumn. They are rich in seeds, citrus fruits, olive oil, tea, and red wine. They are low molecular weight compounds composed of a three-ring structure with various substitutions. This basic structure is shared by tocopherols (vitamin E). Flavonoids can be subdivided according to the presence of an oxy group at position 4, a double bond between carbon atoms 2 and 3, or a hydroxyl group in position 3 of the C (middle) ring. These characteristics appear to also be required for best activity, especially antioxidant and antiproliferative, in the systems studied. The particular hydroxylation pattern of the B ring of the flavonoles increases their activities, especially in inhibition of mast cell secretion. Certain plants and spices containing flavonoids have been used for thousands of years in traditional Eastern medicine. In spite of the voluminous literature available, however, Western medicine has not yet used flavonoids therapeutically, even though their safety record is exceptional. Suggestions are made where such possibilities may be worth pursuing.
The seeds and the pulp of Gardenia volkensii yielded one new iridiod, namely 4-(2N-gardenamide)n-butanoic acid, together with the known iridoids genipin and genipin gentiobioside, the pterocarpin medicarpin, coumarins, phenylpropanoids, benzenoids and triterpenes. The structures of these were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data and by comparison of obtained data with those from literature. The fruit extracts of this plant exhibited moderate radical scavenging activity against DPPH radical and moderate lethality against brine shrimps (Artemia salina).
The activity of antioxidants in foods and biological systems is dependent on a multitude of factors, including the colloidal properties of the substrates, the conditions and stages of oxidation and the localisation of antioxidants in different phases. When testing natural antioxidants in vitro, it is therefore important to consider the system composition, the type of oxidisable substrate, the mode of accelerating oxidation, the methods to assess oxidation and how to quantify antioxidant activity. Antioxidant effectiveness is also determined by the heterogeneity and heterophasic nature of the system, the type of lipid substrate, including its physicochemical state and degree of unsaturation, the types of initiators, notably transition metals, other components and their possible interaction. For this reason there cannot be a short‐cut approach to determining antioxidant activity. Each evaluation should be carried out under various conditions of oxidation, using several methods to measure different products of oxidation. Because most natural antioxidants and phytochemicals are multifunctional, a reliable antioxidant protocol requires the measurement of more than one property relevant to either foods or biological systems. Several recent studies on natural phytochemical compounds produced conflicting results because non‐specific one‐dimensional methods were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. There is a great need to standardise antioxidant testing to minimise the present chaos in the methodologies used to evaluate antioxidants. Several methods that are more specific should be used to obtain chemical information that can be related directly to oxidative deterioration of food and biological systems.
© 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Water extracts from beefsteak plant stems (BS), leaves (BL), and ripe seeds (BR) were examined for their antioxidant activities and phenolic compounds. Based on superoxide anion radicals scavenging activity, the BS extract (61.8%) is the most effective one followed by BL and BR extract (60.8% and 33.3%, respectively). The antioxidant activity determined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhy-drazyl (DPPH) method revealed that the BS extract had the highest activity on DPPH free radicals (54.8%). In addition, the extracts of BS, BL and BR were effective in reducing capacity and chelating effect on ferrous ions in comparison with the control. Total phenolic compound and flavonoid content of the BS extract was found to be superior to other beefsteak plant extracts. The results indicated that the BS extract of beefsteak plant has effective antioxidant functions, especially in superoxide anion radical and DPPH radical scavenging activities and reducing power. It was of our paramount interest to further identify the specific antioxidant compo-nents in BS which may be a new health-care food supplement or functional food for special use in the future.
Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds, diverse in chemical structure and characteristics, found ubiquitously in plants. Therefore, flavonoids are part of the human diet. Over 4,000 different flavonoids have been identified within the major flavonoid classes which include flavonols, flavones, flavanones, catechins, anthocyanidins, isoflavones, dihydroflavonols, and chalcones. Flavonoids are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals and are excreted either unchanged or as flavonoid metabolites in the urine and feces. Flavonoids are potent antioxidants, free radical scavengers, and metal chelators and inhibit lipid peroxidation. The structural requirements for the antioxidant and free radical scavenging functions of flavonoids include a hydroxyl group in carbon position three, a double bond between carbon positions two and three, a carbonyl group in carbon position four, and polyhydroxylation of the A and B aromatic rings. Epidemiological studies show an inverse correlation between dietary flavonoid intake and mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) which is explained in part by the inhibition of low density lipoprotein oxidation and reduced platelet aggregability. Dietary intake of flavonoids range between 23 mg/day estimated in The Netherlands and 170 mg/day estimated in the USA. Major dietary sources of flavonoids determined from studies and analyses conducted in The Netherlands include tea, onions, apples, and red wine. More research is needed for further elucidation of the mechanisms of flavonoid absorption, metabolism, biochemical action, and association with CHD.
1. Oxygen is a toxic gas - an introductionto oxygen toxicity and reactive species 2. The chemistry of free radicals and related 'reactive species' 3. Antioxidant defences Endogenous and Diet Derived 4. Cellular responses to oxidative stress: adaptation, damage, repair, senescence and death 5. Measurement of reactive species 6. Reactive species can pose special problems needing special solutions. Some examples. 7. Reactive species can be useful some more examples 8. Reactive species can be poisonous: their role in toxicology 9. Reactive species and disease: fact, fiction or filibuster? 10. Ageing, nutrition, disease, and therapy: A role for antioxidants?
In this study, we evaluated the phytochemical compositions of the fruits of the pear cactus, mulberry, and Korean black raspberry to determine how they related to antioxidant capacity. Specifically, the total soluble polyphenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents were determined, and the phenolic compounds were evaluated by HPLC. In addition, the antioxidant capacity was evaluated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), SOD-like activity and nitrate scavenging activity. Korean black raspberry was found to have the highest level of phytochemicals, followed by mulberry and pear cactus (p<0.05). Furthermore, EPR revealed that Korean black raspberry extract (100 μg/mL) removed 78.6% of the superoxide radicals in a xanthin-xanthin oxidase. Additionally, when the removal of hydroxyl radicals was evaluated, the extract of pear cactus showed 50% scavenging activity at 1000 μg/mL. Korean black raspberry extract showed the highest SOD-like activity, which was 44% (p<0.05). Finally, the nitrate scavenging activity of both extracts of mulberry and Korean black raspberry were found to be 93%, while that of the pear cactus was 63% at pH 1.2 (p<0.05).
There is currently much interest in phytochemicals as bioactive components of food. The roles of fruit, vegetables and red wine in disease prevention have been attributed, in part, to the antioxidant properties of their constituent polyphenols (vitamins E and C, and the carotenoids). Recent studies have shown that many dietary polyphenolic constituents derived from plants are more effective antioxidants in vitro than vitamins E or C, and thus might contribute significantly to the protective effects in vivo. It is now possible to establish the antioxidant activities of plant-derived flavonoids in the aqueous and lipophilic phases, and to assess the extent to which the total antioxidant potentials of wine and tea can be accounted for by the activities of individual polyphenols.
The antioxidant potency of methanolic extract of Duchesnea indica (MDI; Indian strawberry) was investigated by employing various established in vitro systems, such as total phenolic content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, reducing power assay, metal chelating assay, superoxide radical scavenging activity and protective ability of DNA damage and protein oxidation. MDI inhibited metal chelating by 75.57% at 2 mg/mL, scavenged 50% DPPH free radical at 29.13 g/mL, and eliminated approximately 46.21% superoxide radical at the concentration of 1 mg/mL. In addition, MDI showed strong ability on reducing power, DNA damage protection and protein oxidation protection. Overall, results suggested that MDI might be beneficial as a potent antioxidant and effectively employed as an ingredient in food applications.
This study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidative activities of water (GWE), 50% ethanolic (GE50), and 95% ethanolic (GE95) extracts of Graptopetalum paraguayense. The antioxidant activities, including the radical-scavenging effect, reducing power, and antioxidative effect on Fe/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation in a liposome model system, were studied in vitro. The results showed that GWE, GE50 and GE95 possessed antioxidant characteristics including radical scavenging, reducing power, and lipid peroxidation inhibition. It was found that the antioxidative activities of all the extracts increased with increasing concentrations, and the activities correlated with both the total phenol and anthocyanin contents. A comparison of the 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) values of different antioxidative reactions revealed that GE50 was more effective in scavenging α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and showed a higher reducing power than GWE and GE95. However, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the lipid peroxidation-prevention effects among the extracts.
The activity of antioxidants in foods and biological systems is dependent on a multitude of factors, including the colloidal properties of the substrates, the conditions and stages of oxidation and the localisation of antioxidants in different phases. When testing natural antioxidants in vitro, it is therefore important to consider the system composition, the type of oxidisable substrate, the mode of accelerating oxidation, the methods to assess oxidation and how to quantify antioxidant activity. Antioxidant effectiveness is also determined by the heterogeneity and heterophasic nature of the system, the type of lipid substrate, including its physicochemical state and degree of unsaturation, the types of initiators, notably transition metals, other components and their possible interaction. For this reason there cannot be a short-cut approach to determining antioxidant activity. Each evaluation should be carried out under various conditions of oxidation, using several methods to measure different products of oxidation. Because most natural antioxidants and phytochemicals are multifunctional, a reliable antioxidant protocol requires the measurement of more than one property relevant to either foods or biological systems. Several recent studies on natural phytochemical compounds produced conflicting results because non-specific one-dimensional methods were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. There is a great need to standardise antioxidant testing to minimise the present chaos in the methodologies used to evaluate antioxidants. Several methods that are more specific should be used to obtain chemical information that can be related directly to oxidative deterioration of food and biological systems.© 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
The autoxidation of pyrogallol was investigated in the presence of EDTA in the pH range 7.9–10.6.
The rate of autoxidation increases with increasing pH. At pH 7.9 the reaction is inhibited to 99% by superoxide dismutase, indicating an almost total dependence on the participation of the superoxide anion radical, O2·−, in the reaction. Up to pH 9.1 the reaction is still inhibited to over 90% by superoxide dismutase, but at higher alkalinity, O2·− -independent mechanisms rapidly become dominant.
Catalase has no effect on the autoxidation but decreases the oxygen consumption by half, showing that H2O2 is the stable product of oxygen and that H2O2 is not involved in the autoxidation mechanism.
A simple and rapid method for the assay of superoxide dismutase is described, based on the ability of the enzyme to inhibit the autoxidation of pyrogallol.
A plausible explanation is given for the non-competitive part of the inhibition of catechol O-methyltransferase brought about by pyrogallol.
Nineteen flavonoids, five phenolics, two coumarins, maltol and L-ascorbic acid were tested as scavenger of nitrite which is
believed to participate in the formation of N-nitroso compounds. Many were found to be potent scavenger and the five most
potent ones were (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, phloroglucinol, caffeic acid and L-ascorbic acid. The nitrite scavenging effect
was higher at pH 1.2 than pH 3.0 and increased when the incubation time was longer. The possible relationship of structures
to scavenging effect of the flavonoids tested was discussed.
De-odourised aqueous extracts of four commonly consumed herbs belonging to the Lamiaceae family, i.e. oregano (Origanum vulgaris L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), were investigated for their antioxidant properties. Various experimental models were used for the characterisation of the activity, including iron reduction capacity, DPPH, ABTS+ and OH radical-scavenging activities and the capacity of the extracts to inhibit copper-induced oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins (LDL) ex vivo. The extracts showed varying degrees of reductive and radical scavenging capacity, and were capable of a marked prolongation of the lag-time in the LDL oxidation assay. The hierarchy of the observed antioxidant activity of the extracts was dependent on the type of assay used. The observed antioxidant characteristics were not fully related to the total phenolic contents of the extracts in any of the assays, but were presumably strongly dependent on rosmarinic acid, the major phenolic component present in this type of Lamiaceae extract.
Many free radicals of biological interest are highly reactive and never reach a concentration high enough to be detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). An example of this is the hydroxyl radical, which reacts with itself or with most organic molecules at diffusion-controlled rates. Its rate of reaction is limited mainly by the frequency with which it collides with other species. Thus, the direct detection of hydroxyl radicals by EPR in a biologic system is impossible. For short-lived radicals of lesser reactivity compared to the hydroxyl radical, there are various means of detection using EPR. A simple method is to slow the rate of disappearance of the radical by rapidly freezing the sample. This has the disadvantage that the radical is no longer in a fluid environment, and the resultant anisotropic effects can obscure the identification of the radical. In theory, spin trapping can overcome many of these difficulties. This technique consists of using a spin trap––that is, a compound that forms a stable free radical by reacting covalently with an unstable free radical. This chapter discusses the spin trapping of the biologically important free radicals: superoxide and hydroxyl.
Free radicals and other oxygen-derived species are constantly generated in vivo, both by "accidents of chemistry" and for specific metabolic purposes. The reactivity of different free radicals varies, but some can cause severe damage to biological molecules, especially to DNA, lipids, and proteins. Antioxidant defense systems scavenge and minimize the formation of oxygen-derived species, but they are not 100% effective. Hence, diet-derived antioxidants may be particularly important in diminishing cumulative oxidative damage and helping us to stay healthier for longer. Repair systems exist to deal with molecules that have been oxidatively damaged. Damage to DNA by hydroxyl radicals appears to occur in all aerobic cells, and might be a significant contributor to the age-dependent development of cancer. Lipid peroxidation probably contributes significantly to the development of atherosclerosis.
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the free radical scavenging activities and the chemical structures of tea catechins ((-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) and (-)-epicatechin (EC)) and their corresponding epimers ((-)-gallocatechin gallate (GCG), (-)-gallocatechin (GC) and (+)-catechin ((+)-C)). With electron spin resonance (ESR) we investigated their scavenging effects on superoxide anions (O-.2) generated in the irradiated riboflavin system, singlet oxygen(1O2) generated in the photoradiation-hemoporphyrin system, the free radicals generated from 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)hydrochloride (AAPH) and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. The results showed that the scavenging effects of galloylated catechins (EGCG and GCG) on the four free radicals were stronger than those of nongalloylated catechins (EGC, GC, EC, (+)-C), and the scavenging effects of EGC and GC were stronger than those of EC and (+)-C. Thus, it is suggested that the presence of the gallate group at the 3 position plays the most important role in their free radical-scavenging abilities and an additional insertion of the hydroxyl group at the 5' position in the B ring also contributes to their scavenging activities. Moreover, the corresponding phenoxyl radicals formed after the reaction with O-.2 were trapped by DMPO and the ESR spectra of DMPO/phenoxyl radical adducts were observed (aN=15.6 G and aHbeta=21.5 G). No significant differences were found between the scavenging effects of the catechins and their epimers when their concentrations were high. However, significant differences were observed at relatively low concentrations, and the lower their concentrations, the higher the differences. The scavenging abilities of GCG, GC and (+)-C were stronger than those of their corresponding epimers (EGCG, EGC and EC). The differences between their sterical structures played a more important role in their abilities to scavenge large free radicals, such as the free radicals generated from AAPH and the DPPH radical, than to scavenge small free radicals, such as O-.2 and 1O2, especially in the case with EGCG and GCG with more bulky steric hindrance.
Crocetin, a major component of the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, was investigated for its antitumor promoting effect on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-promoted mouse skin carcinogenesis. Topical application of 5 nmol TPA to CD-1 mice once daily for 5 days caused epidermal hyperplasia, and increases in the levels of c-Fos, c-Jun and c-Myc in the suprabasal layer of epidermis and the muscle layer of dermis. Immunocytolochemical examination showed that pretreatment of 1 mumol crocetin repressed the TPA-induced epidermal hyperplasia and the expressions of c-Jun, c-Fos and c-Myc to the extent of 47, 44 and 45% respectively. Crocetin of 3.0 mumol exhibited stronger inhibition on the induced hyperplasia and the oncoproteins levels (by 60, 53 and 55% respectively). Western blotting analysis confirmed this inhibitory effect of crocetin. Pretreatment of crocetin also repressed the TPA-induced H2O2 production and myeloperoxidase activity. These data indicate that crocetin suppresses the TPA-induced skin carcinogenesis maybe via its antioxidant property which, in turn, leads to a reduction in the TPA-induced expressions of c-Jun, c-Fos and c-Myc in mouse epidermis.
Gardenia fruit has been traditionally used as a folk medicine for centuries in Asian countries. Extraction with ethanol was used to obtain an extract (GFE) that contains two known constituents, geniposide and genipin, which were subsequently evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity. GFE, genipin, and geniposide showed acute anti-inflammatory activities in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. In a dose-dependent manner, GFE also inhibited vascular permeability induced by acetic acid. Both genipin and geniposide inhibited production of exudate and nitric oxide (NO) in the rat air pouch edema model. However, genipin possessed stronger anti-inflammatory activity than geniposide, as demonstrated by the results with carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, carrageenan-induced air pouch formation, and measurement of NO content in the exudates. GFE caused a dose-dependent inhibition of acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing in mice. Collectively, genipin, rather than geniposide, is the major anti-inflammatory component of gardenia fruit.
Curcumin (diferuoyl methane) is a phenolic compound and a major component of Curcuma longa L. In the present paper, we determined the antioxidant activity of curcumin by employing various in vitro antioxidant assays such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical (DPPH*) scavenging, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (DMPD) radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity determination by ferric thiocyanate, total reducing ability determination by the Fe(3+)-Fe(2+) transformation method, superoxide anion radical scavenging by the riboflavin/methionine/illuminate system, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and ferrous ions (Fe(2+)) chelating activities. Curcumin inhibited 97.3% lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion at 15 microg/mL concentration (20 mM). On the other hand, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA, 123 mM), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, 102 mM), alpha-tocopherol (51 mM) and trolox (90 mM) as standard antioxidants indicated inhibition of 95.4, 99.7, 84.6 and 95.6% on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion at 45 microg/mL concentration, respectively. In addition, curcumin had an effective DPPH* scavenging, ABTS*(+) scavenging, DMPD*(+) scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, ferric ions (Fe(3+)) reducing power and ferrous ions (Fe(2+)) chelating activities. Also, BHA, BHT, alpha-tocopherol and trolox, were used as the reference antioxidant and radical scavenger compounds. According to the present study, curcumin can be used in the pharmacological and food industry because of these properties.
In natural antioxidants and anticarcinogens in nutrition, health and disease
- J T Kumpulainen
- J T Salonen
Kumpulainen, J. T., & Salonen, J. T. (1999). In natural antioxidants and anticarcinogens in nutrition, health and disease. UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry (pp. 178–187).