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An Assessment of the Image of Mexico as a Vacation Destination and the Influence of Geographical Location Upon That Image
Abstract
A sample of 617 student respondents was drawn from 12 universities, in different parts of the United States. Semantic differential instruments were used to measure respondents' descriptive and importance dimensions of thei.- image of Mexico.
The analysis indicated major differences between the two image dimensions. Those image attributes which respondents considered to be important when considering a vacation in Mexico were related primarily to sanitation and safety. The most positive attributes respondents reported about Mexico related to climate and low costs.
Measurement of respondents' descriptive image of Mexico indicated that the farther away respondents resided from Mexico, the more favorable was their image of that country as a vacation destination. Analysis indicated that the regional differences were not significant. However, significant differences were found on 12 of the 30 individual attributes which were used to measure image.
... Several studies have described the image as constant mind processing which results in the creation of reflections, thoughts, building beliefs and mental mapping in the form of impressions regarding the destination through information from the different sources (Crompton, 1979;Liou, 2010;Milman, 2012;Reynolds, 1965). Literature in the area of tourism is evident of image role for the success of a destination that is similar to marketing studies which focus overvalue by creating image (Chen & Kerstetter, 1999;Crompton, 1979;Hanlan & Kelly, 2005). ...
... Several studies have described the image as constant mind processing which results in the creation of reflections, thoughts, building beliefs and mental mapping in the form of impressions regarding the destination through information from the different sources (Crompton, 1979;Liou, 2010;Milman, 2012;Reynolds, 1965). Literature in the area of tourism is evident of image role for the success of a destination that is similar to marketing studies which focus overvalue by creating image (Chen & Kerstetter, 1999;Crompton, 1979;Hanlan & Kelly, 2005). Lalicic, Marine-Roig, Ferrer-Rosell, and Martin-Fuentes (2021) emphasized embracing destination image analytics in the design process of destination marketing systems. ...
... In this study out of six dimensions of destination attractiveness, two dimensions access, and climate have a nonsignificant relationship to the destination image. Findings of this study give extension to the previous studies of image formation (Crompton, 1979;Rein, Kotler, & Haider, 1993), the schema of image theory (Beach & Mitchell, 1987), attachment theory (Berman & Sperling, 1994;Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007) and behavioural interaction that leads attachment (Kyle, Graefe, & Manning, 2005). Further, the destination image study as mediating variable is being confirmed with our results that will provide healthy insight of study for future research, especially in tourism. ...
The dynamic role of the tourism industry is observed as a catalyst to augment the economic development of worldwide economies. Due to its crucial role in economic growth, world economies have rapidly considered tourism as an important revenue generation industry. In this regard, to enrich tourism, destination image and its competitiveness play a crucial part. The main purpose of this study is to find the mediating role of destination image between the destination attractiveness and tourism attachment relationship. This study also intends to investigate the significance of various determinants of destination attractiveness within that relationship by the collection of firsthand data from tourists who belong to diverse demographic backgrounds. Study data is collected through a questionnaire from 300 conveniently sampled respondents who have visited Dubai, UAE as tourists. Statistical analyses were conducted to deduce the results by employing PLS-SEM. The results suggested that destination attractiveness has a significant positive relationship with destination image, similarly, destination image has a significant relationship with destination attachment. Therefore, the data analysis suggests that destination image partially mediates the relationship between destination attractiveness and destination image. This study will provide unique findings to tourism practitioners and organizations to formulate tourism marketing strategies on pragmatic grounds. In conclusion, the study provides suggestions and future research recommendations.
... Motivasi pendorong dan penarik adalah faktor penting dalam memahami perilaku wisatawan, terutama dalam hal bagaimana mereka memilih destinasi untuk dikunjungi. Konsep (Crompton, 1979) menjelaskan kerangka push dan pull factor bahwa wisatawan melakukan perjalanan karena mereka didorong oleh kekuatan internal mereka dan ditarik oleh kekuatan eksternal dari destinasi. Sebagian besar faktor pendorong terkait dengan asal wisatawan dan mewakili keinginan internal para pelancong individu (Uysal dan Hagan, 1993), yang bersifat sosio-psikologis (Crompton, 1979). ...
... Konsep (Crompton, 1979) menjelaskan kerangka push dan pull factor bahwa wisatawan melakukan perjalanan karena mereka didorong oleh kekuatan internal mereka dan ditarik oleh kekuatan eksternal dari destinasi. Sebagian besar faktor pendorong terkait dengan asal wisatawan dan mewakili keinginan internal para pelancong individu (Uysal dan Hagan, 1993), yang bersifat sosio-psikologis (Crompton, 1979). Contoh faktor pendorong atau push factor adalah keinginan untuk kebebasan, hubungan interpersonal, dan ikatan keluarga (Sung et al., 2016). ...
... Contoh faktor pendorong atau push factor adalah keinginan untuk kebebasan, hubungan interpersonal, dan ikatan keluarga (Sung et al., 2016). Di sisi lain, pull factor terkait destinasi (Crompton, 1979) dan mewakili fitur nyata atau "objek" yang memotivasi individu untuk melakukan perjalanan ke destinasi (Dann, 1977). ...
Motivasi merupakan dorongan mengapa wisatawan melakukan perjalanan, Puncak Cianjur merupakan fenomena yang menarik dimana destinasi ini banyak diminati oleh wisatawan Timur Tengah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan apa yang melatarbelakangi mereka berwisata ke Puncak Cianjur, faktor apa yang menarik dan mendorong mereka untuk berkunjung (push factor dan pull factor), secara khusus memfokuskan pada motivasi pelarian dari pasar wisatawan yang sedang berkembang ini dan memberikan saran untuk promosi pariwisata di Kabupaten Cianjur. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah “studi kasus†dengan pendekatan yang digunakan dalam adalah pendekatan kualitatif perspektif emik, sementara teknik pengolahan data dilakukan dengan teknik wawancara, observasi, dan studi dokumentasi.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa motivasi wisatawan Timur Tengah berwisata didasarkan pada motivasi fisik, personal, interpersonal, dan bersenang-senang. Yang menjadi push factor atau faktor pendorong adalah motivasi melarikan diri dan petualangan atau interaksi sosial. Sedangkan faktor penarik atau pull factor yang menjadi alasan mereka untuk melakukan perjalanan adalah udara sejuk, pemandangan yang indah, dan keramah tamahan serta mayoritas penduduknya. Terlepas dari atribut Puncak Cianjur yang dianggap dapat memfasilitasi pelarian mereka dan mampu memenuhi kebutuhan mereka di destinasi. Kata Kunci : Motivasi, Wisatawan Timur Tengah, Puncak Cianjur.
... TDI has a significant influence on tourists' pre-, during, and post-travel behaviour (Agapito et al., 2013) and is commonly accepted as an important element in successful destination marketing and tourism development (Tasci & Gartner, 2007). The impact and significance of TDI on both supply and demand-side aspects, including positioning, promotion, tourists' decisionmaking, behavioural, and revisit intention, has been repeatedly demonstrated (Afshardoost & Eshaghi, 2020;Ahmad et al., 2021;Azeez, 2021;Crompton, 1979;Huang et al., 2021;Lam et al., 2020;Marine-Roig, 2021;Piramanayagam et al., 2020;Tasci & Gartner, 2007). Tourists make decisions based on their perception rather than reality (Baloglu & McCleary, 1999;Beerli & Martín, 2004). ...
... TDI is a multidimensional attitudinal construct (Baloglu & Brinberg, 1997). Researchers have defined the TDI in divergent ways (Baloglu & Brinberg, 1997;Crompton, 1979;Echtner & Ritchie, 1993;Tasci & Gartner, 2007). TDI is an aggregate result of a tourist's beliefs, impressions, ideas, and expectations about a tourist destination (Crompton, 1979). ...
... Researchers have defined the TDI in divergent ways (Baloglu & Brinberg, 1997;Crompton, 1979;Echtner & Ritchie, 1993;Tasci & Gartner, 2007). TDI is an aggregate result of a tourist's beliefs, impressions, ideas, and expectations about a tourist destination (Crompton, 1979). Baloglu and McCleary (1999) considered TDI to be an attitudinal construct, formed by a tourist's reasoned and emotional interpretation of two closely associated components: (1) perceptive/cognitive evaluation of an object based on an individual belief and knowledge, and (2) affective evaluation or appraisals related to individual's feeling towards an object. ...
The purpose of this study is to examine the destination image of Tirumala Tirupati as one of the most popular pilgrimage sites in India using three Tourism Destination Image (TDI) components namely cognitive, affective, and conative. Netnography was selected as a research method, where data were collected online via a Google Review website. A total of 925 online reviews posted between 2018 and 2022 were analysed using content analysis. Results of the study reveal that Tirumala Tirupati's destination image consists of both positive and negative comments on all three components. Visitors were particularly impressed by the cognitive components of Tirumala Tirupati as a pilgrimage tourism destination, in particular the natural attributes, the general and tourist infrastructure, and cultural and historical attributes. The visitors also evaluated the overall experience on the affective level as highly positive due to the religious characteristics of the site. Despite the negative comments regarding the management of the institution, the overall conative image attributes were positive. Visitors' intention to revisit and recommends were high. This paper ends with a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications. ARTICLE HISTORY
... Au cours des dernières décennies, les autorités du tourisme et les universitaires ont travaillé dur pour apprendre comment les gens forment, stockent et interprètent les images de destination dans leur esprit (J. Crompton, 1979 ;Echtner & Ritchie, 1993). Selon Dolnicar et Grun (2013), l'image de destination des individus est la question la plus souvent étudiée dans la recherche sur le tourisme. ...
... Over the last few decades, tourism authorities and academics have worked hard to learn how people form, store, and interpret destination images in their minds (J. Crompton, 1979;Echtner & Ritchie, 1993). According to Dolnicar and Grun (2013), individuals' destination image is the most often investigated issue in tourism research. ...
... ed in the 1970s by Gunn (1972), Hunt (1975) and Mayo (1975) and have been of great interest to many different researchers for the last 40 years (Ahmed et al., 2006;Alcaniz et al., 2009;Alhemoud & Armstrong, 1996;Assael, 1984;Baloglu & McCleary, 1999;Bigné et al., 2001;Calantone et al., 1989;Canada, 1987;K. Chon, 1990;Coshall, 2000;J. Crompton, 1977J. Crompton, , 1979Dadgostar & Isotalo, 1992;Dichter, 1985;Doswell, 1997;Echtner & Ritchie, 1991, 71 2003Embacher & Buttle, 1989;Fakeye & Crompton, 1991;Font, 1997;Fridgen, 1987;Gartner, 1989Gartner, , 1994Gartner & Hunt, 1987;Hunt, 1971Hunt, , 1975H. Kim & Richardson, 2003;Kotler et al., 1993;Kotler & Gertner, 2002;F. Lawson & Baud-Bovy, 1977;MacKay & Fes ...
La croissance rapide de l'industrie du tourisme a créé des défis importants en matière de marketing touristique pour de nombreuses destinations. Les destinations touristiques doivent se concurrencer pour attirer de nouveaux touristes ou persuader les précédents de renouveler leur visite. En conséquence, ils doivent imaginer une image tentante pour leur marché cible. Par conséquent, l'image de la destination est un concept marketing crucial qui joue un rôle central dans la compréhension de la sélection de la destination (Baloglu & McCleary, 1999). A l’origine, Echtner et Ritchie (1991) définissent l'image de la destination touristique comme un ensemble de qualités fonctionnelles (utilitaires) liées au comportement touristique, telles que les infrastructures touristiques, les attractions et la tarification des produits touristiques (Echtner & Ritchie, 1993 ; P. Pearce, 1982). Cependant, de nombreux autres facteurs influents peuvent jouer un rôle important. Cette recherche de doctorat en philosophie (PhD) explore le rôle des événements et des innovations culturelles (telles que la gamification) dans l'amélioration de l'image de la destination touristique en étudiant leurs impacts, car l'image peut affecter directement le choix de la destination touristique (Beerli et al., 2007 ; Crompton, 1992 ; MacKay & Fesenmaier, 1997 ; Seddighi & Theocharous, 2002 ; Sirakaya et al., 2001 ; Um, 1998 ; Walmsley & Young, 1998).Les événements, en particulier les plus petits, pourraient être considérés comme l'un des outils utilisés en faveur des destinations touristiques lorsqu'elles sont en concurrence avec d'autres. Cependant, une grande partie de l'attention a été concentrée sur des événements à grande échelle ou méga-événements, avec peu de connaissances ou de compréhension des contributions apportées par leurs homologues beaucoup plus petits. Les événements culturels locaux, contrairement aux méga-événements, nécessitent peu d'investissements ou de développement d'infrastructures (Gursoy et al., 2004), ce qui les rend facilement accessibles aux milliers de petites lieux qui cherchent à renforcer leur image.Outre les événements, les innovations culturelles dans les destinations touristiques deviennent un nouveau mot à la mode dans les destinations ; la gamification fait partie des tendances qui pourraient aider les destinations dans cette compétition, notamment en ce qui concerne le goût des nouvelles générations (Gen Y et Z). Cependant, comme il s'agit d'un nouveau sujet, peu d'études ont été utilisées pour analyser le résultat de cette tendance et si la gamification peut aider les destinations à améliorer leur image. L'objectif global de cette thèse est d'offrir des informations solides sur la façon dont les destinations peuvent améliorer leur image et attirer plus de touristes en utilisant des moyens créatifs, dans les dimensions qui viennent d’être évoquées. De plus, les événements culturels et les innovations, populaires dans de nombreux endroits, ont de bons résultats en matière d'économie, de socialisation et de culture et sont considérés comme des outils pratiques. En conséquence, les organisations de marketing de destination (OMD) et les décideurs auront plus d'informations et de connaissances sur ce domaine d'étude et d’arguments pour soutenir leurs processus de prise de décision. Ce domaine spécifique est actuellement sous-étudié et a sa place dans l'étude plus large de l'industrie du tourisme et des impacts des événements. En conséquence, cette thèse tente d'enrichir la littérature théorique et méthodologique en se concentrant sur la question des événements et des innovations culturelles ; comment peuvent-ils contribuer efficacement à l'amélioration de l'image des destinations et les rendre plus attrayantes ou tentantes pour les touristes ?
... According to Crompton (1979) proposed seven types of alternatives motivations to travel: escape from daily routine, explore the identity of the destination, develop leisure activities, visit prestigious places, promote one's status, strengthen family relationships, enhance social connections, encourage learning. Iso-Ahola (1982) stressed that the two motives for travel were to get out of the routine and to explore new experiences, Kim et al. (2003) conveyed several push factors in destinations as nature parks, namely, family bonding, liking natural resources, seeking adventure and seeking friendships. ...
... According to Glendon (1998) push and pull factors need to be analysed separately because of the variety involved in studying the motivation construct (Dann, 1977;Ryan and) or related constructs (Baloglu and Uysal, 1996;Crompton, 1979;Kim et al., 2003;Klenosky, 2002). However, research has argued that "push factors are prior to pull factors" (Dann, 1977, p. 186). ...
Purpose-According to the theory of push and pull factors, the current work aims to present two objectives: (1) to detect what attributes drive senior tourists to travel to the Azores islands, the role played by lecturing activities (LA) as push factors and their influence on the island's offer (pull factors) are analysed; and (2) to understand the personal and contextual barriers of tourists to provide information to the agents who form part of the tourism supply process on the island. Design/methodology/approach-The data has been processed using the statistical package SmartPLS version 26. Using an exploratory methodology based on SEM structural equations applied to small sample sizes, a tentative model has been generated to define the drivers of tourism for elderly people who visit the islands. Findings-The research study reveals that LA are the key factor in completing the offering of tourist destinations in the Azores. Educational packages should be made available to senior tourists. Likewise, several tourism barriers, such as flight times, cost of the trip, concern about the safety of destinations, type of accommodation, language difficulties and medical and health care should also be revised by tourism authorities and flight stakeholders with regard to the Azores Islands. Research limitations/implications-The reduced sample has made the results impossible to show greater predictive power. Practical implications-The role played by push factors, such as lecturing or educational activities, and pull factors, such as the tourism offering by the island, allows us to envisage educational packages based on the preferences of senior tourists, such as attending lectures on the history of the Azores, gastronomy (traditional food), active ageing flora, and interesting facts and legends of the islands. Social implications-As a push factor, social interaction has become the main motivation among senior tourists. Such tourists have conveyed not only their desire to meet other tourists but also their interest in socialising in tourist activities, relaxing and visiting other new places. Originality/value-Even though LA are relatively common among university students and those with bachelor's degrees, educational packages for senior tourism are now gaining in popularity. Better socioeconomic conditions worldwide and easier access to education for mature people have allowed them to expand their knowledge by travelling to exotic destinations such as the Azores. This paper links that interest with barriers to travel as well as to the Azores' rich touristic offering.
... Destination image perception is defined as tourists' perceptions, impressions, and emotional expressions of things and phenomena with regard to a destination [24][25][26]. The research mainly includes the formation process, influencing factors, structural characteristics, and the influence of tourists' destination image perception on behavior and marketing management inspiration [27,28]. ...
... It was proposed by Hunt (1975) that image is the potential tourists' perception of a certain destination. Crompton (1979) dictated that image is "the sum of beliefs, ideas, and impressions that an individual has of a destination" (p.18). It is a person's mental picture of a specific place [41]. ...
In recent years, the competition in the tourism market has become more and more fierce. Tourism destinations need to ensure they have sufficient sources of tourists, and thus, improving their market competitiveness, image, and reputation are particularly important. For this reason, tourism academia has always attached great importance to the study of tourism destination image. Many studies have shown that tourists’ travel behavior is largely influenced by their perception of tourism destinations. Research on heritage tourism from the supply perspective is relatively abundant, whereas not much research has been conducted on the demand side, and the influence of heritage tourism on the perception of a destination’s image has rarely been discussed. This study examines destination image perceptions through three components: cognition, affection, and quality of experience. We propose a conceptual model that clarifies how the quality of experience mediates the formation of cognition and affection with regard to emerging destinations in mainland China. This study employed the PLS-SEM discontinuous two-stage approach, which involved the examination of higher-order constructs (HOCs). The results from a sample of 475 visitors to the ancient city of Qingzhou in mainland China showed that cognition positively influences affection, and they both positively influence the overall image. Quality of experience was shown to be a mediating factor between cognition and affection. Moreover, the variables under quality of experience were confirmed to be consistent with those under cognition.
... Like the aforementioned examples, the negative happenings may cause significant changes both in the destination's and the tourists' life, too. (Ernszt, 2016; On the hand, after a crisis event, a destination faces, for instance, sharp decrease in economic indicators, ruined destination image or the bulk of tourists with lost trust. On the other hand, the tourists' feelings and attitudes towards a destination after disaster can affect the return to the destination and the overall judgment. ...
... Destination image is defined as the sum of beliefs, ideas, perceptions that people (tourists and sellers, as well) assign to a destination and its elements. (Crompton, 1979;Keller 1993;Sahin-Baloglu, 2011;Hallmann et al., 2015). The destination image is actually a multidimensional definition, whose attributes serve as a frame for perceptions. ...
In the past decades catastrophes such as natural disasters or terror attacks hit tourist destinations even more than before. Not only the increased number of the events are the main reasons of the decrease in tourist arrivals, but also the uncontrolled power of media might be blamed for that. Due to the public awareness of the unexpected events, more and more negative feelings and perceptions occur in people’s mind, affecting their destinations choice and behavior. Safety issues after a crisis situation are sensitive factors in travel decisionmaking. To alter the degree of risk perceptions of the potential tourists, the destination image marketing strategy plays an important role. This study aims to reveal the relationship among perceived risk, destination image, tourism safety and the direct effects of a catastrophe (e.g. declined tourist arrivals). By content analyzing recent case studies, the paper attempts to outline and sum up strategic messages as well as alternatives for post-crisis situation from marketing point of view.
... This was the starting point for undertaking a field research study, the results of which are presented in the following sections. Crompton [28] defined destination image as the sum of tourists beliefs, ideas, and impressions of a destination. The perceptions about a destination are referred to as destination image [29]. ...
... This was the starting point for undertaking a field research study, the results of which are presented in the following sections. Crompton [28] defined destination image as the sum of tourists′ beliefs, ideas, and impressions of a destination. The perceptions about a destination are referred to as destination image [29]. ...
The present manuscript describes a case study on the viewpoints of tourism stakeholders on the effect of waste management on a destination′s image. In particular, the study aims to analyze the problems that arose during the summer of 2018 in the touristic image of Corfu because of the waste management on the island. The qualitative method approach through interviews was used to collect the primary data of the survey; online sources were used to collect data to review similar cases. All the stakeholders agree that waste management during the summer of 2018 negatively affected the image of Corfu as a touristic destination. Moreover, based on the interviews′ findings, there is a lack of political will, infrastructure, and information provision from the local authorities on the island of Corfu. Interviews also indicated that an integrated solution to the problem of waste management on the island is the implementation of source separation in households and tourism-related firms with the support of the local authorities. The contribution of this paper is towards identifying the effect that waste management has on the image of a tourist destination. It is the first of its kind conducted in Greece and among the few reported in the literature focusing on the viewpoints of service providers.
... Scholars have looked at destination image, which can be for a country, a city, or a facility (e.g., Chen & Phou, 2013;Crompton, 1979;Lindblom, Lindblom, Lehtonen, & Wechtler, 2018;Lu, Heslop, Thomas, & Kwan, 2016;Nadeau, Heslop, O'Reilly, & Luk, 2008). Nadeau et al. (2008) reported that a country's image influences the tourism intentions of people. ...
... For the purposes of this study, destination image is treated as the sum of the beliefs, ideas, and impressions that a tourist holds about a destination (Crompton, 1979;Chen & Phou, 2013). Some scholars think of this as a multidimensional construct based on three primary dimensions, namely cognitive, affective, and conative (Beerli & Martin, 2004;Prayag, 2007). ...
Marketing and management scholars agree that organizations should focus on their core resources and capabilities in their effort to create a competitive advantage. However, tourism researchers and practitioners need more empirical evidence from emerging tourism destinations, viz. under what conditions can core destination resources and capabilities deliver this edge more effectively. Consequently, this paper examines the effect of core destination resources, namely natural resources, heritage resources and created resources on destination image, and the moderating effects of customer value and destination satisfaction. International tourists to Qatar (an emerging tourism destination) provided the data for the study. The results show that natural resources and heritage resources are significantly related to the destination image, but created sources are not. Customer value positively and negatively moderates the association of natural resources and heritage resources respectively with destination image. Destination satisfaction positively moderates the relationship between heritage resources and destination image. The findings suggest a preponderance of inimitable endowed resources over imitable created resources in explaining destination image, thus justifying a focus on the former when crafting destination benefits proposal to international tourists. Practitioners and policymakers should also emphasize the unique value of these resources, be mindful of price in/sensitive customers when making destination resources cost/benefit decisions, and deliver delightful experience to customers to enhance destination image. Detailed managerial and theoretical implications of the study are presented.
... The image of a destination is a psychological representation of an individual's impressions and beliefs about a particular place (Crompton, 1979). Previous studies have focused on the antecedents that shape destination image, and have identified that a tourist's characteristics (e.g., psychology and culture) and stimulating factors (including information source and experience) will determine perceptions (Baloglu, 2000;Beerli and Martin, 2004). ...
This study aimed to examine the effects of COVID-19 risk perception on negative destination image and self-protection behavior, and the resultant effects on tourist satisfaction. Hence, this study applied a continuous interpretive mixed-method design combining quantitative and qualitative analyses. A quantitative survey ( n = 486) in the cities of Ningbo, Huangshan, and Chengdu, China, and 19 qualitative interviews were conducted online. The results of the quantitative study show that: (1) Risk perception and negative destination image are antecedent variables influencing tourist satisfaction, and (2) there are significant positive correlations between risk perception and negative destination image, risk perception and tourist self-protection behavior, and negative destination image and tourist self-protection behavior. Moreover, (3) negative destination image had a partial mediating effect between risk perception and satisfaction. Furthermore, to supplement the research data and expand the quantitative findings, this study further examined whether the above variables are related to tourist satisfaction, through in-depth interviews with tourists. The findings showed that COVID-19 risk perception, negative destination image, and self-protection behavior all affect tourist satisfaction. The findings provide valuable crisis management suggestions for the government and should contribute to the efforts of tourist destinations to build a healthy and safe image, thereby contributing to the sustainable development of tourism industries in the post-epidemic era.
... A specific brand of a tourist destination influences the creation of better relations and exchanges between tourists and the destination, their loyalty, or their intention to revisit the destination [29][30][31]. The image of the destination is important in observation and research because it affects the decisions of tourists to visit or revisit the destination [32][33][34][35][36][37]. The way the brand is created, its nature, and its origin influence consumer attitudes in terms of the existence of a compensatory relationship between the globality of the brand and the warmth of the country, and on the other hand, the locality of the brand and the competence of the country [38]. ...
Citation: Gajić, T.; Blešić, I.; Petrović, M.D.; Radovanović, M.M.; Ðoković, F.; Demirović Bajrami, D.; Kovačić, S.; Jošanov Vrgović, I.; Tretyakova, T.N.; Syromiatnikova, J.A. Stereotypes and Prejudices as (Non) Attractors for Willingness to Revisit Tourist-Spatial Hotspots in Serbia. Sustainability 2023, 15, 5130. https://doi. Abstract: Despite the fact that the topic of the influence of stereotypes and prejudices on the loyalty and willingness of tourists to visit a destination again is increasingly common in world publications, researchers have yet to examine this relationship. The aim of this research is precisely to assess the influence of stereotypes and prejudices (S&P) in the system of other attractors of tourist visits, on the loyalty and willingness of foreign visitors to revisit Serbia as a tourist destination. It is known that Serbia possesses large natural and anthropogenic resources as a basis for tourism development, but it is also known for numerous prejudices and stereotypes, which can potentially dictate loyalty to the destination and the behavior of tourists. The results obtained by the Path analysis show that stereotypes and prejudices, among 892 randomly selected foreign tourists, have a more significant direct influence on the dimensions of loyalty and revisiting Serbia compared to other factors. Further analysis showed that foreign tourists consider the Serbian people to be arrogant, with expressed nationalism and a preserved traditional social approach, as well as that middle-aged tourists show the highest loyalty and willingness to visit again after evaluating all the aforementioned factors. Limitations of the research were related to a lack of understanding of the language and non-cooperation on the part of the respondents. The results of the research have theoretical and applied importance as information for future research in Serbia and beyond, but also for improving the management strategy of tourism development.
... The concept of the destination image is subjective (Woosnam et al., 2020) and includes an individual's feelings, impressions, ideas, and beliefs (Crompton, 1979;Pike, 2017). The concept of destination image was introduced by Gartner (1994), Scott (1965), and Solo (1956) as three interrelated yet distinct components of conative, affective and cognitive image. ...
This study examines six antecedent constructs affecting potential Australian tourists' destination image of Fiji. Data were collected from 416 respondents and analysed using covariance-based structural equation modelling. Results revealed that five constructs-impressions of Fiji, trust in the Fijian government, crisis management, solidarity, and COVID-19 mitigation practices-were positively associated with respondents' cognitive and affective destination image formation. Xenophobia also moderates the positive association between cognitive and conative images. These findings contribute theoretically to understanding salient constructs contributing to destination image formation amidst the pandemic. Study insights will be useful to practitioners in developing effective marketing strategies and tourism recovery.
... Within the second perspective, studies analyzed the destination brand through destination image (DI) perspective. The DI is the sum of beliefs, ideas, and impressions that a person has about a destination (Crompton 1979). Lai and Li (2016) proposed a comprehensive definition affirming DI is a voluntary, multisensory, primarily picture-like, qualia-arousing, conscious, and quasi-perceptual mental experience held by tourists about a destination. ...
... The term 'image' is conceptualized to describe a person's sets of beliefs or perceptions of a product, service, or place and its attributes (Kotler et al., 1993). In tourism studies, the concept of destination image is generally defined as a tourist's overall perception of the destination, including their emotions, prejudices and imagined landscape (Crompton, 1979;Tasci et al., 2022). It is generally recognized in the tourism literature that there are three main components of a destination image: (1) cognitive component (the knowledge, belief or perception of an individual towards a destination), (2) the emotional/affective component (the feelings and emotions of an individual towards a destination) and (3) the conative component (the desire to travel to a particular destination based on one's future situation) (Beerli & Martin, 2004;Pike & Ryan, 2004;Tasci et al., 2007). ...
In a highly competitive market, managing the quality of destination image is a major concern for tourism marketers and policymakers. Negative connotations attached to a destination can potentially produce forms of stigma and lead to the stigmatization of a destination. Research on stigmas attached to tourists or tourism practitioners has gained growing scholarly attention; however, empirical knowledge on the stigmas associated with a place (spatial stigma) and the underlying factors driving the stigmatization of a destination is yet to be developed in tourism literature. To fill this gap and grounded in a multidisciplinary literature on the stigma-place nexus, this study explores the stigmatization of Iran through an analysis of in-depth interviews with the representatives of country’s key tourism informants. The findings of the qualitative study demonstrated how Iran’s destination identity is contested. Six reinforcing forms of stigmas were identified: political, religion, security, hygiene, performance and regional stigmas. The study concludes that destination stigma is a multi-dimensional phenomenon that manifests in different ways depending on where it is generated, encountered and experienced. In adopting a more contextual approach the study offers several new perspectives on stigma production, negotiation and resistance in tourism destinations.
... The image of tourism destinations is one of the marketing strategies for tourist destinations [4], which can directly influence the travel decisions of prospective tourists. [5] defines the image of a destination as "the sum of all one's beliefs, ideas, and impressions of a destination". The projected image is the DMO's marketing picture of the location, whereas the perceptual image is how tourists feel about the place [6]. ...
The research aims to propose a new method for the analysis based on face and picture content recognition technologies, travel habits, and preferences that were grouped by age, gender, and the background of tourist attractions utilized by photographers. This study uses content analysis to identify potential destinations associated with tourists visiting East Java tourist villages. The researchers analyzed 262 photos of 501 people on Facebook and Instagram. The researchers analyzed the state and condition of tourism using photos captured by tourists as the background and classified them according to the dimensions of cognitive imagery such as the natural surroundings, food, public amenities, time and entertainment, the culture of the tourist village destination and history, architectural styles, and rural life. The results show that the leisure and entertainment dimensions have the highest frequency of tourists at 36%, followed by public amenities (27%), natural surroundings (23%), and other dimensions such as food, art, cultural history, architectural styles, and rural life. Further development by the village government and community is needed to attract better tourists to visit the tourist villages, as the tourist village’s success will increase the community’s economy.
... Image is a valuable concept in understanding the process of tourists' destination selection [5,29,30]. Hunt [30] argued that images and perceptions, which travelers have about a destination, might strongly influence tourist's decisions about the more tangible tourism resources. Hunt notes that this occurs because travelers who have very limited personal experience with destinations make decisions on the basis of images and perceptions of the destination rather than objective reality. ...
The effects of integrated word-of-mouth (WOM), both traditional and electronic, on tourism products are yet to be fully investigated. The current study aims to assess the effects of and differences between traditional WOM and electronic WOM, between personal WOM and commercial WOM, and between positive and negative WOM on a destination image. Results of the study indicate that traditional WOM had a greater influence on destination image compared to electronic WOM. Personal traditional WOM had a greater influence on destination image compared to electronic personal WOM and commercial WOM. However, negative WOM exerted less influence on the destination’s image compared to positive WOM while negative electronic WOM had a greater influence on destination image compared to negative traditional WOM.
... The definition of destination image has been interpreted differently by various researchers. Crompton set a definition of the image as the sum of beliefs, ideas, and impressions that people have of a place (Crompton, 1979). This definition relates to the individual, whereas other definitions acknowledge that images can be shared by groups of people. ...
... Destination image refers to the sum of beliefs, ideas, and impressions that tourists have about a tourist destination (Crompton, 1979;M. Y. Lai et al., 2018;Mak, 2017;W. ...
Inaccurate promotional information about tourist destinations may result in tourists' negative evaluations. This study proposes a new approach to measure the congruence between projected and received images of a destination's attractions. Based on online textual data, this study investigates how image congruence influences tourists' evaluations of their destination experiences. Using promotional messages and reviews of attractions in Hainan, China obtained from a leading Chinese online travel agency (Ctrip) and a three-way fixed-effects regression model, this study demonstrates that image congruence positively affects tourists' appraisal of their destination experiences. External crises (e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic), the readability of promotional messages, and tourists' expertise moderate this relationship, reducing the positive impact of image congruence on tourist experience evaluation. This study bridges theoretical and empirical gaps in destination image (in)congruence research, informing tourism marketing agencies of effective promotional strategies in different contexts.
... citra destinasi wisata didefinisikan sebagai perilaku manusia yang lebih rentan terhadap citra yang dirasakan daripada realitas objektif (Boulding, 1956). Citra destinasi wisata dapat dilihat sebagai kompilasi dari keyakinan, ide, harapan, dan kesan yang terakumulasi sebagai hasil evaluasi atribut individu pada sebuah destinasi (Crompton, 1979). Citra destinasi wisata memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap niat berkunjung kembali wisatawan ke suatu destinasi wisata (Song et al, 2017). ...
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh citra destinasi wisata, pengalaman wisatawan dan media sosial terhadap minat berkunjung kembali ke objek wisata pantai karapyak Kabupaten Pangandaran. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah non-probability sampling dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi linier berganda. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa citra destinasi wisata dan media sosial berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap minat berkunjung kembali, sedangkan pengalaman wisatawan tidak berpengaruh terhadap minat berkunjung kembali. Implikasi dalam penelitian ini pemerintah daerah diharapkan dapat memperhatikan perihal pengadaan event-event tertentu untuk meningkatkan minat untuk berkunjung kembali wisatawan seperti mengadakan event tahunan seperti tahun baru, sedekah laut, festival layang-layang dan sebagainya. Selain itu perlu melakukan evaluasi atau tindak lanjut berkesinambungan disetiap tahunya, agar objek wisata tetap dikenal masyarakat luas dan menjadi alternatif pilihan utama dalam berwisata.
... Hình ảnh điểm đến là sự thể hiện tất cả kiến thức khách quan, ấn tượng, thành kiến, trí tưởng tượng và suy nghĩ cảm xúc mà một cá nhân hoặc nhóm có thể có về một địa điểm cụ thể [11]. Hình ảnh điểm đến là tổng thể niềm tin, suy nghĩ và ấn tượng của một người về một điểm đến du lịch [12]. Hình ảnh điểm đến là sự biểu hiện về mặt tình cảm của một cá nhân qua lý trí, cảm xúc và những ấn tượng toàn diện về một điểm đến [13]. ...
Nghiên cứu đã thiết lập được thang đánh giá hình ảnh điểm đến du lịch hồ Ba Bể. Thông qua phương pháp nghiên cứu định tính kết hợp với ý kiến chuyên gia, nhận diện thang đo hình ảnh điểm đến gồm 8 thành phần với 30 thuộc tính. Trong đó, 26 biến độc lập là các thuộc tính nhận thức, cảm xúc và độc đáo của hình ảnh điểm đến; 4 biến phụ thuộc là thuộc tính của hình ảnh điểm đến tổng thể. Từ 392 mẫu khảo sát khách du lịch nội địa, phân tích định lượng đã xác định được 6 yếu tố cấu thành hình ảnh điểm đến với 21 biến độc lập, bao gồm: Sức hấp dẫn tự nhiên (5 biến), Sức hấp dẫn văn hóa (2 biến), Đặc trưng du lịch và giải trí (4 biến), Cơ sở hạ tầng và vật chất kỹ thuật (4 biến), Bầu không khí của điểm đến (4 biến), Khả năng tiếp cận và giá cả (2 biến). Kết quả đánh giá của khách du lịch nội địa: 18/21 thuộc tính được đánh giá tích cực, 3/21 thuộc tính bị đánh giá tiêu cực. Hình ảnh tổng thể điểm đến hồ Ba Bể được đánh giá tích cực. Đánh giá hình ảnh điểm đến có sự khác biệt mang ý nghĩa thống kê giữa các nhóm phân theo độ tuổi và số lần tới điểm đến.
... Some of these authors believe that the destination image affects the choice of destination and stated that the destination which has a positive image will be on the decision-making process and this destination is ultimately chosen to revisit. The destination image, according to Crompton (1979), "defines the beliefs, opinions, and Impressions that one has from a destination". This definition is at the individual level and is generalizable to the group Lawson and Baud-bovy (1997) have defined the mental image of destination from individual and group aspects: "The image of destination is to express objective knowledge, perceptions, prejudices, imagination, and thoughts that a person or group has to a place or destination" (Lawson & Baud-bovy, 1997). ...
Purpose-Aim of this study was to interpret the effect of perceived quality and perceived value on tourists' loyalty by the mediation of satisfaction and destination image in the three tourism target villages of Yazd province (located in central Iran). Design/methodology/approach-Present study is applied research regarding the objective and the type of research is a descriptive correlation. The population of the study consists of all incoming tourists to three tourism villages of Yazd province (Kharanagh, Saryazd, and Sadeghabad). Participants were 200 visitors to three villages of Yazd province that were selected using the convenience sampling method. They all completed the perceived quality, perceived value, satisfaction, destination image, and loyalty scales in a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the path analysis model (LISREL software). Findings-The study shows that there is a positive and significant relation between tourists' loyalty and perceived quality, between tourists' loyalty and perceived value, between tourists' loyalty and destination image, and between tourists' loyalty and satisfaction. Moreover, perceived quality and perceived value have a direct, significant effect on tourists' loyalty. Perceived quality by the mediation of destination image has an indirect effect on tourists 'loyalty; perceived quality by the mediation of satisfaction has an indirect and meaningful effect on tourists 'loyalty; perceived value by the mediation of destination image has an indirect effect on tourists' loyalty; perceived value by the mediation of satisfaction has an indirect and meaningful effect on tourists' loyalty.
... Destination image is considered one of the most relevant factors in explaining tourist behaviour before, during and after the visit, specifically as an important predictor of destination selection (Nghiêm-Phú & Bagul, 2020;Stylidis, Belhassen, & Shani, 2017;Tasci, Gartner, & Cavusgil, 2007). It is thus of crucial importance for marketing strategy, as destination image projection, combined with suitable communication strategies, allows tourism stakeholders to strengthen their intended destination image and consequent competitiveness (Camprubí, 2009;Crompton, 1979;C.-H. Liu, Jiang, & Gan, 2021). ...
Destination image is a prominent topic in tourism research. While art’s importance in marketing has been highlighted by some authors ever since Gartner (1994) included it in his taxonomy of image formation agents, a systematic literature review on the relationship between art and destination image is still lacking. This paper thus explores this relationship through a qualitative systematic literature review of Scopus-indexed research published between 1960 and 2020 concerning this theme, discussing the main findings and methodologies utilized. Results show that different art forms have been the object of diverse types of research throughout the years, with cinema standing out as the most studied art form, while painting, sculpture and the performing arts have barely been approached in the destination image literature. Overall, the impact of semiotic qualities in art on destination image has been proven in several studies, and the concept of “word-of-art” is suggested to accommodate these findings. Gaps and future avenues of research are identified.
... Destination image has been an important topic in the field of travel and tourism research for many decades (Chen et al., 2013). Even though many definitions of destination image have been provided in the literature, at its core, a destination's image represents the sum of beliefs, ideas, and impressions people have of that destination (Crompton, 1979). In other words, a destination's image reflects a collaborative system of thoughts, opinions, feelings, visualizations, and intentions related to that destination (Tasci & Gartner, 2007). ...
Destination loyalty represents an important pillar of any tourism destination’s sustainable economic development. To effectively cultivate and secure destination loyalty, hospitality businesses, as well as tourism destination management organizations need to identify and understand the factors that impact visitors’ loyalty. The current paper investigates the impact of destination image on destination loyalty, within the 4 A’s theorical framework of tourism destination, emphasizing the differential impact of each image dimension on visitors’ loyalty. For that, a self-administered paper and pencil survey was conducted among a sample of 1047 Romanians who had recently spent at least three days in a tourism destination. Overall, the results of the current study reinforce the findings of previous research, emphasizing a significant impact of tourism destination image on destination loyalty. Additionally, the current research brings new insights on this relationship, depicting the specific influence of accessibility, amenities, attractions, and ancillaries on visitors’ loyalty. Thus, the results point out that destinations’ amenities and attractions, as well as their ancillaries have significant impacts on visitors’ loyalty, with the highest impact outlined in the case of ancillaries. However, accessibility, even though considered one of the pillars of a tourism destination, is not statistically relevant for nurturing and developing destination loyalty. The results have both theoretical and practical implications. From a theoretical perspective, the current research is among the very few which clearly point out the impact of each specific dimension of tourism destination image on destination loyalty. From a practical perspective, the results emphasize the specific dimensions of visitor experience on which tourism destinations need to focus in order to develop and nurture destination loyalty.KeywordsDestination imageDestination loyaltyPLS-SEMPLSPredict
... The majority of past studies has explored place image primarily from tourists perspective Zaman & Aktan, 2021), and it has typically been evaluated under the phrase destination image (Tasci & Gartner, 2007). In this context, researchers often concentrate on the influence of destination image mostly on tourist's behaviour and interpret destination image as the overall perceptions and beliefs people have about a certain location (Crompton, 1979). Meanwhile, inhabitants are also essential stakeholders towards the growth of tourism, and as a result, it is crucial to examine place image through the viewpoints of inhabitants, since they have received a comparatively limited amount of consideration in the past. ...
Every destination's tourism growth is intrinsically related to local support, particularly during periods of tourism planning, crises, and hostile movements to industry. As tourism transforms and alters places, locals' perceptions of their surroundings and the influence of tourism evolve and become highly complicated and significant. Due to the increased significance of locals' perspectives and the fierce rivalry to attract visitors, the current research, which was cantered on the theory of social exchange sought to investigate the influence that locals' cultural heritage image have on their perceptions of the effects of tourism, which were ultimately believed to have an effect on the inhabitants' support towards the expansion of cultural heritage tourism. The territory of Jammu and Kashmir within India serve as the venue for the investigation, wherein tourism based on cultural heritage is still in its infancy. Overall, a total of 490 surveys were filled out and returned. In order to examine the data, structural equation modelling has been employed. The results demonstrate that inhabitants' assessments of the-economic, socio cultural and environmental‖ consequences are substantially and favourably related to CHT image, which ultimately influences community support towards CHT development. Furthermore the conclusions of this investigation illustrate the relevance of CHT image in determining residents' opinion of tourism effects and support, which has received very limited consideration in the realm of cultural heritage. The research advances overall knowledge of how inhabitants' opinions are evolved in underdeveloped cultural heritage areas, while stressing the need for measures that are more location-based, adaptable, and resident-centred. Lastly, the study's implications, as well as its limitations and the need for further investigation, are presented.
... La expectativa generada debe guardar relación con la realidad del sitio visitado; lo imaginado no debe ser diferente a lo encontrado, puesto que una percepción negativa no se cambia fácilmente. Aunque se mejoren los atributos del destino, como factor clave, es poco probable que exista un cambio rápido en la imagen que se formó inicialmente (Crompton, 1979). Además, se debe considerar que la "imagen previa que se tiene sobre un determinado destino es un elemento fundamental para evaluar la posterior satisfacción con la visita" (Prat Forga y Cànoves Valiente, 2017). ...
El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo principal investigar cómo se percibe la imagen del destino a través del patrimonio cultural y, a su vez, conocer si su percepción invita al turista a regresar o a recomendar la ciudad de Quito. La investigación se realizó mediante un estudio empírico, con enfoque cuantitativo, donde se encuestaron a turistas nacionales y extranjeros que visitaban los principales atractivos culturales de la Ciudad. Mediante un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales se identifica y explica las relaciones entre ciertas variables para validar las hipótesis planteadas. Los resultados de la investigación proporcionan nuevos conocimientos sobre la importancia que la calidad y la satisfacción, derivada de la visita al patrimonio cultural de Quito, y el grado de influencia que la imagen del destino género en el turistas, determinando que el turista tiene intención de recomendar el destino a terceros, pero no influye directamente en la intención de regresar o volver a visitar en un futuro cercano nuevamente la Ciudad, por lo tanto, se debe alertar a la administración pública y gestores de destinos para consolidar esfuerzos por mejorar la percepción global que experimenta el turista en el destino, con la finalidad de superar sus expectativas en el sitio.
... Destination tourism experts focus on developing unique experiences which turn to creating positive and recognizable brand images [55]. In the early tourism literature, Cromton ( [56], p. 18) defined a brand image as 'the sum of beliefs, ideas and impressions that a person has of a destination'. Sun et al. [57] added that a destination's brand image is a tourist's own elaboration and interpretation of their knowledge, beliefs, assumptions, emotional impressions, and ideas regarding a place. ...
Gastronomy experiences are becoming a fundamental factor that influences the making of a decision regarding choosing a travel destination, as well as being a crucial factor in shaping tourists’ satisfaction regarding their overall travel experience. The aim of the study is to identify and explain the simultaneous impact of the key factors that influence a gastronomic experience and their impact on tourists’ satisfaction with a trip and the destination’s brand. These issues were addressed within the context of Ukraine, as this is an overlooked area of academic research, and an online survey was conducted, targeting domestic and international tourists. Structural equation modeling was used to assess and reveal the proposed hypotheses in the model. The study contributed to the theoretical understanding of the key factors that increases the occurrence of a memorable gastronomic experience and the relationship between the experience of food and its role in the satisfaction of and the perceived brand of a destination. Moreover, the finding showed that past experience and prior knowledge have a positive influence on the gastronomy experience, while tourists’ prior knowledge effects the perceived quality of a destination’s cuisine, as well as the food activities in the destination. Linkages in the model were empirically supported by statistical analyses. Nonetheless, the various level of the tourists’ involvement with gastronomy might be used as an input to examine and improve the memorable gastronomic experience on-site. The research simultaneously highlighted the importance of gastronomy to tourist destinations for positioning on international and domestic markets. The paper not only provides theoretical but also practical implications. The hospitality and tourism businesses benefit from acknowledging the importance of local food and the local food market. The findings of this study are also deemed to assist destination marketers who observe that tourists have become more demanding in search of unique experiences offered by destinations.
... Turizm literatürü incelendiğinde destinasyon imajını farklı boyutlarda ele alan çok sayıda çalışma olduğu görülmektedir. İlk olarak 1970'li yıllarda başlayan bu çalışmalar genellikle kavramı tanımlama ve turist hareketliliğiyle ilişkilendirme eğilimindedir (Hunt, 1975;Crompton, 1979 Gartner (1993) ise destinasyon imajının oluşum sürecinde beş ayrı uyarıcının rol aldığını ve bu uyarıcıların birbirinden bağımsız ya da kombine bir şekilde hareket ettiğini savunur. ...
Bu çalışma, Türkiyedeki gastronomi şehirlerini ziyaret eden yerli turistlerin algıladıkları
mutfak imajı ile davranışsal niyetleri arasındaki ilişkiyi Planlı Davranış Teorisi kapsamında
incelemek amacıyla tasarlanmıştır. Bu amaçla Mart, Haziran-Temmuz 2020 tarihleri
arasında Gaziantep ve Hatay illerinde bir araştırma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında
bu illeri ziyaret eden 812 yerli turistlerden anket yöntemi ile veri toplanmıştır. Çalışmaya
kullanılabilir durumda olan 783 anket formu dahil edilmiştir. Verilerin ve modeli oluşturan
hipotezlerin değerlendirilmesinde betimsel istatistikler, t testi, ANOVA, Pearson korelasyon
ve regresyon analizleri kullanılmıştır. Analizler, davranışsal niyetin medeni durum, yaş ve
gelir değişkenlerine göre anlamlı bir şekilde farklılaştığını ortaya koymuştur. Araştırma
modelini oluşturan değişkenler arasındaki olası ilişkileri belirlemek amacıyla yapılan
korelasyon analizi sonucunda algılanan mutfak imajı ile davranışa yönelik tutum, öznel
norm, algılanan davranışsal kontrol ve davranışsal niyet değişkenleri arasında olumlu
ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca davranışa yönelik tutum, öznel norm ve algılanan
davranışsal kontrol değişkenlerinin de kendi aralarında olumlu ilişkilere sahip olduğu
görülmüştür. Araştırma hipotezlerini test etmek için yapılan regresyon analizleri ise
algılanan mutfak imajının davranışa yönelik tutum, öznel norm, algılanan davranışsal
kontrol ve davranışsal niyet üzerinde olumlu etkileri olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bunun
yanı sıra regresyon sonuçları davranışa yönelik tutum, öznel norm ve algılanan davranışsal
kontrol değişkenlerinin davranışsal niyet üzerinde farklı düzeylerde olumlu etkileri
olduğunu göstermiştir
... These explanations are mainly related to impressions, mental representation, and perceptual perception, which have been explored in many case studies on the process of forming destination images, the components of imagery, the factors influencing images, and the structural characteristics of imagery (Pearce, 1997;Hernández-Mogollón et al., 2018). Therefore, it can be considered that the early research on destination image began in the 1970s (Hunt, 1975;Crompton, 1979;Pearce, 1997). Researchers used the city imagery map approach to analyze the spatial imagery characteristics and patterns of the subjects (tourists) and objects (local residents) of various tourism activities in an attempt to propose a conceptual system of spatial imagery theory in the field of tourism (Pearce, 1997). ...
The city on social media has become a hot topic in the study of city communication and city image. From the perspective of spatial theory and the communication characteristics of social media, this paper divides the spatial imagery of TikTok into three spaces: material space-cognitive attention, mental space-mental association, and relational space-emotional involvement. Based on the content analysis of 40 videos, we analyze the process of social media using cognition, association, and emotion as the starting points to increase the material space, expand the mental space, and expand the relational space. We find that spatial imagery can be co-constructed from the material space, mental space, and relational space. Lastly, the model is changed, and the value of using spatial theory to understand how city images are made is talked about.
... Nevertheless, through the multidisciplinary, the research line had been characterised, which states that various distinctive approaches can be used to study destination image (Gallarza, et al., 2002). Crompton (1979) explains destination image as, "the individual's sum of ideas, beliefs, and impressions of a destination" (P. 33). ...
This research critically investigates marketing and branding being affected by the destination image at Swat, Pakistan. The research investigates the concepts of destination image and destination marketing at Swat. For this purpose, previous empirical research (theories and models) related to the aforementioned concepts were critically examined. Moreover, the functional relationship between destination branding and destination marketing is examined. In addition to that, one-size fit approach is considered to measure its validity in case of Swat tourism. The research design used in this study is cross-sectional and mix method research methodology has been used to investigate the correlation between research variables. Close-ended survey questionnaire and open-ended interviews were used as key research instruments by researcher. The findings revealed that there is strong functional relationship between destination branding, destination marketing, and destination image. Furthermore, it is evident that strategic management approach and marketing is essential for the success of tourism destination. There is also strong evidence that individual and marketer's contribution in close collaboration is significant for the growth and expansion of Swat as tourism destination. In addition to that, this research investigation revealed that one-size fit approach cannot be used at Swat. The recommendations are given at the end based on the present findings and suggestions are made to the future researchers to include in their respective studies to have more concrete and precise results.
... Destination image could be defined as the sum of beliefs, ideas and impressions that a person has toward a destination (Crompton, 1979). Destination image was a decisive factor for a visitor' destination choice (Mayo, 1975), and, a key concept related to understanding tourists' destination selection processes (Baloglu and Brinberg, 1997). ...
Purpose
The intangible nature of tourism means that variables such as destination image (DIM) or intention to recommend (IR) are crucial for tourists, as they are reliable sources of information. However, since these are dynamic variables, they have been affected by Covid-19 and need to be updated. Based on the above, the purpose of this study is to examine how the unlearning (UL) process helps tourists to become aware of the new situation, relinquish old habits and relearn, thus, influencing DIM and the IR destinations. Furthermore, the relationship between DIM and IR is analysed.
Design/methodology/approach
To analyse the proposed model, an empirical analysis was carried out through an online survey obtaining a valid sample of 457 Spanish domestic travellers. The data were analysed using partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM).
Findings
Results show a positive effect between the UL outcomes and IR a destination, as well as a mediator effect of DIM on this relationship.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study analyses for the first time UL in the tourism sector as an individual process carried out by tourists and shows how it influences their decision-making process.
Purpose
This study aims to use a bottom-up, inductive approach to derive destination image attributes from large quantities of online consumer narratives and establish a destination classification system based on relationships among attributes and places.
Design/methodology/approach
Content and social network analyses were used to explore the consumer image structure for destinations based on online narratives. Cluster analysis was then used to group destinations by attributes, and ANOVA provided comparisons.
Findings
Twenty-two attributes were identified and combined into three groups (core, expected, latent). Destinations were classified into three clusters (comprehensive urban, scenic and lifestyle) based on their network centralities. Using data on Chinese tourism, the most mentioned (core) attributes were determined to be landscape, traffic within the destination, food and beverages and resource-based attractions. Social life was meaningful in consumer narratives but often overlooked by researchers.
Practical implications
Destinations should determine into which category they belong and then appeal to the real needs of tourists. Destination management organizations should provide the essential attributes while paying greater attention to highlighting the destinations’ social life atmosphere.
Originality/value
This research produced empirical work on Chinese tourism by combining a bottom-up, inductive research design with big data. It divided the 49 destinations into three categories and established a new system based on rich data to classify travel destinations.
Destinasyonlar zorlu rekabet şartlarında sahip oldukları imajları ile öne çıkmaya çalışmaktadırlar. Destinasyonla ilgili olumlu imaj algısı, ziyaretçilerin destinasyon karar sürecinde etkili olmaktadır. Destinasyonla ilgili sahip olunan imajlar, durağan olmayıp değişebilen bir yapıya sahiptir. Bu bağlamda, destinasyonla yaşanan deneyimler öne çıkmaktadır. Turizm bir deneyim faaliyetidir ve turist deneyimi turistlerin seyahatlerine karar verdikleri andan itibaren başlamakta, etkileri seyahatin sonrasında da anılarda yaşayarak devam etmektedir. Turizmin özünün aslında ziyaretçilere yüksek kaliteli unutulmaz deneyimler sunmak olduğu söylenebilir. Destinasyonda yaşanan unutulmaz deneyimler, ziyaretçilerin destinasyonla duygusal bir bağ kurmalarına ve destinasyonlara aşkla bağlanmalarına yol açmaktadır. Bu çerçevede araştırmanın amacı destinasyon imajı ve destinasyon deneyiminin destinasyon aşkı üzerindeki etkisini ortaya koymaktır. Literatür taraması sonucunda hipotezler geliştirilmiş ve bu temelde araştırma modeli oluşturulmuştur. Araştırma evrenini Nevşehir ilini ziyaret eden katılımcılar oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada tesadüfi olmayan örnekleme yöntemlerinden yargısal örnekleme türü tercih edilmiştir. Araştırmada kullanılmak üzere 387 adet veri toplanmıştır. Elde edilen verilere uygulanan analizler sonucunda destinasyon imajı ve destinasyon deneyiminin destinasyon aşkı üzerinde anlamlı ve olumlu yönde bir etkisinin olduğu ve destinasyon aşkını daha fazla etkileyen değişkenin destinasyon deneyimi olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
During the Bubble Economy era, cultural theme parks were constructed in rural Japan for economic rejuvenation. These cultural theme parks or gaikoku mura (foreign villages) embrace foreign cultures and landscapes rather than rollercoasters. They offer Japanese tourists the foreign travel experience adapted and modified for the Japanese market. Set within place-based branding, imaginaries, and authenticity, this paper compares the Eurocentric theme parks of Huis Ten Bosch in Nagasaki and Yufuin Floral Village in Oita. Opening in 1992, Huis Ten Bosch is a large-scale cultural theme park based on Nagasaki’s historical connection to the Netherlands. Recreating Dutch cities and landscapes, it offers hotels, restaurants, shops, and attractions. Within the hot springs area of Yufuin, the Floral Village opened in 2012, modelled after The Cotswolds, UK. Houses with storybook architecture contain souvenir shops and tea rooms featuring characters from British literature and Studio Ghibli anime. Based on site visits, photographic documentation, and qualitative sentiment analysis of comments written by visitors on TripAdvisor, the paper investigates the perceptions of Japanese tourists. They are positive about Huis Ten Bosch with developers having successfully created and branded a Dutch environment, while mixed messages at Yufuin demonstrate the importance of product-market match for these ‘exotic’ attractions.
The popularity of a destination depends upon the offerings it makes to the tourists. The success and sustainability of a destination can be determined by analyzing the attitude of the people towards tourists and tourism. The chapter is written by citing recent example supporting the arguments of authors. Following are the take away: first, the influence of traditions, arts, languages clubbed as a culture image-making of destination; second, the attributes of a destination and their significance for some destinations; third, the psychological factors of locals towards tourism and tourists; finally, the importance of locals’ attitude towards tourist and how it creates destination image. The chapter affirms that the residents’ good attitude toward tourism and tourists will show pro-tourism behavior. The combination of positive influences from art, customs, and languages, as well as the positive attitude of the Indian people, would improve India’s image as a tourist destination. Old is gold and always will be, and it should not be sacrificed in the sake of progress and urbanization.
This study was conducted to reveal the interactions of the visual components of branding in Indonesia's tourism destinations with tourists' perceptions and affection. Shapes, colours, and slogans influence the perception of tourism destinations' characteristics, affecting tourists' choices in planning trips. A qualitative descriptive visual analysis was applied to review logos from a semiotic perspective. Sem-PLS analysis was used to uncover the relationships of the shape, colour, and slogan variables, involving data collected from 216 respondents. The study revealed that landscapes became the most common symbol in Indonesia's visual branding of tourism destinations. Shape and colour were significant factors in building tourist perceptions of the characteristics of the tourism destinations, but the slogans were not. The perception of visual branding was found to influence travellers' affection regarding interests, destination selection, and travel planning. This study contributes theoretically to the study of visual branding of tourism destinations by confirming the stimulus-perception-affection theory in the context of tourists. This study focuses on visual branding design for destination management organizations (DMOs).
Changes in tourist demand, especially the rapid growth of cultural tourism, require a new approach to destination marketing regarding the relationship between cultural heritage/visitors/place habitus. Therefore, the research presented in this book focuses on the role and place of culture, primarily architectural heritage, in destination marketing.
The unique value of this book is the establishment of an entirely new concept of destination marketing, that is, holistic marketing of heritage destinations. The concept of holistic destination marketing, unlike traditional destination marketing, primarily focuses on preserving cultural heritage and the sustainability of the destination and then on the satisfaction of visitors.
The case study in this monograph is Dubrovnik. The primary research method was an empirical study of cultural tourism demand in Dubrovnik. The empirical research included 211 subjects who were selected using simple random sampling. A survey was carried out in September and October 2015. The obtained results are essential due to three facts: this is the first research conducted post-season in the Republic of Croatia and the first time that cultural tourism demand in Dubrovnik has been investigated. It is the first time that "Push-Pull" analysis has been used to interpret research results.
The aim of this study is to determine the necessity of measuring the present image of the destinations that are important in tourism marketing and then to provide fundamental material for a marketing strategy parallel to this image. In 2018, 225 thousand Korean tourists arrived in Catalonia, 60% more than in 2017. And since 2012, the number of tourists of this destination has multiplied by 4.5. This tourist flow increases year after year and Barcelona is one of the preferred destinations. Beyond this small context, the truth is that the Catalan tourism industry does not have conscientious studies that describe the image of Barcelona perceived by the Korean tourists. Therefore, statistical data have been analyzed and 340 surveys have been carried out on young Korean people in their twenties who intend to travel to Barcelona. A credibility analysis and a regression analysis were conducted to study the effects of these affective and cognitive images on South Korean students’ intention to visit. As a result of this study, affective image was rejected because it did not have an impact on intention to visit, while cognitive image was found to do influence it. Keywords: Barcelona; Korean tourists; young tourism; South Korea; tourist image
rawing on a qualitative study, this study aims to provide an improved understanding of how tourists perceive a sanctioned destination’s image and how sanction-induced crises in uence tourists’ behavioral intentions. To do so, this study employed semi-structured interviews with 30 individuals each with and without prior experience visiting Iran. The ndings revealed that sanctions in uence affective and cognitive images and enhance tourist risk perceptions, including nancial, satisfaction, terrorism and war, political, crime, security, and functional/ performance risks. Furthermore, a positive post-trip evaluation was found to play a signi cant role in further behavioral intention, thereby enhancing destination image. Overall, this study enriches the literature on tourism and crises by focusing on visitors’ and non-visitors’ perceptions of a sanctioned destination and their subsequent behavioral intents. The theoretical and practical implications of the study are provided in the conclusion.
Current theory in tourism marketing lacks understanding of how businesses signal trust to consumers to make destination-based choices. The present research investigates the role of E-WOM, destination image, familiarity, and trust (as mediator) in destination choice from signaling theory perspective. The theory suggests that there is asymmetric information between the receiver and sender which can be resolved by communicating various positive signals. This study aims to test interrelationships among these variables on destination choice. A random sample of 382 consumers having experience of travelling to the northern areas of Pakistan participated in this study. Data was analyzed through SmartPLS. The research findings highlight relationship among factors which plays a significant role for destination choice. The findings further indicate that destination trust act as a positive signal for consumers which in turn influences their destination choice (consumer perceive). Furthermore, for tourists visiting northern areas of Pakistan positive E-WOM, destination image and familiarity create signals to influence destination trust. Implications of the findings for theory and practices are considered along with future research directions.
En 2024, auront lieu à Paris et plus globalement en Ile-de-France, les Jeux Olympiques et Paralympiques (JOP). La préparation de cet événement est un enjeu majeur pour les territoires impliqués. À partir de deux enquêtes par questionnaire menées pour l’une auprès des touristes en 2019 et pour l’autre auprès de la population francilienne en 2020, les images des JOP ainsi que les images que ces deux types de population ont de Paris sont identifiées. Les différentes images de Paris pour les touristes et les Franciliens sont analysées, respectivement à 4 et 3 ans des JOP. La potentielle venue des touristes lors de l’événement en 2024 est également questionnée. Les résultats montrent que les touristes ont une meilleure image de la capitale que les Franciliens. Près de 60 % de ces derniers pensent que c’est plutôt une bonne chose ou tout à fait une bonne chose que Paris accueille les JOP en 2024. Du coté des touristes, ils sont 56 % à savoir que les JOP auront lieu à Paris en 2024.
Language barriers have always been considered as constraints on tourists’ intentions to visit an overseas destination. However, little research has focused on how learning the destination language could affect tourists’ behavioral intentions. This study attempts to fill this gap by analyzing the moderating effect of Spanish language proficiency on young Chinese travelers’ intentions to visit Spain. A quantitative research method was adopted involving data collection through a structured questionnaire survey. A total of 642 Chinese university students were used as the sample in this study. The relationships between motivation, perceived cultural distance, destination image, and future behavioral intention were examined using the Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis. The moderating effects of Spanish-language proficiency on these relationships were tested through MICOM and multi-group PLS-SEM analysis. The results show that Spanish-language proficiency could moderate four hypothesized relationships in the model. Hence, this study contributes to tourism literature by highlighting the role of potential tourists’ destination-language proficiency on their future behavioral intentions. Additionally, practical implications are also provided for DMOs to attract more Chinese young travelers in the recovery process from COVID-19.
Dans un contexte de forte concurrence entre les destinations touristiques, la différenciation est un levier important pour les organisations touristiques et les territoires. De fait, l’image est identifiée comme un élément de différenciation dans la littérature en marketing du tourisme. Une revue de littérature sur la notion d’image appliquée aux destinations touristiques permet de mettre en évidence les difficultés à préciser et à mesurer cette notion. Pour comprendre, clarifier et développer une mesure de la notion d’image appliquée aux destinations touristiques, le concept d’image d’une destination touristique (IDT) est retenu et une méthode mixte intégrative est déployée. La méthode mobilisée utilise une approche séquentielle fondée sur une première phase qualitative suivie d'une seconde phase quantitative. Aussi, le raisonnement par abduction adoptée pour ce travail doctoral, fait émerger du terrain une nécessité d’étudier la relation entre deux notions clés du marketing que sont « l’image » et « la valeur ». Suite à une première revue de littérature sur le champ d’étude traditionnel de la valeur en marketing et à une analyse des spécificités du contexte d’étude, le champ conceptuel du comportement extra rôle lié à la co-création de valeur client est finalement retenu. La phase qualitative est menée auprès de 8 groupes d’acteurs de la destination Blois Chambord - Val de Loire. La théorie des représentations sociales et une approche dyadique « image voulue - image perçue », sont retenues comme cadres structurants des analyses. Cette étude intergroupe puis intragroupe, révèle plusieurs dynamiques de construction de l’IDT et évalue leurs apports à la participation à la création de valeur (PCV) sur une destination touristique. De plus, une stratégie marketing basée sur des cercles de promotion/ développement touristique est préconisée pour une meilleure gestion des dynamiques de construction de l’IDT. La phase quantitative valide deux mesures distinctes, mais complémentaires de l’IDT : l’image du territoire commercialisé et l’image de la forte attraction touristique du territoire commercialisé. La validité prédictive de ces échelles, a été étudiée grâce aux modèles d’équations structurelles qui ont révélé une relation positive mais différente en termes de magnitude entre les deux mesures de l’IDT et la PCV.
Photocopy of typescript. Ann Arbor, Mich. : University Microfilms, 1979. -- 21 cm. Thesis (Ph.D.) Colorado State University. Bibliography: leaves [172]-179.
The Open and Closed Mind (Basic Books 1960) Brick and B. Sapin, Decision-makin g as an Approach to the Study of Interna-tional Politics These studies may use different terms such as "frame of reference" or "belief system" but their uses are synonymous with the use of "image
- M Rokeach
- R C Snyder
M. Rokeach, The Open and Closed Mind (Basic Books 1960); and R.C. Snyder, H.W. Brick and B. Sapin, Decision-makin g as an Approach to the Study of Interna-tional Politics (Princeton University Press 1954). These studies may use different terms such as "frame of reference" or "belief system" but their uses are synonymous with the use of "image" in this study.
Regional Images and Regional Travel Behavior
- Edward J Mayo
Edward J. Mayo, "Regional Images and Regional Travel Behavior," Proceedings of the Travel Research Association Fourth
Annual Conference, (Salt Lake City, Utah, 1973), p. 217.
Multivariate Analysis in Travel Research: A Tool for Travel Package Design and Market Segmentation
- Per Andersen
- Roger T Colberg
Per Andersen and Roger T. Colberg, "Multivariate Analysis in Travel Research: A Tool for Travel Package Design and Market Segmentation," Proceedings of the Travel Research Association Fourth Annual Conference, (Salt Lake City, Utah, 1973), p. 228.
Research Methodology for Developing Adver-tising and Promotional Strategies for Vacation Destinations
- Bud Sherak
Bud Sherak, "Research Methodology for Developing Adver-tising and Promotional Strategies for Vacation Destinations," Pro-ceedings of the Travel Research Association Third Annual Confer-ence, (Salt Lake City, Utah, 1972), p. 13.
Effects of Cross-National Contact on National and International Images
- Ithiel Desola Pool
Ithiel DeSola Pool, "Effects of Cross-National Contact on
National and International Images," in International Behavior: A
Social-Psychological Analysis edited by Herbert C. Kelman, (Holt,
Rinehart and Winston 1965), p. 117.
Personal Contact in International Exchanges
- Anita L Mishler
Anita L. Mishler, "Personal Contact in International Exchanges," in International Behavior: A Social-Psychological Analysis
edited by Herbert C. Kelman, (Holt, Rinehart and Winston 1965), p.
551.
9. Pool, loc. cit., p. 117.
10. Mishler, loc. cit., p. 551.
For example, see Opinions and Personality Brick and B. Sapin, Decision-makin g as an Approach to the Study of International Politics These studies may use different terms such as "frame of reference" or "belief system
- John D Hunt
- M B Smith
- J S Bruner
- R W White
- R C Snyder
John D. Hunt, "Image as a Factor in Tourism Development,"
Journal of Travel Research, XIII, 3 (Winter 1975), p. 1.
2. For example, see M.B. Smith, J.S. Bruner and R.W. White,
Opinions and Personality (Wiley 1956); M. Rokeach, The Open and
Closed Mind (Basic Books 1960); and R.C. Snyder, H.W. Brick and
B. Sapin, Decision-makin g as an Approach to the Study of International Politics (Princeton University Press 1954). These studies may
use different terms such as "frame of reference" or "belief system"
but their uses are synonymous with the use of "image" in this study.
Multivariate Analysis in Travel Research: A Tool for Travel Package Design and Market Segmentation Proceedings of the Travel Research Association Fourth Annual ConferenceResearch Methodology for Developing Advertising and Promotional Strategies for Vacation Destinations
- Per Andersen
- Roger T Colberg
Per Andersen and Roger T. Colberg, "Multivariate Analysis
in Travel Research: A Tool for Travel Package Design and Market
Segmentation," Proceedings of the Travel Research Association
Fourth Annual Conference, (Salt Lake City, Utah, 1973), p. 228.
6. Bud Sherak, "Research Methodology for Developing Advertising and Promotional Strategies for Vacation Destinations," Proceedings of the Travel Research Association Third Annual Conference, (Salt Lake City, Utah, 1972), p. 13.
The Challenge of Research in the Coming Era of Travel
- Louis Harris
Louis Harris, "The Challenge of Research in the Coming Era
of Travel," Proceedings of the Travel Research Association Third
Annual Conference, (Salt Lake City, Utah, 1972), p. 41.
12. Philip Kolter, Marketing for Non-Profit Organizations,
(Prentice-Hall 1975), p. 139.
13. Ibid., p. 137.
Image—A Factor in Tourism
- John D Hunt
John D. Hunt, "Image—A Factor in Tourism" (unpublished
Ph.D. dissertation, Colorado State University, 1971), p. 167.
These studies may use different terms such as "frame of reference" or "belief system
- M Rokeach
- R C Snyder
- H W Brick
- B Sapin
M. Rokeach, The Open and
Closed Mind (Basic Books 1960); and R.C. Snyder, H.W. Brick and
B. Sapin, Decision-makin g as an Approach to the Study of International Politics (Princeton University Press 1954). These studies may
use different terms such as "frame of reference" or "belief system"
but their uses are synonymous with the use of "image" in this study.