Norms on the gender perception of role nouns in Czech, English, French, German, Italian, Norwegian, and Slovak

Abstract

We collected norms on the gender stereotypicality of an extensive list of role nouns in Czech, English, French, German, Italian, Norwegian, and Slovak, to be used as a basis for the selection of stimulus materials in future studies. We present a Web-based tool (available at https://www.unifr.ch/lcg/ ) that we developed to collect these norms and that we expect to be useful for other researchers, as well. In essence, we provide (a) gender stereotypicality norms across a number of languages and (b) a tool to facilitate cross-language as well as cross-cultural comparisons when researchers are interested in the investigation of the impact of stereotypicality on the processing of role nouns.

Full text

Norms on the gender perception of role nouns in Czech,
English, French, German, Italian, Norwegian, and Slovak
Julia Misersky &Pascal M. Gygax &Paolo Canal &Ute Gabriel &Alan Garnham &
Friederike Braun &Tania Chiarini &Kjellrun Englund &Adriana Hanulikova &
Anton Öttl &Jana Valdrova &Lisa Von Stockhausen &Sabine Sczesny
#Psychonomic Society, Inc. 2013
Abstract We collected norms on the gender stereotypicality
of an extensive list of role nouns in Czech, English, French,
German, Italian, Norwegian, and Slovak, to be used as a basis
for the selection of stimulus materials in future studies. We
present a Web-based tool (available at https://www.unifr.ch/
lcg/) that we developed to collect these norms and that we
expect to be useful for other researchers, as well. In essence,
we provide (a) gender stereotypicality norms across a number
of languages and (b) a tool to facilitate cross-language as well
as cross-cultural comparisons when researchers are interested
in the investigation of the impact of stereotypicality on the
processing of role nouns.
Keywords Gender stereotypes .Norms .Role nouns .
Occupations .Language
Thoughts and conceptual categorizations, as well as their
relation to language, have long been studied and debated in
cognitive psychology (e.g., Phillips & Boroditsky, 2003;
Slobin, 1996). Within this domain, the mental representation
of gender has been of particular interest, since research has
revealed its reliance on both properties of the language, such
as grammatical gender, and perceivers’concepts, such as
stereotypes (e.g., Carreiras, Garnham, Oakhill, & Cain, 1996;
Gygax, Gabriel, Sarrasin, Oakhill, & Garnham, 2008;Stahlberg,
Braun, Irmen, & Sczesny, 2007). Research that aims at
disentangling the impacts of these sources can greatly profit
from cross-linguistic and/or cross-cultural comparisons. To
facilitate such research, in the present study we had two
objectives:
First, we provide norms on the gender stereotypicality (or
conceptual gender) of an extensive number of role nouns in
seven European languages. These norms will enable
researchers to take gender associations into account when
selecting stimulus materials, especially for cross-linguistic or
cross-cultural studies. Second, we present a Web-based tool that
we developed for the collection of these norms in different
languages. This tool takes into account cross-linguistic
J. Misersky :P. M. G y g a x (*)
Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Rue de Faucigny
2, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
e-mail: pascal.gygax@unifr.ch
P. Canal :A. Garnham
University of Sussex, Brighton, England, UK
U. Gabriel :K. Englund :A. Öttl
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim,
Norway
F. Braun
University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
T. Chiarini :J. Valdrova
University of Budweis, Budweis, Czech Republic
A. Hanulikova
University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
L. Von Stockhausen
University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg-Essen, Germany
S. Sczesny
University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Behav Res
DOI 10.3758/s13428-013-0409-z

variations in with the way that the gender of nouns with human
referents is grammatically encoded, so that equivalent
procedures can be used with each language. More specifically,
a questionnaire design was created that can be used despite such
variations. As we outline below, the existence of grammatical
gender in some languages, but not others, had implications for
the questionnaire format used in this study. As a side effect, the
tool can easily be extended for use with further languages. We
believe that this tool will, therefore, be a valuable resource for
researchers in various psychological disciplines who wish to
systematically collect norms for different languages and/or
from specific populations, for future studies.
Grammatical gender refers to a type of noun
classification. In relation to this classification, most
European languages can be assigned to one of the following
four categories (Braun, Oakhill, & Garnham, 2011):
grammatical gender (e.g., French), combination of
grammatical and natural gender (e.g., Norwegian), natural
gender (e.g., English), and genderless (e.g., Finnish). In
grammatical-gender languages, nouns are classified for
gender. For inanimate nouns, the assignment of a
grammatical gender is arbitrary. However, for nouns that refer
to humans, grammatical gender agrees to a large extent with
the referents’biological gender (e.g., “lamusicienne”fvs.
“lemusicien”m). In natural-gender languages, there is no
classification of nouns, but a distinction appears in personal
pronouns (e.g., “the musician . . . she”vs. “the musician . . .
he”), and in genderless languages (e.g., Finnish “muusikko . .
.hän”), neither nouns nor pronouns are marked to indicate a
human referent’s biological gender.
Although grammatical gender is a device that can reflect
the gender of a human noun referent, it does not always do so.
More specifically, since some grammatical-gender languages
do not have a word class of “both genders”or “irrelevant
gender,”one grammatical gender typically serves this function
(e.g., masculine, or less frequently feminine, forms are used
generically). This twofold use of one grammatical word class
(masculine nouns referring to males vs. masculine nouns
referring to a person whose sex is unknown or irrelevant or
to a group composed of both sexes) results in semantic
ambiguity, which in turn is typically resolved to the
disadvantage of women (Gygax et al., 2012;Gygax,
Gabriel, Sarrasin, Garnham, & Oakhill, 2009). Using only
the masculine form in grammatical-gender languages when
assessing the conceptual properties of role nouns, such as their
gender stereotypicality, is therefore misleading, since it may
increase the representation of men in the examined
occupations or social activities (Gabriel, Gygax, Sarrasin,
Garnham, & Oakhill, 2008). As a consequence, in our
questionnaire all role nouns are presented in both the
masculine and feminine forms in grammatical-gender
languages and are lexically specified for gender in natural-
gender and genderless languages.
Gender stereotypicality refers to generalized beliefs or
expectations about whether a specific (social or occupational)
role is more likely to be held by one gender or the other. The
relatively automatic reliance on stereotypes when reading role
nouns has been shown in many studies, in social psychology
(e.g., Banaji & Hardin, 1996)aswellaspsycholinguistics
(e.g., Oakhill, Garnham, & Reynolds, 2005). However,
although stereotype information has strong implications for
the mental representation of role nouns in natural-gender or
genderlesslanguages (such as English),its role is under debate
in the literature on grammatical-gender languages (e.g.,
Carreiras et al., 1996;Gygaxetal.,2008;Irmen&
Kurovskaja, 2010). In fact, though the sequence of activation
of grammatical cues and stereotype information is still not
clear (see Irmen, 2007, for an interesting proposition), it is
generally agreed that stereotype information is always
activated. Therefore, any investigation of the mental
representation of gender, regardless of the language’s
grammatical gender status, requires that stereotype norms be
collected.
Regrettably, procedures have varied considerably across
languages and studies, thus rendering it difficult to compare
the results of the studies and their interpretations. For
example, Carreiras et al. (1996) collected norms by asking
participants to indicate the likelihood that a man or a woman
would carry out the role presented. A total of 120
occupational nouns were rated by 30 English-speaking
participants on an 11-point Likert scale (1 = strongly male to
11 = strongly female). A total of 16 Spanish speakers were
asked to rate a total of 200 nouns. The Spanish role nouns
were also rated on an 11-point scale, albeit one presented in
the reverse direction (0 = strongly female to 10 = strongly
male). In a pretest to their reading study investigating
grammatical gender and gender representation, Irmen and
Kurovskaja (2010) asked 30 German-speaking participants
to rate role nouns according to their typicality on a 7-point
Likert scale (1 = typically female to 7 = typically male). Their
list included 63 occupational role nouns, which were
presented in the masculine and feminine forms. In Finnish,
Pyykkönen, Hyönä, and van Gompel (2010)asked20
participants to rate 124 occupational nouns in terms of
masculinity and femininity on a 7-point Likert scale (1 =
extremely masculine to 7 = extremely feminine). Kennison
and Trofe (2003) collected data to establish a set of stereotype
norms for 405 role nouns. They presented the list of role nouns
to their 80 English-speaking participants and asked them to
estimate the likelihood that these would represent a woman,
man, or both. It was further stressed that participants should
give their own opinions. Scale direction was manipulated, and
participants were presented with a version of the questionnaire
either with 1 corresponding to mostly female and 7 to mostly
male (Version 1), or with the reversed order in Version 2 (i.e.,
1=mostly male to 7 = mostly female). Although no order
Behav Res

effect was apparent in this study, more recently, Gabriel et al.
(2008), using a similar design, did find an order effect by
reversing scale direction. In their study, Gabriel et al. collected
role noun norms for 126 nouns (most of which were from
Kennison & Trofe, 2003) in English, French, and German.
They presented the nouns along with an 11-point scale (from
0%women and 100 % men to 100 % women and 0 % men,
with 10 % incremental increases), and the participants had to
respond by rating the extent to which the presented social and
occupational groups actually consisted of women and men.
An additional aspect of the Gabriel et al. study was the use of
four versions of the questionnaire: the role noun in the
feminine form on the left and the role noun in the masculine
form on the right (Version I); the role noun in the masculine
form on the left and the role noun in the feminine form on
the right (Version II); the role noun only in the masculine
form (i.e., generic) on the left (Version III); or the role
noun only in the masculine form (i.e., generic) on the right
(Version IV). Participants given Version I estimated that
more women filled the roles, relative to those who saw
Version II. Importantly, the effect was stable across all the
languages in terms of reading direction (i.e., we read from
left to right in all three languages tested) and an anchoring
effect on the first role noun read.
Though all of the procedures presented above have
provided researchers with legitimate data on which to base
their subsequent experiments, the diversity of these
procedures (i.e., questionnaires and rating scales of various
types) forces us to consider cross-linguistic studies and
comparisons of the languages tested with caution. This is not
to say that such comparisons are unreasonable, or cannot
provide useful insights, but we believe that a standardized
procedure for collecting stereotype norms across languages
and research teams is central to extending and interpreting
results appropriately across studies.
In this article, we offer a possible solution to this issue, by
providing (a) recent norms on up to 422 role nouns
(depending on the language), collected across seven
languages, using a standard procedure based on those
discussed above; as well as (b) a Web-based platform for
researchers to use when collecting norms for use in future
studies on all matters related to the representation of gender
and stereotypes.
Method
Participants
Overall sample A total of 1,663 participants contributed to
this study. The data of 255 participants were removed because
they were not native speakers of the target languages (N=
107), were not students (N= 126), or did not comply with the
instructions (N= 22). The remaining 1,408 participants’data
were used for further analysis.
Czech-speaking sample The data from 72 participants (six
male, 66 female) with an age range from 19 to 30 years (M
=21.57,SD = 2.05) were collected at the University of
Budweis (Czech Republic). All participants were offered an
entry in a prize draw for filling in the questionnaire.
English-speaking sample The data from 281 participants (42
male, 238 female, and one not specified) were collected at the
University of Sussex (Brighton, UK). Participants’ages
ranged from 18 to 51 years old (M=20.37,SD =4.39).
The students received course credits for participation.
French-speaking sample A group of 65 French-speaking
participants from Switzerland (17 male, 48 female) with an
age range from 18 to 44 years (M=21.11,SD = 3.28) were
recruited at the University of Fribourg (French-speaking part
of Switzerland). The students received course credit for
participation.
German-speaking sample A group of 70 German-speaking
participants from Germany (ten male, 58 female, and two
other/not specified) were recruited, mainly
1
at the Free
University of Berlin (N= 44), and the University of
Duisburg-Essen (N= 15). Students participated without
compensation at both universities. Participants’ages ranged
from 21 to 34 years old (M=24.23,SD =2.95).
Italian-speaking sample A group of 800 Italian participants
(247 male, 553 female) were recruited at the Universities of
Padova and Modena (Italy). Participants’ages ranged from 18
to 64 years old (M=22.86,SD =4.15);theyreceivedno
compensation.
Norwegian-speaking sample A group of 60 participants (14
male, 46 female) were recruited at the Norwegian University
of Science and Technology in Trondheim and participated
without compensation. Participants’ages ranged from 19 to
52 years old (M=24,SD =6.56).
Slovak-speaking sample A group of 60 participants (nine
male, 51 female) were recruited at Constantine the
Philosopher University in Nitra (Slovakia) and participated
voluntarily. The participants’ages ranged from 18 to 41 years
old (M=22.48,SD =3.23).
1
Two of the German students were from the University of Fribourg
(Switzerland), one from the University of Düsseldorf (Germany), one
from the Hochschule Zittau (Germany), one from the Technische
Universität Dresden (Germany), one from Humboldt-Universität
(Germany), and five students did not specify their affiliations.
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Questionnaire and design
On the basis of previous norming studies (Gabriel et al., 2008;
Kennison & Trofe, 2003) and of brainstorming sessions and
trawls of dictionaries, 422 English role nouns were selected
that were likely to have equivalent words across all or most of
the tested languages. The questionnaire was administered in
seven languages: Czech (grammatical gender), English
(natural gender), French (grammatical gender), German
(grammatical gender), Italian (grammatical gender),
Norwegian (combination of grammatical and natural gender),
and Slovak (grammatical gender). Translations were carried
out by the authors and double-checked by SMG UK
Translations Limited, a professional translation company.
Because of different-sized vocabularies, the number of role
nouns differed across the languages, ranging from the full set
of 422 role nouns in English to 398 role nouns in Norwegian
(see Appendix A for a complete list of the role nouns). The
choice of languages was determined by the composition of the
Marie Curie Initial Training Network (www.itn-lcg.eu),
Language, Cognition, and Gender, and by whether the
academic partners had ready access to student populations
from which to collect data.
As in Gabriel et al. (2008), participants had to estimate the
extent to which the presented social and occupational groups
actually consisted of women and men (i.e., the ratio) on an 11-
point ratingscale ranging from 0 % women and 100 % men to
100 % women and0%men , with 10 % incremental increases.
The scale was provided in terms of two scale directions: one
version with 100 % women and0%men on the right of the
scale (Version 1), and another with 100 % women and 0 %
men on the left (Version 2).
For the grammatical-gender languages (i.e., Czech, French,
German, Italian, and Slovak), role nouns were presented in
both masculine and feminine plural forms (as in Versions I and
II of Gabriel et al., 2008). For role nouns with no distinctive
masculine or feminine markings in grammatical-gender
languages (e.g., in Italian, insegnante [teachers]) and for role
nouns in the natural-gender languages (i.e., English and
Norwegian), the words women and men were added at the
end of the role nouns in brackets—for example, firefighters
(women) versus firefighters (men).
Since the number of role nouns to be evaluated was high,
each participant evaluated only half of the role nouns (up to
211, depending on the language). For each participant, we
wanted those role nouns to be randomly chosen from the full
set of role nouns. To our knowledge, most existing online
questionnaire systems (e.g., survey systems) have not allowed
for random stimulus allocation. Adding to this specific
procedural constraint were the facts that two scale directions
were possible, which might produce different results (Gabriel
et al., 2008), and that overall, we wanted all role nouns to be
responded to equally often (i.e., equal sample sizes).
Therefore, we could not rely on existing resources and had
to spefically program our own Web-based system.
The role noun allocation was as follows: For the first
participant (and a given language), the system randomly
selected half of the role nouns from the full list and
presented them in a random order in a randomly selected
scale direction. The remaining half of the role nouns were
presented in a random order to the second participant. The
third participant evaluated the same role nouns in the same
order as the first participant, though in the other scale
direction, and the fourth participant evaluated the same role
nouns in the same order as the second participant, though in
the other scale direction. The system then started the
procedure again for the following four participants. In other
words, a particular random seed was associated with four
participants. Note that within a group of four participants,
uncompleted questionnaires were saved separately (and, in
the present study, not analyzed). Another participant would
then be allocated the questionnaire that was incomplete and
would complete it independently. This process was iterated
until complete versions of all four related questionnaires had
been collected.
Procedure
The questionnaire was administered online via a webpage
created for the sole purpose of this project (https://www.
unifr.ch/lcg). On a first screen, participants stipulated their
native language, on which the following questionnaire was
going to be based. They then read the instructions and a
consent form in that language. By clicking Enter, they
agreed to the conditions of participation, and a screen asking
for demographics (age, gender, and profession) followed.
Once the demographic data were entered, participants were
asked to estimate, on an 11-point scale, the extent to which the
presented social and occupational groups actually consisted
of women and men (i.e., the ratio) (see Fig. 1). Participants
were instructed to estimate the extent to which the groups
depicted by the role nouns are actually made up of women
and men, rather than being influenced by any thoughts of how
these proportions ought to be. Role nouns were presented in
sets of a maximum of 20 role nouns per page.
Results
All questionnaires were coded such that high values on the 11-
point scale reflected a higher proportion of women. The data
were transformed into proportions, such that “100 % women
and 0 % men,”for example was recoded as 1, “50 % women
and 50 % men”as .5, and “0 % women and 100 % men”as 0.
Behav Res

By-participants analyses
For each language, by-participants analyses were carried out
on the mean ratings for each person tested, averaged across
(classes of) items. These analyses investigated (1) the mean
bias of all of the items tested for each language, (2) whether
the people completing different versions of the questionnaire
judged, on average, that the same proportions of females and
males filled various roles (i.e., did the format of the
questionnaire affect the resulting norms?), and (3) whether
male and female participants differed, on average, in the
proportions of females and males that they judged to fill
various roles.
Czech For each participant, the mean rating across the role
nouns was calculated (M= .43, SD = .05; scale midpoint =
.50). These normally distributed scores, Kolmogorov–
Smirnov’sD(72) = .10, p= .18, ranged from .31 to .54. The
mean rating for Version 1 (100 % feminine–right) was .42 (SD
= .04), whereas the mean for Version 2 (100 % feminine–left)
was .43 (SD = .05). A ttest revealed that the difference
between the two scales was nonsignificant, t(70) = 0.52, p=
.606. Overall, female respondents rated the proportion of
women as being slightly higher (M=.43,SD =.05)thandid
male participants (M=.41,SD =.07),t(70) = 0.71, p=.48.
English For each participant, the mean rating across the role
nouns was calculated (M=.44,SD = .04; scale midpoint =
.50). Though the overall distribution of scores was nonnormal,
D(281) = .06, p= .007, ranging from .33 to .54, only the
distribution of Version 1 was nonnormal, D(141) = .09, p=
.007. The mean rating for Version 1 (100 % feminine–right)
was .43 (SD = .04), whereas the mean for Version 2 (100 %
feminine–left) was .45 (SD = .03). A ttest revealed a
significant difference between the two scales, t(279) = 3.25,
p= 001, meaning that the feminine form on the left resulted in
significantly more women being estimated to carry out the
role presented. Overall, female (M=.44,SD = .04) and male
(M=.44,SD = .04) respondents rated the proportions of
women as being equally high, t(278) = −0.56, p=.57.
French For each participant, the mean rating across the role
nouns was calculated (M=.42,SD = .04; scale midpoint =
.50). These normally distributed scores, D(65) = .06, p>.20,
ranged from .32 to .50. The mean rating for Version 1 (100 %
feminine–right) was .42 (SD = .04), and an identical mean and
variance were found for Version 2 (100 % feminine–left),
t(63) = 0.09, p= .93. Overall, female (M=.42,SD =.03)
and male (M=.42,SD = .05) participants rated the
proportions of women similarly, t(63) = 0.25, p=.81.
German For each participant, the mean rating across the role
nouns was calculated (M=.44,SD = .04; scale midpoint =
.50). Though the overall distribution of scores was nonnormal,
D(70) = .11, p= .045, ranging from .35 to .50, the
distributions of both Version 1 and Version 2 were normal.
The mean ratings for Version 1 (100 % feminine–right: M=
.44, SD = .03) and Version 2 (100 % feminine–left: M=.44,
SD = .04) did not differ, t(68) = 0.71, p= .48. Overall, female
participants rated the proportion of women as being slightly
higher (M=.45,SD = .03) than did male participants (M=
.42, SD =.04),t(66) = 1.87, p= .066, yet this difference needs
to be considered with caution, due to the unequal sample sizes
(i.e., ten male, 58 female).
Italian For each participant, the mean rating across the role
nouns was calculated (M=.43,SD = .04; scale midpoint =
.50). Though the overall distribution of scores was nonnormal,
Fig. 1 Example of the rating scale in English
Behav Res

D(800) = .04, p= .009, ranging from .26 to .55, only the
distribution of Version 1 was nonnormal, D(141) = .05, p=
.04. The mean rating for Version 1 (100 % feminine–right)
was .42 (SD = .04), whereas the mean for Version 2 (100 %
feminine–left) was .44 (SD = .04). A ttest revealed a
significant difference between the two scales, t(798) = 5.59,
p< 001. Overall, the female participants (M=.43,SD =.04)
and male participants (M= .43, SD =.04)ratedthe
proportions of women similarly, t(798) = 0.48, p=.630.
Norwegian For each participant, the mean rating across the
role nouns was calculated (M=.44,SD = .03; scale midpoint
= .50). These normally distributed scores, D(60) = .08, p>
.20, ranged from .36 to .50. The mean rating for Version 1
(100 % feminine–right) was .43 (SD = .04), whereas the mean
for Version 2 (100 % feminine–left) was .45 (SD =.03).At
test revealed a significant difference between the two scales,
t(58) = 2.62, p= .011, meaning that the feminine-on-the-left
version resulted in significantly more women being
estimated to carry out the role presented. Overall, female
(M=.44,SD = .04) and male (M=.44,SD =.02)
participants rated the proportions of women similarly,
t(58) = −0.29, p= .771.
Slovak For each participant, the mean rating across the role
nouns was calculated (M=.42,SD = .05; scale midpoint =
.50). These normally distributed scores, D(60) = .11, p=.084,
ranged from .27 to .50. The mean rating for Version 1 (100 %
feminine–right) was .41 (SD = .05), whereas the mean for
Version 2 (100 % feminine–left) was .43 (SD =.04).Attest
revealed that the difference between the two scales was
nonsignificant, t(58) = 1.66, p= .103. Overall, female
participants rated the proportion of women as being slightly
higher (M=.42,SD = .05) than did male participants (M=
.41, SD =.05),t(58) = 0.97, p= .339, though, as with the
German sample, this difference needs to be considered with
caution because of unequal sample sizes (i.e., nine male, 51
female).
By-items analyses
For each language, the mean proportions of females and males
judged to fill each role were calculated. These proportions (see
Appendix B), together with the standard deviations and the
number of responses for each item, can be used to assess
whether the terms are stereotyped. To be more precise, the
standard deviations indicate the level of consensus across
participants in our samples, but a measure such as the standard
error of the mean or a confidence interval around the mean
would be needed to show whether we had evidence that the
mean for a particular item in a particular language was
different from .5 (the midpoint on the scales, corresponding
to 50 % females and 50 % males).
These proportions also allow the computation of
correlations, both for the scores on cognate items in different
languages and for scores on the same items in different
versions of the questionnaire within a language. As is shown
in Table 1(the Ns of the role nouns differ due to different-
sized vocabularies), the mean ratings per role noun were
highly reliable across all languages, all ps < .01, indicating a
high consensus across languages. Similarly, the mean ratings
per role noun were highly reliable across scale directions, with
an overall correlation of r
s
=.99(p<.001).
Discussion
The aim of this article was twofold. First, we wanted to
provide norms for a large number of role nouns and from a
large number of respondents (i.e., many more than have been
included in previous norming studies) across several
languages, using one fixed methodology. Second, we wanted
to offer a Web-based platform for collecting norms for use in
future studies on all matters surrounding the representation of
gender and gender stereotypes.
With reference to the primary aim, several aspects of our
data deserve comment. First, and mimicking the results found
by Gabriel et al. in 2008, the rankings of the role nouns were
very similar across languages, as is attested by the high
correlations between languages and the similarity in the
overall proportion means. Second, and related to the first
aspect, the overall proportion of women in the role nouns
ranged from .42 to .45 across languages, signaling globally
stronger male stereotypes than female, which is also consistent
with the previous norms (e.g., Gabriel et al., 2008). Third,
though women participants indicated overall that they thought
slightly higher proportions of women filled the roles (as
compared to the male participants, the greatest difference
being in German), these differences were never significant,
so we have no evidence of a sex-of-respondent effect. Fourth,
and finally, scale direction is a factor that should be taken into
consideration, inasmuch as proportions of women are
generally higher (significantly so in English, Italian, and
Norwegian) when 100 % feminine is displayed on the left of
the screen, rather than the right. However, since this effect is
numerically small and has little effect on the relative ordering
of the role names for stereotypicality, it may only be important
in some circumstances (e.g., when looking at role nouns
individually).
Concerning the second aim of the study, we suggest that
use of the same norming methodology across all research
teams interested in research on gender and stereotyping might
prove beneficial in several ways. First, it will enable relatively
Behav Res

unproblematic cross-experiment comparisons, especially
when addressing issues related to stereotypes. Second, and
more specifically, it will facilitate cross-linguistic comparisons
and longitudinal comparisons that can investigate the
evolution of role nouns’gender stereotypicality. As in the
present article, cross-language comparisons will still require
some caution: In some cases, though words are grounded on
the same cognates (e.g., vice chancellor in English vs.
Vizekanzler in German), they do not necessarily refer to the
exact same role, and in some cases, an occupation may be
referred to by several names in a given language (at some level
of specificity), whereas it might only be referred to with one
name in another language. Though this seems like an obvious
point, it still needs to be addressed when examining
stereotypicality cross-linguistically.
In addition to the limitations mentioned above, we would
add those naturally associated with the use of the Internet for
gathering data. The primary source of these limitations is the
lack of control over the participants’true behaviors when
completing the questionnaire (i.e., responding randomly or
dishonestly, or misrepresenting themselves in terms of
language competences). Researchers concerned about these
issues can decide to collect data in their own computer-based
seminars or in other contexts, usually within their own
institution, that will allow for better control over the testing
phase. Additional information pertaining to specific research
questions may then also be collected (e.g., language
competences or social background). With these possibilities
in mind, we believe that the possible limitations of the use of a
computer-based questionnaire for norming role nouns are
outweighed by its advantages. One of these advantages is
the possibility of (much more easily) testing a wide range of
population samples, across ages, cultures, and countries. In
essence, considering that the Internet has now become a
relatively common medium, we believe that having a Web-
based questionnaire to evaluate role noun stereotypicality can
potentially address a wider range of issues than could
traditional paper-based questionnaires.
One important issue that the present study has not
addressed, and that may be considered in future studies, is
the extent to which the ratings obtained, which can be
considered as being relatively good estimates of people’s
beliefs, are close to real gender distributions in the
occupations or other social roles. Though for several role
nouns real-world information may be difficult to obtain, for
many it should be relatively easily available (e.g., from
national statistics). Similarities as well as dissimilarities
between beliefs and the actual distributions could be of great
interest. For example, such information may shed light on the
difference between typicality and stereotypicality.
As a final important note, the Web-based questionnaire
currently has matched sets of role nouns for Basque, Czech,
English, Farsi, French, German, Italian, Mandarin, Norwegian,
Slovak, and Spanish. Researchers interested in collecting
norms in any of these languages can contact the second author
of this article. Data collection will be run at the institution of the
research team interested in these norms by providing participant
access to the Web address mentioned in the Method section.
Data can be sent to the research team in Excel format once the
data collection is completed. For those interested in adding
languages, some development fees may have to be applied.
Author note The research reported in this article was funded by the
European Community’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013)
under Grant Agreement nº 237907 (Marie Curie ITN, Language,
Cognition, and Gender). We thank Maurizio Rigamonti for his invaluable
help on setting up the questionnaire website.
Tabl e 1 Correlation coefficients between mean role noun ratings of all seven languages
Czech English French German Italian Norwegian
English r
s
.865
*
N399
French r
s
.889
*
.928
*
N388 409
German r
s
.915
*
.917
*
.930
*
N393 412 401
Italian r
s
.870
*
.893
*
.923
*
.896
*
N390 410 399 402
Norwegian r
s
.880
*
.919
*
.902
*
.930
*
.870
*
N380 398 388 391 389
Slovak r
s
.960
*
.856
*
.889
*
.913
*
.876
*
.864
*
N397 405 393 398 395 384
*
p< .01 (two-tailed). The Ns of role nouns differ due to different-sized vocabularies
Behav Res

Appendix A
Tab l e 2 Role nouns across all languages
Role nouns
(in English)
Czech French German Italian Norwegian Slovak
1 Accountants see “Bookkeepers”Comptables see “Bookkeepers”Ragionieri Regnskapsførere see “Bookkeepers”
2 Acrobats Akrobati Acrobates Akrobaten Acrobati Akrobater Akrobati
3 Acupuncturists Akupunkturisti Acupuncteurs Akupunkteure Agopunturisti Akupunktører Akupunkturisti
4 Administrative
workers
see “Office workers”Employés de
l’administration
Verwaltungsangestellte Impiegati amministrativi see “Secretaries”see “Office workers”
5 Admirals Admirálové Amiraux Admirale Ammiragli Admiraler Admiráli
6 Aerobics instructors Instruktoři aerobiku Professeurs d’aérobic Aerobiclehrer Istruttori di aerobica Aerobicinstruktører Inštruktori aerobiku
7 Air traffic controllers Letečtí dispečeři Contrôleurs aérien Fluglotsen Controllori di volo Flyveledere Pracovníci riadenia
letovej prevádzky
8 Alcoholics Alkoholici Alcooliques Alkoholiker Alcolizzati Alkoholikere Alkoholici
9 Anglers Rybáři Pêcheurs Fischer Pescatori Fiskere Rybári
10 Animators Organizátoři
volnočasových aktivit
N/A Animateure Animatori Animatører Animátori voľného
času
11 Antique dealers Starožitníci Antiquaires Antiquitätenhändler Antiquari Antikvitetsforhandlere Starožitníci
12 Apprentices Učňové Apprentis Lehrlinge Apprendisti Lærlinger Učni
13 Architects Architekti Architectes Architekten Architetti Arkitekter Architekti
14 Archivists Archiváři Archivistes Archivare Archivisti Arkivarer Archivári
15 Artists Umělci Artistes Künstler Artisti Kunstnere Umelci
16 Assistants Asistenti Assistants Assistenten Assistenti Assistenter Asistenti
17 Assistant chefs Asistenti šéfkuchaře Chefs de partie Assistenzköche Assistenti cuochi Hjelpekokker Asistenti šéfkuchára
18 Astrologists Astrologové Astrologues Astrologen Astrologi Astrologer Astrológovia
19 Astronauts Astronauti/kosmonauti Astronautes Astronauten Astronauti Astronauter Astronauti
20 Astronomers Astronomové Astronomes Astronomen Astronomi Astronomer Astronómovia
21 Athletes Atleti Athlètes Sportler Atleti Idrettsutøvere Športovci
22 Au pairs Au-pair Jeunes garçons au pair Aupairs Ragazzi alla pari Au-pairer Au-pair
23 Auctioneers Dražitelé Commissaires-priseurs Auktionäre Banditori d’asta Auksjonarier Dražitelia
24 Authors Autoři Auteurs Autoren Autori Forfattere Autori
25 Babies Miminka Bébés Säuglinge Neonati Spedbarn Bábätká
26 Babysitters see “Child-minders”Babysitters Babysitter Babysitter see “Child-minders”Opatrovatelia detí
27 Bakers Pekaři Boulangers Bäcker Fornai Bakere Pekári
28 Ballet dancers Baletní tanečníci Danseurs classiques Balletttänzer see “Dancers”Ballettdansere Baletníci
29 Bank clerks see “Bankers”Employés de banque Bankangestellte Impiegati di banca Bankkasserere Bankoví úradníci
30 Bankers Bankovní úředníci Banquiers Bankkaufleute Banchieri Bankfunksjonærer Bankári
Behav Res

Tab l e 2 (continued)
Role nouns
(in English)
Czech French German Italian Norwegian Slovak
31 Barbers Holiči Barbiers Herrenfriseure Barbieri Barberere Holiči
32 Bartenders Barmani Tenanciers de bar Barkeeper Baristi Bartendere Barmani
33 Baseball players Hráči basebalu Joueurs de baseball Baseballspieler Giocatori di baseball Baseballspillere Bejzbalisti
34 Basketball players Basketbalisti Joueurs de basketball Basketballspieler Giocatori di pallacanestro Basketballspillere Basketbalisti
35 Bass players Baskytaristi Bassistes Bassisten Bassisti Bassister Basgitaristi
36 Beauticians Kosmetici Esthéticiens Kosmetiker Estetisti Kosmetikere Kozmetici
37 Bikers see “Cyclists”Motards Motorradfahrer Motociclisti Motorsyklister see “Cyclists”
38 Bingo players Hráči binga Joueurs de bingo Bingospieler Giocatori di bingo Bingospillere Hráči binga
39 Biologists Biologové Biologistes Biologen Biologi Biologer Biológovia
40 Birth attendants Porodníci Assistants maternels Geburtshelfer Ostetrici Fødselshjelpere Pôrodní asistenti
41 Blacksmiths Kováři Forgerons Schmiede Fabbri Smeder Kováči
42 Bookkeepers Účetní see “Accountants”Buchhalter Contabili Bokholdere Účtovníci
43 Bosses Šéfové Patrons Chefs Capi Sjefer Šéfovia
44 Boutique owners Majitelé butikůPropriétaires de boutique Boutique-Inhaber Propietari di negozio Butikkeiere Majitelia butiku
45 Boxers Boxeři Boxeurs Boxer Pugili Boksere Boxeri
46 Bricklayers Zedníci Maçons Maurer Muratori Murere Murári
47 Building contractors Stavitelé Entrepreneurs en
bâtiment
Bauunternehmer Impresari edili Byggentreprenører Stavitelia
48 Bus drivers Řidiči autobusu Conducteurs de bus Busfahrer Autisti di autobus Bussjåfører Vodiči autobusov
49 Butchers Řezníci Bouchers Metzger Macellai Slaktere Mäsiari
50 Butlers N/A Maîtres d’hôtel Dienstboten Maggiordomi Hovmestere Komorníci
51 Cabinet ministers Ministři Ministres Minister Ministri Ministere Ministri
52 Cake decorators see “Pastry chefs”Décorateurs de gâteau N/A Decoratori di torte N/A see “Pastry chefs”
53 Camera operators Kameramani Caméramans Kameraleute Operatori cinematografici Filmfotografer Kameramani
54 Campers Táborníci Campeurs Camper Campeggiatori Campingturister Táborníci
55 Canteen assistants Pomocníci/pomocné
síly
Aides de cantine Küchenhilfen Inservienti di mensa Kjøkkenhjelpere Asistenti jedálne
56 Car mechanics Automechanici see “Mechanics”Automechaniker see “Mechanics”Bilmekanikere Automechanici
57 Card players Hráči karet Joueurs de cartes Kartenspieler Giocatori di carte Kortspillere Hráčikariet
58 Care workers Opatrovníci Travailleurs sociaux Betreuungspersonen Operatori sociali Sosionomer Opatrovníci
59 Caregivers see “Health visitors”Soignants Pfleger Badanti Omsorgsytere Opatrovatelia
60 Caretakers Domovníci see “Janitors”Verwalter Custodi see “Supervisors”Domovníci
61 Carpenters Tesaři Charpentiers Schreiner see “Wood workers”Snekkere Stolári
62 Cartoonists Karikaturisti Dessinateurs de BD Comiczeichner Disegnatori di cartoni
animati
Tegneserieskapere Karikaturisti
Behav Res

Tab l e 2 (continued)
Role nouns
(in English)
Czech French German Italian Norwegian Slovak
63 Cashiers Pokladníci Caissiers Kassierer Cassieri Kasserere Pokladníci
64 Cat owners Majitelé koček Propriétaires de chat Katzenbesitzer Proprietari di gatti Katteeiere Majitelia mačiek
65 Caterers Dodavatelé jídla Traiteurs Betreiber eines Partyservice Ristoratori Selskapsarrangører Zásobovatelia
66 Celebrities Celebrity Célébrités Prominente Celebrità Kjendiser Osobnosti
67 Chair persons Předsedové Présidents (entreprise) Vorsitzende Presidenti Styreledere Predsedovia
68 Chamber-maids Pokojští Hommes de chambre Zimmerpersonal Camerieri d’albergo Stuepiker Chyžní
69 Cheerleaders Roztleskávači Pompom boys Cheerleader Ragazzi ponpon Cheerleadere Roztlieskavači
70 Chefs Šéfkuchaři Chefs Chefköche Capocuochi Kjøkkensjefer Šéfkuchári
71 Chemists Chemici Chimistes Chemiker Chimici Kjemikere Chemici
72 Children Děti see “Kids”see “Kids”Bambini Barn Deti
73 Child educators Vychovatelé Éducateurs d’enfants see “Nursery teachers”Educatori d’infanzia Pedagoger Vychovávatelia
74 Child-minders Opatrovatelé dětí Gardiens d’enfants Tagesväter Balie Barnevakter Detskí opatrovatelia
75 Chiropractors Chiropraktici Chiropracteurs Chiropraktiker Chiroterapeuti Kiropraktorer Chiropraktici
76 Chocolate lovers Milovníci čokolády Amateurs de chocolat Schokoladenliebhaber Amanti del cioccolato Sjokoladeelskere Milovníci čokolády
77 Choreographers Choreografové Chorégraphes Choreografen Coreografi Koreografer Choreografi
78 Cinema goers Návštevníci kina Spectateurs de cinéma Kinobesucher Frequentatori di cinema Kinogjengere Návštevníci kina
79 Clairvoyants Jasnovidci Voyants Hellseher Chiaroveggenti Synske Jasnovidci
80 Cleaners Uklízeči Techniciens de surface Reinigungskräfte Addetti alle pulizie Rengjøringspersonale Upratovači
81 Clerks Úředníci Employés Angestellte Impiegati Ansatte Úradníci
82 Clients Klienti see “Customers”Klienten Clienti Klienter Klienti
83 Climbers see “Mountain
climbers”
Grimpeurs Kletterer Arrampicatori Klatrere see “Mountain climbers”
84 Clinical
psychologists
Kliničtí psychologové Psychologues cliniciens Klinische Psychologen Psicologi clinici Kliniske psykologer Klinickí psychológovia
85 Clowns Klauni Clowns Clowns Clown Klovner Klauni
86 Colonels Plukovníci Colonels Obersten Colonnelli Oberster Plukovníci
87 Comedians Komici Comédiens Komiker Comici Komikere Komici
88 Company directors Ředitelé společnosti see “General managers”Betriebsleiter Dirigenti d’impresa see “Executives”Riaditelia spoločnosti
89 Composers Skladatelé Compositeurs Komponisten Compositori Komponister Skladatelia
90 Computer
programmers
Programátoři Programmateurs Programmierer Programmatori Programmerere Programátori
91 Computer specialists IT odborníci Informaticiens Computerspezialisten Specialisti d’informatica Dataeksperter IT odborníci
92 Computer technicians IT technici Techniciens informatique Computertechniker Tecnici informatici Datateknikere Počítačoví technici
93 Conquerors Dobyvatelé Conquérants Eroberer Conquistatori Erobrere Dobyvatelia
94 Conservationists Ochránci přírody see “Curators”Naturschützer Ambientalisti Miljøvernere Ochrancovia prírody
Behav Res

Tab l e 2 (continued)
Role nouns
(in English)
Czech French German Italian Norwegian Slovak
95 Construction workers Stavební dělníci Ouvriers du bâtiment Bauarbeiter Operai edili Bygningsarbeidere Stavební robotníci
96 Cooks Kuchaři Cuisiniers Köche Cuochi Kokker Kuchári
97 Coordinators Koordinátoři Coordinateurs Koordinatoren Coordinatori N/A Koordinátori
98 Counseling
psychologists
Psychologové Psychologues conseillers Psychotherapeuten Consulenti psicologici Rådgiver Psychológovia
99 Counsellors Odborní poradci Conseillers
professionnels
Professionelle Berater Consulenti professionali Yrkesrådgivere Odborní poradcovia
100 Couriers Kurýři Coursiers Kuriere Corrieri Kurerer Kuriéri
101 Court reporters Soudní zapisovatelé Sténographes Gerichtsschreiber Cancellieri Rettsstenografer Súdni stenografi
102 Craft workers Řemeslníci Artisans Handwerker Artigiani Håndverkere Remeselníci
103 Crane operators Jeřábníci Grutiers Kranführer Operatori di gru Kranførere Žeriavníci
104 Criminals Kriminálníci Criminels Kriminelle Criminali Kriminelle Zločinci
105 Cult members Členové kultu Membres d’une secte Sektenmitglieder Seguaci Sektmedlemmer Členovia kultu
106 Curators Kurátoři Conservateurs Kuratoren Curatori Kuratorer Kurátori
107 Customers see “Shoppers”Clients Kunden Consumatori Kunder see “Shoppers”
108 Customs inspectors Celní inspektoři Inspecteurs des douanes Zollinspektoren Ispettori di dogana Tollinspektører Colní inšpektori
109 Customs officers Celníci Douaniers Zollbeamte Doganieri Tollere Colníci
110 Cyclists Cyklisti Cyclistes Radfahrer Ciclisti Syklister Cyklisti
111 Dance instructors Taneční instruktoři Professeurs de danse Tanzlehrer Istruttori di ballo Danseinstruktører Taneční inštruktori
112 Dancers Tanečníci Danseurs Tänzer Ballerini Dansere Tanečníci
113 Data processors Zpracovatelé údajůTraiteurs de données Datenverarbeiter Elaboratori di dati N/A Spracovávatelia údajov
114 Database
administrators
Administrátoři databází Administrateurs de bases
de données
Datenbankverwalter Amministratori di
database
N/A Databázoví
administrátori
115 Deacons Jáhni Diacres Diakone Diaconi Diakoner Diakoni
116 Dental hygienists Zubní hygienici Hygiénistes dentaire Dentalhygieniker Igienisti dentali Tannpleiere Dentálni hygienici
117 Dental technicians Zubaři Techniciens dentaire Zahntechniker Odontotecnici Tannteknikere Zubní technici
118 Dentists Zubní technici Dentistes Zahnärzte Dentisti Tannleger Zubári
119 Deputies Zástupci Députés Stellvertreter Deputati Varamedlemmer Zástupcovia
120 Designers Návrháři Designers Designer Designers Designere Návrhári
121 Detectives Detektivové Détectives Detektive Investigatori Detektiver Detektívi
122 Dieticians Dietetici Diététiciens Ernährungsberater Dietologi Kostholdseksperter Výživoví poradcovia
123 Diplomats Diplomati Diplomates Diplomaten Diplomatici Diplomater Diplomati
124 Doctors of
Philosophy
see “Physicians”see “Medical doctors”Doktoren der Philosophie Dottori Filosofidoktorer see “Physicians”
125 Dog owners Majitelé psůPropriétaires de chien Hundehalter Proprietari di cani Hundeeiere Majitelia psov
Behav Res

Tab l e 2 (continued)
Role nouns
(in English)
Czech French German Italian Norwegian Slovak
126 Door keepers Vrátní Portiers Pförtner Portinai Dørvakter Vrátnici
127 Dressmakers see “Tai lors”Couturiers N/A see “Tailors”see “Tailors”see “Tailors”
128 Drivers Řidiči Automobilistes Fahrer Automobilisti Sjåfører Vodiči
129 Driving instructors Učitelé v autoškole Moniteurs d’auto-école Fahrlehrer Istruttori di guida Kjørelærere Inštruktori autoškôl
130 Drug addicts Narkomani Toxicomanes Drogenabhängige Tossicodipendenti Narkomane Narkomani
131 Drug dealers Dealeři drog Dealeurs de drogue Drogenhändler Spacciatori Langere Drogoví díleri
132 Drummers Bubeníci Batteurs Schlagzeuger Batteristi Trommeslagere Bubeníci
133 Economists Ekonomové Économistes Wirtschaftswissenschaftler Economisti Økonomer Ekonómovia
134 Editors Editořisee“Publishers”Herausgeber Redattori Redaktører Editori
135 Educational
psychologists
Pedagogičtí
psychologové
Éducateurs spécialisés Pädagogische Psychologen Psicologi dell’educazione Skolepsykologer Vzdelávací
psychológovia
136 Electricians Elektrikáři Électriciens Elektriker Elettricisti Elektrikere Elektrikári
137 Embezzlers Defraudanti Escrocs Veruntreuer Malversatori Underslagere Defraudanti
138 Engine-drivers Strojvedoucí Mécaniciens de train Lokführer Macchinisti Lokomotivførere Rušnovodiči
139 Engineers Inženýři Ingénieurs Ingenieure Ingegneri Ingeniører Inžinieri
140 Entertainers Konferenciéři Amuseurs Entertainer Intrattenitori Artister Konferencieri
141 Environmentalists Ekologové Écologistes Umweltschützer Ecologisti Miljøaktivister Ekológovia
142 Estate agents Realitní makléři Agents immobiliers Immobilienmakler Agenti immobiliari Eiendomsmeglere Realitní makléri
143 Executives Vedoucí pracovníci Cadres Führungskräfte Impiegati esecutivi Direktører Vedúci pracovníci
144 Executors Exekutoři Exécuteurs testamentaire Nachlassverwalter Esecutori testamentari Testamentfullbyrdere Exekútori
145 Exercise instructors Instruktořicvičení Professeurs de fitness Übungsleiter Istruttori di palestra Treningsinstruktører Inštruktori cvičenia
146 Exotic dancers Tanečníci exotických
tanců
Danseurs exotiques exotische Tänzer Danzatori esotici Eksotiske dansere Exotickí tanečníci
147 Explorers Badatelé Explorateurs Entdecker Esploratori Oppdagere Bádatelia
148 Factory managers Ředitelé závodu Directeurs d’usine Werksleiter Direttori di stabilimento Fabrikkbestyrere Riaditelia závodu
149 Fans see “Groupies”Fans Fans Ammiratori Fans see “Groupies”
150 Farmers Zemědělci Agriculteurs Bauern Agricoltori Bønder Poľnohospodári
151 Fashion models Manekýni/modelové Mannequins Mannequins see “Models”Mannekenger Manekýni
152 Fencers Šermíři Escrimeurs Fechter Schermitori Fektere Šermiari
153 Fig. skaters Krasobruslaři Patineurs artistiques Eiskunstläufer Pattinatori artistici Kunstløpere Krasokorčuliari
154 Film directors Filmoví režiséři Réalisateurs Filmregisseure Registi Filmregissører Filmoví režiséri
155 Film stars Filmové hvězdy Vedettes de cinéma Filmstars Star del cinema Filmstjerner Filmové hviezdy
156 Financial advisers Finanční poradci Conseillers financiers Finanzberater Consulenti finanziari Revisorer Finanční poradcovia
157 Financial analysts Finanční analytici Analystes financiers Analysten Analisti finanziari Finansanalytikere Finanční analytici
Behav Res

Tab l e 2 (continued)
Role nouns
(in English)
Czech French German Italian Norwegian Slovak
158 Firefighters Hasiči Pompiers Feuerwehrleute Vigili del fuoco Brannkonstabler Požiarnici
159 Flight attendants Stevardi Stewards Flugbegleiter Assistenti di volo Kabinpersonale Stewardi
160 Florists Květináři Fleuristes Floristen Fioristi Blomsterhandlere Kvetinári
161 Flute players Flétnisti Flûtistes Flötenspieler Flautisti Fløytister Flautisti
162 Football coaches Trenéři fotbalu Entraîneurs de foot Fussballtrainer Allenatori di calcio Fotballtrenere Futbaloví tréneri
163 Football players Fotbalisti Footballeurs Fussballspieler Calciatori Fotballspillere Futbalisti
164 Forensic
psychologists
Soudní psychologové Psychologues
criminologues
Forensische Psychologen Psicologi forensi Rettspsykiatere Súdni psychológovia
165 Forest rangers Myslivci Gardes-forestiers Förster Guardie forestali Skogsforvaltere Lesníci
166 Fortune tellers Věštci Diseurs de bonne
aventure
Wahrsager Indovini see “Tarot card readers”Veštci
167 Funeral directors Majitelé pohřebního
ústavu
Directeurs de pompes
funèbres
Bestattungsunternehmer Impresari di pompe funebri see “Undertakers”Majitelia pohrebného
ústavu
168 Game wardens Revírníci Gardes-chasses Wildhüter Guardacaccia Skogvoktere Horári
169 Gardeners see “Groundkeepers”Jardiniers Gärtner Giardinieri Gartnere see “Groundkeepers”
170 Generals Generálové Généraux Generäle Generali Generaler Generáli
171 General managers Generální ředitelé Directeurs généraux Geschäftsführer Direttori generali Daglige ledere Generálni riaditelia
172 Geologists Geologové Géologues Geologen Geologi Geologer Geológovia
173 Goalkeepers Brankáři Gardiens de foot Torwarte Portieri di calcio Keepere Brankári
174 Goldsmiths Zlatníci Orfèvres Goldschmiede Orefici Gullsmeder Zlatníci
175 Golfers Golfisté Golfeurs Golfspieler Golfisti Golfspillere Golfisti
176 Government officials Státní úředníci Fonctionnaires Regierungsbeamte Funzionari governativi Embetsmenn Štátni úradníci
177 Governors Guvernéři Gouverneurs Gouverneure Governatori Guvernører Guvernéri
178 Graphic designers Grafici Graphistes Grafikdesigner Grafici Grafiske designere Grafickí dizajnéri
179 Groundkeepers Zahradníci N/A Platzwarte Custodi di giardini pubblici N/A Záhradníci
180 Groupies Fanoušci Groupies Groupies Groupies Groupier Fanúšici
181 Guards Strážci Surveillants Wächter Guardie Vakter Strážcovia
182 Guitar players Kytaristé Guitaristes Gitarrenspieler Chitarristi Gitarspillere Gitaristi
183 Gymnasts Gymnasté Gymnastes Turner Ginnasti Turnere Gymnasti
184 Gynaecologists Gynekologové Gynécologues Frauenärzte Ginecologi Gynekologer Gynekológovia
185 Hairdressers Kadeřníci Coiffeurs Friseure Parrucchieri Frisører Kaderníci
186 Heads of department Vedoucí oddělení Chefs de département Abteilungsleiter Capi dipartimento Avdelingsledere Vedúci oddelenia
187 Head teachers Ředitelé školy Directeurs d’école Schulleiter Presidi Rektorer Riaditelia škôl
188 Health visitors Pečovatelé Infirmiers itinérants Gesundheitsberater see “Social workers”Helsearbeidere Ošetrovatelia
189 Baumaschinenführer Maskinister Operátori ťažkej techniky
Behav Res

Tab l e 2 (continued)
Role nouns
(in English)
Czech French German Italian Norwegian Slovak
Heavy equipment
operators
Operátořitěžké
techniky
Opérateurs d’équipement
lourd
Operatori di macchine
pesanti
190 Historians Historici Historiens Historiker Storici Historikere Historici
191 History professors Profesoři historie Professeurs d’histoire Geschichtsprofessoren Professori di storia Historieprofessorer Profesori histórie
192 Hitchhikers Stopaři Auto-stoppeurs Anhalter Autostoppisti Haikere Stopári
193 Homeless persons Bezdomovci Sans-abri Obdachlose Senzatetto Hjemløse Bezdomovci
194 Horse riders Jezdci na koních Cavaliers Reiter Cavallerizzi Ryttere Jazdci na koňoch
195 Horse trainers Trenéři koní Dresseurs de chevaux Pferdetrainer Addestatori di cavalli Ridelærere Tréneri koní
196 Hospital orderlies Zdravotníci Aides-soignants N/A Inservienti ospedalieri Portører Zdravotníci
197 Hotel guests Hoteloví hosté Client d’hôtel Hotelgäste Ospiti d’albergo Hotellgjester Hoteloví hostia
198 Hotel managers Ředitelé hotelu Gérants d’hôtel Hotelmanager Direttori d’albergo Hotelldirektører Riaditelia hotelov
199 Housekeepers Hospodáři Gouvernant Haushälter Domestici Husholdere Gazdovia
200 Humanitarians Humanitární pomocníci Humanitaires Menschenfreunde Benefattori Menneskevenner Humanitárni pomocníci
201 Humanities
professors
Profesoři humanitních
oborů
Professeurs de lettres Professoren für
Geisteswissenschaften
Professori di lettere Professorer i humanoria Profesori humanitných
odborov
202 Hunters Lovci Chasseurs Jäger Cacciatori Jegere Lovci
203 Ice skaters Bruslaři Patineurs sur glace Eisläufer Pattinatori sul ghiaccio Skøyteløpere Korčuliari
204 Infant teachers see “Nursery teachers”Enseignants d’école
primaire
Kindergartenpädagogen see “Nursery teachers”N/A Učitelia v škôlke
205 Informants Informátoři Informateurs Informanten Informatori Informanter Spravodajcovia
206 Inmates Chovanci Détenus Häftlinge Detenuti Innsatte Spolubývajúci
207 Innkeepers Hostinští Aubergistes Gastwirte Albergatori Vertshusinnehavere Krčmári
208 Interior decorators Bytoví architekti Décorateurs d’intérieur Innenausstatter Decoratori d’interni Interiørarkitekter Bytoví architekti
209 Interpreters Tlumočníci Interprètes Dolmetscher Interpreti Tolker Tlmočníci
210 Inventors Vynálezci Inventeurs Erfinder Inventori Oppfinnere Vynálezcovia
211 IT consultants IT konzultanti Consultants
informatiques
IT-Berater Consulenti informatici IT-konsulenter IT konzultanti
212 Jailors Dozorci Geôliers Gefängniswärter Cercerieri Fangevoktere Dozorci vo väzení
213 Janitors Školníci Concierges Hausmeister Bidelli Vaktmestere Školníci
214 Jewelers Klenotníci Bijoutiers Juweliere Gioiellieri Juvelerer Klenotníci
215 Job seekers Uchazečiozaměstnání Chercheurs d’emploi Arbeitssuchende Disoccupati Jobbsøkere Uchádzači o zamestnanie
216 Joggers see “Runners”Joggeurs Jogger Maratoneti Joggere see “Runners”
217 Journalists Novinářisee“Reporters”Journalisten Giornalisti Journalister Novinári
218 Judges Soudci Juges Richter Giudici Dommere Sudcovia
219 Jugglers Žongléři Jongleurs Jongleure Giocolieri Sjonglører Žongléri
Behav Res

Tab l e 2 (continued)
Role nouns
(in English)
Czech French German Italian Norwegian Slovak
220 Jurors Porotci Jurés Jurymitglieder Giurati Jurymedlemmer Porotcovia
221 Karaoke singers Zpěváci karaoke Chanteurs de karaoké Karaokesänger Cantanti di karaoke Karaokesangere Speváci karaoke
222 Kids Děti (hoši) Enfants Kinder Ragazzi Unger N/A
223 Killers see “Murderers”Tueurs Totschläger Sicari Drapsmenn see “Murderers”
224 Kindergarten teachers see “Nursery teachers”Enseignants de la petite
enfance
Kindergärtner Maestri d’asilo Barnehageansatte see “Nursery teachers”
225 Knitters Pletaři Tricoteurs Stricker Magliai N/A Pletiari
226 Lab technicians Laboranti Techniciens de
laboratoire
Labortechniker Tecnici di laboratorio Laboratorieteknikere Laboranti
227 Landscape gardeners Zahradní architekti Paysagistes Landschaftsgärtner Architetti per giardini Anleggsgartnere Záhradní architekti
228 Law clerks Advokátní koncipienti Greffiers Rechtsanwaltsgehilfen Assistenti giudiziari Advokatsekretærer Advokátski koncipienti
229 Law professors Profesoři práva Professeurs de droit Rechtsprofessoren Professori di diritto Jusprofessorer Profesori práva
230 Lawyers Právníci Avocats Anwälte Avvocati Advokater Právnici
231 Leaders see “Supervisors”Dirigeants Anführer Leader Ledere see “Supervisors”
232 Librarians Knihovníci Bibliothécaires Bibliothekare Bibliotecari Bibliotekarer Knihovníci
233 Lieutenants Poručíci Lieutenants Leutnants Luogotenenti Løytnanter Poručíci
234 Lifeguards Plavčíci Sauveteurs Rettungsschwimmer Bagnini Badevakter Plavčíci
235 Lighthouse keepers Strážci majáku Gardiens de phare Leuchtturmwärter Guardiani del faro Fyrvoktere Strážcovia majákov
236 Lodgers Nájemníci Locataires Mieter Inquilini Leieboere Nájomníci
237 Lorry drivers ŘidičikamionůCamionneurs LKW-Fahrer Camionisti Lastebil sjåfører Vodiči kamiónov
238 Magicians Kouzelníci Magiciens Zauberer Prestigiatori Tryllekunstnere Kúzelníci
239 Magician’s assistants Asistenti kouzelníkůAssistants de magicien Assistenten einer
Zaubershow
Assistenti di prestigiatore N/A Asistenti kúzelníkov
240 Make up artists Maskéři Maquilleurs Visagisten Truccatori N/A Maskéri
241 Managers Manažeři Managers Manager Manager Managere Manažéri
242 Manicurists Manikéři Manucures Nagelpfleger Manicure Manikyrister Manikéri
243 Mathematicians Matematici Mathématiciens Mathematiker Matematici Matematikere Matematici
244 Mayors Starostové Maires Bürgermeister Sindaci Ordførere Starostovia
245 Mechanics Mechanici Mécaniciens Mechaniker Meccanici Mekanikere Mechanici
246 Medical doctors Doktoři Docteurs Doktoren Medici see “Physicians”Doktori
247 Members of the
armed
forces
Opraváři Militaires Armeeangehörige Militari di leva see “Soldiers”Opravári
248 Members of
parliament
Členové parlamentu Parlementaires Parlamentsabgeordnete Parlamentari Parlamentsmedlemmer Členovia parlamentu
249 Metallurgists Hutníci Métallurgistes Metallurgen Metalmeccanici Metallurger Hutníci
Behav Res

Tab l e 2 (continued)
Role nouns
(in English)
Czech French German Italian Norwegian Slovak
250 Meteorologists Meteorologové Météorologues Meteorologen Metereologi Meteorologer Meteorológovia
251 Millionaires Milionáři Millionnaires homme Millionäre Milionari Millionærer Milionári
252 Miners Horníci Mineurs Bergarbeiter Minatori Gruvearbeidere Baníci
253 Models Modelové Modèles Models Modelli Modeller Modeli
254 Mountain climbers Horolezci Alpinistes Bergsteiger Alpinisti Fjellklatrere Horolezci
255 Murderers Vrahové Meurtriers Mörder Assassini Mordere Vrahovia
256 Musicians Muzikanti Musiciens Musiker Musicisti Musikere Muzikanti
257 Nannies N/A N/A N/A N/A Barnepassere Pestún
258 Neighbours Sousedé Voisins Nachbarn Vicini di casa Naboer Susedia
259 Neurologists Neurologové Neurologues Neurologen Neurologi Nevrologer Neurológovia
260 Neurosurgeons Neurochirurgové Neurochirurgiens Neurochirurgen Neurochirurghi Nevrokirurger Neurochirurgovia
261 News readers Hlasatelé Présentateurs des
informations
Nachrichtensprecher Annunciatori televisivi Nyhetsopplesere Hlásatelia televíznych
novín
262 Novelists Prozaici Romanciers Romanautoren Romanzieri Skjønnlitterære forfattere Prozaici
263 Nurses Zdravotní sestry Infirmiers Krankenpfleger Infermieri Sykepleiere Zdravotní bratia
264 Nursery teachers Učitelé ve školce Éducateurs de la petite
enfance
Erzieher Maestri d’asilo nido Førskolelærere Učitelia v materskej
škôlke
265 Nutritionists Nutriční specialisti Nutritionnistes Ernährungswissenschaftler Nutrizionisti Ernæringsfysiologer Výživoví špecialisti
266 Occupational
therapists
Ergoterapeuti Ergothérapeutes Ergotherapeuten Terapisti occupazionali Ergoterapeuter Ergoterapeuti
267 Oceanographers Oceánografové Océanographes Meeresforscher Oceanografi Oseanografer Oceánografovia
268 Office workers Administrativní pracovníci Employés de bureau Büroangestellte Impiegati d’ufficio Kontormedarbeidere Administratívni
pracovníci
269 Orchestra conductors Dirigenti Chefs d’orchestre Dirigenten Direttori d’orchestra Dirigenter Dirigenti
270 Orthodontists Odborníci v ortodoncii Orthodontistes Kieferorthopäden Ortodontisti Reguleringstannleger Ortodontisti
271 Palm readers Věštci z dlaněChiromanciens Handleser Chiromanti Håndlesere Veštci z dlane
272 Parachutists Parašutisté Parachutistes Fallschirmspringer Paracadutisti Fallskjermhoppere Parašutisti
273 Parents Rodiče Parents Eltern Genitori Foreldre Rodičia
274 Pastry chefs Cukráři Pâtissiers Konditoren Pasticceri Konditorer Cukrári
275 Patients Pacienti Patients Patienten Pazienti Pasienter Pacienti
276 Pawnbrokers Zástavárníci Prêteurs sur gage Pfandleiher Prestatori su pegno Pantelånere Pracovníci záložne
277 Pedestrians Chodci Piétons Fußgänger Pedoni Fotgjengere Chodci
278 Pediatricians Pediatři Pédiatres Kinderärzte Pediatri Barneleger Pediatri
279 Pensioners Senioři Retraités Rentner Pensionati Pensjonister Dôchodcovia
280 Persons Mužské osoby Personnes Personen Persone Personer Osoby
Behav Res

Tab l e 2 (continued)
Role nouns
(in English)
Czech French German Italian Norwegian Slovak
281 Personal trainers Osobní trenéři Entraîneurs privés Fitnesstrainer Personal trainer Personlige trenere Osobní tréneri
282 Pharmacists Farmaceuti Pharmaciens Apotheker Farmacisti Apotekere Farmaceuti
283 Philanthropists Filantropové Philanthropes Philanthropen Filantropi Filantroper Filantropi
284 Photographers Fotografové Photographes Fotografen Fotografi Fotografer Fotografi
285 Physicians Doktoři/lékaři Médecins Mediziner Medici specialisti Leger Lekári
286 Physicists Fyzici Physiciens Physiker Fisici Fysikere Fyzici
287 Physics students Studenti fyziky Étudiants en physique Physikstudenten Studenti di fisica Fysikkstudenter Študenti fyziky
288 Physiotherapists Fyzioterapeuti Physiothérapeutes Physiotherapeuten Fisioterapisti Fysioterapeuter Fyzioterapeuti
289 Piano players Klavíristé Joueurs de piano Klavierspieler Pianisti Pianister Klaviristi
290 Pilots Piloti Pilotes Piloten Piloti Piloter Piloti
291 Playgroup leaders Vedoucí dětského
kroužku
Directeurs de garderie Krabbelgruppenleiter Capisquadra N/A Vedúci detského krúžku
292 Plumbers Instalatéři Plombiers Klempner Idraulici Rørleggere Inštalatéri
293 Poets Básníci Poètes Dichter Poeti Diktere Básnici
294 Police Inspectors Inspektoři Inspecteurs Kommissare Ispettori Inspektører Inšpektori
295 Police officers Policisté Policiers Polizisten Poliziotti Politimenn Policajti
296 Police sergeants Seržanti Sergents de police Polizeiobermeister Sergenti di polizia Overbetjenter Seržanti
297 Political activists Političtí aktivisté Activistes politiques Politische Aktivisten Attivisti politici Aktivister Politickí aktivisti
298 Politicians Politici Politiciens Politiker Politici Politikere Politici
299 Porters Portýři Bagagistes Gepäckträger Facchini Pikkoloer Vrátnici/nosiči
300 Postal workers Pracovníci pošty Employés de poste Postangestellte Impiegati delle poste Postbetjenter Poštoví pracovníci
301 Postmen Pošťáci Facteurs Postboten Postini Postbud Poštoví doručovatelia
302 Presidents Prezidenti Présidents Präsidenten Presidenti Presidenter Prezidenti
303 Priests Kazatelé Prêtres Priester N/A Prester Kňazi
304 Primary school
teachers
Učitelé na základní škole Maîtres d’école primaire Grundschullehrer Maestri di scuola elementare Barneskolelærere Učitelia základných škôl
305 Prison guards Vězenští dozorci Gardiens de prison N/A Secondini Fengselsbetjenter Väzenskí dozorcovia
306 Prisoners Vězni Prisonniers Gefangene Carcerati Fanger Väzni
307 Private detectives N/A Détectives privés Privatdetektive Investigatori privati Privatdetektiver Súkromní detektívi
308 Probation officers Sociální kurátoři Agents de probation Bewährungshelfer Sorveglianti di persone in
libertà vigilata
Tilsynsførere Sociálni kurátori
309 Professional athletes Profesionální sportovci Athlètes professionnels Profi-Sportler Atleti professionisti Profesjonelle
idrettsutøvere
Profesionálni športovci
310 Professors Profesoři Professeurs Professoren Professori Professorer Profesori
311 Projectionists Promítači Projectionnistes Filmvorführer Proiezionisti Kinomaskinister Premietači
Behav Res

Tab l e 2 (continued)
Role nouns
(in English)
Czech French German Italian Norwegian Slovak
312 Proofreaders Korektoři Correcteurs Korrekturleser Correttori di bozze Korrekturlesere Korektori
313 Prostitutes Prostituti Prostitués Prostituierte Prostituti Prostituerte Prostitúti
314 Protestors Demonstranti Manifestants Demonstranten Dimostranti Demonstranter Demonštranti
315 Psychiatrists Psychiatři Psychiatres Psychiater Psichiatri Psykiatikere Psychiatri
316 Psychology students Studenti psychologie Étudiants en psychologie Psychologiestudenten Studenti di psicologia Psykologistudenter Študenti psychológie
317 Publishers Vydavatelé Éditeurs Verleger Editori Forleggere Vydavatelia
318 Racing car drivers Řidiči závodních aut Pilotes de course Rennfahrer Piloti di auto da corsa Racerbilsjåfører Jazdci závodných aút
319 Radio announcers Rozhlasoví hlasatelé Animateurs radio Radiosprecher Annunciatori radiofonici Programledere i radio Rozhlasoví hlásatelia
320 Radio technicians Rozhlasoví technici Techniciens radio Radiotechniker Radiotecnici Radioteknikere Rozhlasoví technici
321 Rape victims Oběti znásilnění Victimes de viol Vergewaltigungsopfer Vittime di violenza sessuale Voldtektsofre Obete znásilnenia
322 Rapists Násilníci Violeurs Vergewaltiger Violentatori Voldtektsmenn Násilníci
323 Receptionists Recepční Réceptionnistes Rezeptionisten Adetti alla riception Resepsjonister Recepční
324 Relatives Příbuzní Proches (famille) Verwandte Parenti Slektninger Príbuzní
325 Reporters Reportéři Journalistes Reporter Cronisti Reportere Reportéri
326 Rescue workers Záchranáři Secouristes Rettungskräfte Soccorritori Redningsarbeidere Záchranári
327 Research scientists Vědečtí pracovníci Chercheurs Forscher Ricercatori scientifici Forskere Vedeckí pracovníci
328 Road workers Cestáři Employés de voirie Straßenbauarbeiter Operai stradali Veiarbeidere Cestári
329 Roadies Roadies Machinistes itinérants Roadies N/A Roadier N/A
330 Romantic novelists Spisovatelé červené
knihovny
Écrivains de romans
àl’eau de rose
Autoren von Liebesromanen Scrittori di romanzi rosa Forfattere av
kjærlighetsromaner
Spisovatelia červenej
knižnice
331 Roofers Pokrývači Couvreurs Dachdecker Lattonieri Taktekkere Pokrývači
332 Rubbish collectors Popeláři Éboueurs Müllleute Netturbini Søppeltømmere Smetiari
333 Runners Běžci Coureurs Läufer Corridori Løpere Bežci
334 Sailors Námořníci Marins Segler Marinai Seilere Námorníci
335 Sales assistants see “Salespersons”Assistants de vente Verkaufsassistenten Commessi Salgsassistenter Obchodní referenti
336 Salespersons Prodavači Vendeurs Verkäufer Addetti alle vendite Selgere Predavači
337 Schoolchildren Žáci Élèves Schulkinder Scolari Elever Žiaci
338 Screenwriters Scénaristé Scénaristes Drehbuchautoren Sceneggiatori Manusforfattere Scenáristi
339 Scuba divers Potápěči Plongeurs Sporttaucher Sommozzatori Dykkere Potápači
340 Sculptors Sochaři Sculpteurs Bildhauer Scultori Skulptører Sochári
341 Secretaries Sekretáři Secrétaires Sekretäre Segretari Sekretærer Sekretári
342 Serial killers Sérioví vrazi Tueurs en série Serienmörder Pluriomicidi Seriemordere Sérioví vrahovia
343 Sheriffs Šerifové Shérifs Sheriffs Sceriffi Sheriffer Šerifovia
344 Shoemakers Obuvníci Cordonniers Schuhmacher Calzolai Skomakere Obuvníci
Behav Res

Tab l e 2 (continued)
Role nouns
(in English)
Czech French German Italian Norwegian Slovak
345 Shoplifters see “Thieves”Vo l eu rs à l ’étalage Ladendiebe Taccheggiatori Butikktyver see “Thieves”
346 Shoppers Zákazníci Clients de magasin Käufer Compratori Shoppere Zákazníci
347 Singers Zpěváci Chanteurs Sänger Cantanti Sangere Speváci
348 Single parents Samoživitelé Parents célibataires Alleinerziehende Ragazzi padri Aleneforeldre Samoživitelia
349 Skiers Lyžaři Skieurs Skiläufer Sciatori Skiløpere Lyžiari
350 Smugglers Pašeráci Contrebandiers Schmuggler Contrabbandieri Smuglere Pašeráci
351 Snooker players Hráči kulečníku Joueurs de billard Snookerspieler Giocatori di biliardo Snookerspillere Hráči biliardu
352 Social workers Sociální pracovníci Assistants sociaux Sozialarbeiter Assistenti sociali Sosialarbeidere Sociálni pracovníci
353 Socialites Prominenti Mondains N/A Persone di mondo N/A Prominenti
354 Solarium users Klienti solária Utilisateurs de solarium Solariumnutzer Ultilizzatori di solarium Solariumbrukere Klienti solária
355 Soldiers Vojáci Soldats Soldaten Soldati Soldater Vojaci
356 Sound engineers Zvukaři Ingénieurs du son Toningenieure Ingegneri del suono Lydteknikere Zvukári
357 Spectators Diváci Spectateurs Zuschauer Spettatori Tilskuere Diváci
358 Speech therapists Logopedi Logopédistes Logopäden Logoterapisti Logopeder Logopédi
359 Sports coaches Trenéři Entraîneurs Trainer Allenatori Trenere Tréneri
360 Spies Špióni Espions Spione Spie Spioner Špióni
361 Statisticians Statistici Statisticiens Statistiker Statistici Statistikere Štatistici
362 Stockbrokers Makléři Agents de change Börsenmakler Operatori di borsa Børsmeklere Makléri
363 Strippers Striptéři Stripteaseurs Stripper Spogliarellisti Strippere Striptéri
364 Structural engineers Stavební inženýři Ingénieurs en génie civil Bauingenieure Ingegneri civili Bygningskonstruktører Statici
365 Students Studenti Étudiants Studenten Studenti Studenter Študenti
366 Sunbathers Opalující se Bronzeurs Sonnenbadende N/A N/A Opaľujúci sa muži
367 Supervisors Vedoucí Superviseurs Vorgesetzte Supervisori Oppsynsmenn Vedúci
368 Surfers Surfaři Surfeurs Surfer Surfisti Surfere Surfisti
369 Surgeons Chirurgové Chirurgiens Chirurgen Chirurghi Kirurger Chirurgovia
370 Suspects Podezřelí Suspects Tatverdächtige Indiziati Mistenkte Podozrivé osoby
371 Swimmers Plavci Nageurs Schwimmer Nuotatori Svømmere Plavci
372 Switchboard
operators
Spojovatelé Standardistes N/A Centralinisti Sentralbordoperatører Spojovatelia
373 Synchronized
swimmers
Akvabelové Nageurs synchronisés Synchronschwimmer Atleti di nuoto
sincronizzato
Synkronsvømmere Synchronizovaní
plavci
374 Systems analysts Systémoví analytici Analystes systèmes
informatiques
Systemanalytiker Analisti di sistema Systemanalytikere Systémoví analytici
375 Tailors 0/krejčí Tailleurs Schneider Sarti Skreddere Krajčíri
376 Tap dancers Stepaři Danseur de claquettes Stepptänzer Ballerini di tip tap Steppere Stepári
Behav Res

Tab l e 2 (continued)
Role nouns
(in English)
Czech French German Italian Norwegian Slovak
377 Tarot card readers Vykladači tarotu Tireurs de cartes Tarot-Kartenleger Cartomanti Spåmenn Vykladači tarotových
kariet
378 Tattooists Tatéři Tatoueurs Tätowierer Tatuatori Tatovører Tatéri
379 Tax advisors Daňoví poradci Conseillers fiscaux Steuerberater Consulenti fiscali Skatterådgivere Daňoví poradcovia
380 Taxi drivers Taxikáři Conducteurs de taxi Taxifahrer Tassisti Drosjesjåfører Taxikári
381 Taxidermists Preparátoři Taxidermistes Präparatoren Imbalsamatori Utstoppere Preparátori
382 Technicians Technici Techniciens Techniker see “Technologists”Teknikere Technici
383 Technologists Technologové Technologues Technologen Tecnici Teknologer Technológovia
384 Teenagers Teenageři Adolescents Teenager Adolescenti Tenåringer Adolescenti
385 Telephone operators Telefonní operátoři Opérateurs téléphoniques Telefonisten Telefonisti Telefonoperatører Telefonickí operátori
386 Tennis players Tenisti Joueurs de tennis Tennisspieler Tennisti Tennisspillere Tenisti
387 Terrorists Teroristi Terroristes Terroristen Terroristi Terrorister Teroristi
388 Theatre directors Ředitelé divadel Directeurs de théâtre Theaterdirektoren Registi teatrali Teaterregissører Riaditelia divadiel
389 Thieves Zloději Voleurs Diebe Ladri Tyver Zlodeji
390 Ticket inspectors Kontroloři Contrôleurs Controller Controllori Kontrollører Kontrolóri
391 Toddlers Batolata Nourrissons Kleinkinder Bimbi ai primi passi Smårollinger Batoľatá
392 Toolmakers Nástrojáři Outilleurs Werkzeugmacher Attrezzisti Verktøymakere Nástrojári
393 Tour guides Průvodci Guides touristiques Reiseleiter Guide turistiche Reiseledere Sprievodcovia v
cestovnom ruchu
394 Trade unionists Odboráři Syndicalistes Gewerkschafter Sindacalisti Fagforeningsmedlemmer Odborári
395 Traffic engineers Dopravní inženýři Gestionnaires du trafic Verkehrsingenieure Ingegneri del traffico Trafikkingeniører Dopravní inžinieri
396 Train conductors Průvodčí Conducteurs de train Zugschaffner Conducenti di treno Togførere Sprievodcovia
397 Translators Překladatelé Traducteurs Übersetzer Traduttori Oversettere Prekladatelia
398 Travel agents Zaměstnanci cestovní
kanceláře
Agents de voyage Reisekaufleute Agenti di viaggio Reisebyråagenter Zamestnanci cestovnej
kancelárie
399 Trumpet players Trumpetisté Joueurs de trompette Trompeter Trombettisti Trompetister Trubkári
400 Tuba players Hráči na tubu Joueurs de tuba Tubaspieler Suonatori di tuba Tubaspillere Hráči na tube
401 Typists Písaři na stroji Dactylos Schreibkräfte Dattilografi N/A Pisári na stroji
402 Tyre fitters Pracovníci pneuservisu Techniciens du pneu Reifenwechsler Gommisti N/A Pracovníci
pneuservisu
403 Undertakers Zaměstnanci pohřebního
ústavu
Croque-morts Bestatter Becchini Gravferdskonsulenter Podnikatelia
404 Vets Veterináři Vétérinaires Tierärzte Veterinari Dyrleger Veterinári
405 Vice chancellors Vícekancléři Vice chanceliers Vizekanzler Vicecancellieri N/A Vicekancelári
406 Victims Oběti (ženy) Victimes homme Opfer Vittime Ofre Obete
Behav Res

Tab l e 2 (continued)
Role nouns
(in English)
Czech French German Italian Norwegian Slovak
407 Violinists Houslisté Violonistes Geiger Violinisti Fiolinister Huslisti
408 Waiters Číšníci Serveurs Kellner Camerieri Servitører Čašníci
409 Wardens Správci Gardiens Aufseher Guardiani Voktere Správcovia
410 Weavers Tkalci Tisserands Weber Tessitori Vevere Tkáči
411 Wedding planners Organizátoři svateb Organisateurs de
mariages
Hochzeitsplaner Organizzatori di matrimonio Bryllupsplanleggere Organizátori svatieb
412 Weight lifters Vzpěrači Haltérophiles Gewichtheber Sollevatori pesi Vektløftere Vzpierači
413 Welders Svářeči Soudeurs Schweißer Saldatori Sveisere Zvárači
414 Wine connoisseurs Znalci vína Amateurs de vin Weinkenner Intenditori di vino Vinkjennere Znalci vína
415 Wood carvers Řezbáři Sculpteurs sur bois Holzschnitzer Intagliatori Treskjærere Rezbári
416 Wood workers Dřevaři Ébénistes Holzbearbeiter Falegnami Tømrere Drevári
417 Workers Pracovníci Ouvriers Arbeiter Operai Arbeidere Pracovníci
418 Wrestlers Zápasníci Catcheurs Ringer Lottatori di wrestling Brytere Zápasníci
419 Writers Spisovatelé Écrivains Schriftsteller Scrittori Skribenter Spisovatelia
420 X-ray technicians Rentgenologové Radiographes Röntgentechniker Radiologi Røntgenteknikere Röntgenológovia
421 Youngsters Nezletilí Jeunes garçons Jugendliche Giovincelli Ungdommer Mládež
422 Zoologists Zoologové Zoologistes Zoologen Zoologi Zoologer Zoológovia
(“N/A”represents all nouns for which no appropriate translation of the English original was possible, or nouns that only have a masculine- or feminine-specific form. Translations were carried out by
members of the Network and were double-checked by SMG UK Translations Limited, a professional translation company. Note that all role nouns are only presented here in masculine form in the gender-
marked languages merely for practical reasons.)
Behav Res

Appendix B
Tabl e 3 Means (in bold), number of responses and standard deviations (in brackets and italic) for all role nouns across the seven languages (higher
values represent a higher proportion of women estimated)
Czech English French German Italian Norwegian Slovak
M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD)
Accountants “Bookkeepers”.37 140 (.14) .39 32 (.17) “Bookkeeper”.47 405 (.16) .42 30 (.19) “Bookkeepers”
Acrobats .5 38 (.2) .57 144 (.16) .55 31 (.12) .53 38 (.13) .5 393 (.14) .53 31 (.13) .55 28 (.21)
Acupuncturists .51 34 (.23) .59 139 (.17) .49 30 (.17) .6 36 (.15) .52 403 (.18) .61 29 (.14) .55 28 (.18)
Administrative workers “Office workers”.59 142 (.16) .57 32 (.11) .59 33 (.15) .54 413 (.17) “Secretaries”“Office workers”
Admirals .08 35 (.12) .25 142 (.19) .16 33 (.15) .16 34 (.13) .17 399 (.14) .17 29 (.12) .09 28 (.12)
Aerobics instructors .85 37 (.12) .7 140 (.16) .74 28 (.15) .72 34 (.15) .73 401 (.18) .81 30 (.11) .84 29 (.15)
Air traffic controllers .29 37 (.21) .32 141 (.17) .32 33 (.14) .29 37 (.15) .45 401 (.22) .26 30 (.17) .28 28 (.18)
Alcoholics .4 34 (.15) .41 138 (.14) .36 32 (.13) .39 33 (.13) .35 396 (.16) .35 28 (.11) .32 31 (.13)
Anglers .12 36 (.12) .28 140 (.16) .18 31 (.11) .23 35 (.11) .17 391 (.14) .19 32 (.11) .11 29 (.08)
Animators .62 41 (.16) .39 139 (.13) N/A .52 37 (.1) .54 393 (.13) .35 31 (.13) .74 31 (.14)
Antique dealers .33 36 (.14) .38 141 (.16) .39 35 (.17) .37 33 (.12) .4 409 (.15) .42 32 (.17) .47 30 (.16)
Apprentices .42 33 (.16) .4 138 (.12) .45 34 (.08) .45 35 (.09) .49 397 (.12) .47 33 (.09) .39 29 (.17)
Architects .32 38 (.15) .36 142 (.14) .38 31 (.13) .42 33 (.15) .43 396 (.14) .42 30 (.13) .37 30 (.15)
Archivists .53 38 (.23) .44 141 (.16) .46 33 (.17) .54 35 (.16) .53 402 (.16) .57 29 (.19) .61 32 (.22)
Artists .49 36 (.11) .51 141 (.11) .52 32 (.12) .5 32 (.11) .49 400 (.1) .53 29 (.11) .45 30 (.16)
Assistants .71 36 (.18) .65 137 (.13) .58 34 (.14) .65 35 (.12) .62 398 (.17) .63 32 (.13) .69 30 (.22)
Assistant chefs .48 34 (.19) .44 141 (.14) .31 33 (.14) .49 35 (.14) .49 403 (.17) .58 30 (.21) .41 30 (.21)
Astrologists .41 37 (.27) .37 142 (.17) .52 28 (.22) .44 35 (.22) .45 398 (.19) .5 31 (.24) .3 29 (.26)
Astronauts .17 34 (.13) .23 138 (.15) .18 32 (.14) .24 34 (.14) .21 388 (.14) .2 33 (.12) .14 30 (.13)
Astronomers .23 39 (.17) .32 141 (.15) .28 31 (.16) .38 32 (.17) .36 394 (.16) .28 32 (.16) .16 31 (.12)
Athletes .44 36 (.14) .44 143 (.11) .41 31 (.09) .47 35 (.11) .47 408 (.09) .42 31 (.11) .45 30 (.1)
Au pairs .86 38 (.18) .77 142 (.17) .88 33 (.09) .8 36 (.15) .66 398 (.19) .86 31 (.12) .88 30 (.2)
Auctioneers .36 33 (.17) .31 141 (.14) .33 33 (.17) .34 35 (.16) .32 410 (.17) .31 30 (.18) .32 31 (.2)
Authors .48 37 (.15) .51 142 (.11) .5 34 (.11) .48 38 (.11) .48 404 (.12) .51 29 (.09) .47 33 (.13)
Babies .51 37 (.11) .52 141 (.08) .51 32 (.06) .53 36 (.07) .54 405 (.11) .51 32 (.1) .56 30 (.11)
Babysitters “Child-minders”.78 142 (.12) .9 31 (.09) .83 33 (.09) .86 395 (.14) “Child-
minders”
.88 29 (.17)
Bakers .54 39 (.2) .49 139 (.17) .41 34 (.17) .41 36 (.19) .39 404 (.18) .48 31 (.14) .45 30 (.19)
Ballet dancers .77 40 (.17) .71 140 (.16) .76 36 (.17) .75 34 (.15) “Dancers”.77 31 (.15) .82 30 (.11)
Bank clerks “Bankers”.43 136 (.15) .49 32 (.1) .49 38 (.13) .48 398 (.13) .52 30 (.21) .56 31 (.21)
Bankers .6 38 (.19) .32 140 (.15) .34 34 (.12) .46 37 (.15) .34 400 (.16) .45 31 (.21) .35 30 (.2)
Barbers .68 36 (.21) .2 140 (.15) .15 32 (.12) .52 37 (.23) .21 404 (.22) .2 30 (.14) .49 27 (.3)
Bartenders .49 34 (.15) .47 139 (.15) .39 31 (.16) .37 35 (.18) .53 389 (.16) .42 32 (.14) .44 29 (.19)
Baseball players .25 39 (.16) .2 144 (.13) .21 35 (.16) .19 35 (.14) .2 385 (.16) .15 30 (.11) .13 28 (.1)
Basketball players .35 35 (.14) .23 141 (.14) .27 35 (.12) .3 38 (.12) .27 398 (.14) .19 29 (.11) .33 30 (.17)
Bass players .28 36 (.14) .35 140 (.16) .29 33 (.13) .3 37 (.14) .28 406 (.16) .26 29 (.13) .21 30 (.12)
Beauticians .87 35 (.16) .84 141 (.13) .86 32 (.18) .85 34 (.11) .88 410 (.13) .85 30 (.1) .91 31 (.1)
Bikers “Cyclists”.3 140 (.14) .27 29 (.13) .3 33 (.12) .22 406 (.13) .23 27 (.08) “Cyclists”
Bingo players .46 34 (.2) .7 141 (.15) .54 33 (.19) .54 33 (.11) .52 395 (.19) .69 28 (.16) .41 31 (.21)
Biologists .48 37 (.13) .46 143 (.16) .48 28 (.15) .52 35 (.13) .55 399 (.15) .46 29 (.16) .55 30 (.17)
Birth attendants .73 33 (.19) .75 141 (.16) .82 31 (.12) .83 32 (.13) .85 395 (.15) .8 31 (.13) .87 28 (.13)
Blacksmiths .07 36 (.08) .21 140 (.14) .16 32 (.15) .24 36 (.15) .13 396 (.14) .21 31 (.14) .11 29 (.16)
Bookkeepers .72 33 (.15) .48 142 (.17) “Accountants”.48 34 (.2) .45 405 (.16) .53 29 (.16) .71 32 (.21)
Bosses .32 37 (.15) .37 142 (.13) .29 32 (.13) .35 31 (.13) .31 403 (.15) .29 29 (.1) .29 29 (.16)
Behav Res

Tabl e 3 (continued)
Czech English French German Italian Norwegian Slovak
M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD)
Boutique owners .69 40 (.24) .77 141 (.14) .59 31 (.17) .71 36 (.17) .51 401 (.13) .46 31 (.15) .73 29 (.22)
Boxers .16 36 (.13) .21 139 (.12) .2 32 (.16) .26 35 (.14) .19 405 (.15) .25 31 (.12) .12 29 (.1)
Bricklayers .09 37 (.13) .16 141 (.12) .1 33 (.09) .19 32 (.13) .08 400 (.12) .19 31 (.11) .04 29 (.07)
Building contractors .2 34 (.14) .21 139 (.13) .24 34 (.15) .24 31 (.13) .22 409 (.16) .25 31 (.12) .12 31 (.12)
Bus drivers .19 35 (.15) .25 138 (.13) .27 30 (.19) .28 37 (.11) .3 414 (.14) .27 28 (.12) .15 29 (.12)
Butchers .16 35 (.15) .21 142 (.13) .22 37 (.14) .26 33 (.14) .23 405 (.16) .26 31 (.15) .16 32 (.14)
Butlers N/A .2 140 (.15) .27 31 (.14) .45 34 (.16) .26 410 (.19) .39 27 (.12) .48 28 (.33)
Cabinet ministers .3 34 (.16) .28 142 (.14) .25 33 (.11) .33 36 (.13) .26 406 (.14) .37 31 (.13) .18 30 (.13)
Cake decorators “Pastry chefs”.72 138 (.17) .66 33 (.18) N/A .62 404 (.18) N/A “Pastry chefs”
Camera operators .21 37 (.13) .36 140 (.13) .26 34 (.13) .33 35 (.12) .36 396 (.15) .37 29 (.16) .17 27 (.14)
Campers .42 32 (.16) .41 139 (.12) .42 33 (.1) .44 32 (.1) .43 403 (.11) .45 31 (.1) .41 31 (.16)
Canteen assistants .73 38 (.18) .72 141 (.15) .63 31 (.17) .55 38 (.16) .71 401 (.17) .61 29 (.16) .79 28 (.16)
Car mechanics .1 35 (.13) .21 142 (.14) “Mechanics”.19 0(.11) “Mechanic”.16 32 (.11) .07 28 (.09)
Card players .24 34 (.15) .34 140 (.14) .44 33 (.16) .33 32 (.14) .33 398 (.17) .36 29 (.12) .19 32 (.15)
Care workers .71 35 (.2) .72 140 (.13) .67 31 (.12) .64 37 (.15) .64 404 (.17) .71 31 (.15) .88 29 (.08)
Caregivers “Health visitors”.71 142 (.14) .64 31 (.16) .67 36 (.16) .88 389 (.14) .77 31 (.09) .81 29 (.16)
Caretakers .44 38 (.22) .31 140 (.2) “Janitors”.47 37 (.14) .28 405 (.16) “Supervisors”.5 31 (.21)
Carpenters .1 34 (.16) .25 138 (.15) .18 28 (.14) .22 37 (.13) “Wood
workers”
.15 30 (.09) .08 31 (.07)
Cartoonists .31 37 (.18) .36 141 (.12) .29 32 (.15) .32 33 (.15) .39 402 (.15) .35 29 (.13) .3 30 (.18)
Cashiers .69 35 (.18) .59 141 (.14) .75 32 (.13) .74 37 (.12) .71 405 (.16) .58 32 (.16) .76 30 (.15)
Cat owners .77 34 (.15) .68 141 (.15) .66 32 (.15) .66 32 (.13) .68 402 (.16) .69 30 (.14) .8 32 (.15)
Caterers .41 34 (.21) .58 142 (.16) .4 35 (.14) .5 37 (.1) .43 390 (.14) .69 30 (.15) .22 32 (.2)
Celebrities .55 38 (.09) .54 140 (.1) .52 32 (.07) .52 35 (.07) .53 407 (.11) .52 29 (.08) .49 29 (.12)
Chair persons .28 33 (.13) .37 139 (.14) .22 35 (.14) .31 37 (.12) .23 396 (.17) .3 28 (.14) .34 29 (.2)
Chamber-maids .88 36 (.19) .82 139 (.14) .82 31 (.17) .79 33 (.12) .57 404 (.19) .86 27 (.12) .91 30 (.1)
Cheerleaders .69 35 (.23) .83 141 (.14) .95 32 (.06) .82 36 (.18) .91 405 (.14) .89 30 (.1) .96 31 (.07)
Chefs .29 38 (.2) .37 140 (.14) .3 29 (.12) .31 35 (.14) .39 409 (.18) .38 27 (.19) .23 30 (.18)
Chemists .39 37 (.18) .46 143 (.19) .3 32 (.18) .37 38 (.16) .42 399 (.15) .45 32 (.18) .37 29 (.19)
Children .54 36 (.11) .51 141 (.09) “Kids”“Kids”.53 395 (.1) .5 29 (.03) .54 32 (.09)
Child educators .83 38 (.13) .67 142 (.15) .68 32 (.18) “Nursery
teachers”
.8 400 (.15) .69 31 (.12) .86 29 (.13)
Child-minders .85 36 (.15) .78 141 (.14) .8 34 (.12) .87 32 (.1) .87 407 (.16) .78 29 (.13) .89 30 (.14)
Chiropractors .39 37 (.16) .46 143 (.17) .44 32 (.15) .45 32 (.13) .49 408 (.17) .46 29 (.14) .36 31 (.13)
Chocolate lovers .69 31 (.22) .7 141 (.14) .63 32 (.16) .67 36 (.16) .62 403 (.16) .72 28 (.17) .69 31 (.19)
Choreographers .59 38 (.19) .59 141 (.16) .59 34 (.15) .53 32 (.15) .54 398 (.17) .61 29 (.14) .46 30 (.23)
Cinema goers .49 33 (.18) .53 141 (.09) .53 31 (.06) .51 38 (.11) .54 392 (.11) .51 28 (.05) .55 28 (.08)
Clairvoyants .73 37 (.27) .64 140 (.17) .78 32 (.16) .74 35 (.13) .72 409 (.18) .76 29 (.12) .8 30 (.14)
Cleaners .85 37 (.13) .71 138 (.14) .43 31 (.26) .75 36 (.13) .77 395 (.16) .74 29 (.2) .87 30 (.1)
Clerks .69 38 (.19) .42 141 (.14) .51 33 (.06) .54 36 (.08) .58 407 (.14) .48 31 (.07) .68 30 (.17)
Clients .52 37 (.07) .51 139 (.11) “Customers”.51 33 (.07) .55 410 (.13) .51 30 (.07) .5 31 (.14)
Climbers “Mountain
climbers”
.34 140 (.15) .37 31 (.13) .35 36 (.13) .37 394 (.16) .36 29 (.13) “Mountain
climbers”
Clinical psychologists .56 37 (.18) .58 141 (.16) .58 34 (.12) .54 34 (.14) .57 411 (.17) .62 27 (.18) .69 29 (.19)
Clowns .17 38 (.13) .22 143 (.15) .18 37 (.12) .31 35 (.12) .31 394 (.16) .24 28 (.13) .19 30 (.16)
Colonels .14 36 (.12) .23 139 (.16) .1 33 (.08) .3 39 (.16) .18 405 (.14) .16 28 (.1) .18 27 (.12)
Comedians .23 35 (.15) .3 140 (.13) .5 32 (.09) .38 34 (.13) .38 400 (.13) .36 29 (.09) .3 30 (.19)
Company directors .27 35 (.14) .33 139 (.16) .32 35 (.12) .29 395 (.15) “Executives”.27 30 (.11)
Behav Res

Tabl e 3 (continued)
Czech English French German Italian Norwegian Slovak
M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD)
“General
managers”
Composers .3 36 (.14) .35 137 (.15) .35 35 (.12) .36 33 (.13) .36 394 (.15) .32 31 (.13) .26 30 (.12)
Computer programmers .18 34 (.1) .26 140 (.13) .26 30 (.15) .2 34 (.1) .28 398 (.16) .23 33 (.13) .14 31 (.11)
Computer specialists .19 33 (.14) .26 139 (.12) .26 36 (.11) .26 34 (.13) .26 392 (.15) .21 28 (.11) .13 32 (.12)
Computer technicians .16 36 (.11) .26 140 (.14) .22 34 (.1) .22 33 (.11) .26 402 (.14) .23 28 (.09) .11 30 (.09)
Conquerors .14 34 (.14) .23 141 (.16) .21 32 (.16) .23 35 (.18) .32 403 (.23) .19 31 (.14) .13 30 (.13)
Conservationists .52 36 (.18) .5 142 (.13) “Curators”.53 35 (.08) .56 398 (.13) .56 31 (.09) .47 29 (.14)
Construction workers .07 33 (.08) .19 142 (.14) .14 32 (.13) .17 39 (.17) .14 397 (.14) .18 31 (.1) .06 30 (.13)
Cooks .5 36 (.19) .5 144 (.16) .38 32 (.13) .39 36 (.14) .45 403 (.17) .45 31 (.15) .56 31 (.17)
Coordinators .49 40 (.21) .5 141 (.14) .47 31 (.15) .5 34 (.14) .5 393 (.15) N/A .46 29 (.2)
Counseling psychologists .54 35 (.14) .69 139 (.15) .6 34 (.13) .56 35 (.11) .64 396 (.16) .6 29 (.15) .7 31 (.18)
Counsellors .45 35 (.14) .65 141 (.16) .52 32 (.19) .49 36 (.13) .47 396 (.14) .59 29 (.16) .49 31 (.15)
Couriers .26 33 (.15) .34 143 (.15) .29 35 (.12) .28 36 (.13) .26 399 (.17) .44 31 (.14) .17 31 (.12)
Court reporters .7 37 (.2) .46 139 (.13) .5 31 (.18) .55 36 (.16) .32 383 (.17) .52 31 (.21) .59 30 (.28)
Craft workers .17 35 (.19) .52 141 (.21) .39 31 (.17) .23 36 (.12) .34 398 (.16) .29 30 (.13) .23 30 (.16)
Crane operators .12 37 (.17) .19 140 (.13) .13 34 (.13) .16 35 (.13) .14 399 (.14) .15 31 (.1) .09 30 (.11)
Criminals .29 36 (.14) .31 141 (.14) .28 30 (.13) .34 35 (.14) .31 404 (.16) .22 31 (.12) .24 31 (.14)
Cult members .41 35 (.14) .42 140 (.14) .47 33 (.16) .52 31 (.11) .45 408 (.15) .52 30 (.16) .42 31 (.13)
Curators .42 34 (.18) .44 141 (.14) .43 33 (.13) .45 38 (.15) .51 401 (.17) .48 29 (.11) .48 29 (.24)
Customers “Shoppers”.58 140 (.12) .56 29 (.12) .56 36 (.1) .54 394 (.12) .52 31 (.07) “Shoppers”
Customs inspectors .18 37 (.14) .4 141 (.14) .26 31 (.16) .35 36 (.13) .27 403 (.15) .41 31 (.13) .18 29 (.14)
Customs officers .25 31 (.2) .38 142 (.14) .22 32 (.14) .36 36 (.12) .27 401 (.16) .35 28 (.13) .21 31 (.13)
Cyclists .37 36 (.15) .41 139 (.12) .33 31 (.13) .43 34 (.13) .31 404 (.14) .34 33 (.13) .24 28 (.15)
Dance instructors .59 34 (.18) .7 142 (.15) .65 35 (.18) .57 35 (.17) .62 396 (.17) .77 32 (.09) .62 30 (.21)
Dancers .68 35 (.16) .65 142 (.14) .68 34 (.11) .6 37 (.13) .68 400 (.16) .73 27 (.13) .64 31 (.19)
Data processors .53 35 (.21) .38 139 (.17) .33 32 (.14) .39 35 (.15) .39 408 (.15) N/A .6 30 (.19)
Database administrators .34 36 (.24) .47 142 (.18) .36 33 (.15) .38 38 (.14) .31 392 (.17) N/A .26 32 (.2)
Deacons .29 38 (.24) .37 137 (.17) .26 30 (.2) .39 38 (.23) .16 407 (.19) .54 30 (.18) .23 31 (.22)
Dental hygienists .61 34 (.18) .57 141 (.19) .68 32 (.17) .53 37 (.19) .6 399 (.18) .71 27 (.14) .65 31 (.21)
Dental technicians .55 36 (.14) .5 140 (.19) .57 31 (.2) .56 33 (.2) .41 405 (.15) .61 30 (.17) .47 31 (.16)
Dentists .56 38 (.17) .38 139 (.15) .39 31 (.15) .44 34 (.13) .4 402 (.15) .49 29 (.13) .49 31 (.18)
Deputies .49 37 (.17) .41 142 (.14) .3 30 (.1) .49 36 (.12) .27 405 (.14) .55 28 (.13) .51 30 (.16)
Designers .61 36 (.18) .53 138 (.16) .44 28 (.18) .52 36 (.13) .54 412 (.16) .65 32 (.12) .59 29 (.21)
Detectives .19 36 (.13) .33 141 (.14) .32 33 (.15) .32 32 (.12) .3 396 (.15) .29 30 (.11) .22 30 (.14)
Dieticians .68 37 (.17) .65 141 (.15) .75 35 (.16) .7 34 (.13) .65 410 (.16) .7 30 (.14) .66 31 (.21)
Diplomats .34 32 (.16) .36 140 (.15) .29 34 (.12) .33 32 (.17) .35 399 (.17) .36 30 (.15) .3 29 (.16)
Doctors of Philosophy “Physicians”.37 138 (.15) “Medical
doctors”
.44 37 (.2) .47 402 (.11) .34 32 (.14) “Physicians”
Dog owners .52 35 (.14) .49 142 (.1) .52 33 (.12) .5 36 (.12) .52 391 (.1) .53 29 (.11) .5 29 (.16)
Door keepers .27 35 (.18) .29 141 (.15) .18 32 (.13) .27 39 (.14) .41 406 (.2) .16 32 (.11) .37 29 (.18)
Dressmakers “Tailors”.75 140 (.14) .73 36 (.19) N/A “Tailors”“Tailors”“Tailor s”
Drivers .37 35 (.15) .38 138 (.13) .37 35 (.16) .37 35 (.12) .4 392 (.15) .32 31 (.14) .32 31 (.16)
Driving instructors .19 32 (.13) .35 141 (.14) .24 36 (.13) .28 35 (.15) .25 412 (.16) .29 32 (.14) .15 29 (.13)
Drug addicts .39 38 (.14) .43 143 (.11) .39 34 (.14) .42 35 (.14) .39 406 (.13) .39 28 (.13) .39 29 (.14)
Drug dealers .23 37 (.14) .24 140 (.16) .24 30 (.17) .25 34 (.14) .21 408 (.15) .18 28 (.11) .14 27 (.11)
Drummers .24 36 (.14) .26 139 (.13) .25 34 (.15) .27 34 (.13) .23 397 (.15) .21 30 (.11) .15 29 (.12)
Economists .39 33 (.14) .33 141 (.14) .31 33 (.11) .41 35 (.16) .38 398 (.15) .39 31 (.12) .51 30 (.2)
Behav Res

Tabl e 3 (continued)
Czech English French German Italian Norwegian Slovak
M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD)
Editors .49 35 (.18) .47 142 (.15) “Publishers”.44 32 (.12) .42 402 (.14) .43 32 (.15) .52 30 (.2)
Educational psychologists .71 35 (.2) .63 142 (.16) .61 35 (.16) .7 35 (.14) .72 391 (.15) .7 33 (.16) .71 29 (.18)
Electricians .11 39 (.16) .21 139 (.13) .2 28 (.09) .22 32 (.1) .15 395 (.14) .17 32 (.09) .12 30 (.13)
Embezzlers .36 36 (.15) .37 142 (.17) .29 34 (.17) .38 36 (.12) .39 399 (.16) .37 32 (.15) .35 31 (.17)
Engine-drivers .16 33 (.15) .23 143 (.13) .19 33 (.13) .24 33 (.11) .19 399 (.13) .21 29 (.15) .09 31 (.08)
Engineers .36 37 (.12) .24 140 (.13) .22 34 (.11) .26 35 (.13) .29 409 (.14) .29 30 (.13) .35 29 (.16)
Entertainers .48 38 (.17) .46 140 (.12) .43 32 (.16) .42 32 (.11) .49 404 (.18) .54 30 (.14) .39 30 (.2)
Environmentalists .45 37 (.16) .54 137 (.13) .51 31 (.08) .53 36 (.12) .56 397 (.13) .6 31 (.12) .44 30 (.15)
Estate agents .43 37 (.17) .45 140 (.15) .43 36 (.15) .45 36 (.15) .46 400 (.16) .42 30 (.13) .48 32 (.16)
Executives .34 34 (.14) .36 138 (.15) .29 34 (.11) .26 36 (.11) .48 397 (.15) .26 29 (.12) .29 28 (.16)
Executors .19 37 (.17) .26 142 (.18) .34 33 (.13) .43 37 (.15) .37 401 (.16) .44 30 (.1) .29 31 (.18)
Exercise instructors .69 35 (.19) .49 143 (.17) .44 32 (.19) .47 37 (.14) .4 397 (.16) .56 31 (.15) .6 29 (.2)
Exotic dancers .83 35 (.19) .8 143 (.14) .79 30 (.16) .72 35 (.16) .8 402 (.17) .83 32 (.1) .8 29 (.18)
Explorers .35 38 (.14) .33 144 (.15) .33 31 (.15) .33 34 (.16) .34 398 (.15) .25 31 (.13) .25 31 (.15)
Factory managers .24 38 (.13) .28 139 (.13) .17 34 (.11) .26 36 (.12) .31 394 (.15) .25 30 (.13) .18 32 (.11)
Fans “Groupies”.56 138 (.18) .62 36 (.15) .49 37 (.15) .56 403 (.18) .61 27 (.14) “Groupies”
Farmers .24 37 (.17) .27 141 (.15) .27 34 (.13) .36 38 (.13) .26 393 (.14) .29 30 (.15) .26 30 (.14)
Fashion models .74 34 (.17) .7 137 (.15) .68 34 (.15) .65 34 (.17) “Models”.72 30 (.13) .73 28 (.21)
Fencers .18 37 (.14) .36 141 (.14) .38 32 (.13) .41 36 (.14) .47 403 (.13) .29 29 (.12) .27 30 (.17)
Fig. skaters .63 35 (.16) .67 141 (.14) .65 36 (.13) .67 35 (.15) .68 393 (.15) .7 31 (.15) .64 31 (.17)
Film directors .25 37 (.11) .31 139 (.13) .24 32 (.09) .32 35 (.12) .29 407 (.14) .32 29 (.15) .21 30 (.1)
Film stars .48 34 (.08) .51 142 (.09) .51 34 (.09) .51 37 (.08) .53 403 (.09) .56 31 (.14) .51 30 (.11)
Financial advisers .47 37 (.16) .36 142 (.13) .32 29 (.13) .39 37 (.16) .35 401 (.14) .41 30 (.18) .31 31 (.22)
Financial analysts .36 40 (.13) .35 139 (.14) .3 33 (.1) .38 34 (.1) .34 405 (.16) .29 29 (.13) .3 30 (.14)
Firefighters .15 37 (.11) .21 141 (.14) .18 34 (.09) .23 35 (.12) .18 400 (.13) .16 32 (.1) .06 28 (.07)
Flight attendants .78 33 (.16) .71 140 (.15) .68 33 (.21) .75 37 (.16) .71 407 (.18) .74 28 (.15) .81 28 (.14)
Florists .84 38 (.12) .77 140 (.15) .81 32 (.09) .79 32 (.09) .67 400 (.16) .72 30 (.14) .84 32 (.11)
Flute players .65 36 (.18) .64 142 (.14) .63 30 (.12) .58 35 (.15) .54 404 (.15) .65 31 (.15) .72 31 (.18)
Football coaches .09 37 (.11) .19 137 (.14) .18 31 (.16) .2 34 (.12) .13 388 (.15) .16 30 (.1) .08 27 (.16)
Football players .14 33 (.13) .21 141 (.14) .21 33 (.12) .3 36 (.16) .17 402 (.14) .22 31 (.12) .16 31 (.13)
Forensic psychologists .5 35 (.21) .48 142 (.14) .48 35 (.15) .43 33 (.11) .54 395 (.16) .45 30 (.14) .39 31 (.22)
Forest rangers .11 38 (.09) .25 140 (.13) .2 33 (.17) .25 34 (.16) .27 395 (.16) .22 31 (.14) .11 29 (.12)
Fortune tellers .83 35 (.15) .75 140 (.15) .76 34 (.2) .74 35 (.15) .65 407 (.21) “Tarot card
readers”
.81 31 (.19)
Funeral directors .29 38 (.21) .32 143 (.16) .22 35 (.16) .28 34 (.14) .21 398 (.16) “Undertakers”.24 27 (.17)
Game wardens .13 37 (.13) .33 141 (.13) .15 33 (.13) .3 35 (.17) .19 406 (.16) .19 30 (.13) .09 31 (.12)
Gardeners “Groundkeepers”.43 142 (.18) .36 33 (.16) .39 35 (.15) .28 409 (.15) .51 30 (.18) “Groundkeepers”
Generals .06 37 (.08) .25 141 (.16) .14 34 (.15) .15 30 (.15) .17 388 (.16) .15 30 (.09) .08 30 (.11)
General managers .3 38 (.16) .42 141 (.12) .26 31 (.14) .32 35 (.12) .31 384 (.15) .39 32 (.16) .24 29 (.16)
Geologists .33 36 (.17) .42 141 (.14) .35 32 (.12) .38 32 (.11) .39 400 (.15) .37 29 (.16) .27 32 (.16)
Goalkeepers .15 39 (.14) .2 143 (.16) .19 31 (.18) .26 34 (.13) .16 399 (.15) .32 29 (.16) .15 29 (.13)
Goldsmiths .45 38 (.22) .33 144 (.17) .38 35 (.17) .39 38 (.2) .37 393 (.17) .48 29 (.2) .41 30 (.22)
Golfers .25 38 (.13) .27 142 (.16) .24 31 (.13) .31 36 (.18) .25 412 (.15) .41 30 (.16) .25 31 (.14)
Government officials .58 36 (.21) .34 139 (.14) .41 32 (.13) .36 36 (.11) .31 393 (.16) .34 31 (.16) .56 31 (.22)
Governors .2 38 (.16) .33 141 (.15) .21 30 (.15) .23 36 (.1) .24 397 (.16) .23 31 (.12) .14 31 (.11)
Graphic designers .4 34 (.12) .42 137 (.15) .43 32 (.17) .49 36 (.16) .47 396 (.14) .55 30 (.16) .39 31 (.2)
Groundkeepers .59 35 (.18) .27 139 (.14) N/A .2 33 (.12) .26 393 (.17) N/A .49 31 (.2)
Behav Res

Tabl e 3 (continued)
Czech English French German Italian Norwegian Slovak
M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD)
Groupies .56 39 (.21) .73 140 (.15) .76 35 (.2) .73 37 (.15) .68 405 (.23) .77 32 (.17) .51 32 (.16)
Guards .19 38 (.14) .23 142 (.13) .36 29 (.13) .28 35 (.12) .22 404 (.15) .25 32 (.11) .12 29 (.11)
Guitar players .33 36 (.14) .37 142 (.12) .33 33 (.13) .42 37 (.1) .31 390 (.14) .35 31 (.11) .27 30 (.14)
Gymnasts .68 36 (.15) .64 140 (.14) .59 28 (.13) .53 35 (.16) .64 404 (.15) .62 30 (.15) .69 28 (.18)
Gynaecologists .47 36 (.16) .5 140 (.22) .55 30 (.17) .54 37 (.17) .58 406 (.2) .56 29 (.16) .44 31 (.17)
Hairdressers .75 34 (.14) .7 142 (.14) .75 32 (.11) .78 35 (.1) .65 402 (.17) .79 29 (.11) .73 29 (.15)
Heads of department .36 39 (.17) .41 141 (.14) .31 33 (.14) .36 35 (.16) .33 398 (.16) .4 30 (.14) .35 30 (.16)
Head teachers .45 39 (.17) .49 141 (.18) .37 29 (.18) .39 31 (.13) .43 398 (.16) .47 30 (.19) .54 32 (.22)
Health visitors .83 36 (.13) .66 144 (.15) .64 35 (.16) .63 35 (.16) “Social
workers”
.76 27 (.11) .68 29 (.21)
Heavy equipment
operators
.11 35 (.15) .15 139 (.11) .17 29 (.1) .17 35 (.11) .14 403 (.13) .19 31 (.12) .09 29 (.11)
Historians .4 33 (.14) .39 139 (.15) .37 32 (.11) .39 35 (.13) .4 399 (.15) .34 30 (.13) .37 27 (.22)
History professors .44 40 (.19) .35 141 (.14) .37 32 (.14) .33 32 (.14) .55 390 (.16) .38 30 (.15) .4 30 (.22)
Hitchhikers .51 35 (.22) .37 140 (.16) .37 33 (.16) .39 34 (.12) .38 403 (.17) .35 31 (.13) .47 29 (.19)
Homeless persons .27 38 (.15) .33 138 (.14) .35 37 (.15) .36 35 (.15) .32 398 (.16) .35 31 (.16) .31 33 (.13)
Horse riders .49 34 (.17) .64 140 (.16) .55 34 (.22) .65 34 (.12) .52 385 (.16) .64 30 (.16) .53 31 (.15)
Horse trainers .43 35 (.21) .61 139 (.18) .62 31 (.18) .63 32 (.14) .48 407 (.17) .72 31 (.14) .52 28 (.18)
Hospital orderlies .54 33 (.16) .52 139 (.17) .74 35 (.13) N/A .64 395 (.17) .34 32 (.15) .63 32 (.16)
Hotel guests .46 33 (.11) .49 141 (.08) .46 34 (.11) .46 36 (.11) .48 398 (.1) .46 29 (.07) .42 30 (.15)
Hotel managers .38 35 (.17) .42 141 (.15) .29 32 (.13) .35 36 (.16) .35 397 (.14) .28 31 (.15) .3 32 (.17)
Housekeepers .64 36 (.3) .74 138 (.15) .67 32 (.26) .78 37 (.16) .79 413 (.18) .79 33 (.14) .62 31 (.25)
Humanitarians .61 34 (.15) .53 139 (.13) .57 32 (.15) .55 35 (.1) .51 395 (.15) .6 30 (.14) .64 32 (.18)
Humanities professors .57 41 (.21) .46 142 (.16) .46 34 (.16) .5 36 (.18) .65 389 (.17) .5 28 (.17) .6 30 (.21)
Hunters .15 37 (.15) .2 140 (.13) .15 32 (.11) .23 37 (.14) .14 396 (.13) .22 30 (.12) .13 28 (.13)
Ice skaters .51 36 (.13) .62 138 (.12) .64 31 (.15) .62 33 (.14) .64 402 (.14) .39 29 (.17) .59 31 (.14)
Infant teachers “Nursery
teachers”
.76 139 (.15) .74 34 (.14) .79 35 (.13) “Nursery
teachers”
N/A .89 29 (.15)
Informants .35 36 (.17) .42 139 (.14) .4 31 (.16) .39 34 (.13) .46 394 (.16) .42 32 (.13) .58 29 (.11)
Inmates .39 33 (.18) .31 142 (.16) .29 30 (.13) .29 35 (.14) .31 396 (.14) .2 30 (.1) .55 29 (.15)
Innkeepers .36 37 (.18) .41 142 (.17) .43 32 (.15) .47 32 (.16) .41 403 (.14) .5 32 (.16) .38 32 (.23)
Interior decorators .42 34 (.16) .62 138 (.17) .69 32 (.14) .6 35 (.17) .64 395 (.18) .69 34 (.13) .48 28 (.19)
Interpreters .63 40 (.15) .55 138 (.16) .55 35 (.15) .6 34 (.14) .63 402 (.15) .62 29 (.15) .65 31 (.18)
Inventors .23 37 (.15) .31 143 (.13) .32 32 (.14) .36 37 (.14) .33 396 (.16) .33 31 (.13) .25 31 (.16)
IT consultants .17 36 (.11) .29 140 (.14) .23 30 (.11) .24 35 (.09) .27 399 (.14) .25 30 (.1) .15 29 (.1)
Jailors .25 35 (.15) .33 140 (.15) .29 33 (.16) .22 33 (.12) .25 403 (.17) .24 27 (.14) .19 31 (.16)
Janitors .18 36 (.14) .27 140 (.15) .4 33 (.19) .23 33 (.13) .65 403 (.16) .16 29 (.11) .17 32 (.15)
Jewelers .48 37 (.24) .49 139 (.16) .51 34 (.17) .44 34 (.16) .43 402 (.15) .5 31 (.17) .44 30 (.18)
Job kers .53 35 (.13) .43 139 (.12) .43 33 (.12) .45 34 (.11) .57 406 (.17) .49 30 (.1) .5 30 (.13)
Joggers “Runners”.53 145 (.11) .5 33 (.12) .48 35 (.14) .42 396 (.12) .53 29 (.08) “Runners”
Journalists .52 37 (.14) .53 137 (.14) “Reporters”.52 35 (.12) .48 392 (.11) .53 32 (.1) .47 30 (.14)
Judges .4 35 (.13) .34 141 (.16) .34 31 (.13) .37 35 (.12) .37 405 (.15) .34 31 (.15) .34 29 (.16)
Jugglers .27 37 (.15) .36 141 (.14) .37 33 (.11) .37 35 (.13) .34 394 (.15) .34 30 (.14) .26 31 (.2)
Jurors .45 34 (.11) .47 142 (.12) .44 31 (.13) .44 34 (.11) .42 399 (.13) .53 31 (.09) .47 29 (.09)
Karaoke singers .59 34 (.17) .6 143 (.15) .57 31 (.18) .55 34 (.15) .56 399 (.14) .56 29 (.13) .61 32 (.17)
Kids .56 36 (.1) .5 140 (.09) .51 31 (.08) .53 32 (.06) .53 393 (.11) .49 32 (.04) N/A
Killers “Murderers”.27 139 (.14) .28 33 (.15) .22 35 (.12) .19 395 (.16) .16 30 (.1) “Murderers”
Kindergarten teachers “Nursery
teachers”
.79 137 (.12) .8 36 (.13) .82 35 (.13) .86 399 (.14) .79 28 (.11) “Nursery
teachers”
Behav Res

Tabl e 3 (continued)
Czech English French German Italian Norwegian Slovak
M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD) M N (SD)
Knitters .76 35 (.25) .81 141 (.13) .88 33 (.16) .84 38 (.12) .75 407 (.18) N/A .55 32 (.29)
Lab technicians .57 33 (.19) .44 141 (.16) .42 33 (.16) .51 35 (.16) .44 404 (.16) .54 30 (.17) .58 31 (.18)
Landscape gardeners .49 36 (.14) .4 142 (.18) .28 31 (.15) .4 36 (.19) .48 399 (.17) .39 31 (.2) .49 29 (.25)
Law clerks .5 36 (.16) .41 141 (.14) .49 30 (.18) .69 39 (.13) .4 411 (.15) .71 28 (.14) .44 30 (.18)
Law professors .36 33 (.13) .38 140 (.15) .34 34 (.13) .32 34 (.16) .48 394 (.17) .37 30 (.17) .3 29 (.18)
Lawyers .43 36 (.14) .41 136 (.13) .41 35 (.13) .41 33 (.11) .46 402 (.13) .44 31 (.11) .4 30 (.14)
Leaders “Supervisors”.36 141 (.13) .27 31 (.13) .37 31 (.14) .3 394 (.18) .33 31 (.1) “Supervisors”
Librarians .78 37 (.19) .67 139 (.14) .67 32 (.15) .65 34 (.15) .63 404 (.16) .7 31 (.15) .76 30 (.14)
Lieutenants .29 40 (.21) .25 139 (.17) .13 31 (.1) .2 35 (.12) .24 391 (.15) .2 30 (.09) .17 29 (.17)
Lifeguards .41 34 (.14) .38 139 (.14) .31 31 (.13) .38 32 (.13) .31 396 (.15) .41 30 (.11) .29 31 (.15)
Lighthouse keepers .19 36 (.17) .27 137 (.14) .22 33 (.19) .21 36 (.15) .17 403 (.16) .24 31 (.15) .13 31 (.12)
Lodgers .49 35 (.09) .42 141 (.14) .46 31 (.09) .52 37 (.09) .51 394 (.1) .49 29 (.07) .49 30 (.14)
Lorry drivers .09 36 (.12) .19 141 (.12) .18 32 (.1) .15 37 (.11) .15 404 (.13) .19 30 (.09) .07 30 (.08)
Magicians .21 38 (.13) .27 142 (.14) .29 31 (.13) .3 34 (.12) .28 404 (.15) .24 29 (.14) .2 31 (.15)
Magician’s assistants .85 35 (.17) .78 142 (.18) .82 37 (.15) .8 39 (.15) .78 409 (.21) N/A .88 30 (.2)
Make up artists .64 35 (.2) .78 140 (.15) .77 37 (.18) .81 31 (.11) .73 393 (.17) N/A .73 29 (.18)
Managers .36 34 (.13) .41 140 (.12) .35 36 (.17) .28 38 (.13) .35 397 (.16) .31 30 (.14) .35 32 (.15)
Manicurists .88 37 (.15) .84 140 (.12) .9 32 (.1) .9 37 (.11) .89 402 (.14) .88 33 (.08) .88 30 (.13)
Mathematicians .27 38 (.15) .32 138 (.13) .22 32 (.12) .28 31 (.13) .37 407 (.18) .31 32 (.14) .27 32 (.15)
Mayors .35 34 (.11) .31 140 (.15) .27 35 (.14) .28 34 (.11) .28 408 (.14) .32 29 (.12) .29 28 (.12)
Mechanics .13 38 (.09) .2 137 (.12) .2 30 (.16) .23 38 (.12) .12 385 (.12) .19 29 (.12) .08 29 (.1)
Medical doctors .47 37 (.06) .4 140 (.13) .39 32 (.15) .43 31 (.12) .45 397 (.12) “Physicians”.49 29 (.14)
Members of the armed
forces
.15 39 (.15) .24 139 (.13) .12 28 (.07) .21 35 (.11) .2 389 (.14) “Soldiers”.1 30 (.09)
Members of parliament .22 37 (.12) .28 140 (.16) .34 33 (.12) .32 37 (.13) .25 402 (.14) .37 30 (.13) .2 31 (.1)
Metallurgists .07 37 (.08) .4 139 (.15) .21 32 (.11) .28 34 (.17) .18 391 (.15) .33 30 (.14) .15 30 (.16)
Meteorologists .52 39 (.2) .37 140 (.17) .4 33 (.13) .36 35 (.15) .35 406 (.15) .55 31 (.19) .31 28 (.17)
Millionaires .23 37 (.18) .34 143 (.16) .26 34 (.15) .32 39 (.13) .29 396 (.17) .29 31 (.12) .21 31 (.11)
Miners .03 33