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The Emotional Experience of Class: Interpreting Working-Class Kids’ Street Racing in Helsinki
Abstract
Reproduction of social class through culture has puzzled social scientists especially in the Nordic, advanced welfare states where social equality has been the official policy of governments for most of the postwar period. In the following article, I address this issue through the emotional experience of class that culminates in the weekend excesses of youths and even the street-racing scenes of Helsinki. Based on ethnographic fieldwork with eighteen- to twenty-four-year-old male street racers of Helsinki, I argue that stagnant class locations build on stunted ambition and feelings of injustice. The cultural performances and camaraderie of these like-minded racers support these youths’ public, carefree identities and subcultural careers. Instead of resisting exclusion, they conform to it, celebrating “a room of his own” where shared risk, craftsmanship, driving skill, and disregard of education prevail.
... Automobile culture is performed through specific practices. Specific driver cultures include, for instance, hot rodders, drag racers, and stock car racers, specifically in the United States (Franz, 2005), kortelliralli street racers in Helsinki (Vaaranen, 2004), historic car lovers-raggare-in Sweden (O'Dell, 2001), or "boy racers" in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Australia (Lumsden, 2013). Edensor (2004) describes the sounding of the horn as a signal for overtaking as custom in India, while Gillen (2016) highlights the importance of motorbikes in Vietnam (and many other countries in Asia). ...
... In some cases, this can result in forms of public shaming, as exemplified by the case of Swedish politicians driving "old and inefficient cars" (Box 7.3). The extent to which transport choices or driving behavior of celebrities, including politicians, shapes social norms is unknown; however, evidence suggests that linkages exist, also through movie characters (Vaaranen, 2004), but there is apparently no research investigating these interrelationships. ...
... A form of in-car community that has been discussed in great detail in the literature is cruising, i.e., a form of driving to pass time, in a mobile cocoon with friends or acquaintances. Cruising as a phenomenon is known throughout the world, including the United States (Best, 2006), the Nordic countries (Collin-Lange, 2013;Vaaranen and Wieloch, 2002;Vaaranen, 2004), and Australia (Armstrong and Steinhardt, 2006). As a form of "sociality in motion" (Brownlie et al., 2007), cruising is about in-car communities, as well as inter-car community. ...
IF YOU WANT THIS BOOK, PLEASE BE IN TOUCH.
Worldwide there are now more than one billion cars, and their number grows continuously. Yet there is growing evidence that humanity needs to reach ‘peak cars’ as increased air pollution, noise, accidents, and climate change support a decline in car usage. While many governments agree, the car remains attractive, and endeavors to change transport systems have faced fierce resistance. Based on insights from a wide range of transport behaviors, The Psychology of the Car shows the “why of automotive cultures, providing new perspectives essential for understanding its attractiveness and for defining a more desirable transport future.
The Psychology of the Car illustrates the growth of global car use over time and its effect on urban transport systems and the global environment. It looks at the adoption of the car into lifestyles, the “mobilities turn, and how the car impacts collective and personal identities. The book examines car drivers themselves; their personalities, preferences, and personality disorders relevant to driving. The book looks at the role power, control, dominance, speed, and gender play, as well as the interrelationship between personal freedom and law enforcement. The book explores risk-taking behaviors as accidental death is a central element of car driving. The book addresses how interventions can be successful as well as which interventions are unlikely to work, and concludes with how a more sustainable transport future can be created based on emerging transport trends.
... Automobile culture is performed through specific practices. Specific driver cultures include, for instance, hot rodders, drag racers, and stock car racers, specifically in the United States (Franz, 2005), kortelliralli street racers in Helsinki (Vaaranen, 2004), historic car lovers-raggare-in Sweden (O'Dell, 2001), or "boy racers" in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Australia (Lumsden, 2013). Edensor (2004) describes the sounding of the horn as a signal for overtaking as custom in India, while Gillen (2016) highlights the importance of motorbikes in Vietnam (and many other countries in Asia). ...
... In some cases, this can result in forms of public shaming, as exemplified by the case of Swedish politicians driving "old and inefficient cars" (Box 7.3). The extent to which transport choices or driving behavior of celebrities, including politicians, shapes social norms is unknown; however, evidence suggests that linkages exist, also through movie characters (Vaaranen, 2004), but there is apparently no research investigating these interrelationships. ...
... A form of in-car community that has been discussed in great detail in the literature is cruising, i.e., a form of driving to pass time, in a mobile cocoon with friends or acquaintances. Cruising as a phenomenon is known throughout the world, including the United States (Best, 2006), the Nordic countries (Collin-Lange, 2013;Vaaranen and Wieloch, 2002;Vaaranen, 2004), and Australia (Armstrong and Steinhardt, 2006). As a form of "sociality in motion" (Brownlie et al., 2007), cruising is about in-car communities, as well as inter-car community. ...
Emotions underlie human behavior and have considerable relevance for automobility. This chapter discusses functions of emotions from (evolutionary) social psychology viewpoints and draws linkages to automobile culture. Considerable attention is paid to anxieties, which permeate the automotive system on a wide range of levels and have received limited attention in the literature so far. It is argued that anxieties have great relevance for car attachment, because they address fundamental needs, necessitating car travel—obesity, old age, and an insecure outside world all require automobility. As the automobile is an unsafe space in itself, anxieties related to risk exposure (accidents, car reliability) are regularly addressed in advertisements. This soothes, but also confirms fears, and results in growing car attachment. Emotions also have great relevance in other contexts, including anger, revenge, rebellion, and escape, which represent flight-fight-fright reactions. While this confirms that negative emotions can influence transport behavior, findings also suggest that these can arise out of neglect, abuse, and trauma. To understand and change (reckless) driver behavior requires consideration of the social conditions underlying and activating such behavior.
... Among the most devoted car lovers the vehicle becomes a fetish that, like ornaments, follows the master in any mission at any time (Vaaranen, 2004). The car, like the horse of a cowboy, is the shade that never leaves the man. ...
... These men have similar values as street-racing youths from other North European countries. Finnish youth subcultures have strong street-racing traditions, says the sociologist Heli Vaaranen (2004). ...
... Some young men and women, labelled lost 'outsiders' by mainstream middle-class youths, feel discriminated and stigmatized in their everyday lives (Vaaranen, 2004). This youth group doesn't get cultural recognition by the society and sticks to its own subcultural values and styles -e.g. the street-racing youth and other risk-taking drivers. ...
p> A bstract : This article, based on a research project on youth and car cultures in the Faroe Islands, describes and analyses the meaning, value and symbol given to cars and driving among young people today. The article focuses on leisure, social interaction and cultural identity in order to understand and define the position and role of the car among young people. The risk behaviour and attitude of drivers is investigated with these questions in mind: How do young people interpret their own risk behaviour? How do young people communicate experiences and information concerning the safety and danger of driving? The article aims to give a fresh view on a field that has been characterized by strong prejudiced societal condemnation of young people’s attitudes and behaviour.
Útrak
Hesin tekstur, ið hevur støði í granskingarverkætlan um ungdóm og bilmentan í Føroyum, lýsir og greinir meiningar, virði og symbol, ið ung geva bilum og bilkoyring í dag. Teksturin hyggur serliga at frítíðini, sosiala samskiftinum og mentanarliga samleikanum við tí fyri eyga at skilja og allýsa støðuna og leiklutin, ið bilurin hevur millum ung. Risiko-atferðin og hugburðurin hjá bil- førarum verða kannað við hesum spurningum í huga: Hvussu tulka ung sjálv sína risiko-atferð? Hvussu samskifta ung sínar royndir og sína vitan viðvíkjandi trygd og vanda í bilkoyring? Málið við tekstinum er at geva eina nýggja mynd av einum evni, ið hevur verið eyðkent av sterkari samfelagsligari fordøming av hugburði og atferð ungdómsins.</p
... Illegal motorcycle street racing is popular in Malaysia compared to illegal car racing as reported among developed countries. Illegal motorcycle street racing is dangerous and a public concern as it involves reckless and risky riding behaviour and illegal activities including snatching, anti-social behaviour, substance abuse, and spending time in nonorganized activities (Bina, Graziano, & Bonino, 2006 ;Falconer & Kingham, 2007;Ismail & Borhanuddin, 2009;Vaaranen, 2004;Vaaranen & Wieloch, 2002). Illegal motorcycle street racing involved the use of underbone motorcycles (Kapcai) on public roads. ...
... This behaviour is locally referred as 'merempit' and it is a form of risky behaviour among young men (or Mat rempit as locally refer to) in Malaysia. These mat rempit comprise of young men who are school leavers, unemployed and those who are still in school or college, or are already secured a job such as blue collar workers (Falconer & Kingham, 2007;Folkman, 2005;Leigh (1996;Vaaranen, 2004;Vaaranen & Wieloch, 2002). ...
... More than 50% of these teenagers are smokers, hang around and watch pornography. These findings are in accord with those of Vaaranen & Wieloch (2002), Folkman (2005), Falconer and Kingham (2007), Leigh (1996), andVaaranen (2004), who concluded that most street racers are predominantly young, working class males, often in blue collar jobs or unemployed although some have attended trade schools or technical colleges. Many have performed poorly in school and engaged in other risky activities, such as substance use, risky driving, and criminal activity (Falconer & Kingham, 2007;Vaaranen 2004;Vaaranen & Wieloch, 2002). ...
The prevalence of motorcycle street racing is increasing in Malaysia and has become a major public concern. As a major focus of the international studies were on illegal car racing overseas, and there are only a limited number of studies address illegal motorcycle street racing. Thus, this study aims to examine the high-risk activities of motorcycle street racers, their personality and the association of personality with aggressiveness. This cross-sectional study involved 138 at risk adolescents who were engaged in illegal motorcycle street racing. Data were collected using three validated questionnaires – Big Five Inventory to measure personality, Impulsive Sensation Seeking Scale to measure sensation seeking trait, and the Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire to assess aggressiveness. The results showed that the majority of the respondents were not only engaged in illegal street racing but also involved in other high-risk activities, such as pornography, illegal abortion, fighting, and gambling. Neuroticism and sensation seeking were found to be associated and were good predictors of the aggression domain, such as physical aggression and anger. However, only sensation seeking and neuroticism were good predictors for verbal aggression and the hostility domain. Hence, it is very important to understand their personality trait and level of aggression beforehand in order to develop a suitable programme for this special group of adolescents as well as to find ways to channel their sensation seeking behaviour or aggression to positive effect.
DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5s1p527
... In Sydney a high proportion of custom enthusiasts were young men, from migrant and/or working-class backgrounds. With high costs involved in customisation, single design elements were privileged (Vaaranen, 2004). Enhancing performance involves modifying engines, transmission, exhausts, brakes, and suspension, while`styling' a vehicle ö making it visually`sexy'ö involves respraying in unique colours and modifying interior components, including lighting, window tint, mirrors, gauges, and handles. ...
... It is within this largely`cultural' framing that urban car cultures have been researched previously: young people's social interactions (Thomas and Butcher, 2004); performances of masculinity (Vaaranen, 2004); driving habits and behaviours (Armstrong and Steinhardt, 2006;Carrabine and Longhurst, 2002); and moral panics surrounding young car enthusiasts and road safety issues (Fuller, 2007). Yet in four decades following Wolfe's (1963) gaze into California's custom-car scene, research has yet to fully engage with young people and their custom-car work as a form of creative activity. ...
... Once design concepts were finalised, participants planned production in distinct stages. Young car enthusiasts in urban spaces öparticularly young menöare said to be inclined to modify a vehicle's engine as a priority, in attempts to increase driving performance and acceleration (Thomas and Butcher, 2003;Vaaranen, 2004). But participants in this project varied in this, shifting production focus depending on tastes, skills, social capital, and financial circumstance. ...
This paper hitches a ride with young car enthusiasts to explore how their vehicles catalyse a unique form of vernacular creativity, in a seemingly imperilled industrial city setting. While television and print media regularly demonise young drivers for street racing and ‘hoon’ behaviour, this paper purposely adopts a different perspective, on circuits of production and qualitative aspects of the urban custom-car design scene that constitute forms of vernacular creativity. Beyond moral panics little is known about movements, networks, and linkages between custom cars, young enthusiasts, and urban spaces from which their activities emerge. Utilising responsive, in-depth ethnographic methods in Wollongong, Australia, this paper interprets custom-car design as vernacular creativity, valued by young people and located across unassuming and unheralded urban spaces. The possibility that custom-car designers possess skills that are assets for ‘blue-collar’ industrial cities is contrasted against a backdrop of wider discourses depicting such cities as economically vulnerable, as ‘victims’ of restructuring—and even ‘uncreative’. Insights relevant to future research on the politics of planning, creative industries, and class identities are also discussed.
... The available evidence suggests that it is predominantly young (age 16 to 25) males involved in the illegal street racing scene (Leigh, 1996; Peak & Glensor, 2004; Vaaranen & Wieloch, 2002; Warn et al., 2004), however the number of females attending events is increasing (Armstrong & Steinhardt, 2005). It appears that these are transitory activities, as most people do not continue to participate for more than two or three years (Leigh, 1996). ...
... Some respondents had spent $10,000 to $25,000 on their vehicles, and several thousand dollars in fines for traffic offences and vehicle defect notices (Leigh, 1996). This is in contrast to the Helsinki street racing scene, where " cruising club " boys were typically from working class families, had rarely completed secondary school, and took low-paying factory and construction jobs to finance their interest in cars (Vaaranen, 2004). ...
... Illegal street racing has received significant negative media attention in recent years, reflecting general public concern (Glensor & Peak, 2005; Knight, Cook, & Olson, 2004; Peak & Glensor, 2004; Vaaranen, 2004; Vaaranen & Wieloch, 2002; Warn, Tranter, & Kingham, 2004). For example, in an investigation undertaken by the Canadian Road Safety Monitor, it was found that the majority of respondents were concerned or extremely concerned about illegal street racing, and considered it a serious problem (Beirness, Mayhew, Simpson, & Desmond, 2004; Singhal, Simpson, Vanlaar, & Mayhew, 2006). ...
Street racing and associated (hooning) behaviours have attracted growing community concern in Australia, and internationally, over recent years. Governments have responded by introducing legislation designed to address the behaviours, and allocating significant police resources to managing the problem. All Australian states and territories, and New Zealand, have now implemented “anti-hooning” countermeasures, typically involving impounding the vehicles of offenders for increasing periods of time for subsequent offences, ultimately leading to forfeiture of the vehicle. For example, among other sanctions imposed, the vehicles of drivers charged with an offence under this legislation in Queensland are impounded for 48 hours for a first offence, three months after a second offence within three years, and may be forfeited to the state after a third offence within three years. Since the introduction of the legislation in November 2002 and until the end of 2006, 3,221 vehicles have been impounded for a period of 48 hours. A small number of vehicles have been impounded for a second (72, 2.2%), third (4, 0.1%) or fourth (1, 0.03%) hooning offence. Although most hooning offenders are young males, a group known to be over-represented in crash statistics, hooning offenders have not been profiled in a systematic way, and the possibility that sub-groups of drivers exist has not been explored. This paper aims to address these research needs to inform future research and management of "anti-hooning" legislation.
... In developing a contextualized approach to car crimes, the argument made here builds upon existing work, which has already studied car cultures, risk, age, class and gender from critical angles (Lupton 1999, Vaaranen 1999, Best 2006, Hatton 2007, Redshaw 2007, Lumsden 2013. Here we take a critical stance towards the framework of risk assessment, which is often taken as the foundation for how to deal with risky driving; in such approaches, clear-cut answers are chiselled out of quantitative measures, indicators and predictors. ...
... The connections between a workingclass masculinity, toughness and living a risk-taking life appear to have some explanatory value with reference to the greasers as well. The practices the greasers carry out with their motor vehicles are naturalized and even framed as desired acts constituting a (masculine) self within the greaser culture, where some elements correspond to what some car culture researchers have interpreted as related to class position (Vaaranen 1999, Hatton 2007. In our view, such an analysis falls short if spatiality is not taken into account. ...
... Turning to studies of car consumption we find that most have tended to adopt the subcultural approach rather than that of the tribal framework. Two cross cultural studies, in particular, have documented the practices of 'Raggare' culture in Sweden (O'Dell, 2001) and the Kortteliralli in Finland (Vaaranen and Wieloch, 2002;Vaaranen, 2004). The latter study revisits the CCCS approach to explain the practices of Finnish street racers as emotion fuelled opposition to their 'bitterly remembered' working class childhood. ...
... The latter study revisits the CCCS approach to explain the practices of Finnish street racers as emotion fuelled opposition to their 'bitterly remembered' working class childhood. Resembling other CCCS inspired studies, the existence of the Kortteliralli as a car centred collective was underplayed in favour of a theorisation of their practices as working class resistance against the bourgeois ways of consumption (Vaaranen, 2004). As Vaaranen and Wieloch (2002:92) argue "the affection felt for the cars unites these boys. ...
... While there is increasing recognition that adolescent problematic behaviours are associated with family-related variables, research examining problem behaviours such as motorcycle street racing remains limited. Studies investigating car racing have shown that most of those involved were from a lower to middle class background8910. Jessor and Jessor's Problem Behavior Theory proposes that problem behaviours manifest in a variety of interrelated deviant, norm-violating, or health-compromising behaviours and reflect a basic underlying propensity [11,12]. There were some well-publicized empirical studies that showed adolescent and early adult problem behaviour tends to co-occur with other risky or problematic behaviours such as excessive alcohol consumption , substance abuse and sexual activity [13,14]. ...
... It has also been suggested that men strive to express their masculinity through risky activity such as reckless driving [22]. Additionally, our recent qualitative investigation on a subsample of illegal motorcycle street racers (Wong LP: In-depth understanding of health risk behaviors and needs of illegal motorcycle racers in Malaysia, submitted) as well as other studies [9,10] also revealed that respect-and honor-seeking for being brave were among the identified characteristics of masculine identity associated with street racing. Considering the important theoretical and practical implication of masculinity in this context, sound research evidence is warranted in the unique phenomena of the illegal motorcycle racing in Malaysia. ...
This study sought to understand the factors associated with street racing among the illegal motorcycle racers in Malaysia or known as the "Mat Rempit".
Street outreach interviewer-administered surveys were conducted from June 2008 to January 2009 in this multi-state study.
A total of 2022 participants were surveyed, the mean ± SD age of the participants was 20.5 ± 3.4 years (age range: 12 to 35 years). Mean duration of street racing was 2.65(SD ± 1.77) years (range: 2 months to 12 years), with 50.1% and 35.8% reporting stunt riding and alcohol drinking while racing, respectively. With regard to risk behaviours, cigarette smoking was highly prevalent among the study participants (78.3%), followed by alcohol drinking (27.8%) and recreational drug use (18.8%). Participants scored high on the masculinity scale (15.7 ± 4.0 out of 21.0). The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that socio-demographic variables, risk behaviour and masculinity scores were associated with racing frequency.
Given these associations, tailoring family-centered interventions to the needs of the lower socio-economic groups and interventions recognizing the negative consequences of health risk behaviours related to street racing as an expression of traditional masculinity should be emphasized.
... It is also an activity that involves risky and aggressive driving (Vaaranen & Wieloch, 2002) that causes the perpetrator to violate social norms and values, and traffic regulations (D. Parker et al., 2000). Edwards (2001) noted that youths on motorcycles often perform dangerous actions on the road and act violently to the extent of harassing other road users, in addition to reckless driving and risky illegal behaviours such as snatching money, displaying aggressive behaviour, and frequently engaging with spontaneous activities (Bina et al., 2006;Falconer & Kingham, 2007;Ismail, R. & Burhanuddin, 2009;Vaaranen, 2004;Vaaranen & Wieloch, 2002). They also obstruct the traffic as they tend to gather at road intersections and perform various risky stunts that put them and others at risk (Ibrahim et al., 2015). ...
Illegal motorcycle street racing is a threat to civil society-it is a symbol of adolescents' inner rebellion who channelled their unfulfilled desire through aggressive behaviour on the road, causing significant social and economic impact. Aggressive behaviours have been associated with prohibited substances intake, lack of religious knowledge, problematic family structures, and school failure. In this qualitative study, abductive strategies oriented to phenomenological approaches were employed to assess two types of aggressive behaviour risk factors, which were substance abuse and problematic family structures. In-depth interviews were conducted with thirty people in Penang, Malaysia, who participated in illegal street racing, referred to as Mat Rempits. Their responses were analysed using the NVivo software version 12. The results demonstrate three subthemes to prohibited substances intake: to relieve stress, for personal enjoyment, and for racing purposes, whereby the drugs are taken before races for the riders to be more courageous, aggressive, and agile manoeuvring the motorcycles. Meanwhile, the risk factor of family problems includes divorced and conflicted parents, raised by violence, being neglected, and not being appreciated by the family. Most of the participants stated that growing up with violence caused a psychological impact on their soul, making them stubborn, rude, and aggressive. The results demonstrate the need for a specific intervention programme for the adolescent to reduce their involvement in illegal street racing and aggressive behaviour.
... interessen som et redskap for subkulturell selvhevdelse og gruppetilhørighet (Vaaranen og Wieloch, 2002;Vaaranen, 2004;Kwon, 2004;Armstrong og Steinhardt, 2006). I min pågående studie av rallykulturen ser jeg imidlertid en mer sammensatt forståelse av personer med bilsportinteresse enn hva tidligere studier gir uttrykk for. ...
Tidligere forskning på motorsportkulturer viser vanligvis et enhetlig bilde: en gruppe unge arbeiderklassemenn der aksepten av sosial eksklusjon blir en del av subkulturens tilblivelsesgrunn. På grunnlag av en studie av FIA World Rally Championship (WRC), argumenteres det i denne artikkelen for at rallykulturen utgjør et mer mangfoldig miljø. Med etnografisk materiale fra Rally Finland 2010 argumenteres det for at rallykulturen er sammensatt på grunnlag av ideer om «forestilt likhet», der narrativt engasjement er en nøkkel til gruppeintegrasjon. Konklusjonen er ikke at klassebakgrunn eller subkultur er fraværende som forklaringsfaktorer for kulturforståelse, men at hovedkriteriet for inkludering i rallykulturen er en ærlig interesse for sporten.
... Their interest in motor vehicles alone was not enough for them to be included in the category of greasers; it had to be accompanied by other aspects, such as connections to particular people and groups of friends as well. In this sense, my study does not diverge from other similar studies of male-dominated motor vehicle cultures, where women are assigned marginal, peripheral or supporting roles, even though they sometimes actively participate in the culture as drivers or car modifiers (Vaaranen 2004;Best 2005;Hatton 2007;Lumsden 2010;Balkmar 2012). ...
In this article I discuss how the experience of boredom becomes a vital part of the narratives and practices of a group of young greasers in a peri-urban community in Sweden. The ethnographic material originates from fieldwork carried out among the local ‘Volvo greasers’, aged between 15 and 19 years, at the local youth centre and the car park in a peri-urban community in Sweden in 2010. The aim of the article is to understand how place, personhood and social relations are intertwined in the greaser culture by introducing the concept of spatial boredom, which strives to illuminate the greasers' active engagement and negotiation with the experience of boredom. In light of this, the semantics of spatial boredom - the community's geographical placement as boring, reactive rather than active, static rather than dynamic - a symbolic link to femininity, domesticity, safety, routine and hence immanence is established. The orientation towards a ‘dangerous’, masculine-coded public space is reinforcing a split between both the feminine and the masculine and the public and the private.
... Yet the contradiction between "a politics of risk-management and a culture of risktaking" (Ferrell, 2011) and between "ideological forces that caution [individuals] to consume moderately" and "a contrary force [that] encourages individuals to 'let go,' and take risks" (Reith, 2005) also conditions a type of edgework that does not represent (the illusion of) pleasure or social progress. Drug use (Reith, 2004;, road rage (Vaaranen, 2004) and violence (Bengtsson, 2012) are examples of illegal edgework that may be said to represent the "underlying contradictions of late-modern consumer societies" (Reith, 2005) without necessarily enabling "pleasurable self-actualization" (Ferrell, 2011). ...
Aim
This article explores how young Danish drunk (and drug) drivers relate to the risk of driving under the influence (DUI).
Design
The study is based on qualitative interviews with 25 convicted drunk drivers who in 2010 participated in mandatory alcohol and traffic safety courses. The analysis follows Stephen Lyng's concept of “edgework”, focusing on volitional risk taking and its effect on the acting individual's self-identity.
Results
Drawing on the interviewees' accounts of being arrested for drunk driving, the analysis discusses three different categories of young drunk drivers. Those in the first category view a DUI arrest as a loss of control and a reminder of the risk of DUI. Those in the second present DUI as a reaction to what they perceive as untenable social demands. Those in the third see loss of control - such as causing a traffic accident - as the ultimate way of claiming control over their lives.
Conclusion
The study shows that young drunk drivers have different associations with DUI-related risks. The more constrained they feel in relation to society, the more likely it is that they will divorce negative experiences related to DUI such as being arrested or causing a traffic accident.
... Thus, although the construction of an appropriate form of masculine identity is regarded as a personal accomplishment, masculinities have an existence beyond the individual and are, primarily, a collective enterprise (Cormell, 2003). This collective enterprise is very evident from the various cohorts of boy racers from my research and also from those of Vaaranen's (2004) ethnographic study of the subculture of young male street racers in Helsinki. It is possible to draw many parallels between my own research and that of Vaaranen, particularly in relation to the social, cultural and academic backgrounds of the young men involved, their economic circumstances and their camaraderie. ...
... For example, at an Italian car show in St Andrews, Scotland, the Fiat Group " s presence was challenged by those belonging to other groups such as the Alfa Romeo group. A feeling of camaraderie and belonging was also evident in terms of their public performances on the roads and the reaction from other motorists to the modified car which can be viewed as a symbol of resistance against bourgeois means of consumption (see Vaaranen, 2004). Hence, as Gouldner (1973) notes in his critique of Becker, the labelling theory of deviance does not account for " underdogs " as rebellious or resistant to the status quo, which many members of the subculture and certain actions seemed to indicate. ...
This article contributes to debates regarding the issue of researcher partisanship and bias within social research and situates it within the current trend towards reflexivity. The discussion draws upon the researcher’s experiences of conducting fieldwork with the ‘boy racer’ culture and societal groups affected by their behaviour. In this instance, the researcher unintentionally sided with the ‘underdogs’ – the ‘boy racers’. Hence, it is argued that value neutrality is an impossible goal, particularly in research of a political nature. Social researchers will inevitably ‘take sides’ whether or not they are willing to admit so. The discussion also touches upon the prevalence of media culture in ethnographic research and the dilemmas faced when making our research public at key moments.
... Within the United States, car modification has its roots in the early days of automobility and has continued among several subcultures following World War II, such as hot rodders, drag racers and stock car racers (Franz, 2005). Car cultures which have recently been the focus of social scientific investigation include the kortelliralli street racers of Helsinki (Vaaranen, 2004), the raggare in Sweden (O'Dell, 2001) and Chicano Lowriders in the United States (Allard-Holtz, 1975; Bright, 1998; Vigil, 1991). 'Boy racers' have been an area of scrutiny in the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia 2 with scholars highlighting the link between working-class masculinity and participation (see Author, 2009a; Bengry-Howell and Griffin, 2007; Dawes, 2002; Falconer and Kingham, 2007; Hatton, 2005; Leigh, 1995). ...
This article explores the policing and regulation of young motorists known in the United Kingdom as ‘boy racers’. It demonstrates how police officers' definitional decisions in relation to driving behaviours were influenced by a range of exogenous and endogenous factors, which subsequently shaped the landscape of enforcement and interactions with the community and drivers. A shift over time in the nature of the problem due to urban regeneration, innovations in the technology of the motor car and the availability of anti-social behaviour legislation impacted upon the policing of urban space. The strategies employed in order to police the culture and the related urban space were reminiscent of a deeper policing tradition wherein managing incivilities and local problems is part of the community policing perspective. Data is presented from semi-structured interviews with police, residents and ‘boy racers’, and ethnographic fieldwork with the drivers in the city of Aberdeen, Scotland.
... The act of using the car for such activities is thought to be a means for achieving goals and accomplishments which may otherwise not be achievable. This may take the form of comparatively minor goals such as gaining social status (Vaaranen, 2004) or higher level concerns such as defining one's self concept (Møller, 2004) and progressing towards more control over one's life (Lupton & Tulloch, 2002). Likewise, it is arguable that the activities are socially constructed and socially reinforced. ...
Street racing can take the form of spontaneous one-to-one racing or highly organised
events, while "hooning" generally refers to activities such as burnouts or excessive
acceleration. Recent media reports have highlighted the potential for fatalities or injuries and the public nuisance caused by these behaviours. Subsequently, formal "anti-hooning"legislation has been passed in four Australian states and New Zealand. In the last two years since the introduction of Queensland’s 'anti-hoon' legislation, over 1500 vehicles have been impounded and over 4100 disturbance complaints registered. Official Queensland police reports have registered 169 ‘hooning’ or racing crashes involving 12-24 year olds in the period 1999-2004. Current research suggests those involved are typically young males aged between 16 and 25. The current investigation used a combination of focus groups, e-mail responses and message board feedback to conduct an examination of the experiences and perceptions of young people in regards to ‘hooning’ behaviour and legislative reforms. It is proposed that the results can be used to inform existing legislation and the assist in the development of interventions from both a youth and Queensland Police Service perspective.
This article focuses on girlhood in one of the youth subcultures of rural Sweden, EPA greasers. The EPA, a car that Swedes aged 15 and older can legally drive, is at the centre of EPA culture. In this uniquely and previously male Swedish youth greaser culture, there has been a recent increase in the number of Swedish girls driving EPAs. Previous research has shown how EPA culture and EPA girlhood are shaped through distancing from hegemonic urban and middle-class norms and ideology. In this article, we seek to develop an understanding of EPA culture, specifically the ways in which it has been adopted by girls. Starting out from their online performances, we will explore how place, femininity and resistance intersect. The findings demonstrate how EPA girls use a playful way of troubling norms in their online performances, understood here as space and outlet to resist and mess around with dominant discourses and prejudice. This can also be understood as a way of talking back to masculinity, the majority society and urbanity.
Wie können wir in der ethnografischen Forschung erlebte sinnliche Erfahrungen bewusst wahrnehmen und zur Erkenntnisgewinnung nutzen? Dieser Artikel liefert anhand des Beispiels Auto-Tuning einen Beitrag zur Diskussion um sinnliche Wahrnehmungen und materielle Kultur. Explorativ untersucht wird, wie die sinnlichen Wahrnehmungen des skatenden Forscherinnenkörpers mit den beobachtbaren Sinneswahrnehmungen der Auto-Tuner*innen zusammenhängen und welche Praktiken diese hervorbringen. Grundlage hierfür ist eine Beobachtung eines Auto-Tuning-Treffens in einem Skatepark. Es werden relevante methodische und theoretische Konzepte von sinnlicher Wahrnehmung und materieller Kultur skizziert und der praxistheoretische Ansatz als Zugang vorgestellt. Die sinnlichen Erfahrungen im wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisprozess werden reflektiert und die Care Praktik des Polierens sowie die Herstellung von Uniqueness über die sinnlichen und sozioemotionalen Beziehungen im Skatepark können aufgezeigt werden.
The article demonstrates how development of the car cultures in the city of Yakutsk, northeastern Russia, is facilitated by the proximity of Japan, where street racing and drift driving became popular through such outlets as the manga series, animation films, YouTube, and a blockbuster film, The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift. These influences, which arrived in Siberia from across the Sea of Japan and Hollywood, highlight the shifting geographies and multiple cultural entanglements of the technological advancements in the global space. Through these cultural engagements, young people in the city establish a different perception of the road, endowing it with heterotopic qualities. The article explores the heterotopia of the road in anthropology. Hétérotopie de la route : le drift en Sibérie Résumé Cet article démontre comment le développement des cultures automobiles à Iakoutsk, grande ville du nord‐est de la Russie, est facilité par la proximité du Japon, où les courses de rue et le drift sont devenus populaires à travers les mangas, les films d'animation, YouTube, et une superproduction sur grand écran : Fast & Furious : Tokyo Drift. Ces influences, arrivées en Sibérie par la mer du Japon et Hollywood, mettent en exergue les déplacements géographiques et la multiplicité des enchevêtrements culturels qui entourent les avancées technologiques dans l'espace mondial. À travers ces enchevêtrements culturels, la jeunesse de la ville développe une nouvelle perception de la route, lui conférant des qualités hétérotopiques. L'article se penche sur l'hétérotopie de la route en anthropologie.
Sammendrag
Med afsæt i teoretiske begreber om tilhør, social læring, sted,
heterotopia og modstand viser artiklen, hvordan en lille gruppe
unge mænd fortæller om deres liv henholdsvis inden for og uden for
en skolekontekst. Formålet med artiklen er at vise, hvordan unges
aktiviteter og erfaringer uden for skolen (relateret til biler)
kan være med til at understøtte faglige, maskuline, voksenidentitetsudviklinger,
der bygger bro mellem hverdagsliv og uddannelse. De unge mænd er
alle placeret i uddannelsesforløb som smed eller automekaniker i
et praktikcenter på en erhvervsskole. Det metodiske greb, artiklen
bygger på, har etableret en kollektiv ramme, hvor de unge mænd forholder
sig til og bearbejder fælles sociale vilkår og muligheder i relation
til uddannelse og ungdomsliv.
Young men’s risk-taking with motor vehicles regularly generates public debate as a traffic safety issue, often resulting in various policy suggestions, such as curfews or raising of the driving licence age. This article is based on an ethnographic study of the ‘Volvo greasers’, young men and women aged 15 to 19, in a peri-urban community in Sweden. The focus is particularly on the greasers’ risk-taking practices with motor vehicles, such as speeding and drifting. In order to understand how the greasers’ risktaking with vehicles is manifested, talked about and practised, the article critically engages with the contexts of the risk-taking practices and their effects at both the material and the discursive levels. Through contextualization as an analytical tool, a situated concept of risk-taking is developed, which illustrates how intersecting norms and conceptions around age, gender, class and place are practised at the local level. The aim is to explore the greasers’ risk-related talk and practices through the notion of ‘control’: how different activities, practices and recountings of particular situations together function to control vehicles, the narrative around risk-taking and the emotions involved. I argue that the foregrounding of these controlling practices in the greaser culture legitimates a lack of care for oneself and others, which constructs the greaser men as not only carefree, but also careless. Consequently, I suggest that an approach to risk-taking practices as a kind of violation would be beneficial, due in part to their potentially harmful consequences and in part to the construction of careless men as a consequence of the controlling practices. © 2014 The Nordic Association for Research on Men and Masculinities.
Although illegal (motorcycle) street racing is alarming, little is known about the age, educational and psychological characteristics of these illegal (motorcycle) street racers (mat rempit). Therefore, the aim of this research is to examine the age, educational and selected psychological characteristics of mat rempit in Malaysia. This cross-sectional research was carried out with 197 mat rempit who participated in the Centre for Empowering Youth (Pusat Pemerkasaan Remaja—PERKASA) intervention program. A set of survey questionnaire which comprises of demographic information and measure of sensation seeking and self-esteem were administered. The correlation analysis and a series of one-way ANOVAs were carried out. The correlation analyses showed that there was a strong positive correlation between sensation seeking and global sensation. While impulsivity was strongly correlated with global sensation, impulsivity was having low positive correlation with mild offence. The ANOVA analysis showed that there was no significant difference on sensation seeking, impulsivity, global sensation, self-esteem based on different age groups. However, the only significant difference was reported on impulsivity based on education level differences. Further analysis with Tukey post hoc test showed that the significant difference on impulsivity was found between primary education group and upper secondary education group. The strong correlation between sensation seeking and global sensation has the potential to guide researchers in treating these constructs for future research. Knowledge on educational differences has the potential to facilitate understanding of impulsivity among mat rempit in Malaysia context.
DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n1s1p96
Despite social researchers directing a great deal of attention to methodolog- ical and theoretical arguments relating to bias and partisanship, and the reflexive turn within the social sciences, explicit reflections of the opera- tion and experience of these in criminological research have been scarce. In a sense, partisanship is frequently presented as if it needed little support- ing argument and is discussed in ways that cover over controversial issues. These arguments are not taken seriously by social researchers because they are seen to have been undercut by developments in the philosophy and soci- ology of science (Hammersley 2000). According to Hammersley (2000, 11): ‘Nor do we find, in the literature on researcher partisanship, explicit value arguments about what goals research ought to serve. Instead, ‘“whose side to be on” is treated as a foregone conclusion, as if the world were made up of “goodies” and “baddies’”. However, when conducting ethnographic research on deviant or criminal cultures the researcher can be required to balance the interests of powerful or elite groups with those of the less powerful or the ‘underdogs’ (Gouldner 1973). Thus, it is essential that the criminologist is visible in the text in order to ensure that he/she does not exploit his/her authorial position (Brewer 2000). According to Devine and Heath (1999), the best way to proceed is not to pretend to be value neutral, but to be hon- est about one’s own perspectives and beliefs on any given research topic and then seek to represent the data in as objective a way as possible.
This article grapples with the ethical dilemmas of youth research, and more specifically ‘edgework’, via an experiential account of fieldwork with ‘boy racers’ in Aberdeen, Scotland. ‘Edgework’ is ethically problematic for those who wish to conduct fieldwork with youths. By engaging in ‘edgework’, researchers can find themselves unwittingly drawn into the deviant activities of youths, as deviance slowly becomes the norm through prolonged immersion in their social world. ‘Edgework’ also blurs the line between insider and outsider status, threatening the researcher’s ability to step back from the field and critically reflect on their experiences. Furthermore, the experiential aspect of the ‘edgework’ method is called to the fore since the researcher’s experiences of risky behaviours (in terms of discomfort) differed from those of the researched (in terms of pleasure).
This Ph.D. thesis explores the automobility of Icelandic novice drivers from a geographical point of view. Automobility, its system and its regime, has recently been subject to intense discussions among scientists in different fields, ranging from sociology to urban studies. The debates have focused on the importance of cars in current societies, gender issues related to car use, or simply the amount of space dedicated to cars in cities. This thesis will address in particular how young people enter the systemic regime of automobility and how this entry reflects how the system perpetuates itself. In terms of automobility, Iceland is an interesting case, as it is one of the countries in the world with one of the highest rates of car ownership per capita. Car use in Iceland is extensive and young people are not an exception. The high level of car use ties in with a previous planning decision: the transport system of the Capital area of Iceland has been shaped almost exclusively for and by cars. Yet, there are further reasons.
In examining the case of Icelandic young drivers, this thesis explores current and potential theoretical ventures in automobility. It explores the social and cultural structuring upon which the local systemic regime of automobility in Iceland hinges. It first presents the results of a survey submitted to young drivers in Iceland and analyses their responses. The results of the survey show that young people in Iceland use cars extensively. Second, it explores in detail a particular activity – car cruising, or rúntur in Icelandic – which has particular cultural and social significance for young drivers in Iceland. By looking at the rúntur, the thesis also analyses how young peoples’ participation in car cruising allows individuals to integrate themselves in and cope with the systemic regime of automobility in Iceland, thus elucidating some of the cultural and social elements behind their high level of car ownership and use.
This paper explores how car use of novice drivers impacts their perceptions of space and spatial practices. A survey submitted to Icelandic novice drivers and the author’s personal experience of obtaining the drivers licence constitute the ground basis for this paper. In their responses, many of the young people who answered the survey pointed out that their car use was an adaptation to the conditions in which they found themselves: a pervasively car-oriented transport system. Their car use is also symptomatic of how they approach their own automobility and spatiality. The present paper concurs with current discussions of automobility and approaches it as a regime. The author argues, however, that one’s integration into the regime of automobility is an expression of human territoriality. This paper also shows that automobility should be considered as phases during which one’s individual motility is maximised according to the structural and social environments in which the individual finds him or herself. Finally this paper calls for a greater considerations about youth within the field of mobilities.
Car cruising is a common phenomenon around the globe. In Iceland, the activity
is a major assimilative sociocultural phenomenon for young people and especially for
novice drivers. This article documents car cruising in Iceland and contextualizes it within discussions
of automobility. It is based on semi-structured, ‘on the move’ interviews taken with
people during cruising. Participants were also asked to take pictures of their cruising activities.
It seems that car cruising is an opportunity for young people to integrate themselves into
the systemic regime of automobility. This shows the importance of socialities when it comes
to individual practices and expressions of automobility, but also the structuring role of those
socialities. The paper also elucidates how that activity impacts upon spaces. It demonstrates
that it is intimately connected with human territoriality, or how young drivers appropriate
and influence the spaces and places of automobility and ultimately contribute to their production
and reproduction, thus sustaining the systemic regime of automobility.
This study examined the prevalence and correlates of street racing among adolescents derived from the 2009 Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey (OSDUHS), an epidemiological survey of students in Ontario, Canada.
The key response variable, self-reported street racing in past year, was examined in relation to grade level, rural/urban, school marks, cannabis use, drinking and driving, cannabis use and driving, and property, physical, drugs, and weapons delinquencies. All survey estimates were weighted, and variance and statistical tests were corrected for the complex sampling design.
Of the 3053 9th- to 12th-graders (66% response rate), 5.6 percent of high-schoolers (an estimated 42,000 in the province) and (20.4% of grade 11 and 12 students with an advanced-level or full license) reported driving a car, truck, or sport utility vehicle (SUV) in a street race in the 12 months before the survey. Logistic regression analysis of the advanced-level or fully licensed students in grades 11 and 12 found that males compared to females and students in grade 11 compared to students in grade 12 had significantly higher adjusted odds of street racing. Supportive of problem behavior theory, students who reported property and drug delinquencies compared to students not engaging in these delinquencies also had significantly higher adjusted odds of street racing.
This first population-based study in North America suggested that the prevalence of street racing at 1 in 5 of advanced or fully licensed high-schoolers in grades 11 and 12 poses significant public health concerns, especially related to the potential for unintentional injury.
This paper discusses female participation in the male-dominated \'boy racer\' culture. Little is known about girls who join male-dominated subcultures while studies of car cultures have tended to describe girls as peripheral participants and emphasise the link between the car and masculinity. Hence this paper provides an analysis of \'girl racers\'; those drivers who are active participants in the \'racer\' culture through their positioning in the \'driver\'s seat\'. Gender is understood as \'performative\' and Connell\'s notions of \'hegemonic masculinity\' and \'emphasized femininity\' frame the analysis. For the \'girl racers\', \'doing gender\' involved negotiating a complex set of norms while reconciling the competing discourses of the masculine \'racer\' scene and femininity. In order to be viewed as authentic participants, females were required to act like \'one of the boys\' through their style of dress, driving, language and attitudes. They internalised the gender norms of the culture rather than resisting them explicitly, for fear of being excluded from the group. However, the feminine ways in which they modified their cars allowed them to retain an element of femininity within the world of \'boy racers\'. Thus, \'girl racers\' resourcefully negotiated their way through the culture by employing a combination of complex strategies involving compliance, resistance and cooperation with the masculine values of the group. Findings are presented from participant observation, semi-structured and ethnographic interviews with members of the \'racer\' culture in Aberdeen, Scotland, and semi-structured interviews with members of \'outside\' groups.
To review: (1) the extent and frequency of street racing and its consequences; (2) the characteristics of street racers; (3) explanatory theories for street racing; (4) the legal issues; and (5) the best methods of preventing street racing.
Review of academic and other literature.
Very limited official statistics are available on street racing offenses and related collisions, in part because of the different jurisdictional operational definitions of street racing and the ability of police to determine whether street racing was a contributing factor. Some data on prevalence of street racing have been captured through social surveys and they found that between 18.8 and 69.0 percent of young male drivers from various international jurisdictions have reported street racing. Moreover, street racing is found to be associated with other risky behaviors, substance abuse, and delinquent activities. The limited evidence available on street racing suggests that it has increased in the last decade.
Street racing is a neglected research area and the time has come to examine the prevalence and causes of street racing and the effectiveness of various street racing countermeasures.
From sexual fantasies to holidays this marvellous book charts our escape attempts. In a series of dazzling commentaries the authors reveal the ordinary and extraordinary ways in which we seek to defy the despair of the breakfast table and the office But the book is much more than a first-rate cartography of everyday life. It crackles with important theoretical insights about how 'normality' is managed. This fully revised edition contains a superb new introduction, 'Life After Postmodernism', which exposes the conceits of the postmodernist adventure and which should be required reading for anyone interested in making sense of everyday life. © 1976, 1992 Stanley Cohen and Laurie Taylor. All rights reserved.
While there seems to be general agreement among members of contemporary American society about the value of reducing threats to individual well-being, there are may who actively seek experiences that involve a high potential for personal injury or death. High-risk sports such as hang gliding, skydiving, scuba diving, rock climbing, and the like have enjoyed unprecedented growth in the past several decades even as political institutions in Western societies have sought to reduce the risks of injury in the workplace and elsewhere. The contradiction between the public agenda to reduce the risk of injury and death and the private agenda to increase such risks deserves th attention of sociologists. A literature review is presented that points to a number of shortcomings in existing studies, most of which are associated with the psychological reductionism that predominates in this area of study. An effort is made to provide a sociological account of voluntary risk taking by (1) introducing a new classifying concept- edgework-based on numerous themes emerging from primary and secondary data on risk taking and (2) explaining edgework in terms of the newly emerging social psychological perspective produced from the synthesis of the Marxian and Meadian frameworks. The concept of edgework highlights the most sociologically relevant features of voluntary risk taking, while the connections between various aspects of risk-taking behaviour and structural characteristic of modern American society at both the micro and macro levels. This approach ties together such factors as political economic variables, at one end of the continuum, and individual sensations and feelings, at the other end.
This book deals with class not as a matter of dollars or statistics but as a matter of emotions. Richard Sennett and Jonathan Cobb isolate the “hidden signals of class” through which today’s blue-collar worker measures his own value against those lives and occupations to which our society attaches a special premium. The authors uncover and define the internal, emotionally hurtful forms of class difference in America now becoming visible with the advent of the “affluent” society.
Perceiving our society as one that judges a human being against an arbitrary scale of “achievement,” that recognizes not a diversity of talents but a pyramid of them, and accords the world’s best welder less respect than the most mediocre doctor, the authors concentrate on the injurious game of “achievement” and self-justification that result.
Examining intimate feelings in terms of a totality of human relations within and among classes and looking beyond, though never ignoring, the struggle for economic survival, The Hidden Injuries of Class takes a step forward in the sociological “critique of everyday life.” The authors are critical both of the claim that workers are melting into a homogenous society and of the attempt to “save” the worker for a revolutionary role along conventional socialist lines. They conclude that the games of hierarchical respect we currently play will end in a fratricide in which no class can emerge the victor; and that true egalitarianism can be achieved only by rediscovering diverse concepts of human dignity to substitute for the rigidly uniform scale against which Americans are now forced to judge one another- and validate themselves.
Investigation into subcultures seems to be progressively vanishing from the landscape of cultural studies. Since the work of the Center of Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) in Birmingham in the 1970s and 1980s, we have seen the dramatic rise of virtual communities as mediated through ever- expanding global lines of communication ; in the field of social science, the practice of categorization has been increasingly criticized due to the influence of deconstructio nism; and somewhere between history and social thought there has been the gradual disappearance of class as a social construct. For example, when considering the relationship between gender and age within the field of criminology, James Messerschmidt has replaced the notion of 'class' with 'position in social structures' in his 1993 analyses on masculinities and crime. And in 1996, authors Jan Pakulski and Malcolm Waters went so far as to proclaim The Death of Class. As a result, identity as a topic of study has been increasingly represented as fluid and contextual, unbound by geographical space, relation to production, or social standing. This paper represents a revisit of the Birmingham approach to the study of subcultures in an investigation into the Finnish phenomenon of street racing; an underground practice of engineering, illegal racing of automobiles, and cruising on the streets of Helsinki. And true to the tradition of the CCCS, the subject is practiced as oppositional by young, working class males. To emphasize our revisit to the Birmingham approach, we use the notion of class, and define it by the criteria of education and occupational role. The Cruising Club boys spent 9 years in comprehensive school and 1 to 3 years
This ethnography is about life in a small south Texas town painfully undergoing cultural and political change since the late 1960s. Since its inception, the Chicano civil rights movement has challenged local vestiges of racial segregation, and confrontation between Mexicanos and Anglos has created new tensions for the town's youth. This book examines how youth are changing a segregated social order and American society. It also explores how they learn a materialistic culture that is intensely competitive, individualistic, and unegalitarian. This "capitalist culture" of classist, racist, and sexist practices limits the impulse of the civil rights movement to create a more open democratic culture. High schools are sites for popular culture practices that stage or reproduce social inequality. Based on fieldwork in the early 1970s and subsequent periodic visits through 1987, this ethnography presents life in high school through the eyes of Mexican American and Anglo youth, portraying how they experience football, teachers, classroom activities, status groups, dating, and race relations. The final chapter revisits many former students as young adults; examines the upward social mobility of the Mexicano working class; and reflects on change and resistance to change in race relations, the role of communication and miscommunication in community life, and the need to rebuild a sense of community. Appendices include an essay "A Performance Theory of Cultural Reproduction and Resistance" that synthesizes Marxist class theory with ideas about communication from critical theory, symbolic interactionism, and sociolinguistics; field methods, narrative style, and hermeneutic interpretation; and data tables on social class and educational mobility. Contains 200 references and an index. (Author/SV)
Goliath: Britain's dangerous places. London: Methuen. Central Organization for Traffic Safety Finland A review of road accident statistics
- Beatrix Campbell
Campbell, Beatrix. 1993. Goliath: Britain's dangerous places. London: Methuen.
Central Organization for Traffic Safety Finland. 2003. A review of road accident statistics, 1998-2002.
Report, August 12.
Nuorten kovavauhtiset liikenneonnettomuudet 1996-1998
- Helinä Salmi
- Heikki Summala
Salmi, Helinä, and Heikki Summala. 1998. Nuorten kovavauhtiset liikenneonnettomuudet 1996-1998
[Youths' speeding accidents 1996-1998].
Lähiö: Tutkimus elämäntapojen muutoksesta [The suburb: A study in the social change of everyday life
- Matti Kortteinen
Kortteinen, Matti. 1982. Lähiö: Tutkimus elämäntapojen muutoksesta [The suburb: A study in the social
change of everyday life].
Korkeakoulutuksen kasvu, lohkoutuminen ja eriarvoisuus Suomessa [The growth, division and unequality of university education
- Arto Nevala
Nevala, Arto. 1999. Korkeakoulutuksen kasvu, lohkoutuminen ja eriarvoisuus Suomessa [The growth, division and unequality of university education].
10. See Vaaranen and Wieloch's (2002, 48-50) discussion on music equipment in street-racing cars. 11. This "practical parenthood" reminded me of the work of feminist author Audre Lorde
- Stephen Lyng
Stephen Lyng (1998) found this characteristic also in individuals involved in extreme mountain climbing and rock climbing. "A common pattern among risk takers is to increase the risk of dangerous activities artificially by incapacitating themselves in various ways," Lyng (1990, 861) borrows from his main report
"Edgework."
10. See Vaaranen and Wieloch's (2002, 48-50) discussion on music equipment in street-racing cars.
11. This "practical parenthood" reminded me of the work of feminist author Audre Lorde (quoted in
Clough 1994, 98) who pointed out that sometimes survival is the best gift a parent can give his or her offspring
and that sometimes tenderness gets lost in the process.
- Stephen Lyng
Lyng, Stephen. 1990. Edgework. American Journal of Sociology 95 (4): 851-86.
Programme for International Student Assessment
- Finland Joensuu
Joensuu, Finland: University of Joensuu.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2000. Programme for International
Student Assessment. Retrieved June 6, 2004 from http://www.pisa.oecd.org/knowledge/home/intro.htm.