ArticlePDF Available

Drosophila suzukii, or Spotted Wing Drosophila, Recorded in Southeastern Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

DOI:10.3157/021.123.0116
Authors:
Philip John Freda at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
Philip John Freda
John M Braverman at Saint Joseph's University (PA, USA)
John M Braverman
Download full-text PDF
Read full-text
Download citation

Abstract

Collections of Drosophila and their relatives were performed using bait traps on the campus of Saint Joseph's University, in Philadelphia and Lower Merion, Pennsylvania, between July and December 2011 and continuing in March of 2012. In the 2011 collection season, more than 200 specimens of Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), or spotted wing Drosophila, were collected. In 2012, specimens started to appear in June and were collected until December. The appearance of D. suzukii in the Philadelphia and surrounding area has severe, negative implications for local agriculture. D. su zukii, unlike most other Drosophila species, is an agricultural pest that lays its eggs in soft-skinned, unspoiled fruits like cherries, grapes, and berries (Bolda et al., 2009).
Content uploaded by Philip John Freda
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Philip John Freda
Content may be subject to copyright.
DROSOPHILA SUZUKII, OR SPOTTED WING
DROSOPHILA, RECORDED IN
SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA, U.S.A.1
P. J. Freda2and J. M. Braverman3
ABSTRACT: Collections of Drosophila and their relatives were performed using bait traps on the
campus of Saint Joseph’s University, in Philadelphia and Lower Merion, Pennsylvania, between July
and December 2011 and continuing in March of 2012. In the 2011 collection season, more than 200
specimens of Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), or spotted wing Drosophila, were collected. In 2012,
specimens started to appear in June and were collected until December. The appearance of D. suzukii
in the Philadelphia and surrounding area has severe, negative implications for local agriculture. D.
su zukii, unlike most other Drosophila species, is an agricultural pest that lays its eggs in soft-skinned,
unspoiled fruits like cherries, grapes, and berries (Bolda et al., 2009).
KEY WORDS: Drosophila, suzukii, non-native, invasive, agriculture, agricultural, pest, Philadel -
phia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
INTRODUCTION
The goal of this study was to survey Drosophila biodiversity in the Phila del -
phia area over time. Previous work in this field discovered a number of species
inhabiting the local area including D. simulans, D. robusta,D. affinis,D. busckii,
D. putrida, D. tripunctata, and D. melanogaster, with D. simulans being the most
prevalent (Roy 2009). The collection data from 2011 and 2012 is in concordance
with the previous study but with the addition of a new, invasive species: D. su -
zukii (Matsumura), or spotted wing Drosophila. The purpose of this report is to
inform local fruit growers, researchers, and other interested parties of the pres-
ence of D. suzukii in the Philadelphia area and Northeastern U.S.
Most species of the genus Drosophila lay eggs in rotten, spoiled fruits and veg-
etables and thus do not affect growing crops. D. suzukii, however, lays its eggs
in unspoiled, soft-skinned fruits including berries, cherries, and grapes (Bolda et
al., 2009). Due to the egg-laying method of D. suzukii, the potential for substan-
tial crop loss may be great. Yield loss estimates vary widely, with negligible loss-
es in some areas and close to 80% loss in others, depending on the crop and loca-
tion (Caprile et al., 2011).
Female D. suzukii have a large, hardened, serrated ovipositor with dark teeth
that is used to cut through the skin of fruit (Vlach 2010). Fruit with oviposition
scars may be indicative of D. suzukii larvae present. Male D. suzukii are easily
identified by the presence of wing spots centered on the first major wing vein
(Vlach 2010). Additionally, male D. suzukii have a pair of sex combs on each
Volume 123, Number 1, May and June 2013 71
______________________________
1Received on July 3, 2012. Accepted on December 28, 2012.
2Department of Biology, Saint Joseph’s University, 5600 City Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19131, U.S.A. Email: pfreda@sju.edu
3Department of Biology, Saint Joseph’s University, 5600 City Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19131, U.S.A. Email: jbraverm@sju.edu
Mailed on July 18, 2013
front leg and unbroken bands at the end of each abdominal segment (Vlach
2010). Females lack wing spots but also have unbroken bands at the end of each
abdominal segment. The main distinguishing feature of the female is the ovipos-
itor. Both male and female adult D. suzukii are approximately 2-3 mm in length
and have light yellow or brown bodies with red eyes (Vlach 2010).
Damage to fruit is caused by both the oviposition of the female and by the lar-
vae feeding. The initial oviposition site begins to take on a sunken appearance
and is subject to decay and secondary infection. After the larvae become larger,
breathing holes are cut into the side of the fruit which further exacerbates decay
(Beers et al., 2010).
The geographical range of D. suzukii has increased dramatically. The species
was first described by Matsumura in 1931 and was widely observed in Japan,
Korea, and China in the early 1930s (Kanzawa 1939). By the 1980s, D. suzukii
was observed throughout Hawaii and first appeared in North America in Cali -
fornia in 2008 (Walsh 2009). D. suzukii has been moving east, being ob served as
far east as Florida (Steck et al., 2009) and the Carolinas in 2010 (Bur rack 2010).
METHODS
Bait traps were crafted from clear 20-oz or 2-L soda bottles (modified from
Medeiros and Klaczko 1999). A curved slit was cut into the bottom portion of the
trap as an opening through which bait could be added. The slit was covered with
tape in spring and summer to inhibit wasps and bees from entering the trap.
Small holes were punctured into the bottle at random locations for fly entry. The
cap of the bottle was then removed and replaced with a standard shell vial that
was attached onto the top with tape. The bait was comprised of mashed rotten
banana, apple juice, and yeast. Traps were hung at two different locations on the
campus of Saint Joseph’s University in Philadelphia and Lower Merion, Penn -
syl vania.
Traps were maintained from July 2011 to December of 2011 and then again
from March to December 2012. Collections were performed multiple times per
week. Replacement traps were made at least once a week to ensure that emerg-
ing adults were not collected. Specimens were anesthetized with carbon dioxide,
sorted, sexed, classified, and placed in 95% ethanol for later study.
D. suzukii was identified using morphological characters (Vlach 2010) and
DNA sequencing. DNA was extracted (following a modified version of Gloor
and Engels, 1992) from a male specimen collected on 18 October 2011. A Nano
Drop spectrophotometer was used to estimate the DNA concentration (10.9
ng/μL). A vouch er sequence (Sample ID and GenBank accession number
GQ365213) of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) was obtained from Barcode
of Life Data Systems v. 2.5 (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007). Two sets of
primers were used for amplification with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
The first were universal primers obtained from Folmer et al. (2004):
Forward: 5'-GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG-3'
72 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Reverse: 5'-TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCA-3'
A second set of primers was designed to match the voucher sequence of
D. suzukii without mismatches:
Forward: 5'-TTTCTACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG-3'
Reverse: 5'-TAAACTTCAGGGTGTCCAAAAAATCA-3'
COI was amplified using the DNA isolated from the D. suzukii male as tem-
plate (2 μL). The remaining components were: 1 μL (100 ng) of each primer (for-
ward and reverse). 11.4 μL of sterile deionized H2O, 4 μL of 5X buffer, 0.4 μL
of nucleotide mix, and 0.2 μL of Phusion High Fidelity Polymerase Enzyme
(New England Biolabs) for a total reaction volume of 20 μL. PCR protocol began
with an initialization step at 98°C for five minutes. The following steps were
repeated 35 times and included a denaturation step at 98°C for thirty seconds, an
annealing step at 50°C for thirty seconds, and an extension step at 72°C for forty-
five seconds. A final elongation step was then performed at 72°C for seven min-
utes. Amplifications were confirmed by gel electrophoresis using 1% agarose
stained with SYBR Safe DNA gel stain (Invitrogen).
The PCR product was amplified using the universal primers and purified with
the Qiagen PCR Clean-up kit. Sequencing was conducted using each of the uni-
versal primers by Genewiz, Inc. Sequences from both strands were aligned using
Geneious Pro (Drummond et al. 2011) software to the voucher sequence provid-
ed by Barcode of Life Databases v. 2.5 to determine the identity of the specimen.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After performing both morphological and genetic identification of the speci-
men, it was concluded that the flies captured are D. suzukii. Allen L. Norrbom,
Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Depart -
ment of Agriculture, confirmed the identification of both male and female Dro -
so phila suzukii specimens (Reference #1301082). Males are very distinctive
when compared to other specimens of the genus because of the dark wing spots.
Females, on the other hand, are not as easily detectable. The body coloration and
structure resembles that of both D. simulans and D. mela no gaster. The best
course to take when attempting to identify D. suzukii females in the presence of
other species in the Sophophora subgenus, is to use a dissecting microscope to
locate the large, saw-like ovipositor. Voucher specimens will be deposited at the
Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia.
The genetic identification also confirms the taxonomy of the specimen. When
compared to the voucher sequence provided, the 619 base pair COI fragment
sequence obtained (GenBank JX272633) through extraction, amplification, and
sequencing is identical (100% identity). This sequence is also nearly identical to
those from Carvajal’s (2010) five sequences from flies from the San Diego, CA,
area, differing from their consensus at only one site. More specimens need to be
sequenced to determine how much variability exists in the natural population for
this portion of the COI gene.
Volume 123, Number 1, May and June 2013 73
In the 2011 collection season, 160 male and 44 female D. suzukii flies were
identified. In the 2012 collection season, the first D. suzukii fly captured was a
male in June. More D. suzukii flies were captured in 2012, perhaps because of
the mild winter of 2011-2012. Capturing D. suzukii in both 2011 and now in 2012
in the Philadelphia area implies that a breeding population is now established in
the area. This could have drastic implications for local fruit growers. Cini et al.
(2012) hypothesized that introduction and re-infestation in Europe is due to inter-
national/national trade and undetected infested fruits. This is probably also true
in the U.S.
It is unclear why the first D. suzukii flies were captured so late in 2011 com-
pared to those first caught in 2012. Perhaps this is when D. suzukii was intro-
duced to the area. The introduction could have been due to produce transporta-
tion or natural migration from the Carolinas to Pennsylvania. It would be valu-
able to focus future research on D. suzukii local adaptation and life-cycle as well
as the impact D. suzukii will have on local biodiversity.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank Dr. Denise Ratterman for assistance and supplies. The Systematic Entomology Labor -
atory of the USDA confirmed the species identification. Funds for this research were provided by the
Saint Joseph’s University Department of Biology and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Student
Research Grant to P.F.
LITERATURE CITED
Beers, E. H., T. J. Smith, and D. B. Walsh. 2010. Spotted wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii
(Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Orchard Pest Management Online. Retrieved from http://
jenny.tfrec.wsu.edu/opm/displaySpecies.php?pn=165
Bolda, M. P., R. E. Goodhue, and F. G. Zalom. 2010. Spotted wing drosophila: potential eco-
nomic impact of a newly established pest. Agricultural Resource Economics. Update, University
of California Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics 13: 5-8.
Burrack, H. 2010. Spotted Wing Drosophila – General Information. NC Small Fruit & Specialty
Crop IPM. Retrieved from http://ncsmallfruitsipm.blogspot.com/p/spotted-wing-drosophila.html
Caprile, J., M. L. Flint, M. P. Bolda, J. A. Grant, R. Van Steenwyk, and D. Haviland. 2011.
Spotted Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii: A new pest in California. at http://www.ipm.
ucdavis.edu/EXOTIC/drosophila.html
Carvajal, J. I. 2010. Genetic Diversity of Drosophila suzukii in San Diego. Drosophila Infor mation
Service 93: 67-68.
Cini, A., C. Ioriatti, and G. Anfora. 2012. A review of the invasion of Drosophila suzukii in
Europe and a draft research agenda for integrated pest management. Bulletin of Insectology 65:
149-160.
Drummond, A. J., B. Ashton, S. Buxton, M. Cheung, A. Cooper, C. Duran, M. Field, J. Heled,
M. Kearse, S. Markowitz, R. Moir, S. Stones-Havas, S. Sturrock, T. Thierer, and A. Wilson.
2011. Geneious v5.4, Available from http://www.geneious.com/
74 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Folmer, O., M. Black, W. Hoeh, R. Lutz, and R. Vrijenhoek. 1994. DNA primers for amplifica-
tion of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates.
Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 3: 294-299.
Gloor, G. B. and W. R. Engels. 1992. Single-fly DNA Preps for PCR. Drosophila Information
Service 75: 148-149.
Kanzawa, T. 1939. Studies on Drosophila suzukii Mats. Kofu, Yamanashi Agric. Exp. Sta. Abstract
in Review of Applied Entomology 29: 622.
Medeiros, H. F. and L. B. Klaczko. 1999. A weakly biased Drosophila trap. Drosophila Infor ma -
tion Service 82: 100-102.
Ratnasingham, S. and P. D. N. Hebert. 2007. BOLD: The Barcode of Life Data System (www.bar
codinglife.org). Molecular Ecology Notes 7: 355-364.
Roy, Paul. 2010. Community Ecology of Drosophila in Southeastern Pennsylvania. Master’s The -
sis, Saint Joseph’s University.
Steck, G., W. Dixon, and D. Dean. 2009. Pest Alert, Spotted Wing Drosophila, a fruit pest new to
North America. Retrieved from http://alachua.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/agriculture/commercial_ag/Pest
MonthArchives/9-Sept%20Spotted%20Wing%20Drosophila.pdf
Vlach, J. 2010. Identifying Drosophila suzukii. Oregon Department of Agriculture. Retrieved from
http://www.oregon.gov/ODA/PLANT/docs/pdf/ippm_d_suzukii_id_guide10.pdf?ga=t
Walsh, D. 2009. Spotted wing Drosophila could pose threat for Washington fruit growers. Wash ing -
ton State University Extension. Retrieved from http://sanjuan.wsu.edu/Documents/SWD11.
09.pdf.
Volume 123, Number 1, May and June 2013 75
... Consequently, passive diffusion is probably the main cause of the spread of D. suzukii (Westphal et al., 2008;Cini et al., 2012;EPPO, 2013a). Even though early studies considering COI haplotype suggested that the North American and the European invasions could be related (Calabria et al., 2012;Freda and Braverman, 2013), recent analyses on a larger number of specimens showed the presence of distinct genotypes and phenotypes in the American and European strains of D. suzukii (Rota-Stabelli et al., 2020). Calabria et al. (2012) stated that D. suzukii was able to spread approximately 1400 km in 1 year, but they could not say if the dispersion was active or passive via infested fruits. ...
... Plants / Fruit / internal feeding Plants / Inflorescence / external feeding Diagnosis Molecular identification is possible by amplification of the barcode COI gene with universal primers (Folmer et al., 1994;Calabria et al., 2012;Chiu et al., 2013;Freda and Braverman, 2013). DNA barcoding is the only fully reliable identification method (Freda and Braverman, 2013). ...
... Plants / Fruit / internal feeding Plants / Inflorescence / external feeding Diagnosis Molecular identification is possible by amplification of the barcode COI gene with universal primers (Folmer et al., 1994;Calabria et al., 2012;Chiu et al., 2013;Freda and Braverman, 2013). DNA barcoding is the only fully reliable identification method (Freda and Braverman, 2013). ...
Drosophila suzukii (spotted wing drosophila)
Article
  • Jan 2022
This datasheet on Drosophila suzukii covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
View
... Adult females typically lay 1-3 eggs per fruit and oviposit in 7-16 fruits per day (Kanzawa, 1939;Cini et al., 2012). Damage to fruit is caused by both oviposition and larval feeding (Freda and Braverman, 2013). Eggs are laid in fruit throughout the summer and hatch within 2-72 hours after being laid. ...
... saccharum Marsh.), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.). To sample for D. suzukii we randomly selected three single-stem overstory black cherry trees in each stand and hung one 500-ml transparent plastic soda bottle with four 1.4-mm holes cut in the upper 2/3 of the trap (modified from Freda and Braverman, 2013) in each tree. Each trap was baited with ~150 ml red wine vinegar. ...
The Spotted Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae): A New Pest of Concern for Black Cherry, Prunus serotina, on the High Allegheny Plateau in Pennsylvania
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2018
Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is an invasive insect pest native to Southeastern Asia that is now reported to have established populations in North America. We used traps baited with red wine vinegar to detect and monitor D. suzukii in four black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) and maple (Acer spp.) stands in the Allegheny National Forest in northwestern Pennsylvania. Stands ranged in age from 70 to 110 years old, with average basal area from 40 to 45 m²/ha. All stands are characterized as the intermediate Allegheny hardwood forest type with black cherry being the dominant species making up > 70% of the total stand basal area at each site (Eyre, 1980). Traps were placed in the crowns of mature black cherry from May to October 2012. In total, 11,000 D. suzukii were collected. The appearance of D. suzukii on the High Allegheny Plateau in northwestern Pennsylvania could have negative implications for fruit production, dispersal, and seed viability of black cherry and other forest species. With D. suzukii's predilection toward Prunus spp. and its unusual method of oviposition, this could be a contributing factor that impacts black cherry regeneration on the Plateau.
View
... The mitochondrial COI region was sequenced and analyzed in selected individuals. Primer pair for the amplification was obtained from Freda and Braverman (2013) (forward: 5′-TTT CTA CAA ATC ATA AAG ATA TTG G-3′; reverse: 5′-TAA ACT TCA GGG TGT CCA AAA AAT CA-3′) that was specifically designed for D. suzukii from the original primers proposed by Folmer et al. (1994). ...
Genetic assessment of the invasion history of Drosophila suzukii in Argentina
Article
Full-text available
Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a highly polyphagous fruit pest native to eastern Asia, which in the last decade had widely expanded its range and become a serious pest in the Americas and Europe. Invasion routes and the genetic diversity in populations of South America are poorly studied. Here, we compared the patterns of genetic variation of native populations and previously invaded regions (in America and Europe) with the genetic diversity of the recent invasion in Argentina. In addition, we explored the regional trade routes and volume of host fruits (Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay) to understand propagule pressure. We report for the first time a genetic assessment of the invasion history of D. suzukii in Argentina, noting genetic diversity at Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene fragment comparable with other recently colonized countries. In the years prior to the invasion into South America, Brazil imported large quantities of potential host fruits from different countries that had been previously invaded; likely Brazil might be the main source of D. suzukii in Argentina. This is emphasized by the fact that Argentina and Brazil share haplotypes; however, direct commercial pathway with the USA cannot be discarded, and additional sources of species arrivals are also possible. Our results suggest at least two invasion events could have occurred in Argentina, originating both from previously invaded areas (i.e., North America and Brazil). Our study provides information to improve our understanding of the routes and factors affecting the invasion of this economically significant pest in South America.
View
... Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), an invasive pest species endemic to Asia, was first detected in the continental United States in California in 2008 . Within 3 yr of initial detection, specimens were collected throughout the west and east coasts of the United States and in southern parts of Canada (Burrack et al. 2012, Freda andBraverman 2013). Concurrently, D. suzukii was introduced and expanded its range throughout Europe beginning in 2008 (Cini et al. 2012). ...
Ovary Development and Cold Tolerance of the Invasive Pest Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) in the Central Plains of Kansas, United States
Article
  • May 2018
Environmental challenges presented by temperature variation can be overcome through phenotypic plasticity in small invasive ectotherms. We tested the effect of thermal exposure to 21, 18, and 11°C throughout the whole life cycle of individuals, thermal exposure of adults reared at 25°C to 15 and 11°C for a 21-d period, and long (14:10 hr) and short (10:14 hr) photoperiod on ovary size and development in Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) cultured from a recently established population in Topeka, Kansas (United States). Examination of the response to temperature and photoperiod variation in this central plains population provides insight into the role of phenotypic plasticity in a climate that is warmer than regions in North America where D. suzukii was initially established. We found both low temperature and short photoperiod resulted in reduced ovary size and level of development. In particular, reduced ovary development was observed following exposure to 15°C, indicating that ovary development in females from the central plains population is more sensitive to lower temperature compared with populations examined from the northern United States and southern Canada. We also provide evidence that D. suzukii reared at 25°C are capable of short-term hardening when exposed to -6°C following 4°C acclimation, contrary to previous reports indicating flies reared at warm temperatures do not rapidly-cold harden. Our study highlights the central role of phenotypic plasticity in response to winter-like laboratory conditions and provides an important geographic comparison to previously published assessments of ovary development and short-term hardening survival response for D. suzukii collected in cooler climates.
View
... Drosophila suzukii, the spotted-wing Drosophila, is an invasive pest in North America and Europe that has spread rapidly, grows under a wide range of conditions (Tochen et al. 2014) and damages marketable fruit Hauser 2011). Since its detection in coastal California in 2008, D. suzukii has spread through over half of the United States, Mexico and Canada ( Fig. 1; Walsh et al. 2011;Burrack et al. 2012;Freda & Braverman 2013). Since its discovery in Spain in 2008, it has also spread through most of continental Europe (Calabria et al. 2012;Cini et al. 2012). ...
View
... D. suzukii, the spotted wing Drosophila, is an invasive pest in North America and Europe that has spread rapidly, grows under a wide range of conditions (Tochen et al. 2014), and damages marketable fruit ( Goodhue et al. 2011;Hauser 2011 Fig. 1; Walsh 2011;Burrack et al. 2012;Freda & Braverman 2013). ...
Wolbachia do not live by reproductive manipulation alone: Infection polymorphism in Drosophila suzukii and D. Subpulchrella
Article
Full-text available
Drosophila suzukii recently invaded North America and Europe. Populations in Hawaii, California, New York and Nova Scotia are polymorphic for Wolbachia, typically with <20% infection frequency. The Wolbachia in D. suzukii, denoted wSuz, is closely related to wRi, the variant prevalent in continental populations of D. simulans. wSuz is also nearly identical to Wolbachia found in D. subpulchrella, plausibly D. suzukii's sister species. This suggests vertical Wolbachia transmission through cladogenesis (“cladogenic transmission”). The widespread occurrence of 7-20% infection frequencies indicates a stable polymorphism. wSuz is imperfectly maternally transmitted, with wild infected females producing on average 5-10% uninfected progeny. As expected from its low frequency, wSuz produces no cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), i.e., no elevated embryo mortality when infected males mate with uninfected females, and no appreciable sex-ratio distortion. The persistence of wSuz despite imperfect maternal transmission suggests positive fitness effects. Assuming a balance between selection and imperfect transmission, we expect a fitness advantage on the order of 20%. Unexpectedly, Wolbachia-infected females produce fewer progeny than do uninfected females. We do not yet understand the maintenance of wSuz in D. suzukii. The absence of detectable CI in D. suzukii and D. subpulchrella makes it unlikely that CI-based mechanisms could be used to control this species without transinfection using novel Wolbachia. Contrary to their reputation as horizontally transmitted reproductive parasites, many Wolbachia infections are acquired through introgression or cladogenesis and many cause no appreciable reproductive manipulation. Such infections, likely to be mutualistic, may be central to understanding the pervasiveness of Wolbachia among arthropods.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
View
View
Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera, Drosophilidae): biologia, ecologia e controle
Book
Full-text available
  • Sep 2017
This book presents a comprehensive review of the key knowledge generated so far on Drosophila suzukii, which are important both economically and environmentally. A detailed history of the invasion of Drosophila suzukii in Brazil is presented, pointing out also a set of possible host plants or fruits that go beyond the red fruits. The text describes the morphology of the species in a detailed and illustrated form, from the egg stage to the adult individual, differentiating the peculiarities of the male and female morphology. Environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, that may be directly related to the success of invasion in different regions of Brazil, are addressed. Issues related to monitoring, management strategies that can minimize infestation, damage generated by the species and potential biological control agents are also discussed.
View
View
View
A review of the invasion of Drosophila suzukii in Europe and a draft research agenda for integrated pest management
Article
Full-text available
The vinegar fly Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera Drosophilidae), spotted wing drosophila, is a highly polyphagous inva-sive pest endemic to South East Asia, which has recently invaded western countries. Its serrated ovipositor allows this fly to lay eggs on and damage unwounded ripening fruits, thus heavily threatening fruit production. D. suzukii is spreading rapidly and eco-nomic losses are severe, thus it is rapidly becoming a pest of great concern. This paper reviews the existing knowledge on the pest life history and updates its current distribution across Europe. D. suzukii presence has now been reported in nine European coun-tries. Nonetheless, several knowledge gaps about this pest still exist and no efficient monitoring tools have been developed yet. This review is aimed at highlighting the possible research approach which may hopefully provide management solutions to the expanding challenge that D. suzukii poses to European fruit production.
View
BOLD: The Barcode of Life Data System (www.barcodinglife.org)
Article
Full-text available
The Barcode of Life Data System (bold) is an informatics workbench aiding the acquisition, storage, analysis and publication of DNA barcode records. By assembling molecular, morphological and distributional data, it bridges a traditional bioinformatics chasm. bold is freely available to any researcher with interests in DNA barcoding. By providing specialized services, it aids the assembly of records that meet the standards needed to gain BARCODE designation in the global sequence databases. Because of its web-based delivery and flexible data security model, it is also well positioned to support projects that involve broad research alliances. This paper provides a brief introduction to the key elements of bold, discusses their functional capabilities, and concludes by examining computational resources and future prospects.
View
DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial Cytochrome C oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates
Article
Full-text available
We describe "universal" DNA primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a 710-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) from 11 invertebrate phyla: Echinodermata, Mollusca, Annelida, Pogonophora, Arthropoda, Nemertinea, Echiura, Sipuncula, Platyhelminthes, Tardigrada, and Coelenterata, as well as the putative phylum Vestimentifera. Preliminary comparisons revealed that these COI primers generate informative sequences for phylogenetic analyses at the species and higher taxonomic levels.
View
View
View
View
NC Small Fruit & Specialty Crop IPM Retrieved from http://ncsmallfruitsipm.blogspot.com/p/spotted-wing-drosophila.html Caprile, Spotted Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii: A new pest in California Genetic Diversity of Drosophila suzukii in San Diego
  • Jan 2010
  • 67-68
  • H J Burrack
  • M L Flint
  • M P Bolda
  • J A Grant
  • R Van
  • D Steenwyk
  • Haviland
Burrack, H. 2010. Spotted Wing Drosophila – General Information. NC Small Fruit & Specialty Crop IPM. Retrieved from http://ncsmallfruitsipm.blogspot.com/p/spotted-wing-drosophila.html Caprile, J., M. L. Flint, M. P. Bolda, J. A. Grant, R. Van Steenwyk, and D. Haviland. 2011. Spotted Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii: A new pest in California. at http://www.ipm. ucdavis.edu/EXOTIC/drosophila.html Carvajal, J. I. 2010. Genetic Diversity of Drosophila suzukii in San Diego. Drosophila Infor mation Service 93: 67-68.
Community Ecology of Drosophila in Southeastern Pennsylvania. Master's The sis
  • Jan 2010
  • Paul Roy
Roy, Paul. 2010. Community Ecology of Drosophila in Southeastern Pennsylvania. Master's The sis, Saint Joseph's University.