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Managing the paradox: The valuation of knowledge and knowledge management
Abstract
The valuation of knowledge, and hence the assessment of the usefulness of approaches and programmes for managing knowledge, is a difficult, yet vital, task. This paper reviews some recent approaches, setting them in a context of wider philosophical and pragmatic issues. It identifies some paradoxical qualities of information and knowledge at the heart of this topic, and considers their implications.
... La información posee atributos identificables y comunicables (Oppenheim et al., 2003) que la configuran como fuerza dinamizadora de la innovación y el desarrollo (Yates-Mercer & Bawden, 2002). Sin embargo, para Ortega (2014) la información es básicamente una masa de datos indiferenciados, un paquete de bienes y servicios heterogéneos y, por lo tanto, el concepto no se debe tratar de forma aislada; debe estar asociado a otros conceptos (Capurro & Hjørland, 2003) que requieren del proceso lógico de sistematización que supone la capacidad para tratar la información disponible. ...
... En un contexto que permita su decodificación y, aunque no se controle completamente, puede considerarse un activo al tener el potencial de generar beneficios (M. F. Cohen, 2002;Oppenheim et al., 2003;Yates-Mercer & Bawden, 2002) dependiendo de la intencionalidad del emisor y las expectativas del receptor. Es por ello que, el capitalismo al lograr posicionar a la información como base de los nuevos productos y servicios −bienes informacionales−, cuya Panorama Económico, Vol. 30 No. 2 dinámica es distinta de la producción material, requiere de un cognitariado flexible y creativo (Rodríguez, 2008). ...
... En este sentido, es común considerar la información como una condición básica o cuarto recurso para el desarrollo económico (Capurro & Hjørland, 2003;Yates-Mercer & Bawden, 2002) de naturaleza digital y con capacidad automultiplicativa que le permite distribuirse sin agotarse (Yates-Mercer & Bawden, 2002). ...
El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el impacto de las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación (TIC) en la profesión contable y las posibilidades de apropiar las potencialidades implícitas que promuevan el desarrollo integral de las organizaciones y su entorno. Se desarrolla una revisión documental donde se pone de manifiesto el apremio de los mercados financieros por adjudicar la utilidad de la información contable. Se concluye que entender la contabilidad exclusivamente desde lo financiero coarta lo que debería desembocar en un quehacer contable que redireccione e innove a partir de las TIC para permitir el avance multiparadigmático e interdisciplinario de la contabilidad.
... If conceptual clarity is not a distinctive aspect of the ICM concept, the domain of KM appears even more as a field lacking clear conceptual order [23]. Not so much a lack of conceptual clarity, as in the case of ICM debates, but a lack of conceptual unity appears to characterize the KM field [8,9,[23][24][25]. Table 1 shows some of the divergent interpretations of what KM is about. ...
... Little attention is given to unintended effects of ICM efforts. The most closely related warning that IC valuation may be counterproductive can be recognized in what Yates-Mercer and Bawden [24] identify as the paradox implied in knowledge valuation. That paradox stems from the understanding that the value of knowledge resides in fundamentally unpredictable future contexts. ...
... Treating knowledge as an asset or a resource, which implies a focus on value, inevitably produces conceptual problems that are not systematically treated in ICM discussions [89,90]. Does it indeed make sense to call knowledge valuable, and if so, is it valuable in ways that allow meaningful quantifiable valuation [24]? Because knowledge is expandable, compressible, substitutable, transportable, diffusible and shareable [24,80,91], its real value lies in the future and not in the past, and in learning processes rather than in application. ...
Intellectual Capital Management (ICM) and Knowledge Management (KM), two highly popular topics in current management discussions, are often bracketed together. The common understanding of ICM is that concepts of measurement, reporting and valuation most distinctively define this perspective, whereas KM connects debates about organizational knowledge with possibilities and limitations of management. That raises the question of how the management focus on knowledge in KM discussions is connected to the valuation and measurement approaches of ICM. An extensive review of the literature shows that knowledge plays a background role in Intellectual Capital (IC) measurement discussions. Referral to knowledge as an intangible asset appears more rhetorical than based on in-depth understanding of what knowledge as an organizational resource or capability is or is not. More particularly, the predominant view of knowledge in IC measurement discussions is a neo-functionalist, possession approach, even if flow elements of knowledge are used to supplement stock elements. Critical understanding of knowledge, for instance, as practice-based dispute, are virtually absent from the ICM discussions. What the blind spots identified in the review highlight is that ICM and KM discussions, which are presently mostly developed in isolation, should set up more meaningful and elaborated liaisons than are currently established. Two important areas for building such liaisons include (1) the perusal of the contextual, possibly disputed and power-related nature of knowledge in relation to measurement and (2) developing a systematic approach to understanding what measuring or not measuring does to organizational knowledge.
... The answer of the first research question addressed through this review presents both practical and theoretical implications. Since the knowledge has a capacity to connect IC and KM in the organizations (Cricelli et al. 2014;Kianto et al. 2014;Singh & Rao, 2016;Farooq, 2018), and also knowledge has been recognized in the literature as the leading factor for organizational performance and value creation (Wiig, 1997;Zack, 1999;Yates-Mercer & Bawden, 2002;Haa et al. 2016), the managerial attention can be given more to the organizational knowledge, specially in formulation of the strategies for enhancing the organizational performance. Moreover, this answer provides a theoretical implication, ensuring the ability of knowledge in combining the organizational IC and KM, which supports specially for the knowledge based view and Intellectual Capital based View. ...
The objective of this review study is to identify the role of knowledge in combining Intellectual Capital (IC) and Knowledge Management (KM) within an organization. Though the literature suggests a relationship between IC and KM, the recognition of the best bridge in building this relationship is yet to be discussed and hence the theoretical and conceptual relationship among knowledge, IC and KM is still a dilemma. Thus, this review attempts to identify the knowledge as the bridging source of IC and KM. According to the literature, different arguments were found on this phenomenon, and no evidence is found merely in reviewing how knowledge plays a role in linking IC and KM. Therefore, this study will fill this untouched literature gap by reviewing the previous research articles in the fields of IC and KM. This study adds new knowledge to the existing literature in solving the unsolved puzzle of the role of knowledge in combining IC and KM. This review study attempts to conclude the theoretical relationship of IC with knowledge and the theoretical relationship of KM with knowledge. For this review study, previous research articles were reviewed, and it is identified what kind of relationship exists among IC, KM and knowledge. It was found that knowledge exists in an organization in the form of stock as well as in terms of a flow. Most of the scholars in IC and KM arena argued that the two forms of knowledge, i.e., the form of stock, is the static form of knowledge, while the form of flow is the dynamic form of knowledge. The review further revealed that the static form of knowledge could be substituted with IC and the dynamic form of knowledge can be substituted with KM. Hence, it can be concluded that, based on the various arguments Journal of Business Studies,8(1) 2021-139-and opinions found from the review, IC is the knowledge stock in an organization, while the KM is the knowledge flow in the organization. Finally, the conclusion of this review study is, knowledge uses its two forms, i.e., stock and flow or static and dynamic to combine the concept of IC and concept of KM.
... The initial literature related to human capital goes back to 17th century, where pioneers in the field such as Sir William Petty (1690), Cantillon (1755), Adam Smith (1776) the father of economics, did highlight the importance of human component in organisation by illustrating how labour create value for firms and how excess labour become a part of firms' capital (Dooley, 2000). However, Becker and Schultz claimed the credit for human capital theory formulation, for recognising human capital as a distinctive field of research (Schultz, 1961;Becker, 1964;Yates-Mercer & Bawden, 2002). Becker (1975) highlighted that human capital development of a country has always been reflected through the economic development of the country in both micro and macro levels. ...
The study examined the long-run estimate and the short-run estimate effect of human resource accounting (HRA) practices on financial performance of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria. Simple random sampling technique was adopted to select a sample of thirty-seven (37) out of the sixty-three (63) Harvard Research and Publications International
... Data is often seen as the raw format that becomes information through processing. This information is then combined and interpreted to generate knowledge that can be used for decision-making processes or new business models [11]. This value creation process is also known as the data value chain [12]. ...
In the increasingly interconnected business world, economic value is less and less created by one company alone but rather through the combination and enrichment of data by various actors in so-called data ecosystems. The research field around data ecosystems is, however, still in its infancy. In particular, the lack of knowledge about the actual benefits of inter-organisational data sharing is seen as one of the main obstacles why companies are currently not motivated to engage in data ecosystems. This is especially evident in traditional sectors, such as production or logistics, where data is still shared comparatively rarely. However, there is also consensus in these sectors that cross-company data-driven services, such as collaborative condition monitoring, can generate major value for all actors involved. One reason for this discrepancy is that it is often not clear which incentives exist for data providers and how they can generate added value from offering their data to other actors in an ecosystem. Fair and appropriate incentive and revenue sharing mechanisms are needed to ensure reliable cooperation and sustainable ecosystem development. To address this research gap and contribute to a deeper understanding, we conduct a literature review and identify requirements for incentive mechanisms in industrial data ecosystems. The results show, among other things, that technical requirements, such as enabling data usage control, as well as economic aspects, for instance, the fair monetary valuation of data, play an important role in incentive mechanisms in industrial data ecosystems. Understanding these requirements can help practitioners to better comprehend the incentive mechanisms of the ecosystems in which their organisations participate and can ultimately help to create new data-driven products and services.
... The same applies to data that is first available in raw format after its creation and then has to be processed into information (van den Hoven 1999). The combination and interpretation of information eventually generate value as knowledge, for example in decision-making processes or in new data-driven business models (Azkan et al. 2020a;Yates-Mercer and Bawden 2002). This value creation process is also referred to as data value chain (Curry 2016). ...
In the increasingly connected business world, economic value is created less and less by one company alone but rather through the combination and enrichment of data by various actors in so-called data ecosystems. However, one of the main obstacles to why actors are currently not motivated to engage in data ecosystems is that they are often not aware of the actual benefits of cross-organisational data sharing. This is partly because it is in many cases unclear what the incentives and ultimately the added value are for data providers when they share their data with others. To address this research gap we develop a taxonomy of incentive mechanisms for data sharing in data ecosystems which is based on a structured literature review. The resulting taxonomy consists of key dimensions and characteristics of incentive mechanisms for data sharing in data ecosystems and contributes to a better scientific understanding of these concepts.
... The available empirical studies on the valuation of weather information have shown that the difficulty of employing economic models or concepts that are applicable to any other economic good or service. This difficulty is in part due to lack of well-defined use of weather information and exact points of use, intact nature of user and producer, and unorganized nature of weather information products (Yates-Mercer and Bawden, 2002). However, it has been identified that behavioural approaches (especially attitude-based models) which focus on the identification of the determinants of behavioural intention are useful to study the determinants of information use (Burton., 2004). ...
... On the other hand, creativity is the capability to think a new idea or it's the aptitude to rethink an old idea. Innovation and creativity can also be mentioned in organization for better performance (Edward and Roberts, 2007;Yates-Mercer and Bawden, 2002). Therefore, the following hypothesis is raised: ...
The paradigm of production based economy has shifted to knowledge based economy and knowledge becomes the new engine of corporate expansion. From human resource point of view, Human capital, being a vital element of intellectual capital, plays a significant role in case of emerging performance of an organization in this knowledge-based economics. The research aims to explore the relationship between human capital and organizational performance on the listed Islamic Banks listed under Dhaka Stock Exchange of Bangladesh. Data were collected from randomly selected 170 branch managers of six listed Islamic Banks. Based on collected data SPSS 25 was used to obtain descriptive analysis. Structure Equation Model (SEM) method was used to examine the reliability and validity measure for the model constructs and SmartPLS 3.2 was used to assess both measurement and structural model. By applying the Structural Equation Model (SEM), the study finds that human capital has significant impact on organizational performance. The findings of the study advocate that Islamic banks should emphasize more on human capital to uphold their organizational performance. The study contributes to the existing literature of human capital practices where there has been a lack of research works in the context of Bangladesh.
... On the other hand, creativity also has the capability to think about a new idea or their aptitude to rethink an old idea. Morover Innovation and creativity could also be stated in organization for the better performance (Roberts, 2007;Yates-Mercer & Bawden, 2002). Therefore, the following hypothesis is raised: ...
This paper presents a research finding on the relationship between human capital and business performance. The objectives of the study were to examine the relationship between human capital and business performance, especially in the listed textile firms in Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSE). Further, the study determined the contribution of human capital on business performance. The paper examines the most important aspect of human capital that influenced business performance. Data has been collected from the randomly selected 237 senior managers of listed textile firms. Based on data collection, SPSS software 25 was used to obtain the descriptive statistics. To test the reliability and validity measure for the model constructs structural equation model was used. Based on collected data SPSS 25 was used to obtain descriptive analysis. Structure Equation Model (SEM) method was used to examine the reliability and validity measure for the model constructs and Smart PLS 3.2 was used to assess both measurement and structural model. By applying the Structural Equation Model (SEM), the study finds that human capital has significant impact on the business performance. Whereas motivation being moderator diminishes relationship between human capital and business performance. The findings of the study advocated that textile firms should emphasize more on human capital to uphold their business performance. The study contributes to the existing literature of human capital practices where there has been a lack of research works in the context of Pakistan. The use of a single industry study design limits its generalizability for other industries. Testing other industries will provide help to mitigate the issue of generalizing conclusions on other industries. In addition, the research results might also be helped to both the academics and practitioners to understand the human capital components. Moreover, the data also suggested that a similar set of HC indicators could be developed for other industries. Similarly, research might be considered as initiative study which: 1) highlights the effect of HC on ' BP) in the listed textile firms in Pakistan through using PLS method in the management field.
Key words: intellectual capital, motivation, business performance, textile industry of Pakistan.
... Consider this observation made by Yates- Mercer and Bawden (2002): A collection of data is not information. ...
This article examines the richness of concepts related to knowledge sharing and describes practical activities of knowledge sharing in Forestry, in particular the first Knowledge Share Fair organized by the author as the FAO Forestry Information Officer and the activities developed during her tenure as Knowledge Sharing Officer at the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). Knowledge Sharing implies that everyone contributes with their knowledge. Impact happens through people, not simply by delivering information products or messages. The success of the initiatives described here were exactly the fact that participatory approaches were used given the participants opportunity to have a two way communication. These initiatives demonstrated how knowledge sharing methods and principles can open up meaningful spaces for face-to-face dialogues.
... Chen, 2005;Foster & Clough, 2018;Ragab & Arisha, 2013b;Rao & Keong, 2016;Wilson & Stenson, 2008). During these years, there have been numerous efforts to develop effective methods (Bawden, 1990;Bontis, 2004;Edvinsson & Malone, 1997;Robinson & Kleiner, 1996;Yates-Mercer & Bawden, 2002), however, without significant traction in industry (Bolisani, 2016;Bolisani & Oltramari, 2009Viscusi & Batini, 2014). Furthermore, a rational and far-reaching method to address the problem is still missing (Bolisani & Oltramari, 2012;Williams & Johnson, 2015), even though this is crucial for research and practice. ...
Valuing information depends on multiple interpretations, purposes, and requirements, which makes it a wicked problem. This research aims to address the problem from a pluralistic perspective. Our approach is structured in two steps. In the first step, we seek to understand the different viewpoints regarding information valuation that have so far been developed in the related literature. Then, we suggest a model that frames information valuation from a pluralistic perspective.
... Perceived in this way knowledge constitutes the internal and static resources of a firm ( primarily in a codified form, known as explicit knowledge). Going slightly against the position of Yates-Mercer and Bawden (2002), it is assumed that knowledge, particularly explicit knowledge, takes a static form and is formalized in the form of designs, manuals, documents, and procedures. The dynamic aspect of explicit knowledge occurs only when knowledge accumulated in a passive form (stocks of knowledge) becomes value for the firm and customer, as a result of transformation, change, and application. ...
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze business model (BM) and intellectual capital (IC) of a firm
with a focus on their common elements. The common bases in the field of strategic management for these two
concepts are, among others, resource-based view, knowledge-based view, intellectual capital-based view,
dynamic capabilities, and configurational approach. It indicates areas in which these two concepts can benefit
from each other, e.g. in classification of components, their configuration, or dynamic approach. This general
review examines the following research questions: What are the common concepts for the BM and IC? What
are their common components? What does the dynamic approach to IC and BM mean?
Design/methodology/approach – The Web of ScienceTM Q1 Core Collection database was used for the period
Q2 1975-2014 and the Scopus®(Elsevier) search covered the years 1985-2015. These databases were selected because
they offer a reliable overview of historical data regarding journals, articles, and citation impact. The key filter
criteria were the presence of the phrases “business model” or “intellectual capital” in the article title, abstract, and
key words in order to narrow down the selection to the most appropriate results for the research area.
Findings – This paper investigates two concepts from the point of view of their underpinnings in
management, definitions, and components, as well as value creation. Analysis of the foundations
in management allows the author to present a cohesive model, which depicts a comprehensive approach to
analysis of these two concepts. Many common elements have been identified and investigated.
Originality/value – First, it provides an indication of the common underpinnings of the analyzed concepts
within the framework of strategic management and proposals for their development toward resource,
knowledge, and IC accumulation, combination and heterogeneity-based views. Second, it presents an analysis
of the BM and IC components, showing common elements between them. Third, it provides a description and
analysis of dynamic view of BM and IC components in a value creation context.
Keywords Value creation, Business model, Intellectual capital, Components
Paper type General review
... This type of knowledge is printed on book, Internet or other visual means. This type of knowledge is defined as "knowledge of rationality" (Nonaka & Takeuchi, 1995;Mercer & Bawden, 2002;Liyanage, et al., 2009;Nordin, et al., 2009). Knowledge-based thinking is the most significant strategic resources as this type of asset will generate competitive advantages (Akgun et al., 2007;Ailar, 2012). ...
Today Knowledge Management and innovation have become factors for success. Organizations must compete in such complex and competitive environment in order to stay competitive. The organizations must know how to implement and distribute knowledge in the organizational process in order to achieve a sustainable competitive advantages. The organizations have invested heavily in building Knowledge Management Systems. Knowledge Management is essentially important especially in airline industry. In order to prove the previous statement, an airline industry – British Airways has been chosen to show how the industry has applied and used Knowledge Management in managing their business. British Airways has applied Knowledge Management in strategic planning, communication and customer experience.
... In the literature, numerous terms are used to refer to knowledge [12][13][14]. In this article, knowledge is defined as the target-oriented and reflective use of information [10]. ...
Background
In general, most people with dementia living in the community are served by family caregivers at home. A similar situation is found in Germany. One primary goal of dementia care networks is to provide information on support services available to these caregiving relatives of people with dementia via knowledge management. The evaluation of knowledge management tools and processes for dementia care networks is relevant to their performance in successfully achieving information goals. One goal of this paper was the analysis of knowledge evaluation in dementia care networks, including potential barriers and facilitators, across Germany within the DemNet-D study. Additionally, the impact of highly formalized and less formalized knowledge management performed in dementia care networks was analyzed relative to family caregivers’ feelings of being informed about dementia support services. Methods
Qualitative data were collected through interviews with and semi-standardized questionnaires administered to key persons from 13 dementia care networks between 2013 and 2014. Quantitative data were collected using standardized questionnaires. A structured content analysis and a mixed-methods analysis were conducted. ResultsThe analyses indicated that the development of knowledge goals is important for a systematic knowledge evaluation process. Feedback from family caregivers was found to be beneficial for the target-oriented evaluation of dementia care network services. Surveys and special conferences, such as quality circles, were used in certain networks to solicit this feedback. Limited resources can hinder the development of formalized knowledge evaluation processes. More formalized knowledge management processes in dementia care networks can lead to a higher level of knowledge among family caregivers. Conclusions
The studied tools, processes and potential barriers related to knowledge evaluation contribute to the development and optimization of knowledge evaluation strategies for use in dementia care networks. Furthermore, the mixed-methods results indicate that highly formalized dementia care networks are especially successful in providing information to family members caring for people with dementia via knowledge management.
... Nelson and Winter (1982) introduced environmental studies researcher Michael Polanyi's (1997) concepts of tacit- explicit knowledge into the strategic management literature. Tacit knowledge refers to the knowledge that is 'non-verbalized, or even non-verbalizable, intuitive, unarticulated' (Hedlund 1994, 75) and thus is not easily expressed and formulated (Baumard 2002;Yates-Mercer and Bawden, 2001). Explicit knowledge is specified 'either verbally or in writing, computer programs, patents, drawings or the like' (Hedlund 1994, 75). ...
It is believed that the economy of Bangladesh is on the threshold of achieving significant growth in the coming years. Ready or pre-cooked food retailing may take a boom in recent future. The case study discusses the early development stages of the business and the recent growth including the diversification scopes those are considered feasible. The case depicts the social changes in urban life of this small country, which puts a heavy impact on the consumption behavior and food habit.
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Expected learning outcomes – The goal of this case study is to illustrate the challenges that exist in the decision making and implementing process of product diversification and market expansion yet maintaining the distinctive competencies. The following are the expected learning outcomes: the importance of forecasting in changing markets, maintaining the quality and core competencies, role and challenges of related and unrelated diversification in business expansion using an appropriate project structure.
... Knowledge management systems generally support three types of activities: generation, codification and utilization of knowledge (Davenport and Prusak, 1998). Organizations can achieve enormous benefits by implementing KMS such as better customer service, productivity, staff morale (Davenport and Prusak, 1998;Alavi and Leidner, 1999;Yates-Mercer and Bawden, 2002). ...
The main purpose of this study is to examine the effects of knowledge integration and task-technology fit on the implementation of e-business applications. Data were collected by a questionnaire survey sent to 1000 large service enterprises in Taiwan. Of the 1000 questionnaires distributed, 239 were returned, for a response rate of 23.9%. However, 44 respondents indicated that they did not implement any e-business applications in their organizations, and thus 195 completed usable questionnaires were used to perform the statistical analysis. The survey results indicate that knowledge integration and task-technology fit influence the implementation process of e-business applications. Likewise, the implementation process of e-business applications influences the implementation effectiveness of e-business applications. As such, the implications of the findings for IT practice are discussed. Moreover, this study will provide a valuable reference for business and IT managers who are implementing e-business applications in the network era, and for researchers interested in the development of e-business applications.
... Applying the theory of information worlds knowledge is seen as more trustworthy than the information from outside. Similarly Yates-Mercer and Bawden (2002) note that the value of information depends on the context and on the information use by individuals (see also Riege, 2006). In this study the measurements determined the patient's health status and were used to motivate the patient and the family. ...
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to increase understanding about value creation to families in childhood obesity care in multiprofessional collaboration in an integrated care pathway (ICP).
Design/methodology/approach
– The qualitative case study involves the ICPs of two Finnish University Hospital districts. The empirical data, collected between 2009 and 2012, consists of semi-structured interviews of 30 health professionals in primary and special health care, of three children and their mothers, a family questionnaire ( n =13) complemented with care path instructions and memos of an ICP work group.
Findings
– The findings indicate that organisational culture confirms boundaries which hinder transfer of information and sharing of knowledge between organisations and professional groups. The concepts of Chatman’s theory of everyday life information seeking complemented with the concepts of Burnett’s and Jaeger’s theory of information worlds are applicable to describe aspects of organisational culture on patient value creation in the ICP for obese children.
Research limitations/implications
– The data of the patients and families were limited. Interviews were completed with a questionnaire which has its limitations in qualitative research. In future studies, e.g., families’ focus-group interviews could bring new insights.
Practical implications
– The practise of information transfer between Finnish primary and special health care need changes. Modern information technology, e.g., videoconference could be used to increase family involvement in the value creation and the environment should be more supportive for healthy lifestyle.
Originality/value
– The study is one of the first which empirically applies Chatman’s and Burnett’s and Jaeger’s theories in a work-related setting.
... Mais les connaissances sont des ressources particulières. Leur caractère très largement tacite (Nonaka et Takeuchi, 1995), changeant, dynamique et inscrit dans l'action (Yates-Mercer et Bawden, 2002) en font des ressources difficilement mobilisables dans l'organisation. Leur évolution est liée à des dynamiques d'apprentissage particulières (Argyris et Schön, 1978) et l'ensemble des travaux en management des connaissances a montré que leur mise en oeuvre dans l'entreprise passe par des processus longs ayant des dynamiques propres et difficilement maîtrisables (Alavi et Leidner, 2001) (Bounfour, 2000) (Lancini, 2003). ...
En juillet 2005, l'Etat Français a officialisé la création de 66 pôles de compétitivité. La mise en place de ces pôles a pour vocation de favoriser les synergies entre entreprises, centres de formation et unités de recherche autour de projets innovants sur un territoire donné, pour améliorer la situation de l'emploi et l'attractivité du territoire (CIADT, 2004). Cette dynamique entre dans le cadre des entreprises-réseaux, réseaux d'entreprises, pôles de compétences, districts industriels et autres pôles et réseaux. Les entreprises qui y appartiennent, dont les centres de recherche, se trouvent alors prises dans un jeu inter-organisationnel fort et doivent répondre à la fois à leurs propres objectifs et aux objectifs généraux de ces pôles. Les centres de recherche sont des entreprises particulières dont la production principale est la production de connaissances. Remis dans ce contexte inter-organisationnel, leur pilotage n'est pas aisé et doit être adapté. De notre point de vue, très peu d'études portent à ce jour sur ce sujet. Dans cet article, nous analysons, à travers une étude de cas, les difficultés de pilotage auxquelles font face les centres de recherche des pôles de compétitivité. Un nouveau mode de pilotage nous semble nécessaire pour ce type de centres. Cet article propose une premier mode de pilotage approprié. Pour cela, nous allons d'abord présenter le cas de notre étude et la problématique rencontrée. Nous pourrons alors introduire notre proposition de pilotage par les valeurs.
... However, as illustrated by Willem, Scarbrough and Buelens (2008) when the identity (or its perception) is not unique neither consistent, the positive relationship between social identity and the integration of knowledge weakens. According to Yates-Mercer and Bawden (2002) , organizations should seek to implement their knowledge management through culture and identity, and the brand is one of the elements that best represents them. ...
This paper aims at providing a contribution to the comprehensive review of the impact of information and communication, and their supporting technologies, in the current transformation of human life in the infosphere. The paper also offers an example of the power of new social approaches to the use of information and communication technologies to foster new working models in organizations by presenting the main outcomes of a research project on social branding. A discussion about some trends of the future impact of new information and communication technologies in the infosphere is also included.
... The concept of tacit knowledge can be traced to Michael Polanyi (1891-1976), a Hungarian researcher of medicine who identified tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge as concepts, and to Ikujiro Nonaka, who popularised the concepts in the mid-1990s. However, according to many authors, tacit knowledge has been used too superficially as a term in certain cases (Huotari & Iivonen, 2004;Yates-Mercer & Bawden, 2002;Cook & Brown, 1999). Tacit knowledge plays a vital role in HC, and manifests as the implicit knowledge of employees, crucial to promoting organisational learning and innovations (see Choo, 1998). ...
Being knowledge management crucial to companies, it seems reasonable to understand an organization intellectual capital. The three leading components of intellectual capital (human, structural and relational capital), are intrinsically bounded to the organizational ICT system, organizational structure and to workers personal mastery. Nonetheless, in order to evolve organizational intellectual capital it is required a high level of personal mastery, which is clearly bounded to human resources. Therefore, this chapter aims to promote a theoretical and empirical discussion in order to understand the diverse dimensions between renewal, personal mastery and employee wellbeing within a knowledge based organization
The concept of the production-based economy has moved to the knowledge-based economy where knowledge becomes the new engine of corporate expansion. From the human resource point of view, human capital, being a vital element of intellectual capital, plays a significant role in the case of emerging performance of an organization in this knowledge-based economy. The research intends to explore the relationship between human capital and organizational performance on the listed Islamic Banks under Dhaka Stock Exchange of Bangladesh through mediating effect (innovation capability) and by improvising motivation as moderator. Data were gathered randomly selected from 170 branch managers of six registered Islamic Banks under Dhaka Stock Exchange of Bangladesh. Based on accumulated data, SPSS 25 was applied to obtain a detailed assessment. Structure Equation Model (SEM) was utilized to analyze the reliability and validity measure for the model. SmartPLS 3.2 was employed to evaluate the measurement model and the structural model. Applying SEM, the study discovers that human capital has a substantial influence on organizational performance through innovation capability, whereas the moderating effect of motivation decreases the relationship. The finding of the study advocates that Islamic banks should highlight more on human capital to maintain the performance. The present research contributes to the current literature of human capital practices where there has been a shortage of research works in the perspective of Islamic Banks of Bangladesh.
The concept of the production-based economy has moved to the knowledge-based economy where knowledge becomes the new engine of corporate expansion. From the human resource point of view, human capital, being a vital element of intellectual capital, plays a significant role in the case of emerging performance of an organization in this knowledge-based economy. The research intends to explore the relationship between human capital and organizational performance on the listed Islamic Banks under Dhaka Stock Exchange of Bangladesh through mediating effect (innovation capability) and by improvising motivation as moderator. Data were gathered randomly selected from 170 branch managers of six registered Islamic Banks under Dhaka Stock Exchange of Bangladesh. Based on accumulated data, SPSS 25 was applied to obtain a detailed assessment. Structure Equation Model (SEM) was utilized to analyze the reliability and validity measure for the model. SmartPLS 3.2 was employed to evaluate the measurement model and the structural model. Applying SEM, the study discovers that human capital has a substantial influence on organizational performance through innovation capability, whereas the moderating effect of motivation decreases the relationship. The finding of the study advocates that Islamic banks should highlight more on human capital to maintain the performance. The present research contributes to the current literature of human capital practices where there has been a shortage of research works in the perspective of Islamic Banks of Bangladesh.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine knowledge-creating interaction in developing an innovation in a multidisciplinary research community with hermeneutic phenomenology, to understand how previous experiences and future prospects shape the process and to examine the circumstances, which support or limit knowledge creation.
Design/methodology/approach
The approach of this study is phenomenological and the empirical case study has been conducted using ethnography. The data consist of field notes, videos, interviews and documents of a BCDC energy consortium, developing energy weather forecast (EWF) in a new type of research environment.
Findings
The results indicate that the role of actual interactive events was crucial in the development of EWF. Hermeneutic approach illustrated that the roots of that event were in the past experiences of the participants and the circumstances, which promoted the development of the innovation, but the acknowledgment of the future prospects was crucial in finalizing the process. The role of a leader organizing the interaction and collaborative work was also substantial.
Practical implications
The results of this study could be used to plan and organize knowledge creation processes in organizations, especially in universities and research communities, striving to create multidisciplinary research environments and practices.
Originality/value
This study proposes a new approach based on hermeneutic phenomenology to examine it in a unified way, by focusing on the key aspects of elements affecting knowledge-creating interaction.
Intellectual capital is an investment in the organization and it is perceived to be a strategic resource and a source of competitive advantage. The purpose of this chapter is to test the relationship between intellectual capital and business performance of pharmaceutical firms in Kenya. The specific objectives are to determine whether human capital, structural capital and relational capital influence business performance of pharmaceutical firms in Kenya. The results indicate that human capital, structural capital and relational capital influence business performance of pharmaceutical firms in Kenya. Human capital and structural capital relationship strongly exist among the studied pharmaceutical firms and significantly influenced business performance positively. In addition, the study confirmed that human capital, structural capital and relational capital are dimensions of intellectual capital. The developed model confirm that the theory fitted data with fit indices above or below the required thresholds and the empirical results provided strong support for the model.
Tacit knowledge is seen as difficult to be shared in an organisation owing to its intuitive, versatile and practice-based nature. Consequently, tacit knowledge is not well-understood or valued in most organisations and more so in public institutions. The purpose of the study was to investigate how the Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA) manages tacit knowledge as an intangible asset and also to recommend a framework or model for the management of tacit knowledge for a competitive advantage and development at the KIPPRA. The study adopted a qualitative research approach, with interviews and observation methods constituting the primary data collection methods. The study targeted 60 employees of KIPPRA consisting of researchers, young professionals, heads of divisions, a knowledge manager and administrative staff. The qualitative data collected were organised, categorised and reported verbatim. Among the key findings were that KIPPRA has the capacity for tacit knowledge sharing, capture, transfer and storage that have not been capitalised on. Further, employees experience challenges such as the identification and understanding of tacit knowledge, access to tacit knowledge sharing platforms, access to expertise with specific tacit knowledge, tacit knowledge hoarding, individualism, and ICT-related challenges in accessing tacit knowledge. Finally, the study recommends the adoption of a proposed framework for managing tacit knowledge at the KIPPRA.
This is a conceptual paper and the aim of this paper is to investigate the existing literature on the impact of Human Resource Accounting on organizational performance and to develop a framework that could be beneficial for the researchers, policy makers and investor's community. This paper uses a systematic review of literatures that focus on the impact of the factors that influence human resource accounting practice on organizational performance. The purpose of this systematic review is to collect and summarize all empirical evidence from articles that fits the context of this study. The findings of the study have been merged together in a proposed framework with the help of the disclosure of human resource accounting and use of intellectual capital accounting on organizational performance with the help of management support and employees' performance.
Na sociedade contemporânea, em ambientes muito competitivos, emerge a exigência de conhecimento dos trabalhadores, que se vêem diante da necessidade de sempre buscar novos aprendizados. São exigidas deles habilidades para criar, adquirir e transferir conhecimentos, para que sejam, assim, capazes de modificar seu comportamento, de modo a refletir novos conhecimentos e idéias. O processo de geração do conhecimento ocorre a partir de uma conversão interativa entre o conhecimento tácito e o explícito. As comunidades de prática constituem-se em um ambiente propício a tudo isso, pois agrupam pessoas com interesses comuns que se encontram para trocar experiências em suas áreas de domínio. Há referências a comunidades na internet que são, portanto, comunidades de prática virtual, cuja principal característica é a integração entre pessoas no espaço virtual. Analisando essas comunidades, constata-se a criação do conhecimento por meio dos modos de conversão de conhecimento. Os membros tornam explícito um conhecimento (externalização) que pode ser futuramente consultado e convertido em tácito (internalização). Este trabalho intenta identificar como ocorrem a internalização e a externalização de conhecimento dos profissionais de TI nas comunidades de prática virtual, pois é comum entre eles desenvolver aprendizado a partir das próprias experiências e das melhores práticas alheias. A pesquisa constou de um estudo bibliográfico sobre comunidade de prática virtual e a identificação dos modos de conversão do conhecimento nessas comunidades. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa de campo, realizada por meio da aplicação de questionários em comunidades de prática virtual, obtendo a participação de 132 membros em um período de 15 dias. Os resultados obtidos conduziram à conclusão de que a participação dos profissionais de TI na comunidade de prática virtual propicia a geração de conhecimento. Também foi possível verificar, de forma mais aprofundada, os principais motivos que os levam a participar das comunidades para internalizar e para externalizar conhecimento.
Intellectual capital is an investment in the organization and it is perceived to be a strategic resource and a source of competitive advantage. The purpose of this chapter is to test the relationship between intellectual capital and business performance of pharmaceutical firms in Kenya. The specific objectives are to determine whether human capital, structural capital and relational capital influence business performance of pharmaceutical firms in Kenya. The results indicate that human capital, structural capital and relational capital influence business performance of pharmaceutical firms in Kenya. Human capital and structural capital relationship strongly exist among the studied pharmaceutical firms and significantly influenced business performance positively. In addition, the study confirmed that human capital, structural capital and relational capital are dimensions of intellectual capital. The developed model confirm that the theory fitted data with fit indices above or below the required thresholds and the empirical results provided strong support for the model.
Les silos d’information peuvent être considérés comme un frein autant qu’un levier à l’accessibilité. Dans le cas du Cirque du Soleil, présenté ici par Marie-Claire Dufresne et Evelyne Gratton, le roulement de personnel ainsi que le manque de suivi et des habitudes de partage d’information ont causé la création de nombreux silos qui devinrent un problème de communication de l’information au sein de l’entreprise.
Cet article expose la stratégie employée dans le développement d’un outil de gestion électronique des documents, projet mené par l’équipe de gestion documentaire, afin de répondre aux besoins en termes de partage d’information et de suivi des versions. Ce projet devait tenir compte du contexte particulier du Cirque du Soleil, de ses nombreux spectacles et utilisateurs situés sur plusieurs continents et du grand nombre de documents produits. Le déploiement s’est déroulé sur plusieurs mois et a exécuté un processus de consultation auprès des différents secteurs suivi de conception de prototypes. L’approche par unité sectorielle a été privilégiée afin que l’outil rencontre leurs besoins. Les auteures présentent, en guise d’exemple, le processus au sein des Ateliers de costumes.
La gestion de l’information et l’implantation de solutions qui prennent en compte le contexte de sa création permettent d’éviter les silos tout en amenuisant leurs désavantages. La mise en place de telles solutions soutient la cohérence et la concertation au sein de l’entreprise, même dans un cas aussi particulier qu’est le Cirque du Soleil.
Information Technology (IT) industry in Sri Lanka can be considered as one of the fast growing industrial sectors in current competitive, technological oriented and rapidly changing business environment. Generally, IT industry performance depends on knowledge management (KM) in firms in the industry. The concept of staff turnover (ST) has become as more important aspect in the context of knowledge management. As limited research studies are shown in literature about staff turnover and knowledge management in IT industry in Sri Lanka, this research explore the impact of staff turnover on knowledge management in IT companies in Sri Lanka. The survey method has been adopted using structured questionnaire in Likert scale to collect data. Respondents from different job categories and companies for the sample have been selected using stratified sampling method. After descriptive analysis of basic features of respondents of the survey, the causal relationship between staff turnover and knowledge management is analyzed using correlation analysis. The major finding emulating from the study is that there is a positive relationship between high staff turnover and weak knowledge management. Further, the study shows that organizational factors such as managerial style, lack of recognition, lack of competitive compensation system and toxic workplace environment significantly influence employee knowledge management. However, possible learning environment in the firm also directs employee turnover in IT industry in Sri Lanka.
At present, there are no standards for assessing the value of intangible assets or intellectual capital. Historically, a number of frameworks have evolved, each with a different focus and a different assessment methodology. In order to assess that knowledge management initiatives contributed to the fight against terrorism in Canada, a results-based framework was selected, customized and applied to CRTI (a networked science and technology program to counter terrorism threats). This chapter describes the step by step process of how the results-based framework was applied to measure the value contributed by knowledge-based assets. A combination of qualitative, quantitative and anecdotal assessment techniques was used and a map was employed to visualize the evaluation results. The strengths and weaknesses of this particular approach are discussed and specific examples from CRTI are presented to illustrate how other organizations can use this method to assess the value-added to innovation and research and development using a results-based framework.
The need to understand the determinants of a successful knowledge management system (KMS) deployment cannot be underestimated in Arabian organizations specifically those in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Reports from the World Bank emphasize the power of knowledge and the need for these nations and their organizations to empower themselves through knowledge management. Yet, very little empirical research has been conducted to understand this phenomenon. This study investigates the effects of knowledge-culture, organizational infrastructure, technical infrastructure, management support, vision clarity, reward policy and economic return on KMS success in Omani organizations. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews with IT managers. Results show that all investigated factors contribute to KMS success except for reward policy. Interviews reveal that other factors such as training and matching users' needs are also critical. Results suggest that KMS success factors in Oman are relatively like those in western countries, and other developing countries. However, because they operate in developing countries, IT managers in Oman consider that reward-policy is not a feasible policy to promote KMS use.
Der Informationsbegriff als zentraler Gegenstand von Informationskompetenz wird in der bibliothekarischen Diskussion in der Regel nicht explizit themati-siert, sondern lässt sich aus Fachliteratur und Bibliothekspraxis nur implizit erschließen. Eine theoretische Beschäftigung mit dem Informationsbegriff ist jedoch unabdingbar, soll das Konzept "Informationskompetenz" auch außerhalb des bibliothekarischen Kontextes verständlich und nutzbar gemacht werden.
Im vorliegenden Text, der sich als Beitrag zu einer Theorie der Informations-kompetenz versteht, werden zunächst verschiedene Informationstypologien und -begriffe vorgestellt und diskutiert, die im Zusammenhang mit Informations-kompetenz als relevant erachtet werden. Anschließend wird das Verhältnis von Informations- und Wissensbegriff näher beleuchtet.
Ergebnis dieser Begriffsanalyse ist die These, dass einem Konzept von Infor-mationskompetenz, das auch außerhalb von Bildungswesen und Wissenschaft eingesetzt werden können soll, ein Informationsbegriff zugrunde gelegt werden muss, der über das klassische bibliotheks- und informationswissenschaftliche Verständnis von Information als medial kommuniziertes, in Dokumenten reprä-sentiertes bzw. in Informationssystemen gespeichertes Wissen hinausgeht und weitere Dimensionen dessen, was "Information" sein kann, umfasst.
Diese Publikation entstand im Rahmen eines Dissertationsprojektes zu Informationskompetenz in Unternehmen und Organisationen am Institut für Bibliotheks- und Informationswissenschaft der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
Reduktion oder Zuwachs an Ungewissheit? Dieses Handbuch und speziell dieser erste Beitrag soll Wissen über Information vermitteln. Dazu fol-gen hier viele Informationen über "Information". Viele Autoren haben diese Informationen dadurch in die Welt gesetzt, dass sie ihr Wissen – oft sind es nur Meinungen oder Vermutungen, oft aber auch empirisch, logisch oder kommunikativ/kollabora-tiv gesicherte Aussagen (zu dieser Unterscheidung Lit. 35) – in eine wahrnehmbare und damit für andere aufnehmbare Form gebracht, also in der Regel publiziert haben. Ob das nach der Lektüre dieses Artikels zu einer Reduktion von Ungewiss-heit führen wird, wie man es ja lange als Definiti-on von Information angenommen hat (Lit. 72) oder – ob der Vielfalt oder sogar Widersprüche in den Aussagen über "Information" – eher zu einem Zu-wachs an Unsicherheit, hängt von dem Vorwissen und der Erwartungshaltung des jeweiligen Lesers ab. Zur Information werden die Informationen erst, wenn jemand sie in einem bestimmten Kontext aufnimmt, sie verstehen, interpretieren, etwas mit ihnen anfangen kann, sei es direkt, z.B. um eine anstehende Entscheidung zu fällen, oder verzögert durch Aufnahme der Informationen in den schon vorhandenen eigenen Wissensbestand, mehr oder weniger damit rechnend, dass er/sie später auf sie wird zugreifen und sie dann wird verwenden kön-nen. Schon in diesen eher essayistischen Anfangsbemer-kungen stecken so viele unterschiedliche Annah-men über "Information" (und "Wissen"), dass die Aussage von Wersig aus den 70er Jahren "Informa-tionsbegriffe gibt es nahezu so viele, wie es Auto-ren gibt, die darüber schreiben" (Lit. 72, S. 28) nicht übertrieben zu sein scheint. Kein Wunder. Kaum etwas ist theoretisch so komplex und damit schwie-rig terminologisch festzulegen wie die Begriffe "In-formation" und "Wissen", nicht zuletzt auch des-halb, weil beide Begriffe in so gut wie allen wis-senschaftlichen Disziplinen eine Rolle spielen und weil jede Disziplin eigene Interessen an diesen Be-griffen hat und weit davon entfernt ist, verbindli-che Anleihen bei der Disziplin zu nehmen, die schon von der Fachgebietsbezeichnung zumindest für "Information" zuständig sein sollte. Weit ent-fernt vielleicht auch deshalb, weil die skeptische Bemerkung von Fox "information science is in the rather embarassing position of lacking any clear understanding of its central notion" (Lit. 27, S. 3) lange Zeit zutreffend war. Wir wollen allerdings plausibel machen, dass sich in den letzten Jahren, trotz weiter bestehender Unterschiede im Detail, zumindest in der akademischen deutschsprachigen Informationswissenschaft (Lit. 65 bis Lit. 69) ein Konsens in Richtung einer pragmatischen Sicht auf Information herausgebildet hat (Lit. 40, S. 37ff). Also konsensual gilt, dass es aus informationswis-senschaftlicher Sicht um die Bedeutung, die Hand-lungsrelevanz und damit um den Nutzen von In-formation geht. Das soll im Zentrum dieses Bei-trags stehen.
Purpose
The paper aims to analyse the development of broadcast radio in the USA during the 1920 s, focusing on the legislative and regulatory background, considering the broadcasting spectrum, programme content, and nature of radio as an information resource at that time.
Design/methodology/approach
An analysis of primary materials, and of recent secondary materials, is carried out.
Findings
The legislative and regulatory framework failed to take note of the unique attributes of information resources, and attempted to treat them in the same manner as more traditional resources. Records of the early days of USA radio are very limited. More positively, radio information resources played a major part in developing several aspects of society, including education, agriculture, and jazz culture.
Research limitations/implications
The study shows lessons for development of current information society. The research is limited to one communication medium, in one country, in one decade. It is not a full historical analysis of the development of radio broadcasting, rather it is limited to information resource aspects, largely of public sector broadcasting.
Originality/value
The paper is the first study of the early development of radio broadcasting from an information perspective. It shows the value of the “information‐as‐resource” model for analysing developments in the communication of information.
In the context of communication technologies’ dissemination and use for the generation of non specialized content (user-generated content) — which is also shared and used — it is pertinent to underline the participation of organizational human resources in the co-creation of the organizational brand. Such participation, however, faces some constraints and needs, such as the lack of guidance on brand’s proper use, and the adequacy of communication and knowledge management tools.
In this framework, it is intended to validate a heuristic model that explains how organizations can engage their human resources in branding activities, in info-communicational technology mediated contexts, for brand enhancement purposes. Desirably, such a model should be taken as a driver and trigger the adoption of these practices.
The methodological approach is exploratory, iterative, qualitative, relying on Grounded Theory — an inductive process of knowledge production, recognizing the existence of moments of discovery, close to the constructivist paradigm. The study that leads to the final proposal of a computer-mediated communication model for brand valorization is essentially based on literature review and on a case study that took as technical procedures 1) interview surveys, for a first check of the assumptions underlying the model, 2) the construction of a non-functional prototype of a Participatory Brand Center (PBC), able to express the model’s technological component, and 3) focus groups conducting, in order to achieve the model’s non-experimental validation. The case study focuses on the University of Aveiro (UA) and on the use and appropriation of its brand, by members of its teaching and non-teaching community.
The results of the exploratory interviews, for which it is selected a convenience sample composed by entities considered key players in the promotion of UA’s brand, are combined with the contents gathered via bibliographic research, so they can be considered both in the assessment of the main interaction domains that inform the model as in the design of an online collaborative platform specifically brand-oriented, to be presented to five focus groups that take in account the target population.
This empirical study provides a first validation of the proposed heuristic model, confirming that participation in co-creation of brand artefacts tends to happen unofficially due to the lack of institutional initiatives that enhance human capital, and that guidance for brand’s use and appropriation is critical in achieving these kind of contributions, mostly when contributors are not specialized in branding, design, communication nor marketing strategy. The results also validate the configuration and the interaction structure, both proposed for the system underlying the CPM prototype, as well as most of its functionalities allowing the proposal of a heuristic focused on human resources’ brand experimentation. Finally, taking in consideration the achieved results and the limitations of the study, several topics in this area are identified for future research.
This paper reviews some of the standard issues relating to cooperative collection development, first with respect to traditional materials, and then from the standpoint of an environment increasingly dependent upon licensed electronic resources. Some options for cooperation in a licensed environment are suggested. A few issues relating to a shift from collection management to knowledge management are explored, and some further suggestions are presented as to how services based upon some concepts of knowledge management might be improved through inter-institutional cooperation. The paper concludes with a recommendation to replace some of the current competition among libraries with a more competitive stance toward other information intermediaries.
This article further analyses a number of issues highlighted in a previous discussion of the current state of Information Audit (IA), and offers a graphical representation of the IA landscape.
Library and Information Science (LIS) struggles to establish its ‘soft’ approach to IA as the leading methodology despite repeated endorsement by authors in other professional groups with some kind of interest in information management. They have found the LIS IA methodology using analysis of information needs and flows to be a useful analytical tool that allows them to evaluate information assets and to demonstrate compliance in asset management – whether those assets are financial, documentary or intangibles such as know-how. Since the implementation of Freedom of Information legislation, records management has espoused a strong focus on compliance and the avoidance of penalties for data protection breaches, but recent publications suggest that organizations of all kinds are adopting this finance- and accountancy-driven approach to information audit. This may be because it is seen as best able to manage the growing complexity of regulation and legislation (local, national and international) that affects information management.
Forming strategic alliances with other players, the information profession must take the lead in establishing standard IA procedures and definitions drawing on its own praxis, which is widely accepted by other disciplines. There needs to be a single point of call for standardizing and accrediting IA skills, with the creation of a supporting body of knowledge whose evidence base goes beyond standard journal literature and monographs to include the now considerable corpus of unpublished theses as well as papers in languages other than English. As IA is adopted by a growing number of professional disciplines, LIS and KIM (Knowledge and Information Management) professionals – and also some finance professionals – can now find and seize opportunities beyond the boundaries of more traditional information work.
This chapter provides a comprehensive basis for understanding the role of trust in knowledge management and systems in organizations. The point of departure is the resource and knowledge-based theories of an organization that place knowledge generation as the primary source of wealth and social well-being. The authors show the crucial role of the intangible factors of trust, knowledge and information as related to the social capital and the development of the intellectual capital of an organization. The multidisciplinary nature of the concept of knowledge management and of trust is examined by a thorough review of literature. Trust is seen as a situational and contextual phenomena whose impact on the development of an organizational culture and climate and on success with collaborating is explored as related to the relational, cognitive and
This paper describes the development of a definition information assets within the information science accounting field. Information assets are included those assets which promise future economic benefits organizations. The desirability of achieving a valuation for information assets is questioned. A of information as an asset is proposed and situated the information resources management (IRM) and asset tradition.
Globalization, bringing about universal and dynamic transformations in every sector of the economy, is placing organizations everywhere in new and different competitive situations. In this context, the improvement of enterprise performance and economic growth makes increased demands for timely knowledge in the workplace to deliver competitive, knowledge- intensive work, enabling institutions and nations to maintain their vitality
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide an assessment framework for evaluating the success of knowledge management (KM) initiatives in a government setting.
Design/methodology/approach
The approach used was to first conduct a brief review of the leading thinking on KM and intellectual capital (IC) measurement approaches. The selection process used to recommend the results‐based management assessment framework (RMAF) as the most appropriate measurement framework is then discussed together with the development of logic models for all KM objectives. Finally, the validation methodology used, a survey design and data collection methodology, is described.
Findings
The study finds that the RMAF framework proved to be a good fit for KM assessment in a government setting.
Research limitations/implications
The evaluation of KM and IC are necessarily organization‐specific. Further research is needed to report on the generalizability of this evaluation approach.
Practical implications
The KM evaluation approach proposed here helped the government organization translate its KM strategy into action and enhanced management of the KM program. The proposed evaluation approach will help ensure that each type of stakeholder receives assessment results in a form that is of greatest use to them.
Originality/value
While there are many KM and IC metrics described in the literature, there have been limited attempts to address the evaluation question from a more holistic perspective. This paper shows how quantitative and qualitative measures can be combined to better assess the success of KM initiatives in a systematic and concrete manner.
The research into measuring the Intangible Assets or the Intellectual Capital of companies has produced a plethora of proposed methods and theories. This is a Paper I begun publishing on my website in 2001. It provides a brief overview of methods that I have come across with links to the source. The list is an ever-expanding community effort, so if you are aware of a method that I have missed, please notify me! It is also available from my website
https://www.sveiby.com/files/pdf/1537275071_methods-intangibleassets.pdf
This document presents a practical tool for analysing and improving the various forms of Knowledge Management activity within the Innovation processes of companies. It is addressed principally to those companies with well-developed and sophisticated units for innovation, such as R&D departments. The Audit Tool has been developed from recently published ethnographic case study research into the relationships between Knowledge Management and Innovation, within an evolutionary economics framework, which seeks to understand the potential contribution of Knowledge Management towards altering the path dependency of a firm's innovation activities. This research developed a distinct and specific focus on Knowledge Management Practices - the various activities, processes and systems which are explicitly intended or utilised for creating and processing knowledge. The ''KMPs'' identified from case studies were categorised using a basic schema of four attributes for any specific KMP: knowledge processing characteristics, knowledge domain, format of the practice, and perceived contribution to unit performance. This categorisation enabled an initial taxonomy of five main groups of ''KMPs for Innovation'', according to their relation to: R&D Management activities; the mapping of relationships across technological and organisational boundaries; R&D Human Resource management; the management of Intellectual Property; and the management of information and information technology. These are described and illustrated. The main operational element of this Audit Tool is in the form of a questionnaire, which aims to act as both a discovery mechanism and as a prompt to further reflection on the specific Knowledge Management activities within innovation processes. The questionnaire consists of some 80 questions, each in the form of a description of a specific Knowledge Management Practice, these having been derived from the case studies and additional desk research. This is complemented by a format for specifying action plans for improving KMPs for Innovation.
Prologue: a fairy tale– Once upon a time there were four Goblins who were, of course, chartered accountants. They became tired of counting hoards of gold for the Gnomes so they sought help from the Wizard of Ecognomeics. “We want our own treasure chests,” they pleaded. “That’s easy,” said the Wizard “Human beings have the idea that information technology will solve all their work problems. I’ll turn you into Management Consultancy Goblins. Then you can each take one idea from the Academic Ivory Tower and that should make you piles of gold.” After 5,000 days the four met up at the International Goblin Warming Conference and compared experiences. “I chose Corporate Management Information Systems,” said Goblin 1, “and I was selling loads of mainframes. Then the Gnome Computers Wizard invented the personal computer and everyone started networking instead.” Goblin 2 had taken the software route. “My Computer-Assisted Management Systems were selling like hot cakes until somebody noticed that they were only doing administration. Then it all went pear-shaped.” “I chose fear,” said Goblin 3, “All the companies were latching on to my ‘Information for Competitive Advantage’ until someone asked ‘What happens when everyone is doing it?” The fourth Goblin adjusted position on his platinum toadstool, glanced at his Cartier watch and asked, “Have you sad Goblins ever heard of my Knowledge Management?”
Knowledge can be created by drawing inferences from what is already known. Often some of the requisite information is lacking and has to be gathered by whatever research techniques are appropriate, e.g. experiments, surveys etc. Even if the information has all been published already, unless it is retrieved no inferences will be drawn from it and consequently there will exist some knowledge that is implicit in the literature and yet is not known by anyone. This ‘undiscovered public knowledge’, as it is termed by Swanson, may exist in the following forms: (i) a hidden refutation or qualification of a hypothesis; (ii) an undrawn conclusion from two or more premises; (iii) the cumulative evidence of weak, independent tests; (iv) solutions to analogous problems; (v) hidden correlations between factors. Methods of classification may also play a direct role in the creation of original knowledge. Novel solutions to problems may be discovered by generating different combinations of the basic features of the solutions, as is done in morphological analysis. Alternatively a natural classification may identify gaps in existing knowledge. This paper reviews previous work on producing knowledge by information retrieval or classification and describes techniques by which hidden knowledge may be retrieved, e.g. serendipity in browsing, use of appropriate search strategies and, possibly in the future, methods based on Farradane's relational indexing or artificial intelligence.
A “Swedish Community of Practice” emerged during the mid 1980s in Sweden. The “community” today follows two tracks; one is Human Resource Costing & Accounting (HRCA) and the other is a nonfinancial measurement system for intangible assets based on a theory originally brought forward by a work group consisting of members from several Swedish knowledge companies, the so called “Konrad Group.” This article describes the development of the latter track. Inspired by McLuhan, it is suggested that individuals in organizations create external and internal structures to express themselves. Indicators can be created that monitor External Structure (Customers and Suppliers), Internal Structure (Organization) and People's Competence. The indicators can be incorporated into a management information system. Indicators that monitor renewal, efficiency and stability are preferred. A matrix framework, called “The Intangible Assets Monitor,” is suggested for presenting the indicators. A number of generic indicators are defined under each heading and suggestions for interpretation and examples of how Swedish companies use the indictors are cited.
Businesses are increasingly finding themselves in a world characterized by globalization, turbulence and complexity, paralleled with an exponential advancement in information technology (IT). Although empirical evidence indicates a lack of support for the positive economic impact of IT, we have seen that companies increasingly invest in the new technology. As this technology is limited to the transfer of explicit knowledge, this may relegate tacit knowledge to the background, in spite of the strategic importance of tacit knowledge, hence, leading to the mismanagement of knowledge. The problem stated in this article is as follows: How does investment in, and the use of IT influence tacit knowledge and what impact does this have on the ability of firms’ to create sustainable competitive advantages? The purpose of the article is to improve our understanding of the role of tacit knowledge and to reflect on and give guidance on how to handle the relationship between tacit knowledge and IT.
Information policies are, self-evidently, concerned with information. But what kind of information? The answer 'all information* is misleading and can result in a paralysis of action, in an attempt to be all-encompassing. It is helpful to consider a spectrum of forms of information, from data, through information with varying degrees of structure, to knowledge and perhaps wisdom. Information with lower levels of structure, and raw data, may be managed by systems, technical and administrative, and by procedures. Knowledge, understood in this way, can only be managed by policies. There is, therefore, a close link between information policy formulation and evaluation and the emerging discipline of knowledge management. The paper concludes that information policy is (a) inevitably complex, (b) not concerned with technical solutions, and (c) dependent upon an appreciation of the meaning and significance of knowledge in its proper context.
In Zukunft werden Arbeitsprozesse zunehmend wissensbasiert durchgeführt werden. Daher werden der Wissensaustausch und die Verbesserung des Unternehmenswissens zu einem entscheidenden Wettbewerbsfaktor werden, der nur von Lernenden Organisationen überdurchschnittlich erfüllt werden kann. Lernende Organisationen sind Gruppen von Personen, die ihre Fähigkeiten und ihr gemeinsames Wissen kontinuierlich erweitern, um ihre Ziele als Organisation zu erfüllen.
'I shall reconsider human knowledge by starting from the fact that we can know more than we can tell', writes Michael Polanyi, whose work paved the way for the likes of Thomas Kuhn and Karl Popper. "The Tacit Dimension", originally published in 1967, argues that such tacit knowledge - tradition, inherited practices, implied values, and prejudgments - is a crucial part of scientific knowledge. Back in print for a new generation of students and scholars, this volume challenges the assumption that skepticism, rather than established belief, lies at the heart of scientific discovery.
There is currently widespread interest in knowledge management, with organizations of all kinds investing in technologies, systems and people to this end. Concurrently, within business and the economy as a whole, intellectual capital or intangible assets are growing in significance in relation to traditional tangible assets such as buildings and equipment. Many organizations are finding that traditional measures of organizational performance are insufficient for the task of managing intangibles. In trying to measure the value of knowledge inputs and outputs, such metrics as return on investment or the practice of consigning intangibles to the accounting category of goodwill need to be supplemented by alternative approaches. This paper looks at the problem of knowledge measurement and, in reviewing some of the current alternatives, argues for the importance of metrics to the overall process of knowledge management. The significance of knowledge measurement to the information science community is emphasized.
This paper provides a general set of principles, organized into a usable framework, for the valuation of intangible assets as well as corporate knowledge, in the act of transferring, sharing, selling, or licensing it from one company to another. It provides benchmarks for valuation to both seller and acquirer, to licensor and licensee, and to both partners in a corporate alliance. Part I of the paper classifies the nature and attributes of different kinds of corporate knowledge. Part II focuses on the valuation framework. Intangible assets, whether registered intellectual property such as brands, patents, copyrights, or whether they be ‘knowhow’, or general corporate expertise, are increasingly separable from their organizational context, and can be sold or shared with another firm—for compensation. As such activity increases—as part of a general trend towards outsourcing and modularization of business functions, aided by codification of previously tacit or intuitive knowledge—placing a money value on a ‘knowledge package’ is a crucial managerial function. Many of the principles presented in this paper can also be used when the same firm makes its own investments in other markets, by transferring corporate knowledge to its own subsidiary. The various benchmarks and criteria found in the literature are here, for the first time, presented in a comprehensive valuation framework, eminently usable by managers and negotiators. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The meaning of the cognitive view of information science is briefly summarized, and representative works which propose or use this viewpoint are reviewed. It is shown, by example, that considering problems of information science from this point of view has led to significant advances in a variety of areas of information science, including bibliometrics, user studies, the reference interview and information retrieval. This variety of applications suggests that the cognitive viewpoint may be a powerful framework for the general theoretical and practical development of information science.
The nature of scientific creativity from the point of view of information provision is discussed, and the contributions of current information systems assessed. The changes necessary to enable 'formal' library/information channels to play a fuller part in stimulating creativity are discussed. They include: representation of information for detection of analogies, pat terns and exceptions; interdisciplinary information, and the role of reviews; creation of an information-rich environment, including peripheral material; extension of browsing capabili ties, in both printed and computerized systems; direct involve ment of information users; serendipitous use of literature; individually oriented information access; integration of infor mation systems into formal creativity stimulation techniques. The implications of new information technology, particularly for the convergence of formal and informal communication channels, are considered.
The necessity for research (theoretical and practical) on these topics is pointed out. A bibliography of 103 references attempts to draw together some of the scattered relevant literature. '
There is currently widespread interest in knowledge management, with organisations of all kinds investing in technologies, systems and people to this end. Concurrently, within business and the economy as a whole, intellectual capital or intangible assets are growing in significance in relation to traditional tangible assets such as buildings and equipment. Many organisations are finding that traditional measures of organisational performance are insufficient for the task of managing intangibles. In trying to measure the value of knowledge inputs and outputs, such metrics as return on investment or the practice of consigning intangibles to the accounting category of goodwill need to be supplemented by alternative approaches. This paper looks at the problem of knowledge measurement and, in reviewing some of the current alternatives, argues for the importance of metrics to the overall process of knowledge management. The significance of knowledge measurement to the information science community is emphasised.
It is first argued that a niche for information science, unclaimed by any other discipline, can be found by admitting the near-autonomy of Popper's World III - the world of objective knowledge. The task of information science can then be defined as the exploration of this world of objective knowledge which is an extension of, but is distinct from, the world of documentation and librarianship. The Popperian ontology then has to be extended to admit the concept of information and its relation to subjective and objective know ledge. The spaces of Popper's three worlds are then con sidered. It is argued that cognitive and physical spaces are not identical and that this lack of identity creates problems for the proper quantification of information phenomena.
Abstract Ever since the introduction of Taylor’s Scientific Management, human labour has been a target for compartmentalisation, measurements and calculations. With the advent of the so-called ‘Knowledge Society’ the rhetoric of management,has shifted its focus from manpower to brainpower. In an ”age of mind-crafting ”, knowledge workers constitute a valuable ”capital”. Liberated from the constraints of dusty hierarchies and mechanised production lines, the employee in the knowledge society has come to be construed as an empowered,knowledge,creator; owner,of the most strategic resource: Knowledge. Hence, control of such resources has become a source of managerial concern and worry. Under different guises—such as ‘intellectual capital’, ‘knowledge management’, ‘accounting for knowledge’, ‘managing intangibles’, etc—a far-reaching discourse is evolving with the aim of rendering the ”hidden” brainpower into calculable, and thus controllable, assets. Hence, within the pursuit of universal transparency, knowledge has fallen prey to the vocabulary and practices of accounting, being turned into an objective resource, extracted from the body it dwells, and inscribed in measurable forms which are amenable to exchange, control and deliberation. One of the most heroic attempts at turning knowledge,into numbers,is undertaken by,Edvinsson & Malone (1997). Through a set of practices of division and exclusion, the category of intellectual capital
One of the most perplexing problems in Knowledge Management today is how to build business cases for KM projects. Although it is argued that knowledge itself cannot be measured, this article describes the sometimes creative methods companies are using to cost justify KM projects before they are undertaken and gauge their benefits once they are underway. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Cornwallis Emmanuel Ltd.
At the heart of any discussion of the information sciences, at least when this discussion is held in the English language, lies the problem of the variant, and shifting, set of concepts and meanings of the terms ‘library’ and ‘information’. The term ‘information’, in particular, has a variety of meanings in different contexts and communities of discourse, providing an excellent example of Wittgenstein‘s language game. This implies that any terminology built around this central concept is in danger of being constructed on ’shifting sands’. This article outlines, for the English language only, some of these diverse meanings of information, and their consequences for the terminology of the information sciences. It focuses on the variant relationships between information and related concepts, particularly data and knowledge. It also includes an account of the view information taken in the hard and soft methodologies of system science, as well as the new discipline of ‘information physics’. From this, some remarks may be made on the changing meanings of the complex terms such as ‘information technology’ and ‘information literacy’, as well as those complex terms involving ‘management’, information management, knowledge management, document management etc. A similar, though shorter, treatment will de given to terminology around the ‘library’ concept, particularly in view of the change toward viewing a library as an organised virtual information space, rather than physical environment.
A systems engineer looking at information sees informatics. That means ‘the design, construction, evaluation, use and maintenance of information processing systems including hardware, software, organizational and human aspects as well as the complex of their industrial, commercial, administrative, social and political impact’. (The 1978 IBI-UNESCO Conference on ‘Strategies and Policies for Information’).
This is a speculative paper in which the requirements of IR systems to support relatively creative, as well as more convergent thinking are discussed. The nature of creative thinking is explored, as is the extent to which a range of current information systems is able to support key intellectual processes associated with it. The development of IR systems capable of providing more direct support for creative thinking will depend on the greater integration of high order knowledge representations and flexible, fuzzy pattern-matching techniques. Such developments may enhance the ability of information seekers to place before themselves a range of information sufficiently – but not excessively – rich in diversity to facilitate the development of relatively divergent – as well as more convergent – ideas.
This paper studies the value relevance of Intellectual Capital by comparing a set of different valuation models. The empirical analysis covers 300 large European companies from 1990 to 2001. Drawing on the Ohlson (1995) and Feltham-Ohlson (1995) model, I define and test the value relevance of an Intellectual Capital earnings measure, providing evidence for the superior explanatory power of this metric compared to other income measures. I also find evidence for the superior explanatory power of a valuation function, based on IC earnings and operating earnings.
This article describes how knowledge management systems can enhance the effectiveness of teams that analyze complex, non-recurring problems by improving the way that team composition evolves. Knowledge management systems reduce the costs of searching for specialized knowledge resources, making it more likely that teams will incorporate a diversity of knowledge. Drawing on the concept of requisite variety, this article argues that increases in team knowledge variety lead to improvements in the effectiveness of the solutions generated by a team, which in turn enhance their organization's adaptive ability. This process also reinforces the existing distribution of knowledge within the organization, increasing employee specialization. The author develops a series of propositions and combines them into a research model from which he draws implications for researchers and managers.
Modern organizations are increasingly seen as knowledge-based enterprises in which proactive knowledge management is important for competitiveness. This paper introduces a descriptive framework for understanding factors that influence the success of knowledge management (KM) initiatives in an organization. It identifies three main classes of influencing factors (managerial, resource, and environmental) and characterizes the individual factors in each class. A Delphi process was used to develop and assess the framework. The Delphi panel was comprised of 31 recognized researchers and practitioners in the KM field. The resultant framework can be used by researchers for KM issue and hypothesis generation, by practitioners for benchmarking KM practices, and by educators for helping organize the study of KM.
The idea of ‘information as resource’, and the related ‘information as commodity’ is reviewed. Attributes of information which make it appear similar to, and different from, other resources are evaluated. The term is used in two rather different ways: to indicate the importance of information within an organization, and to imply the appropriateness of a resource management model to handle information. We find the first to be valid, and the second unjustified. The resource view of information is a useful analogy, but it should not be pushed too far.
This paper results from the sense of frustration of the authors, as well as other authors, working in the field of measuring the impact of information on development, at the number of different definitions of information and other closely related terms and the fact that the differences significantly impede the ability of information scientists and practitioners to communicate among themselves and to build upon each others' work. We present here a compilation of definitions that have appeared in the literature with an attempt to organize and interrelate them. The goal is to provide a basis for members of the profession to have a common basis for referring to key concepts, not to specify how a given entity should be defined. The major terms included are: data, information, knowledge, impact, and development.
This was also published as Library and Information Commission Research Report 80 (ISSN: 1466-2949). The primary focus of this study is on the impact of the UK financial reporting standard for goodwill and intangible assets (FRS10) on information assets. It was anticipated that the identification of methods already in use under the terms of FRS10 for valuing information assets would be identified. It was anticipated that once UK companies have recognised information as an asset for valuation purposes this would bring information assets within the compass of financial appraisal. Interviews were conducted with accounting and information professionals as well as with representatives of their professional and regulatory bodies focusing on the valuation of information as an asset. Of the 24 organisations in which interviews were carried out, eight were FTSE 100 companies which were identified as being information-intensive organisations, thus likely to represent the state of the art with regard to the valuation of information assets. The main method of data gathering was by individual interview using a semi-structured approach. The most surprising finding was that UK companies appear not to be using FRS10 to value their information assets. Moreover, many of those interviewed did not believe that information should be categorised as an asset or valued for inclusion on the balance sheet. One difficulty identified in using FRS10 to value information assets was that it specifically excludes internally-generated intangibles which do not have a 'readily ascertainable market value'. The information assets considered most important by interviewees were internally-generated. These were typically not valued for internal purposes, hence one reason why there is little impetus to include information assets on the balance sheet maybe because it could be unwise to report externally that which has not been addressed internally.
Information is an important asset for organisations. The concepts of intellectual capital and knowledge management have focused managers' attention on how organisations can exploit information assets for commercial gain. Yet, without acceptance of the need for or means of evaluation of information assets, it is difficult to highlight the benefits of such concepts in commercial terms. This paper deals with some of the conceptual issues relating to this issue. The term 'information assets' can be defined as data that is or should be documented, and which has value or potential value. Information is often seen as a raw material and knowledge is an end result achieved through learning. However, knowledge is also raw material, and information an end result through formalisation. Among the identifying attributes of information one can include expandable, compressible, substitutable, easily transportable, diffusable and shareable. These attributes are manifest in organisational activities such as monitoring how processes are performed, integrating different business processes, customising products and services, and creating information products as the primary output of a business. It is evident, therefore, that the scope of information assets within organisations can be extremely far reaching. The accounting concept of assets does not easily accommodate information assets. Since information cannot be readily measured in monetary terms, and since cost is not a measure of value, there is the problem of how the value of information assets might be ascertained. Approaching this issue requires a consideration of the two main reasons for valuing information assets. The first is for financial reporting purposes whilst the second is to encourage the better management of information assets. With regard to the former, there are two potential paths which financial reporting may take in the future which may accommodate information assets. The first is for a major review of accounting practice to include intellectual capital, and the second involves reporting information assets which may impact on the performance of a company as an additional commentary in a company's annual Operating and Financial Review. With regard to the latter, a possible approach might be to value information in the light of its contribution to making improved decisions, although this has both conceptual and measurement problems associated with it.
The following topics were discussed: (1) data availability and distribution, (2) complete processing systems, (3) subsystems, (4) applications, (5) research for future technology, and (6) education, training opportunities, and materials. Evidence was given that remote sensing technology is being increasingly utilized. Therefore, it was concluded that a second stage of remote sensing technology should be developed.
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