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ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ALOE VERA LEAF EXTRACT

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Kedarnath
Kedarnath
Kedarnath
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Dr. Kaveri Mahadevappa Kamble at Gulbarga University
Dr. Kaveri Mahadevappa Kamble
Vishwanath B Chimkod
Vishwanath B Chimkod
Vishwanath B Chimkod
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C S Patil
C S Patil
C S Patil
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Abstract

The antimicrobial activity of aloe vera extract was tested against pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Klebisella pneumonia and E.coli and fungi like Aspergillus niger and Candida at a dose of 1:20 mg/ml and 2:40 mg/ml by using cup plate diffusion method. Various solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol were used for extracts. The results reveal that, methanol and petroleum ether at a dose of 20 mg/ml has showed significant activity against Klebisella pneumonia and E.coli whereas in fungi, methanol extract showed significant activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida. Methanol extract has showed maximum inhibitory activity against E.coli and Candida. Petroleum ether has showed moderate inhibitory activity against Klebisella pneumonia and Candida. The zone of inhibition was measured and compared with standard Gentamycin (1 mg/ml). However, in none of the above mentioned extracts the inhibition zone was not more than that found in standard i.e., Gentamycin.
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Received: 29th August-2013 Revised: 12th Sept-2013 Accepted: 16th Sept-2013
Research article
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ALOE VERA LEAF EXTRACT
Kedarnath1, Kamble Kaveri M2, Vishwanath B Chimkod and C S Patil3
1Singhania University, Pacheri Bari, Rajasthan
2Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Lab, Department of P. G and Research Studies
in Botany, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga- 585106, Karnataka, INDIA
3Department of Biotechnology, B.V. Bhoomreddy College of UG and PG Studies, Bidar,
Karnataka, INDIA
E-mail: kaverikamble@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: The antimicrobial activity of aloe vera extract was tested against pathogenic bacteria like
Staphylococcus aureus, Klebisella pneumonia and E.coli and fungi like Aspergillus niger and Candida at a dose of
1:20 mg/ml and 2:40 mg/ml by using cup plate diffusion method. Various solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform
and methanol were used for extracts. The results reveal that, methanol and petroleum ether at a dose of 20 mg/ml has
showed significant activity against Klebisella pneumonia and E.coli whereas in fungi, methanol extract showed
significant activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida. Methanol extract has showed maximum inhibitory activity
against E.coli and Candida. Petroleum ether has showed moderate inhibitory activity against Klebisella pneumonia and
Candida. The zone of inhibition was measured and compared with standard Gentamycin (1 mg/ml). However, in none
of the above mentioned extracts the inhibition zone was not more than that found in standard i.e., Gentamycin.
Key words: Aloe vera, antimicrobial activity, Gentamycin
INTRODUCTION
Traditional medicine is in practice for many centuries by a substantial proportion of the population of many centuries.
It is recognized that in some developing countries, plants are the main medicinal source to treat various infectious
diseases. Plant extracts represent a continuous effort to find new compound against pathogens. Approximately 20% of
the plants are found in the world have been submitted to pharmacological or biological test, and a substantial number
of new antibiotics introduced on the market are obtained from natural or semisynthetic resources (Mothana and
Linclequist, 2005). Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) is a plant, which belongs to the family of Liliaceae and is
mostly succulent with a whorl of elongated, pointed leaves (Strickland et al., 2004; Beckford and Badrie, 2000). The
name is derived from the Arabic word ‘alloeh’ which means ‘bitter’, referring to the taste of the liquid contained in the
leaves. Aloe that is believed to have originated in the Sudan. Aloe vera grows in arid climates and is widely distributed
in Africa, India and other arid areas. The species is frequently cited as being used in herbal medicine. Aloe vera is a
perennial, drought resisting, succulent plant. It has stiff green, lance-shaped leaves containing clear gel in a central
mucilaginous pulp. Its thick leaves contain the water supply for the plant to survive long periods of drought (Foster,
1999). The leaves have a high capacity of retaining water also in very warm dry climates and it can survive very harsh
circumstances. When a leaf in cut, an orange-yellow sap drips from the open end. When the green skin of a leaf is
removed a clear mucilaginous substances appears that contains fibres, water and the ingredient to retain the water in
the leaf. The gel contains 99.3% of water, the remaining 0.7% is made up of solids with carbohydrates constituting for
a large components (Foster, 1999). Concentrated extracts of Aloe leaves are used as laxative and as a haemorrhoid
treatment. Aloe gel can help to stimulate the body’s immune system (Davis, 1997). The use of plant product for
pharmaceutical purpose has been gradually increased. According to World Health Organisation, medicinal plants
would be the best source for obtaining a variety of drugs (Santos et al., 1995). The use of plant extracts, with known
antimicrobial properties, can be of great significance in the treatment of various microbial infections. In the last
decade, numerous studies have been conducted in different countries to prove such efficiency in number of medicinal
plants. Most of the studies are restricted with crude extracts (Reddy et al., 2006; Erdo Urul, 2002; Atefl et al., 2003).
International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology Page: 286
Available online at www.ijabpt.com
Kaveri et al
Many scientific studies of the use of aloe vera have been undertaken, some of them conflicting. Despite these
limitations, there is some preliminary evidence that Aloe vera extracts may be useful in the treatment of wound and
burn healing, minor skin infections, Sebaceous cyst, diabetes, and elevated blood lipids in humans. These positive
effects are thought to be due to the presence of compounds such as polysaccharides, mannans, anthraquinones, and
lectins.
"The use of Aloes, the common musabbar, for external application to inflamed painful parts of the body and for
causing purgation [internal cleansing] are too well known in India to need any special mention."
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection of Plant Material:
The plant Aloe vera leaves were collected from in and around the city of Gulbarga, Karnataka, India.. This plant was
botanically authenticated in the Department of Botany, B.V. B college of UG and PG Bidar. The leaves were shade
dried and used for the extraction.
Extraction of Plant Material:
The leaves of Aloe vera was air dried and crushed to small piece using Mortar and Pestle and powdered in an electric
grinder. The powdered plant material was subjected for successive soxhlet extraction starting from non polar to polar
solvents such as petroleum ether [PE].Chloroform [CHCl3] and methanol [MeOH] by using soxhlet extracts. The
extracts were concentrated to dryness.
Preparation of the Extract:
The plant material were shade dried, powdered and subjected to Soxhlet extraction (1kg) with solvents ranging from
non-polar that is Petroleum ether (60-800), Chloroform (70-800), Methanol (60-900) respectively. The extracts were
concentrated to dryness in a flask evaporator under reduced pressure and controlled temperature. The petroleum ether
extract (20gm), chloroform (20gm), and ethanol extract (40gm). All the extracts were prepared in Tween-80 (1%)
suspended in distilled water. The extracts preparations were done as previously described by Alade and Irobi [6]. The
plant extracts were prepared by using soxhlet apparatus collected and stored in a vial for further studies.
Disc Preparation: The 6mm (diameter) discs were prepared from whatmann No. 1 filter Paper the discs were
sterilized by autoclave at 12°C. After the sterilization the moisture discs were dried on hot air oven at 50°C.Then
various solvent extract discs and control discs were prepared.
Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity Of Aloe Vera:
The antibacterial and antifungal activity studies were carried out by disc diffusion technique [12]. The sterile nutrient
agar plates and potato dextrose agar plates were prepared. The bacterial test organisms like Staphylococcus aureus,
Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli were spread over the nutrient agar plates by using separate sterile cotton
buds. Then the fungal test organism like Aspergillus niger and Candida were spread over the potato dextrose agar
plates After the microbial lawn preparation three different extracts of plant disc were placed on the organism
inoculated plates with equal significant difference between extract used and also distance control discs were also
prepared. All bacterial plates were incubated at 27°C for 24 hrs and fungal plates at 24°C for 72hrs. The diameter of
the minimum zone of inhibition was measured in mm. For each test, three replicates were performed.
Statistical Analysis: Data were expressed as mean±standard deviation. The data obtained were subjected to ANOVA
test to determine whether there was significant difference between extract used and also between the lengths of
incubation.
RESULTS
The present study carried out on the Aloe vera revealed to evaluate antimicrobial activities of various extracts of Aloe
vera.The successive leaf extracts using petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol of Alovera were tested for their
antimicrobial efficiency against pathogenic bacteria and fungi (Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, E.coli,)
and fungi like (Aspergillus Niger, Candida) at a dose 1: 20mg/ml and 2:40mg/ml. The standard drugs used for
comparison were Streptomycin and Fluconazole against bacteria and fungi. Among the extracted tested for their
antibacterial activity, the leaf extracts showed moderate to high activity against both gram positive and gram negative
bacteria. The extracts using petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol of Aloe vera showed active antimicrobial
activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, E.coli and, and antifungal activity against Candida and
Aspergillus niger.
International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology Page: 287
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Kaveri et al
The chloroform and methanolic extract showed highest inhibition zone at higher concentration (i.e. 40mg/ml). Overall
the methanolic extracts showed greater inhibition of all pathogenic microorganisms used when compared to
chloroform and petroleum ether extracts.
The extracts of petroleum ether at the dose level of 20mg/ml showed the inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus
(15mm), Klebsiella (19mm), E.coli (14mm), (Fig. 1) whereas the extracts of petroleum ether at the dose level of
40mg/ml showed the inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus (20mm), Klebsiella (20mm), E-coli (10mm) (Plate-I,
& Fig. 2). The extracts of chloroform at dose level of 20mg/ml showed the inhibition zone of staphylococcus aureus
(15mm), Klebsiella (11mm), Escherichia coli (14mm) where as extracts of chloroform at the dose level of 40mg/ml
showed the diameter by zone of inhibition of Staphylococcus Aureus (14 mm), Klebsiella(10mm), E-coil (12mm)
(Table-1). The extract of methanol at the dose level of 20mg/ml showed the diameter of zone of inhibition of
Staphylococcus aureus (13mm), Klebsiella (13mm), E.coli (22mm) where as extracts of methanol at the dose level of
40mg/ml showed the diameter of zone of inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus (15mm), Klebsiella (15mm), E.coli
(16mm).
Table 1: Antimicrobial Activity Of Leaf Extract of Aloe vera
Leaf extracts Zone Of Inhibition (mm)*
Staphylococcus
aureus Klebsiella sp. E. coil A. niger Candida
Chloroform (20mg) 15mm 11mm 14mm 10mm 15mm
Chloroform (40mg) 4mm 10mm 12mm 12mm 20mm
Petroleum ether (20mg) 15mm 19mm 14mm 12mm 14mm
Petroleum ether (40mg) 20mm 20mm 10mm 14mm 19mm
Methanol (20mg) 13mm 13mm 22mm 15mm 16mm
Methanol (40mg) 15mm 15mm 16mm 17mm 15mm
Standard (40mg) 12mm 20mm 30mm 15mm 28mm
Standard (20mg) 15mm 20mm 28mm 18mm 25mm
Data represents average of three replicates., mm* = Mean of three replicates.
Dose – 20 mg/ml and 40 mg/ml.
a) Staphylococcus aureus b) Klebsiella pneumonia c) E. coli d) Candida e) Aspergillus niger.
Fig: I Plates Showing Zone of Inhibition
International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology Page: 288
Available online at www.ijabpt.com
c
b
a
e
d
Kaveri et al
15
11
14
10
1515
19
14 12 14
13 13
22
15 16
15
20
28
18
25
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
S.Aureus Klebsiella E-coli A .niger Candida
Chloroform(20m
g)
Petroleum(20mg)
Methanol(20mg)
Figure 1: Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Extract of Aloe vera in 20mg Concentration
4
10 12 12
2020 20
10
14
19
15 15 16 17 15
12
20
30
15
4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
S.Aureus Klebsiella E-coli A .niger Candida
Chloroform(40m
g)
Petroleum(40mg
)
Methanol(40mg)
Figure 2: Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Extract of Aloe vera in 40mg Concentration
DISCUSSION
In this present study the petroleum ether extract, has shown high zone of inhibition in Escherichia coli, Klebseilla
pnemoniae, the fungi Aspergillus niger and moderate zone for Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida . Chloroform
extract has shown a high zone of inhibition in Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli and Aspergillus Niger but
moderate zone of inhibition in Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida. Methanol extract as shown high zone of
inhibition in Staphylococcus aureus, Klebseilla pnemoniae and Candida but moderate zone in Escherichia coli and
Aspergillus Niger. When compared the zone of inhibition with the standard drugs like streptomycin and flucanozole.
The plant extracts have shown almost equal to the standard drug. The above parameter supports the strong scientific
basis for the use of these plants in traditional treatment of microbial diseases.
International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology Page: 289
Available online at www.ijabpt.com
Kaveri et al
The antimicrobial activity of the extracts and their potency was quantitatively assessed by the presence or absence of
inhibition zone and zone diameter. Only alcoholic extract was found to be a better solvent for extraction of
antimicrobially active substances compared to water and hexane (Ahmad et al., 1998). Agarry et al., (2005) compared
the antimicrobial activities of the gel and leaf of Aloe vera against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Trichophyton mentagraphytes, T. schoeleinii, Microsporium canis and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial analysis it
was confirmed that this plant leaf extracts showed positive results against bacterial species such as Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and fungi Aspergillus niger and candida. Hence, it can be
concluded that the leaf extracts of Aloe Vera can effectively act as an antimicrobial agent which have ability to replace
most of medium medicines of this era.
CONCLUSION
The present study has revealed the importance of natural products to control antibiotic resistant bacteria, which have
been a threat to human health. It is, therefore highly essential that medicinal plants whose properties have not been
fully characterized should form a top agenda of top management in developing nations whose citizens are sometimes
unable to afford expensive orthodox medicine. This study has revealed the presence of many secondary metabolites in
the leaves of Aloe vera. It has the further confirmed that the plant extracts could be used for the treatment of various
infections including skin transmitted infections. The results lend credence to the folkloric use, if this plant in treating
microbial infection and shows that Aloe vera could be exploited for new potent antimicrobial agents.
REFERENCES
Agarry, O.O., Olaleye, M.T. and Bello-Michael, C.O. (2005). Comparative Antimicrobial Activities Of Aloe Vera Gel
And Leaf. African Journal of Biotechnology: Vol. 4 (12), 1413-1414.
Ahmad, J., Mehmood, Z. and Mohammad, F. (1998). Screening of Some Indian Medicinal Plants For Their
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Atefl, D.A. and Erdo Urul, O.T. (2003). Antimicrobial Activities of Various Medicinal And Commercial Plant
Extracts. Turk Biol: Vol. 27, 157-162.
Beckford, M.M. and Badrie, N. (2000). Consumer Acceptance of Tropical Wines From Aloe Vera (Aloe Barbadensis)
And Cashew Apples (Anacardium Occidentale L.) In The British Virgin Islands. Foodservice. Res. Int. Vol:
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Davis, H. R. (1997). Aloe vera: A Scientific Approach Published by Vantage Press (NewYork,
SA<http://www.aloevera.co.uk/rhdavis.htm>Edro Urul, O.T. (2002). Antibacterial Activities Of Some Plant
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Foster, S. (1999). Aloe vera: The Succulent With Skin Soothing Cellprotecting Properties. Herbs for Health magazine.
Health WorldOnline. http://www.healthy.net/library/articles/hfh/aloe.htm
Mothana, R.A. and Linclequist, V. (2005). Antimicrobial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Of The Island Soqotra. J-
Ethnopharmacei. Vol. 96, 1-2, 177-181. (doi: 10-1016/j.jep 2004.09.006).
Reddy, P.S, Jamilk, Madhusudhan, P. (2006). Antimicrobial Activity Of Isolates From Piper Longum And Taxus
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Santos, P.R.V, Oliveria, A.C.X. and Tomassini, T.C.B. (1995). Controls Microbiological Products Fitoterapices. Rev.
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Strickland, F. M, Kuchel, J. M. and Halliday, G. M. (2004). Natural Products As Aids For Protecting The Skin’s
Immune System Against UV Damage. Cutis., Vol. 74 (5), 24-28.
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Available online at www.ijabpt.com

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Full-text available
Bacterial infections are responsible for a large number of deaths every year worldwide. On average, 80% of the African population cannot afford conventional drugs. Moreover, many synthetic antibiotics are associated with side effects and progressive increase in antimicrobial resistance. Currently, there is growing interest in discovering new antibacterial agents from ethnomedicinal plants. About 60% of the population living in developing countries depends on herbal drugs for healthcare needs. This study involved the screening of Centella asiatica commonly used by herbal medicine practitioners in Kisii County to treat symptoms related to bacterial infections. Standard bioassay methods were applied throughout the study. They included preliminary screening of dichloromethane: methanolic extract of Centella asiatica against human pathogenic bacteria including Salmonella typhi ATCC 19430, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Shigella sonnei ATCC 25931, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21332, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 using agar disc diffusion, broth microdilution method, and time-kill kinetics with tetracycline as a positive control. Phytochemical screening was carried out to determine the different classes of compounds in the crude extracts. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA and means separated by Tukey’s test. Dichloromethane: methanolic extract of Centella asiatica was screened against the selected bacterial strains. Time-kill kinetic studies of the extracts showed dose- and time-dependent kinetics of antibacterial properties. Phytochemical screening of the DCM-MeOH extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, steroids, and tannins. The present study indicates that the tested plant can be an important source of antibacterial agents and recommends that the active phytoconstituents be isolated, identified, and screened individually for activities and also subjected further for in vivo and toxicological studies. 1. Introduction Infectious diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide [1–3]. The use of antibiotics to control these diseases has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and, therefore, the need for alternative medicines [4, 5], such as medicinal plants [6], which are easily available, affordable, and efficacious with minimal side effects [7, 8]. The problem of antibiotic resistance is confounded by the emergence of “superbugs” such as Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Enterobacter species, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa that are resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics [9, 10]. In addition, many bacterial pathogens form biofilms when they come in contact with a hydrated surface [11]. The biofilms are extracellular matrices that enclose aggregates of bacterial cells on surfaces [11, 12] and are a major problem in clinical therapeutics since microbial communities adhered to surfaces are physiologically distinct from planktonic cells of the same bacteria [13]. The formation of bacterial biofilms has been shown to increase resistance to antibiotics by up to 1000-fold [14]. In bacterial culture, a growth medium is required which is a culture media either in a solid, liquid, or semisolid form designed to support the growth of bacteria. A culture media used for general cultivation and maintenance of bacteria contains a carbon source, water, salts, amino acids, and nitrogen [15]. About 80% of the population living in developing countries uses medicinal plants for their health care needs due to their inability to maintain a steady supply of conventional medicines [7, 16]. In some cases, herbal drugs are used in combination with conventional drugs if the patient feels that the prescribed medicines are ineffective [17]. The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes the need to compliment conventional treatment with herbal medicines [18], and through its sensitization and mobilization programs, African countries have been encouraged to begin serious advancements in herbal medicine use in order to sustain provision of healthcare and ensure continuity of culture [16]. Exploiting plant extracts with known antibacterial activities is significant in managing various infectious diseases [19]. Bacterial resistance to currently used antibiotics necessitates the search for effective therapeutic agents. The use of medicinal plants presents a great potential as a source of antimicrobial compounds against resistant pathogenic microorganisms [20]. Medicinal plants have been used for a long time [21] and have a track record of being effective, safe, and cheap to use [22]. For instance, Glycyrrhiza glabra has been used for the management of respiratory ailments such as coughs, sore throat, and bronchitis [23] and Mahonia aquifolium has been used in skin infection management [24], while Achillea millefolium and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi are used to manage urinary tract infections [25, 26]. A large number of people in developing countries depend on medicinal plants as their primary source of medication [27]. Centella asiatica has been utilized traditionally for the treatment of infectious diseases among the Abagusii community in Kenya, with limited scientific documentation of its dichloromethane: methanolic extract antibacterial activities. This study aimed at screening the dichloromethane: methanolic extract of Centella asiatica for antibacterial activities against selected bacterial pathogens. Centella asiatica is used to treat wounds, mental and neurological disorders, atherosclerosis, microbial infections, and cancer [28]. It is also used in the treatment of inflammations, diarrhea, asthma, tuberculosis, and various skin lesions and ailments such as leprosy, lupus, psoriasis, and keloid. It is reported to possess ulcer-preventive, antioxidant, and antidepressive effects and improves venous insufficiency. An alcoholic extract of the whole plant showed antiprotozoal activity against E. histolytica [28], while a chloroform extract of the whole plant showed activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella dysenteriae. Centella asiatica L. is a member of the family Umbeliferae; the photograph of the plant is presented in Figure 1. It is a perennial herbaceous creeper that grows in moist areas and is distributed widely in tropical and subtropical countries [29]. It has a faint aroma with white to pink flowers and 1–3 leaves of sheathing base from each node. The leaves are smooth with parallel lines on the surface and roots at the stem nodes. The fruits are about 2 inches long and spherical shaped with a thick pericarp. Its seeds consist of a pedulous embryo that looks compressed [29–31]. Vernacular names include English- Indian pennywort, Hindi- Gotukolu, and Chinese- Fo-ti-tieng, while in Kenya, it is referred to as Mungutab beliot ne sing’ortot (nandi) and Enyonyo engare (Kisii).
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Antibacterial Efficacy of Pure Aloe Vera, Methanol Extract and Gentamicin Against Pathogenic Bacteria: Antibacterial Efficacy of Pure Aloe Vera Against Pathogenic Bacteria
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2024
The Aloe vera plant has been utilized for thousands of years for traditional medicinal reasons, including the prevention of bacterial development. Objectives: To investigate the antibacterial effectiveness of pure Aloe vera and its methanol extract, comparing their efficacy to that of the commonly used antibiotic gentamicin. Methods: 50 broiler meat samples were collected from the butcher markets of Tandojam. Isolation and identification of the microorganisms, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was done on 96 well plates. For this purpose, similar concentrations of pure Aloe vera, its methanol extract and gentamicin were to evaluate their minimum inhibitory concentration against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The minimum inhibitory concentration was tested based on the transparency and turbidity of the medium. Results: Out of 50 meat samples identified 19 (38%) were found positive for Staphylococcus aureus and 24 (48%) were positive for Escherichia coli. The mean susceptibility value of Staphylococcus aureus was noticed at 10, and 20µg/µl for pure Aloe vera, 20, 10, 5µg/µl for methanol extract and 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25µg/µl for gentamicin. While the mean concentration at which Escherichia coli growth inhabited was 20 µg/µl and 20, 10 µg/µl, and 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.312 µg/µl for pure Aloe vera, its methanol extract and gentamicin, respectively. Conclusions: It was concluded that all treatments i.e., pure Aloe vera, its methanol extract, and gentamicin inhibited the growth of isolated bacterial organisms, but the methanol extract stopped the growth of isolated organisms at lowered concentration in comparison to pure aloe vera.
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Food applications of Aloe species: A review
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2022
Plants have a high concentration of biologically active molecules. Aloe plants tend to store water and important chemical constituents in their swollen and succulent leaves due to their ability to survive in hot and dry conditions, which makes them a unique source of phytochemicals. The Aloe leaf contains more than 200 nutritional substances, including vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and active enzymes. These constituents are analyzed as phytochemical screening (qualitative analysis) or proximate and mineral content analyses (quantitative analysis). Aloe is used as a food product and beverage ingredient. Functional and nutraceutical foods, edible coatings/films, Aloe species as cooked vegetables, and raw eating of Aloe species are how the Aloe plant is considered in food applications. The researchers reported edible Aloes for several species. However, it is not mean that all species of Aloe are edible. It is not only the leaves of Aloe that have nutritional values also other parts of the plant do. The study evaluated the nutritional value of Aloe flowers and their possible use as edible flowers. Aloe species are increasingly being incorporated into different health drinks, foods, and beverages due to the beneficial biological activities of the phytochemicals.
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Analysis of Phytochemical Constituents, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Photoprotective Activities and Cytotoxic Effect of Leaves Extracts and Fractions of Aloe vera
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2021
The aim of the study was to investigate the Aloe vera phytochemical compounds using HPLC–mass spectrometry and to evaluate their antibacterial, antioxidant, photoprotective and cytotoxic activities. The acetone extract, methanol extract and its four fractions: chloroform, ethyl acetate, n- butanol, aqueous were subjected to evaluate their antibacterial activity by Aromatogram method against S.aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, A. baumanii. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determinated by the medium agar incorporation method. Then, the antioxidant properties of all extracts and fractions were evaluated by using Hydroxyl radical scavenging, Galvinoxyl radical scavenging and Phenanthroline assays. The photoprotective activity was measured by determination in vitro of sun protection factor. The cytotoxicity of extracts and fractions was tested by Brine shrimp lethality method. The yields of methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, aqueous, acetone extracts are respectively 20.56%±0.38, 3.4%±0.11, 1.58%±0.12, 14.16%±0.11, 13.56%± 0.78, 0.68%±0.50. By LC-MS analysis, 8 bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified. The antibacterial activity showed that the n-butanol fraction, acetone and methanol extracts had an effect against all the bacteria.. The MIC value ranged from 1.25 to 10 mg/mL. The chloroform fraction exhibited highest antioxidant activity in (OH•2) scavenging assay (IC50 value: 79.53±0.66 μg/mL) and in GOR scavenging assay (IC50 value: 80.18±1.21 μg/mL, the acetone extract exhibited highest antioxidant activity in phenanthroline assay (A0.50 value: 46.75±0.35μg/mL). Furthermore, the all extracts and fractions showed high photoprotective activity. The acetone, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions have displayed significant effect against the brine shrimp larvae.
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Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Aqueous Stem Extract of Aloe vera on Some Common Pathogenic Bacteria
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2020
Aloe vera is one of the most popular ethnomedicinal plants that is commonly used in treating many infectious diseases. However, the knowledge of the spectrum of antimicrobial activity of the plant and its bioactive components is still inadequate. In this study, we carried out an automated determination of phytochemical components in aqueous extract (AE) of Aloe vera whole stem by GC-MS (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry), determined the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the extract on some common pathogenic bacteria which included Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus by agar well diffusion method, and determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum Bactericidal concentration (MBCs) by agar dilution method. The result showed that the extract has strong antimicrobial activity against all the test organisms. No resistance was observed. The range for zones of inhibition, MIC and MBC were 12.33 ± 0.33 – 28.67 ± 0.60mm, 25mg/ml – 50mg/ml and 50mg/ml – 100mg/ml respectively. The most susceptible isolate was S. typhi (MBC = 50mg/ml) and the least sensitive isolate was E. faecalis (MBC =150mg/ml). The GC-MS of the extract revealed 9 different compounds of which 82.82% are Palmitic acid methyl ester, (7Z)-7-Tetradecenal, Palmitin, 1,2-di-, 2-aminoethyl hydrogen phosphate and Decyl hexanoate with peak areas of 34.40%, 20.48%, 15.46% and 12.48% respectively. In conclusion, Aloe vera contained many broad-spectrum antimicrobially active compounds that can be further purified to produce new antimicrobial compounds that can be used in the treatment of many diseases especially those caused by S. typhi, S. aureus and E. coli.
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Comparative antimicrobial activities of Aloe vera gel and leaf
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2005
  • AFR J BIOTECHNOL
The comparative antimicrobial activities of the gel and leaf of Aloe vera were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Trichophyton mentagraphytes, T. schoeleinii, Microsporium canis and Candida albicans. Ethanol was used for the extraction of the leaf after obtaining the gel from it. Antimicrobial effect was measured by the appearance of zones of inhibition. Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that both the gel and the leaf inhibited the growth of S. aureus (18.0 and 4.0 mm, respectively). Only the gel inhibited the growth of T. mentagrophytes (20.0 mm), while the leaf possesses inhibitory effects on both P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. The results of this study tend to give credence to the popular use of both Aloe vera gel and leaf.
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Antimicrobial Activities of Various Medicinal and Commercial Plant Extracts
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2003
The antibacterial activities of the alcohol, ethyl acetate, acetone and chloroform extracts of 5 plant species were studied. The extracts of Pimpinella anisum (L.) (anise, aniseed) (seed), Coriandrum sativum (L.) (coriander, cilantro) (seed), Glycyrrhiza glabra (L.) (liquorice) (root), Cinnamomum cassia Blume (cassia bark, Chinese cinnamon) (bark), and Juniperus oxycedrus (L.) (juniper) (seed) were tested in vitro against 13 bacterial species and strains by the agar diffusion method. Bacillus brevis FMC 3, Bacillus cereus EU, Bacillus megaterium DSM 32, Bacillus subtilis IMG 22, Bacillus subtilis var. niger ATCC 10, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae FMC 5, Listeria monocytogenes SCOTT A, Micrococcus luteus LA 2971, Mycobacterium smegmatus RUT, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 P 41797 were used in this investigation. The results indicated that the alcohol extracts of Pimpinella anisum seeds showed antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus and Mycobacterium smegmatus 8 mm/20 µl, while the extracts of Coriandrum sativum seeds showed no inhibition zone against microorganisms that were tested. The extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots showed various antibacterial activities (7-11 mm/20 µl inhibition zone) against the microorganisms tested. The alcohol extracts did not inhibit B. subtilis var. niger, B. brevis, E. faecalis, L. monocytogenes, P. aeruginosa and Y. enterocolitica. The ethyl acetate extracts did not inhibit B. subtilis or Y. enterocolitica, and the acetone extracts did not inhibit E. faecalis, L. monocytogenes, P. aeruginosa or Y. enterocolitica. The chloroform extracts showed no inhibition effect against P. aeruginosa or Y. enterocolitica. The extracts of Cinnamomum cassia bark showed antibacterial activity (7-29 mm/20 µl inhibition zone) to the microorganisms tested. The alcohol extracts showed a 7 mm/20 µl inhibition zone against B. megaterium and E. faecalis. The ethyl acetate extracts did not inhibit B. subtilis var. niger, P. aeruginosa or Y. enterocolitica, the acetone extracts showed no antibacterial activity against B. subtilis var. niger or Y. enterocolitica, and the chloroform extracts did not inhibit B. subtilis var. niger or P. aeruginosa. The Juniperus oxycedrus seed extracts showed a 7-15 mm/20 µl inhibition zone against the listed microorganisms, but the ethyl acetate extracts showed no inhibition zone against E. faecalis, while acetone and chloroform extracts did not inhibit P. aeruginosa.
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Antibacterial Activity of Isolates from Piper longum and Taxus baccata
Article
  • Sep 2008
This study describes the antibacterial activity of the pure isolates from Piper longum (L.) (black pepper) and Taxus baccata (L.) (Yew). Three isolates of black pepper were active against Gram-positive bacteria and moderately active against Gram-negative bacteria. Each isolate was highly active against at least one particular species of bacteria; piperlonguminine (1) against Bacillus subtilis, piperine (2) against Staphylococcus aureus, and pellitorine (3) against Bacillus sphaericus. 3-(3'-4'-5'-Trimethoxyphenyl) propionicacid (4) did not show any antibacterial activity. The isolate (--)-rhododendrol (5) of Taxus baccata (L.) inhibited Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas syringae, while 4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-butan-2-one (6) and 4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-trans-but-3-en-2-one (7) inhibited Pseudomonas syringae and Bacillus sphaericus. It is therefore evident that all the isolates of Piper longum had antibacterial activity except 3-(3'-4'-5'-trimethoxyphenyl) propionicacid (4), whereas isolates of T. baccata showed moderate activity.
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CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF TROPICAL WINES FROM ALOE VERA (Aloe barbadensis) AND CASHEW APPLES (Anacardium occidentale L.) IN THE BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
Article
  • Jun 2006
The production and acceptability of wines produced from Aloe vera leaves (Aloe barbadensis Mill) and cashew apples (Anacardium occidentale L.) were investigated. Sensory paired comparisons between A. vera sweet wines (8.6-8.65°Brix; 10.60-10.63% alcohol) with A. vera dry wines (3.20-3.30°Brix; 10.35-10.48% alcohol) and cashew sweet wines (9.30-9.50 °Brix, 11.86-11.90 % alcohol) with cashew dry wines (4.10-4.30°Brix; 11.59-11.69% alcohol) indicated a difference (p<0.05) in consumer acceptance as an estimate of the market potential. A market segmented preference existed for dry wines by the North American tourists who visit the British Virgin Islands and for sweet wines by the Caribbean consumers. Based on a 5-pt hedonic-score and purchase intent interval scale, both A. vera and cashew wines were ‘neither liked nor disliked’ to ‘liked a little’ and with purchase intent of probably buy to maybe/maybe not. Clarity of wines needed improvement based on percent light transmission.
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Screening of some Indian medicinal plants for their antimicrobial properties
Article
  • Oct 1998
  • J ETHNOPHARMACOL
A total of 82 Indian medicinal plants traditionally used in medicines were subjected to preliminary antibacterial screening against several pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms. Aqueous, hexane and alcoholic extracts of each plant were tested for their antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method at sample concentration of 200 mg/ml. The results indicated that out of 82 plants, 56 exhibited antibacterial activity against one or more test pathogens. Interestingly, extracts of five plants showed strong and broad spectrum activity as compared to rest of 51 plant extracts which demonstrated moderate activity. On the whole the alcoholic extracts showed greater activity than their corresponding aqueous and hexane extracts. Among various extracts, only alcoholic extracts of Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica, Plumbago zeylanica and Holarrhena antidysenterica were found to show potentially interesting activity against test bacteria. These active crude alcoholic extracts were also assayed for cellular toxicity to fresh sheep erythrocytes and found to have no cellular toxicity.
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Natural products as aids for protecting the skin's immune system against UV damage
Article
  • Dec 2004
  • CUTIS
Modern sun-protection products reduce the risk for erythema and DNA damage, but even those products with a very high sun protection factor (SPF) and full-spectrum UVB and UVA protection may not prevent UV radiation (UVR)-induced immunomodulation. Formulating sunscreens with a high SPF, as well as a high immune protection factor, is necessary for preventing skin cancer and maintaining effective immune responses to infectious disease after sun exposure. Supplementing current sun-protection products with immunoprotective compounds may help fill the gap between erythema protection and immunoprotection. Animal and now human studies have shown that a class of agents known as oligosaccharins--complex carbohydrates found in plants--protect the cutaneous immune system from UVB-induced and UVA-induced immunomodulation. This immunoprotective effect occurs independently from erythema and DNA damage protection, and these agents, particularly tamarind xyloglucan, may become important adjunctive ingredients to sunscreens.
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Aloe vera: A Scientific Approach Published by Vantage Press (NewYork Antibacterial Activities Of Some Plant Extracts Used InFolk Medicine
  • Jan 1997
  • 269-273
  • H R O T Davis
Davis, H. R. (1997). Aloe vera: A Scientific Approach Published by Vantage Press (NewYork, SA<http://www.aloevera.co.uk/rhdavis.htm>Edro Urul, O.T. (2002). Antibacterial Activities Of Some Plant Extracts Used InFolk Medicine. Pharm. Biol. Vol. 40, 269-273.
Controls Microbiological Products Fitoterapices
  • Jan 1995
  • 35-38
  • P R V Santos
  • A C X Oliveria
  • T C B Tomassini
Santos, P.R.V, Oliveria, A.C.X. and Tomassini, T.C.B. (1995). Controls Microbiological Products Fitoterapices. Rev. Farm Bioquim. Vol. 31, 35-38.
Aloe vera: The Succulent With Skin Soothing Cellprotecting Properties Herbs for Health magazine. Health WorldOnline. http://www.healthy.net/library/articles/hfh/aloe Antimicrobial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Of The Island Soqotra
  • Jan 1999
  • 1-2
  • S Foster
  • R A Mothana
  • V Linclequist
Foster, S. (1999). Aloe vera: The Succulent With Skin Soothing Cellprotecting Properties. Herbs for Health magazine. Health WorldOnline. http://www.healthy.net/library/articles/hfh/aloe.htm Mothana, R.A. and Linclequist, V. (2005). Antimicrobial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Of The Island Soqotra. J- Ethnopharmacei. Vol. 96, 1-2, 177-181. (doi: 10-1016/j.jep 2004.09.006).