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Visual Design: The Effect of Mere-Exposure in Different UX Phases
Abstract
To increase the understanding of the highly complex phenomenon of long-term user experience (UX), we investigated the effect of mere-exposure and its influence on the evaluation of UX in different phases, e.g. pre-use, use, post-use and retrospectively after one week. A mere-exposure effect on the evaluation of beauty in a pre-use situation could be already detected in a former experiment by Vogel. In the present experiment two different graphic designs of a mobile application´s user interface were tested. Visual attractiveness was manipulated to investigate a two-folded exposure effect. Pragmatic, hedonic product qualities and attractiveness as well as an overall liking have been assessed repeatedly. To conclude we could identify dynamics of UX. Additionally, UX phases differ also in influencing factors based on the varying importance of UX components. But the mere-exposure of interfaces in a pre-use situation does not have an influence on the evaluation and UX of the same interfaces in the following UX phases.
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In the past, research on human-technology interaction has almost exclusively concentrated on aspects of usefulness and usability. Despite the success of this line of research, its narrow perspective has recently become a target for criticism. To explain why people prefer some systems over others, factors such as aesthetic qualities and emotional experiences play an important role in addition to instrumental aspects. In the following, we report three experiments that illustrate the importance of such factors. In the first experiment, we study the role of emotions in human-technology interaction by using Scherer's (1984) component theory of emotions as a theoretical foundation. A combination of methods is derived from that theory and employed to measure subjective feelings, motor expressions, physiological reactions, cognitive appraisals, and behaviour. The results demonstrate that the manipulation of selected system properties may lead to differences in usability that affect emotional user reactions. The second experiment investigates the interplay of instrumental and non-instrumental system qualities. The results show that users' overall appraisal of a technical device is influenced by both groups of qualities. In the third experiment, we join the approaches of the first two studies to analyse the influence of usability and aesthetics within a common design. The results indicate that systems differing in these aspects affect the perception of instrumental and non-instrumental qualities as well as the users' emotional experience and their overall appraisal of the system. Summarizing our results, we present a model specifying three central components of user experience and their interrelations (CUE-Model). The model integrates the most important aspects of human-technology interaction and hints at a number of interesting issues for future research.
A review of 15 papers reporting 25 independent correlations of perceived beauty with perceived usability showed a remarkably high variability in the reported coefficients. This may be due to methodological inconsistencies. For example, products are often not selected systematically, and statistical tests are rarely performed to test the generality of findings across products. In addition, studies often restrict themselves to simply reporting correlations without further specification of underlying judgmental processes. The present study’s main objective is to re-examine the relation between beauty and usability, that is, the implication that “what is beautiful is usable.” To rectify previous methodological shortcomings, both products and participants were sampled in the same way and the data aggregated both by averaging over participants to assess the covariance across ratings of products and by averaging over products to assess the covariance across participants. In addition, we adopted an inference perspective to qualify underlying processes to examine the possibility that, under the circumstances pertaining in most studies of this kind where participants have limited experience of using a website or product, the relationship between beauty and usability is mediated by goodness. A mediator analysis of the relationship between beauty, the overall
evaluation (i.e., “goodness”) and pragmatic quality (as operationalization of usability) suggests that the relationship between beauty and usability has been overplayed as the correlation between pragmatic quality and beauty is wholly mediated by goodness. This pattern of relationships was consistent across four different data sets and different ways of data aggregation. Finally, suggestions are made regarding methodologies that could be used in future studies that build on these results.
A review and meta-analysis of methodological and subject variables influencing the exposure–affect relationship was performed on studies of the mere exposure effect published in the 20 years following R. B. Zajonc's (see record
1968-12019-001) seminal monograph. Stimulus type, stimulus complexity, presentation sequence, exposure duration, stimulus recognition, age of subject, delay between exposure and ratings, and maximum number of stimulus presentations all influence the magnitude of the exposure effect. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of previous reviews of the literature on exposure effects and with respect to prevailing theoretical models of the exposure–affect relationship. Modifications of the 2-factor model of exposure effects that increase the heuristic value of the model are described. A possible evolutionary basis of the exposure effect is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A recent trend in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) research addresses human needs that go beyond the instrumental, resulting in an increasing body of knowledge about how users form overall evaluative judgments on the quality of interactive products. An aspect largely neglected so far is that of temporality, i.e. how the quality of users' experience develops over time. This paper presents an in-depth, five-week ethnographic study that followed 6 individuals during an actual purchase of the Apple iPhone". We found prolonged use to be motivated by different qualities than the ones that provided positive initial experiences. Overall, while early experiences seemed to relate mostly to hedonic aspects of product use, prolonged experiences became increasingly more tied to aspects reflecting how the product becomes meaningful in one's life. Based on the findings, we promote three directions for CHI practice: designing for meaningful mediation, designing for daily rituals, and designing for the self.
This research conceptualizes and develops a scale to measure individual differences in the centrality of visual product aesthetics (CVPA), defined as the level of significance that visual aesthetics hold for a particular consumer in his/her relationship with products. Three related dimensions of product aesthetics centrality emerged from the research: value, acumen, and response intensity. A series of eight studies provided evidence that the CVPA measure possesses satisfactory reliability and validity. Additionally, this research illuminates important differences between high and low CVPA consumers in product-design-related evaluations and behaviors and provides suggestions for future research employing the scale. Copyright 2003 by the University of Chicago.
Entscheidungen, die in frühen Phasen der Produktentwicklung getroffen werden, haben einen großen Einfluss auf den späteren Verlauf des Entwicklungsprozesses. Folglich sollte der Produktplanung und dem Erarbeiten der Anforderungsliste eine besondere Beachtung beigemessen werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt sowohl frühe Phasen der Produktentwicklung als auch frühe Phasen des Nutzungserlebens. Es ist notwendig, relevante Eigenschaften (Attribute) eines Produktes bzw. dessen Nutzung aus Sicht des Nutzers zu berücksichtigen und zu gewichten, um die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer späteren Akzeptanz zu erhöhen. Subjektive Eigenschaftswichtigkeiten können insbesondere beim Gestalten für eine neue Zielgruppe strategisch entscheidend sein. So stellt sich beispielsweise die Frage, wie sich junge und ältere Nutzer in der Beurteilung von Produkteigenschaften unterscheiden. Die vorliegende Arbeit verfolgt zwei Forschungsziele. Das empirische Ziel ist es, relevante Eigenschaften interaktiver Technologien und deren Wichtigkeiten für junge sowie ältere Nutzer zu ermitteln. Als methodologischer Beitrag werden mehrere Erhebungsverfahren von Eigenschaftswichtigkeiten eingesetzt und erweitert. Ihre Anwendbarkeit in frühen Phasen der Produktentwicklung sowie zur Unterscheidung von Nutzergruppen wird diskutiert. Drei empirische Studien wurden durchgeführt. In Studie 1 wurden in einer Felduntersuchung relevante Eigenschaften mittels Selbstdokumentation durch die Teilnehmer identifiziert. Eine Auswahl dieser Eigenschaften wurde den Teilnehmern in Studie 2 und Studie 3 explizit präsentiert. Wichtigkeitseinschätzungen durch unabhängige Ratingskalen wurden mit den Ergebnissen einer Conjoint-Analyse, einer auf dem Kano-Modell der Kundenzufriedenheit basierenden Fragebogentechnik (Kano, Seraku, Takahashi & Tsuji, 1984) sowie einer Erweiterung der Konstantsummenskala verglichen. Die Vielfalt der identifizierten Eigenschaften verdeutlicht die Relevanz aufgabenbezogener sowie nicht-aufgabenbezogener Aspekte für beide Altersgruppen. Valenzunterschiede hinsichtlich motivierender und demotivierender Gründe der Techniknutzung werden aufgezeigt. Im Allgemeinen scheinen aufgabenbezogene Eigenschaften als wichtiger eingeschätzt zu werden als nicht-aufgabenbezogene. Dies wird über alle drei Studien hinweg beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse der dritten Studie legen jedoch den Schluss nahe, dass nicht-aufgabenbezogene Eigenschaften in hedonischen Produkten wichtiger sind als in utilitaristischen. Hinsichtlich der Altersgruppenunterschiede stellt sich wiederholt heraus, dass Älteren Ergonomie wichtiger ist als Jüngeren, während Jüngeren Qualität wichtiger ist als Älteren. Nur wenn Eigenschaften in Relation zueinander gewichtet werden müssen (relative Wichtigkeit), erscheint Ästhetik älteren Nutzern weniger wichtig zu sein als jüngeren Nutzern. Schließlich wurde ein Rahmenmodell eines fortdauernden Nutzungserlebens entwickelt: das ContinUE-Modell (Continuous User Experience). Es veranschaulicht Dynamiken des Nutzungserlebens und diskutiert zeitlich bedingte Veränderungen von Eigenschaftswichtigkeiten. Zusammenfassend liefert diese Arbeit Beiträge auf theoretischer, empirischer sowie methodologischer Ebene. Es werden praktische Empfehlungen zur Ermittlung von Eigenschaftswichtigkeiten gegeben sowie erste Anhaltspunkte einer Schwerpunktsetzung für die Gestaltung interaktiver Systeme aus Sicht älterer Nutzer aufgezeigt.
The long-term and dynamic nature of user experience (UX) is challenging both UX design and evaluation activities. Although the CHI community acknowledges the importance of a temporal perspective on UX, we are still lacking an understanding of time and the meaning of temporal aspects in UX. In order to close this gap, we organized a workshop at NordiCHI 2012 exploring the topic with researchers and practitioners, especially searching for a common understanding of long-term UX and its relevance to the field. In this paper, we analyze the current state of the topic, discuss definitions and theoretical models based on previous work and the outcome of the workshop. We conclude with a working definition for long-term UX, its relevance for design and summarize future research directions.
From the response competition interpretation of the attitude-enhancing effects of exposure it was hypothesized that (1) arousal during exposure would decrease affective ratings whereas (2) arousal during rating would decrease the ratings of low frequency stimuli but enhance the ratings of high frequency stimuli. Experiment I provided weak support for the first hypothesis while Experiment II provided clear support for the second hypothesis. Experiment III, exploring an unexpected finding from Experiment I, suggested that exposure will lead to more favorable ratings only if a stimulus is initially neutral or positive.
The goal of user experience design in industry is to improve customer satisfaction and loyalty through the utility, ease of use, and pleasure provided in the interaction with a product. So far, user experience studies have mostly focused on short-term evaluations and consequently on aspects relating to the initial adoption of new product designs. Nevertheless, the relationship between the user and the product evolves over long periods of time and the relevance of prolonged use for market success has been recently highlighted. In this paper, we argue for the cost-effective elicitation of longitudinal user experience data. We propose a method called the ‘‘UX Curve’’ which aims at assisting users in retrospectively reporting how and why their experience with a product has changed over time. The usefulness of the UX Curve method was assessed in a qualitative study with 20 mobile phone users. In particular, we investigated how users’
specific memories of their experiences with their mobile phones guide their behavior and their willingness to recommend the product to others. The results suggest that the UX Curve method enables users and researchers to determine the quality of long-term user experience and the influences that improve user experience over time or cause it to deteriorate. The method provided rich qualitative data and we found that an improving trend of perceived attractiveness of mobile phones was related to user satisfaction
and willingness to recommend their phone to friends. This highlights that sustaining perceived attractiveness can be a differentiating factor in the user acceptance of personal interactive products such as mobile phones. The study suggests that the proposed method can be used as a straightforward tool for understanding the reasons why user experience improves or worsens in long-term product use and how these reasons relate to customer loyalty.
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