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Optimal strategy for carbon capture and storage infrastructure: A review
Abstract
To effectively reduce CO2, CO2 mitigation technologies should be employed tactically. This paper focuses on carbon capture and storage (CCS) as the most promising CO2 reduction technology and investigates how to establish CCS strategy suitably. We confirm a major part of the optimal strategy for CCS infrastructure planning through a literature review according to mathematical optimization criteria associated with facility location models. In particular, the feasibility of large scale CCS infrastructure is evaluated through economic, environmental, and technical assessment. The current state-of-the-art optimization techniques for CCS infrastructure planning are also addressed while taking numerous factors into account. Finally, a list of issues for future research is highlighted.
... Given the rising pace of emissions into the atmosphere, it is critical to guarantee that CO 2 emissions from burning of fossil fuel and other emerging sources, such as the cement industry, are captured and reduced as soon as possible before they are released into the environment. As a result, the pollution caused by the release of these gases will be reduced, and efforts will be made to use the CO 2 collected in the development of cleaner and efficient energy systems (Han et al., 2012;Huang et al., 2008;Martunus et al., 2008). ...
Horizontal curves play a critical role in roadway safety by providing a smooth transition between tangent sections. Because radius of horizontal curves are one of the most fundamental elements in roadway geometry design, transportation agencies, need to measure them to support network to network safety analysis. In this research work, accident data collected from the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) were analyzed to obtain the hotspots along the route. Traffic count, length of curve, width of median, and shoulder width were obtained at the hotspot locations. The reliability-based design of horizontal curve with respect to radius of the curve and Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) were compared with the objective design method. The study shows that objective Available Sight Distance (ASD) values are overestimated. The 98th percentile sight distance (i.e. SSD at RLB = 98%) is even much lower than the ASD calculated based on 98th percentile speed. Thus, ASD values for highway design should be based on reliability values. Hence, the conventional method (objective method) of sight distance calculation needs to be re-considered. This will prevent the inclusion of excessive large radius and middle coordinates in horizontal curves and thus allow for a reduce construction cost.
... Given the rising pace of emissions into the atmosphere, it is critical to guarantee that CO 2 emissions from burning of fossil fuel and other emerging sources, such as the cement industry, are captured and reduced as soon as possible before they are released into the environment. As a result, the pollution caused by the release of these gases will be reduced, and efforts will be made to use the CO 2 collected in the development of cleaner and efficient energy systems (Han et al., 2012;Huang et al., 2008;Martunus et al., 2008). ...
This study used the application of Geographic Information System (GIS) to analyse students’ staff index in Public Secondary Schools (PSSs) of Osun West Senatorial District (OWSD), Nigeria with a view to providing information that could guide the ineffective distribution of human resources (teaching staff) to enhancing secondary school education planning. The specific objectives are to determine the number of staff and students of the public secondary schools in the district and examine the staff index. Data for this study were obtained through questionnaire administration. Areas with secondary schools were stratified into three categories based on population density: suburb (less than 10,000 people), semi-urban (between 10,000-19,999 people), and urban (20,000 people and above). Eleven urban with a total of 59 secondary schools, twelve semi-urban with a total of 16 secondary schools, and twenty-eight suburb areas were identified with a total of 41 secondary schools. All the schools were sampled while students’ enrolment and staff data were collected from the principal of each school. Findings revealed, that the largest proportion of settlements with inadequate staff strength is the suburb
with eleven (11) public secondary schools, a mean value of 26 and standard deviation of 2.87,
urban settlement category have seven (7), with a mean value of 23 and standard deviation of 6.007 and semi-urban with just one (1) school, denoting 26 mean value and 0.0 standard deviation. Summary of the findings across OWSD revealed inadequate staffing in urban (36.8%), semi-urban (5.3%), and suburb (57.9%) as the mean score of the student to staff is 44 and the standard deviation is 13.771. It is therefore recommended that government and other school administrators should come together to employ adequate teaching staff to secondary schools at all categories of settlements.
... Given the rising pace of emissions into the atmosphere, it is critical to guarantee that CO 2 emissions from burning of fossil fuel and other emerging sources, such as the cement industry, are captured and reduced as soon as possible before they are released into the environment. As a result, the pollution caused by the release of these gases will be reduced, and efforts will be made to use the CO 2 collected in the development of cleaner and efficient energy systems (Han et al., 2012;Huang et al., 2008;Martunus et al., 2008). ...
Kifilideen trinomial theorem of negative power of is theorem which is used to generate the series and terms of a trinomial expression of negative power of in an orderly and periodicity manner that is based on standardized and matrix methods. Negative power of Newton binomial theorem had been used to produce series of partial fractions of a compound fraction. The establishment of the negative power of of trinomial theorem would extend the number of compound fraction in which series (expansion) can be produced. This study applied Kifilideen expansion of negative power of of Kifilideen trinomial theorem for the transformation of compound fraction into series of partial fractions with other developments. Kifilideen theorem of matrix transformation of negative power of of trinomial expression in which three variables are found in parts of the trinomial expression was developed. The development would ease the process of evaluating such trinomial expression of negative power of . This standardized and matrix method used in arranging the terms of the Kifilideen expansion of negative power of of trinomial expression yield an interesting results in which it is utilized in transforming compound fraction into series of partial fractions in a unique way.
... Given the rising pace of emissions into the atmosphere, it is critical to guarantee that CO 2 emissions from burning of fossil fuel and other emerging sources, such as the cement industry, are captured and reduced as soon as possible before they are released into the environment. As a result, the pollution caused by the release of these gases will be reduced, and efforts will be made to use the CO 2 collected in the development of cleaner and efficient energy systems (Han et al., 2012;Huang et al., 2008;Martunus et al., 2008). ...
The Kifilideen trinomial theorem of positive power of n built on matrix and standardized procedures had been developed and implemented in company with the Kifilideen general power combination formula which helps to determine the terms in the kif expansion of trinomial expression of positive power of n. This research work inaugurated Kifilideen trinomial theorem of negative power of – n by employing matrix and standardized techniques. Matrix was used in
this study to arrange the terms of the series of the negative power of the Kifilideen trinomial theorem. The Kifilideen general power combination formula of any term in the series of the
Kifilideen trinomial theorem of negative power of – n was invented. The Kifilideen general term formula to determine the term of a given power combination was also originated. It has been proving that the theorem and formulas generated are accurate, reliable, easy and interesting. The
theorem helps in generating the terms of Kifilideen trinomial theorem of negative power of – n in an orderly form and makes it easy in obtaining the power combination that produce any given term and vice versa.
... Given the rising pace of emissions into the atmosphere, it is critical to guarantee that CO 2 emissions from burning of fossil fuel and other emerging sources, such as the cement industry, are captured and reduced as soon as possible before they are released into the environment. As a result, the pollution caused by the release of these gases will be reduced, and efforts will be made to use the CO 2 collected in the development of cleaner and efficient energy systems (Han et al., 2012;Huang et al., 2008;Martunus et al., 2008). ...
This study reviews recent literature on the engineering properties of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) containing Waste Plastic Bottle (WPB) and Waste Sachet Water (WSW) as a modifier and as a partial replacement for conventional bitumen. The study summarizes various contributions elucidating the various WPB and WSW utilized, their growing production and usage, WPB and WSW material preparation and treatment, physical composition and different engineering test methods adopted by previous studies such as Penetration, Softening point, Ductility, Viscosity, Flash and fire point, Loss on heating, Specific gravity, Stability and Flow. This study showed a significant improvement in the engineering properties of WPB modified WMA compared to the unmodified sample. The review also showed that WPB and WSW improve the engineering properties of warm mix asphalt when they were used separately. Furthermore, the sasobit manufacturer recommended a 3% addition of sasobit to bitumen when aiming at maximum temperature reduction and to achieve optimum performance. Previous researchers adopted the sasobit manufactures recommendation which reduces the production temperature of asphalt concrete by 30 oC. Therefore, it is recommended that further studies should use WSW and WPB in a combined form for use as a modifier in improving WMA. Also, further study should vary the percentage of sasobit to be blended with bitumen in other ascertain the modification that is most suitable for Nigeria’s condition using the locally available materials in asphalt production.
... In this regard, many practical and economical technologies capable of decarbonizing major industries have been developed. Among them, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is one of the stand-out technologies that significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with a variety of capture technologies and facilities that are available [3][4][5]. In particular, CO 2 capture using solid sorbents have been recognized as a promising technology for post-combustion CO 2 capture and has gained much attention in the past decade. Solid sorbents are preferred over liquid sorbents mainly because they can be used over wide temperature ranges from ambient temperatures to 700°C. ...
Supports are commonly used to increase the stability and prevent the agglomeration of solid CO2 sorbents. However, the exact surface changes and carbonation mechanism on supported sorbents have not been directly observed. Knowing such insight would not only allow a better understanding of the surface phenomenon on supported sorbents but would also help to identify the exact role of the supports. In this study, real-time CO2 sorption observations on Al2O3-supported eutectic mixture (EM)-promoted MgO sorbents were obtained to determine the role of Al2O3 support in the sorption process. EM-MgO-Al2O3 exhibited stable sorption-regeneration cyclic performance and maintained a capacity of ∼13 wt% after 12 cycles. In situ TEM was then utilized to directly observe the sorption and regeneration phenomenon on the sorbent. Results show that MgCO3 evolution proceeds with the formation of separated mushroom-like branches along the surface of the sorbent, contrary to the surface layer formation on unsupported sorbents. The same mushroom-like morphology was also observed during resorption, although smaller yet denser products formed due to MgO regeneration. Such morphology was observed due to the presence of Al2O3, which alters the sorbent surface, redistributes triple-phase boundaries, and directs the formation of MgCO3 towards the MgO active sites. This consequently avoids MgCO3 agglomeration and improves the cyclic stability of the sorbent. Hence, a better understanding of the carbonation mechanism and the role of support in solid sorbents was obtained.
... The optimization model has been used extensively in CCS deployment planning, including infrastructure planning (Han et al., 2012) and flexible operation (Manaf et al., 2016). The optimization models include three essential elements: the objective function, variables, and constraints. ...
... Therefore, when using CCS technology, the storage period of CO 2 should exceed the estimated peak period of fossil fuel exploitation, such that if CO 2 re-emerges into the atmosphere, it should occur after the predicted peak period of fossil fuel exploitation. To date, CCS is the most promising technique for CO 2 reduction, and is feasible for large-scale sources of CO 2 [39]. Due to the world's large stock of low-cost fossil fuels, there is a strong requirement to explore opportunities for capturing CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion as a mitigation strategy to prevent it from entering the atmosphere. ...
The major contributor to global warming is human-generated greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions that pollute the air. GHGs emissions are a global issue dominated by emission of carbon dioxide (CO2). Notably, CO2 accounts for an estimated 77% of GHGs and thus has a huge impact on the environment. The capture, sequestration, and utilization of CO2 emissions from flue gas are now becoming familiar worldwide. These methods are a promising solution to promote sustainability for the benefit of future generations. Previously, many researchers have focused on capturing and storing CO2; however, less effort has been spent on finding ways to utilize flue gas emissions. Moreover, several issues must be overcome in the field of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technology, especially regarding the cost, capacity of storage and the durability of the storage reservoir. In addition, this paper addresses new technology in carbon capture and sequestration. To make CCS technology more feasible, this paper suggests a sustainable method combining CCS and biofuel production using CO2 as a feedstock. This method offers many advantages, such as CO2 emission mitigation and energy security through the production of renewable energy. Due to the many advantages of biofuels, the conversion of CO2 into biofuel is a best practice and may provide a solution to pollution while encouraging sustainability practises.
... This study was mainly based on the review of CO 2 storage but no analysis of operating conditions and cost of transport and storage was made in this study. More recently, Han et al. [13] gave a review study for the formulation of CCS infrastructure and assessed previous studies referring to techno-economic and environmental evaluations. In another study by Han et al. [14], a mathematical model for optimal energy infrastructure was made by integrating CO 2 disposal and H 2 supply activities for Korean case. ...
The continuous rise of CO2 emissions is a major cause of global climate change. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is widely seen as a practical technology for reducing CO2 emissions. CCS mainly consists of capturing CO2 from large emitting sources and its transportation to a sequestration site where it can be stored safely for a long period of time. The average CO2 emission growth rate of Korea is 1.0% which is the second highest among the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. It becomes even more challenging when CO2 is transported to an offshore storage since there is little experience with subsea pipelines for CO2 transportation. In this study, a plausible transport and storage model scheme has been developed and then employed to study different offshore CO2 transportation cases for South Korea as: CO2 transport in liquid phase (Temperature= −20°C, Pressure= 6.50 MPa); CO2 transport in liquid phase (Temperature= 5°C, Pressure= 9.30 MPa); CO2 transport in supercritical phase (Temperature= 40°C, Pressure= 15.00 MPa). CO2 storage capacity in sedimentary basins of Korea is evaluated between 19 and 27.2 Gt (giga-ton) of CO2. Finally, this paper explores the costs associated with transport and geologic sequestration of CO2. Transport cost varies from 10.9 to 15.5 US/tCO2 depending on the specific scenario and depth at which CO2 is stored. Sensitivity analysis showed a decrease in storage cost of 62.4% and 93.6% in 2030 and 2050 respectively for projected CO2 volumes in Korea. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2013
Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas is one of the most significant greenhouse gases which is the main cause of climate change. The different strategies to convert CO2 to beneficial materials could aid to the development of the implementation of novel technologies to diminish carbon emissions, products, and industries, and help to decrease climate-altering emissions. In addition, technical and economic feasibility is required to use and execute the technologies of using CO2 gas at an industrial scale. Thus, efforts should be made in order to reduce costs, fines, and energy consumption and provide incentive regulations to attract carbon capture, storage of carbon, and carbon utilization. In addition, there are ways of commercial methods for hydrogen production today, in which hydrogen production is “designed” to capture CO2 emissions. Given that the largest amount of hydrogen production is related to the use of fossil fuels today. Steam methane reforming (SMR) plays a role of about 50% in the production of hydrogen in the world. Also, SMR processes correspond to a considerable amount of carbon emission at different stages of the process. In this chapter, the latest developments in CO2 capture, utilization, conversion, and carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) are investigated through a multi-scale perspective. Also, the significant benefits and shortcomings of different carbon capture methods used in CCS technology and various new technologies to increase the feasibility of CCS technology are examined. Finally, we study the key challenges and issues that must be faced for industrial applications related to CCS technology in the future. Furthermore, the different ways of hydrogen generation with CO2 capture on sorption-increased SMR are described.KeywordsCO2 utilizationCarbon captureCarbon storageHydrogen creationClimate change
Resumen
En la microcuenca del río Carrizal-Manabí-Ecuador, el desconocimiento y la no identificación de los diferentes capitales disponibles por los hogares rurales no permite diseñar estrategias de intervención que promuevan su desarrollo. El estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar los capitales: humano, cultural, social, político, natural, físico y financiero disponibles en las comunidades e identificar sus estrategias de vida que fortalezcan la interrelación para su conservación y valorización. La metodología para análisis de variables e indicadores se basó en el enfoque de capitales de las comunidades, donde todos tienen el mismo grado de importancia para la generación de bienestar. Los resultados mostraron que en la caracterización y tipificación de familias se identificaron tres grupos, diferenciados por los capitales: humano y natural. El grupo uno dispone medianamente los capitales humano, cultural, social y natural. El grupo dos posee menos capitales humano, cultural, social, natural y físico, con necesidades de capacitaciones y aprendizaje, afectando el uso de los recursos para conservar la biodiversidad. El Grupo tres dispone en mayor proporción los capitales humano, económico, político y físico. Para los tres grupos el capital financiero, es el de menor disponibilidad, como el recurso de las familias para el logro de sus medios de vida, que está interactuando negativamente con el capital natural, probablemente por sus estrategias de vida, formación, capacitaciones e intervención hacia los recursos naturales. Se concluye que las familias productoras de la microcuenca disponen en mayor o menor proporción de los siete capitales como parte de sus estrategias de vida.
Palabras clave: Caracterización, disponibilidad, recursos naturales, estrategia de vida, tipificación
To determine the optimal configuration of supply chain network for microalga-based biodiesel (MADSCN) considering uncertain values which influence the optimal strategies of microalga-based biodiesel production, we develop a two-stage stochastic model that considers the CO2 supply and biodiesel demand as uncertain parameters, which simultaneously influence the potential locations for the construction of carbon-capture-and-storage systems to supply CO2 as feedstock, and of biorefineries to produce and distribute the biodiesel as to regions in which it is in demand. The proposed framework is formulated using mixed-integer linear programming to identify the optimal MADSCN configuration that minimizes the overall cost of microalga-based biodiesel production. Variation of both uncertain factors in the stochastic model affect the configurations and operating strategies of MADSCN compared to the deterministic model that fixes the factors. The optimal superstructure of MADSCN was affected more significantly by uncertain biodiesel demand than by uncertain CO2 emission.
This study presents a decision making tool for risk management of a carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) network under uncertainty among conflicting objectives. A two-phase-two-stage stochastic multi-objective optimization problem solving algorithm is formulated to balance environmental impact and various sources of uncertainty and corresponding risk by installing and operating a CCUS network. The algorithm allows decision makers to choose their own tolerance on risk. By conducting case studies that have different target profits for CCUS networks, the algorithm provides optimal results based on the decision maker's attitude to risk. To evaluate risks imposed by uncertain parameters, a concept of downside risk is introduced. By setting different target profit levels, the suggested tool enables decision makers to choose their own tolerance and preference for risk. In the model, the life cycle assessment is applied to evaluate all environmental contributions caused by installation and operations of the CCUS network. The model provides the trade-off relationship between total annual benefit with financial risk as well as corresponding environmental impact. The aim of this model to optimize CCUS supply chain networks is to provide an intuitive decision making algorithm to balance conflicting objectives within a single framework. This problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear program model. To illustrate the applicability of the model, four optimal CCUS network models for the various types of industrial complex of Korea in 2030 are presented. Results indicate that risk-averse cases with a low profit target are more reliable in stochastic uncertainty, and that risk-taking decision makers tend to invest more on capture facility and produce more product than do, risk-averse decision makers.
We present a stochastic decision-making algorithm for the design and operation of a carbon capture and storage (CCS) network; the algorithm incorporates the decision-maker’s tolerance of risk caused by uncertainties. Given a set of available resources to capture, store, and transport CO2, the algorithm provides an optimal plan of the CCS infrastructure and a CCS assessment method, while minimizing annual cost, environmental impact, and risk under uncertainties. The model uses the concept of downside risk to explicitly incorporate the trade-off between risk and either economic or environmental objectives at the decision-making level. A two-phase-two-stage stochastic multi-objective optimization problem (2P2SSMOOP) solving approach is implemented to consider uncertainty, and the ε-constraint method is used to evaluate the interaction between total annual cost with financial risk and an Eco-indicator 99 score with environmental risk. The environmental impact is measured by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) considering all contributions made by operation and installation of a CCS infrastructure. A case study of power-plant CO2 emission in Korea is presented to illustrate the application of the proposed modeling and solution method.
Utility supply networks and hydrogen (H2) supply networks have been consistently individually studied in terms of techno-economic feasibility of large scale. A number of studies have proposed and improved mathematical models for design of each optimized supply network. However, although two different networks can coexist in a large-scale industrial complex, few studies have been conducted to develop an integrated utility supply and H2 supply network (IUHSN) design in a techno-economic optimization framework. In this study, we design an IUHSN which includes a number of utilities (steam, water, and electricity), and H2 sources (manufacturers) and sinks (end customers). Steam methane reforming (SMR) process is used as an intermediate linkage between both networks. To obtain an optimal design of the IUHSN reflecting the reality, we develop a mathematical model which is formulated as multi-period stochastic mixed integer linear programming concerning uncertain raw material prices. This model allows identification of a promising design strategy to minimize total supply cost, because sources and sinks can be connected to each other to transfer unused resources and products.
We develop an economic process design for separation of CO2 from the off-gas in ISMPs (iron and steel making plants). Based on the characteristics of the off-gas from which CO2 must be separated, we design two process configurations: PSA (pressure-swing adsorption) and MEA (monoethanolamine)-based chemical absorption. We also develop a simulation model of each process, and perform an economic evaluation of the configurations. Our technical performance analyses show that the CO2 recovery and purity are >90% in the both processes and that highly-concentrated combustible gas (CO and H2) can be obtained as a byproduct. Our economic performance analyses show that the designed processes lead to cost-effective and competitive options ($62/t CO2 separated), compared to the CO2 separation processes used in power plants. Using the combustible gas as a fuel for the boiler of power cycle greatly reduces the cost of CO2 separation in ISMPs.
Lots of networks are constructed in a large scale industrial complex. Each network meet their demands through production or transportation of materials which are needed to companies in a network. Network directly produces materials for satisfying demands in a company or purchase form outside due to demand uncertainty, financial factor, and so on. Especially utility network and hydrogen network are typical and major networks in a large scale industrial complex. Many studies have been done mainly with focusing on minimizing the total cost or optimizing the network structure. But, few research tries to make an integrated network model by connecting utility network and hydrogen network In this study, deterministic mixed integer linear programming model is developed for integrating utility network and hydrogen network. Steam Methane Reforming process is necessary for combining two networks. After producing hydrogen from Steam-Methane Reforming process whose raw material is steam vents from utility network, produced hydrogen go into hydrogen network and fulfill own needs. Proposed model can suggest optimized case in integrated network model, optimized blueprint, and calculate optimal total cost. The capability of the proposed model is tested by applying it to Yeosu industrial complex in Korea. Yeosu industrial complex has the one of the biggest petrochemical complex and various papers are based in data of Yeosu industrial complex. From a case study, the integrated network model suggests more optimal conclusions compared with previous results obtained by individually researching utility network and hydrogen network.
An oceanic two-phase plume model is developed to include bubble size distribution and bubble interactions, applied to the prediction of CO2 bubble plume and CO2 solution dynamics observed from the recent QICS field experiment in the Scottish sea at Ardmucknish Bay. Observations show bubbles form at between 2 and 12 mm in diameter, where the inclusion of the interactions within the simulations brings results of bubble plumes closer to that of the experiment. Under a given leakage flux, simulations show that the bubble size affects the maximum pCO2 dissolved in the water column, while the bubble interactions affect the vertical bubble distribution. The maximum modelled pCO2 increases from a background 360 μatm to 400, 427 and 443 μatm as CO2 injection rates increase from 80, 170 to 208 kg/day respectively at low tide. An increase of the leakage rate to 100% of the injection rate shows the maximum pCO2 could be 713 μatm, approaching the mean pCO2 observed of 740 μatm during the high leakage component of the experiment, suggesting that the flux may be greater than estimated due to the varied flux and activity across the pockmarks during the leakages.
In the maritime industry the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is the UN organization responsible for developing international safety and environmental protection regulations. IMO has now developed the second version of ‘Guidelines for Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) for use in the IMO rule making process’. The Guidelines are available as circulars both from the Marine Safety Committee (MSC) and the Marine Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC). This standard is, as far as the author knows, the first risk assessment standard adopted in an UN organization. The work with developing this standard was initiated in 1995 at IMO based on an UK initiative. As there have been some attempts to develop internationally accepted risk assessment and risk management standards also in other industries, this paper tries to describe some of the experience and lessons learned from developing and implementing FSA at IMO. Paralleling the development of the guidelines there has been a number of applications of the guidelines, recently focusing on bulk carrier safety. Relevant studies have been carried out by UK, by Japan, by Norway and International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), and by the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS). These studies will be briefly reviewed with respect to methods used, assumptions made and conclusions drawn. The entire process from the initial terms of reference formulated by IMO to the final decisions is considered. The main conclusion is that the maritime industry has made a lot of progress, quite fast, in the use of risk assessment as part of the decision making process. This being the case, despite the many communication problems that arises in discussing risk issues in international forums. Furthermore, the FSA has helped balancing the often conflicting interest of the flag states and non-governmental organizations present in IMO. In 2004, a new initiative was taken on developing Goal Based Standards at IMO. This initiative was taken by Greece and Bahamas, and has now been debated at three meetings of MSC. The paper will also discuss the relationship between GBS and FSA based on the experience gained.
The implementation of large-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS) in the power and industrial sectors will require substantial financial investment. Consequently, research is needed to identify cost effective CCS deployment strategies. This project combines a CO2 pipeline optimization tool, technoeconomic models for CCS components, and regional spatial data to examine how CCS infrastructure might develop in the southwestern United States under the American Power Act (APA). (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Wells are designed to bring fluids from depth to the earth’s surface quickly. As such they are the most likely pathway for CO2 to return to the surface in large quantities and present a hazard without adequate management. We surveyed oil industry experience of CO2 well failures, and separately, calculated the maximal CO2 flow rate from a 5000 ft depth supercritical CO2 reservoir. The calculated maximum of 20,000 tonne/day was set by the sound speed and the seven-inch well casing diameter, and was greater than any observed event. We used this flux to simulate atmospheric releases and the associated hazard utilizing the National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center (NARAC) tools and real meteorology at a representative location in the High Plains of the United States. Three cases representing a maximum hazard day (quiet winds
Mineral carbonation has been identified as a potentially suitable means of CO2 sequestration in Singapore due to the nation’s lack of land for geological or deep ocean storage of CO2. In this article, the total energy, CO2 emissions and costs of mineral carbonation are investigated using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. The life cycle investigation took into account energy and greenhouse gas emissions from mineral mining activities and shipment, the recovery of CO2 based on amine scrubbing technology and simulated scenarios of the net energy requirements for the carbonation process based on ‘ideal’ and worst case energy requirements. The CO2 avoided results from a total o f 4 scenarios were in the range of 106.9 kg to 175.9 kg per 1 MWh. The percentage sequestration effectiveness results are from 32.9% to 49.7%. The life cycle costing results are 105.6 USD/tonne CO2 avoided and 127.2 USD/tonne CO2 avoided for two of the most favorable scenarios. However, it is highlighted that various engineering challenges have to be overcome before the ‘ideal’ carbonation reaction conditions represented in the simulation model can be achieved. The results will most likely fluctuate somewhere between the ideal and worst case conditions. The main energy penalties and associated CO2 emissions come mostly from CO2 recovery, pre-treatment and mineralization process itself.
Through combining insights from engineering, natural sciences, economics, and political science, one consistent, transparent, and comprehensive analytical framework for assessing and evaluating various CCS chains is developed. The presented methodology aims at improving knowledge on the design of efficient CCS chains by developing methods for assessing and comparing different CCS chains, their sensitivity with regard to internal factors and to external conditions, and what the most efficient policy tools and measures are for promoting CCS development.
This Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report provides information for policymakers, scientists and engineers in the field of climate change and reduction of COâ emissions. It describes sources, capture, transport, and storage of COâ. It also discusses the costs, economic potential, and societal issues of the technology, including public perception and regulatory aspects. Storage options evaluated include geological storage, ocean storage, and mineral carbonation. Notably, the report places COâ capture and storage in the context of other climate change mitigation options, such as fuel switch, energy efficiency, renewables and nuclear energy. This report shows that the potential of COâ capture and storage is considerable, and the costs for mitigating climate change can be decreased compared to strategies where only other climate change mitigation options are considered. The importance of future capture and storage of COâ for mitigating climate change will depend on a number of factors, including financial incentives provided for deployment, and whether the risks of storage can be successfully managed. The volume includes a Summary for Policymakers approved by governments represented in the IPCC, and a Technical Summary. 5 annexes.
Conventional oil and natural gas production were compared with two case studies of enhanced resource recovery along with the potential for CO2 sequestration applications. The first case study is a Norwegian enhanced oil recovery (EOR) project, and the second focuses on enhanced coal-bed methane (ECBM) recovery in Japan. Both cases or systems involved the recovery of CO2 gases from a coal-fired power plant, followed by compression, transportation, and final injection of the greenhouse gas into geological formations as a solution to mitigate global warming. A life-cycle assessment (LCA) method was applied to measure how each system, conventional as well as enhanced recovery methods, impacts the environment. The first set of results presented were the inventory of air emissions (CO, CO2, CH4, SOx, NOx, NH3, Pb, Hg, etc.), wastewater-containing acids and sulfides, and solid wastes released because of both fossil fuel production and energy usage from the power plant. The impact assessment results because of the accumulated pollutants from all of the systems were calculated for the following set of common impact measures: global warming potential, acidification, human toxicity, eutrophication, wastes, and resources. The final (combined) scores of the entire system were also generated. These final scores, which included the normalization and weighting steps, allowed for overall comparisons for verifying the final benefits or drawbacks of a system. For the proposed EOR project, the greatest two environmental benefits (total impacts prevented) were calculated to be −9.8 × 10-2 and −9.7 × 10-2. As for ECBM, the best scores were projected to be −1.0 × 10-1 followed by −8.70 × 10-2.
Successful large-scale deployment of CCS will require the build-up of commensurate infrastructure to transport CO2 from sources - e.g. power plants - to sinks - e.g. mature oil and gas fields. Research so far has mostly dealt with the techno-economic assessment of pre-defined CO2 value chains, which are typically country-specific and each connect a limited set of sources to a limited set of sinks. By contrast, our paper presents the JRC’s InfraCCS model, a tool that is capable of finding the optimal pipeline-based CO2 transmission network for a given set of sources and sinks. The InfraCCS model is herein applied to the case of CCS in Europe, in order to estimate the strategic benefits of joint optimisation at pan-European level compared to optimisation at the level of individual countries.
Using the CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) chain valuation framework described by Jakobsen et al. we evaluated some of the non technical aspects of the chain that are related to technology deployment, specifically economies of scale in transport pipelines, different scenarios of infrastructure ownership and government involvement for funding oversized pipelines to promote economic efficiency. We find that benefits from economies of scale increase significantly with distance, raising the benefits of cooperation from sharing a larger pipeline. The difference in the NPV of costs between three small pipelines and a large one is 984 MNOK at a pipeline distance of 100 km and 6189 MNOK at a distance of 700 km, with the large pipeline always being more economic. With infrastructure ownership, if transport and sink sectors are independent from the source, different profit strategies need to be used with changing CO2 prices. This creates need for complicated and dynamic contracting and raises transaction costs, resulting in potential benefits to vertical integration. Government investment in pipeline infrastructure to build an oversized pipeline as a way to increase economic efficiency and overcome transaction costs corresponds with a lower discount rate and lowers project breakeven costs slightly, from € 31.4 to € 30.7.
This study estimates the human cost of failures in the CCS industry in 2050, using the actuarial approach. The range of expected fatalities is assessed integrating all steps of the CCS chain: additional coal production, coal transportation, carbon capture, transport, injection and storage, based on empirical evidence from technical or social analogues. The main finding is that a few hundred fatalities per year should be expected if the technology is used to avoid emitting 3.67 GtCO(2) year(-1) in 2050 at baseload coal power plants. The large majority of fatalities are attributable to mining and delivering more coal. These risks compare to today's industrial hazards: technical, knowable and occupational dangers for which there are socially acceptable non-zero risk levels. Some contemporary European societies tolerate about one fatality per thousand years around industrial installations. If storage sites perform like that, then expected fatalities per year due to leakage should have a minor contribution in the total expected fatalities per year: less than one. But to statistically validate such a safety level, reliability theory and the technology roadmap suggest that CO2 storage demonstration projects over the next 20 years have to cause exactly zero fatality.
Considering the traditional coal-based energy infrastructure in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia the question arises how to face the needs of embanking climate change. To reduce greenhouse gas intensive electricity generation in the Ruhr area, the introduction of carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an option of particular relevance. The paper investigates and discusses possibilities of setting up a CCS infrastructure in NRW. It shall clarify whether, and possibly how, highly efficient conventional fossil fired power plants could be refitted with CO 2 capture to flexibly react to potentially changing climate policy conditions and to keep up with the market.
CO2 capture and storage (CCS) in geological reservoirs may be part of a strategy to reduce global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Insight in the risks associated with underground CO2 storage is needed to ensure that it can be applied as safe and effective greenhouse mitigation option. This paper aims to
give an overview of the current (gaps in) knowledge of risks associated with underground CO2 storage and research areas that need to be addressed to increase our understanding in those risks. Risks caused by a failure
in surface installations are understood and can be minimised by risk abatement technologies and safety measures. The risks
caused by underground CO2 storage (CO2 and CH4 leakage, seismicity, ground movement and brine displacement) are less well understood. Main R&D objective is to determine
the processes controlling leakage
through/along wells, faults and fractures to assess leakage rates and to assess the effects on (marine) ecosystems. Although
R&D activities currently being undertaken are working on these issues, it is expected that further demonstration projects
and experimental work is needed to provide data for more thorough risk assessment.
Well blowout rates in oil fields undergoing thermally enhanced recovery (via steam injection) in California Oil and Gas District
4 from 1991 to 2005 were on the order of 1 per 1,000 well construction operations, 1 per 10,000 active wells per year, and
1 per 100,000 shut-in/idle and plugged/abandoned wells per year. This allows some initial inferences about leakage of CO2 via wells, which is considered perhaps the greatest leakage risk for geological storage of CO2. During the study period, 9% of the oil produced in the United States was from District 4, and 59% of this production was
via thermally enhanced recovery. There was only one possible blowout from an unknown or poorly located well, despite over
a century of well drilling and production activities in the district. The blowout rate declined dramatically during the study
period, most likely as a result of increasing experience, improved technology, and/or changes in safety culture. If so, this
decline indicates the blowout rate in CO2-storage fields can be significantly minimized both initially and with increasing experience over time. Comparable studies
should be conducted in other areas. These studies would be particularly valuable in regions with CO2-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and natural gas storage.
The success of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in reducing CO2 emissions on a large scale will depend on effectively deploying CCS infrastructure. Key decisions will include where to build new capture-ready power plants or retrofit existing facilities, how to construct an integrated and robust CO2 pipeline network, and which geologic reservoirs offer the best and safest storage potential. Critically, the capture, transportation, and storage components are highly interdependent and must be considered simultaneously.
Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) links together technologies that separate carbon dioxide (CO2) from fixed point source emissions and transport it by pipeline to geologic reservoirs into which it is injected underground for long-term containment. Previously, models have been developed to minimize the cost of a CCS infrastructure network that captures a given amount of CO2. The CCS process can be costly, however, and large-scale implementation by industry will require government regulations and economic incentives. The incentives can price CO2 emissions through a tax or a cap-and-trade system. This paper extends the earlier mixed-integer linear programming model to endogenously determine the optimal quantity of CO2 to capture and optimize the various components of a CCS infrastructure network, given the price per tonne to emit CO2 into the atmosphere. The spatial decision support system first generates a candidate pipeline network and then minimizes the total cost of capturing, transporting, storing, or emitting CO2. To illustrate how the new model based on CO2 prices works, it is applied to a case study of CO2 sources, reservoirs, and candidate pipeline links and diameters in California.
Based on the results of previous studies, the efficiency of a Brayton/Hirn combined cycle fuelled with a clean syngas produced by means of biomass gasification and equipped with CO2 removal by chemical absorption reached 33.94%, considering also the separate CO2 compression process. The specific CO2 emission of the power plant was 178 kg/MW h. In comparison with values previously found for an integrated coal gasification combined cycle (ICGCC) with upstream CO2 chemical absorption (38–39% efficiency, 130 kg/MW h specific CO2 emissions), this configuration seems to be attractive because of the possibility of operating with a simplified scheme and because of the possibility of using biomass in a more efficient way with respect to conventional systems. In this paper, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted with presenting the results on the basis of the Eco-Indicator 95 impact assessment methodology. Further, a comparison with the results previously obtained for the LCA of the ICGCC was performed in order to highlight the environmental impact of biomass production with fossil fuels utilisation. The LCA shows the important environmental advantages of biomass utilisation in terms of reduction of both greenhouse gas emissions and natural resource depletion, although an improved impact assessment methodology may better highlight the advantages due to the biomass utilisation.
This paper presents the results of the cost of energy (COE) analysis of an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant with respect to CO 2 capture ratio under the climate change scenarios. To obtain process data for a COE analysis, simulation models of IGCC power plants and an IGCC with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) power plant, developed by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), have been adopted and simulated using Aspen Plus. The concept of 20-year levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and the climate change scenarios suggested by International Energy Agency (IEA) are also adopted to compare the COE of IGCC power plants with respect to CO 2 capture ratio more realistically. Since previous studies did not consider fuel price and CO 2 price changes, the reliability of previous results of LCOE is not good enough to be accepted for an economic comparison of IGCC power plants with respect to CO 2 capture ratio. In this study, LCOEs which consider price changes of fuel and CO 2 with respect to the climate change scenarios are proposed in order to increase the reliability of an economic comparison. And the results of proposed LCOEs of an IGCC without CCS power plant and IGCC with CCS (30%, 50%, 70% and 90% capture-mole basis- of CO 2 in syngas stream) power plants are presented.
Publisher Summary
Hazards due to geological sequestration are either caused by, or will lead to, a leakage of the sequestered CO2 or both. They include acute hazards and diffuse hazards. As a result, CO2 concentrations in the different environmental media exceed their normal ranges, resulting in various risks. A sudden release of CO2 due to well cap failure or through fracture zones, although unlikely, could be the most hazardous event. A risk and consequence assessment methodology for carbon sequestration projects has been developed in this chapter, using a typical injection field as the source of hazard and leaking CO2 concentrations and fluxes as the key measures of risk and consequence to humans, animals, biota, property, agriculture, and water resources. Methods have been presented for quantifying the leakage rates via different pathways into various media, the resulting CO2 concentrations, consequences, and risks. Results indicate that an acute, accidental release of CO2 at the wellhead is the primary hazard, followed by leakage through a failed cap rock. Risks are the highest near the wellhead and dissipate radially away from the injection field. A better understanding of the associated uncertainty is needed to improve the confidence in risk projections, for which the methods presented provide a basis.
This work proposes a novel framework for the optimal design of chemical processes whose main novelty lies in the incorporation of environmental concerns based on the principles of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. The approach presented applies mixed-integer modeling techniques to the superstructure optimization of sustainable chemical process flowsheets. As such, the resulting mathematical formulation simultaneously accounts for the minimization of the environmental impact and the cost. The environmental impact is measured through the Eco-indicator 99, which reflects the advances in the damage-oriented method recently developed for Life Cycle Impact Assessment. The incorporation of this environmental performance measure at the modeling stage causes a multiobjective mixed-integer nonlinear problem (moMINLP) that can be addressed by standard techniques for multiobjective optimization. The main advantages of our approach are highlighted through its application to a well-known design problem (the hydrodealkylation (HDA) of toluene), for which the set of trade-off solutions, in terms of cost and environmental criteria, is computed. The obtained results show that an inherent tradeoff naturally exists between both objectives and also suggest that significant environmental improvements can be achieved if decision makers are willing to compromise,the economic benefit of the process.
It is difficult to clearly estimate CO2 emissions because CO2 is emitted from various sources according to changing environments. Any approach relating to CO2 disposal has to deal with the presence of such uncertainty in CO2 disposal demand. A two-stage stochastic programming model is developed for planning CO2 emissions disposal networks by taking into account this uncertainty. The proposed CO2 disposal network model allows us to determine where and how much captured CO2 can be held for storage, and where to sequester the given amount of CO2 among multiple potential candidates for the purpose of minimizing the total cost of handling in the face of uncertainty in CO2 sequestration demand. The proposed model is applied to a case study that examines the robustness of the model in terms of handling changing environments in the context of CO2 emissions and disposal targets in Korea. The results gained aid in determining policy to plan the budget for the disposal of CO2.
Reducing CO2 emissions economically and efficiently necessitates the construction of carbon capture and storage (CCS) infrastructure as a comprehensive network that is capable of disposing of, and of utilizing CO2. Most of the early attempts to design and model the future CCS infrastructure were either limited to examining an individual component of the CCS infrastructure or focused on design and operation of a deterministic, steady-state network in which CO2 emissions are constant over time. In this paper, a multiperiod model for planning CCS infrastructure is developed to consider variation of the emission reduction target, as well as the variation of CO2 emissions over a long-term planning interval, thus leading to phased infrastructure development. The proposed model can help determine where and how much CO2 to capture, store, transport, utilize or sequester for the purpose of maximizing the total profit of the CCS infrastructure while meeting the CO2 mitigation target during each time period of the planning interval. The features and capabilities of the model are illustrated by application of the future CCS infrastructure on the east coast of Korea. The results will be helpful to multiperiod planning of the development of a CCS infrastructure.
Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. The basic model for inventory analysis. 3. The refined model for inventory analysis. 4. Advanced topics in inventory analysis*. 5. Relation with input-output analysis*. 6. Perturbation theory. 7. Structural theory. 8. Beyond the inventory analysis. 9. Further extensions*. 10. Issues of implementation*. A. Matrix algebra. B. Main terms and symbols. C. Matlab code for most important algorithms. References. Index.
The CO2QUALSTORE guideline has been developed by DNV in collaboration with industrial partners and with input from a number of national regulators. The guideline is globally applicable and adopts a risk based approach to the selection, characterisation and qualification of sites and projects for geological storage of CO2. This article summarises the guideline and describes how the document may assist project developers in passing project management milestones during a CO2 storage project life cycle, simultaneously demonstrating compliance with regulations and stakeholder expectations. A primary objective of the qualification workflow contained in the guideline is to assist operators, authorities, verifiers and other stakeholders in assuring that storage sites are qualified following a transparent, consistent and cost-effective process. The guideline lays the groundwork for a risk-based approach where monitoring programs and contingency measures are derived from preceding risk assessments.
LBNL-51170 Lessons Learned from Natural and Industrial Analogues for Storage of Carbon Dioxide in Deep Geological Formations Principal Investigator: Sally M. Benson Co-Investigators: Robert Hepple, John Apps, Chin Fu Tsang, and Marcelo Lippmann Earth Sciences Division E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720 Smbenson@lbl.gov: 510-486-5875
Life cycle energy balance and carbon dioxide emission have been evaluated for LNG combined cycle and integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power generation system with carbon dioxide capture and sequestering technologies. The gave study prediction that CO2 recovery and sequestration would lower net energy ratio by 6% to 61%. CO2 emission control potential was estimated to be in the range of 61% to 76%.
Lifecycle analysis of coal-, natural gas- and biomass-based power generation systems with and without CO2 sequestration. Compares global warming potential and energy balance of these systems.
A large number of research works were undertaken for the planning of sustainable electricity generation and CO2 mitigation (EGCM) infrastructure design under uncertainty. The typical methodologies assessed the performance of the problem under the variability of the uncertain parameters by optimizing the expected value of the objective function. This approach can have large probabilities of the value optimized in unfavorable scenarios. In this paper, we present a mathematical programming model in planning sustainable electricity generation and CO2 mitigation (EGCM) infrastructure design, including financial risk management under uncertainty. The proposed model allows us to determine available technologies to produce electricity and treat CO2 on the purpose of maximizing the expected total profit and minimizing the financial risk of handling uncertain environments (i.e. CO2 mitigation operating costs, carbon credit prices and electricity prices, etc.), while fulfilling electricity demands and CO2 mitigation standards. The multi-objective optimization problem was solved by using the weighted-sum method that imposes a penalty for risk to the objective function. The capability of the proposed modeling framework is illustrated and applied to a real case study based on Korea, for which valuable insights are obtained.
The quantitative assessment of the dispersion of dense gases is different to conventional dispersion problems: 1) the modes of release are very diverse in terms of geometry and source specification; 2) as the released material is typically stored in liquid phase, the gas volumes released may be large; 3) the release may be a gas/liquid mixture; 4) it is usually transient; 5) the gas cloud formation involves phase changes; 6) there may be heat and/or mass transfer with the underlying surface. Active research fields are on: the influence of obstacles and topography; the prediction of the source term; concentration fluctuations; model assessment techniques; possible mitigation procedures. -after Author
Numerous research works have been undertaken to plan carbon capture and storage (CCS) infrastructures for CO2 utilization and disposal. CO2 emissions are difficult to estimate precisely, because CO2 is emitted from various sources at varying rates. In this study, a two-stage stochastic programming model is developed for planning CCS infrastructure including CO2 utilization and disposal under stochastic CO2 emissions. The proposed model considers uncertainties in the variation of CO2 emissions. It can help determine where and how much CO2 to capture, store, transport, utilize, or sequester for the purpose of maximizing the total profit of handling uncertain CO2 emissions while meeting the CO2 mitigation target. The capability of the proposed model to provide correct decisions despite changing CO2 emissions is tested by applying it to an industrial complex on the eastern coast of Korea in 2020. The results will help to determine planning of, and budgeting for, development of a CCS infrastructure.
Much of the previous research on carbon capture and storage (CCS) has focused on individual technologies for disposing of CO2, such as capture, storage, sequestration, or transport. Moreover, recent research work considers utilization of CO2 as fuels, chemicals, or nutrients for bioreactors. To efficiently manage CO2 and the economic benefits achieved by this process, the CO2 transport and processing infrastructure supporting CCS will have to be constructed at a macro-scale. This paper introduces a scalable and comprehensive infrastructure model for CO2 utilization and disposal that generates an integrated, profit-maximizing CCS system. The proposed model determines where and how much CO2 to capture, store, transport, utilize or sequester to maximize total annual profit while meeting the CO2 mitigation target. The applicability of the proposed model is demonstrated using a case study for treating CO2 emitted by an industrial complex on the eastern coast of Korea in 2020. The results may be important in systematic planning of a CCS infrastructure and in assisting national and international policy makers to determine investment strategies for developing CCS infrastructures.
This work proposes a novel framework for the optimal design of chemical processes whose main novelty lies in the incorporation of environmental concerns based on the principles of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. The approach presented applies mixed-integer modeling techniques to the superstructure optimization of sustainable chemical process flowsheets. As such, the resulting mathematical formulation simultaneously accounts for the minimization of the environmental impact and the cost. The environmental impact is measured through the Eco-indicator 99, which reflects the advances in the damage-oriented method recently developed for Life Cycle Impact Assessment. The incorporation of this environmental performance measure at the modeling stage causes a multiobjective mixed-integer nonlinear problem (moMINLP) that can be addressed by standard techniques for multiobjective optimization. The main advantages of our approach are highlighted through its application to a well-known design problem (the hydrodealkylation (HDA) of toluene), for which the set of trade-off solutions, in terms of cost and environmental criteria, is computed. The obtained results show that an inherent tradeoff naturally exists between both objectives and also suggest that significant environmental improvements can be achieved if decision makers are willing to compromise the economic benefit of the process.
At the global, national, and subnational levels, many policies have been created or are in the process of development to deal with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly CO2. CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is an option available to governments and industry to help meet emission reduction levels. In addition to increasing the production of oil, the CO2 can be stored in the oil reservoir for a very long period of time. However, CO2 capture and CO2 EOR operation result in significant costs and energy penalties, for example, CO2 capture from a point source, transportation to the site of use, and recycling produced CO2. This article evaluates the life cycle of CO2 storage from delivery to the oil field through the production, transportation, and refining of the oil and identifies opportunities for optimization. Information from the IEA GHG Weyburn Monitoring and Storage Project is used to provide baseline information for the storage of CO2. The value of this life-cycle study lies in the development of an understanding of the “carbon” economics of the EOR process and the impact on net storage of changes to the value of different components in the chain. These results provide a mechanism whereby environmental consequences can be evaluated within economic decision-making.
A wide range of industries are investigating methods of reducing their emissions of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Several options have been identified ranging from energy efficiency and reforestation to capture and storage in oceans, aquifers, or underground. Although greenhouse gases are not yet regulated, the power generation and petroleum industries are already considering greenhouse gas capture and storage methods to reduce their emissions to the atmosphere. Preferred options are the ones utilizing CO2 as a product and therefore providing an additional economic benefit to the oil and gas production process. Currently, CO2 is widely used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects to extract more oil out of aging reservoirs. Thus, storage of CO2 in active reservoirs does not require technology advances and offers the advantage of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. The present research conducted a life cycle assessment to determine the benefits derived from storing CO2 in active reservoirs while enhancing the extraction of oil and the impacts on the environment over the process lifetime. The potential for CO2 storage in a specific oil reservoir in Texas was demonstrated, as well as the mass balance of greenhouse gas emissions generated from the energy-intensive process. Our findings suggest that the storage capacity of this reservoir is huge, the process emissions are minimal in comparison, and the EOR activity is almost carbon-neutral when comparing net storage potential and gasoline emissions from the additional oil extracted.
Hybrid life cycle assessment is used to assess and compare the life cycle environmental impacts of electricity generation from coal and natural gas with various carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies consisting of post-combustion, pre-combustion or oxyfuel capture; pipeline CO(2) transport and geological storage. The systems with a capture efficiency of 85-96% decrease net greenhouse gas emission by 64-78% depending on the technology used. Calculation of other life cycle impacts shows significant trade-offs with fresh-water eutrophication and toxicity potentials. Human toxicity impact increases by 40-75%, terrestrial ecotoxicity by 60-120%, and freshwater eutrophication by 60-200% for the different technologies. There is a two- to four-fold increase in freshwater ecotoxicity potential in the post-combustion approach. The increase in toxicity for pre-combustion systems is 40-80% for the coal and 50-90% for the gas power plant. The increase in impacts for the oxyfuel approach mainly depends on energy demand for the air separation unit, giving an increase in various toxicity potentials of 35-70% for coal and 60-105% for natural gas system. Most of the increase in impacts with CCS systems is due to the energy penalty and the infrastructure development chain.
Use of amines is one of the leading technologies for post-combustion carbon dioxide capture from gas and coal-fired power plants. This study assesses the potential environmental impact of emissions to air that result from use of monoethanol amine (MEA) as an absorption solvent for the capture of carbon dioxide (CO2). Depending on operation conditions and installed reduction technology, emissions of MEA to the air due to solvent volatility losses are expected to be in the range of 0.01–0.8 kg/tonne CO2 captured. Literature data for human and environmental toxicity, together with atmospheric dispersion model calculations, were used to derive maximum tolerable emissions of amines from CO2 capture. To reflect operating conditions with typical and with elevated emissions, we defined a scenario MEA-LOW, with emissions of 40 t/year MEA and 5 t/year diethyl amine (DEYA), and a scenario MEA-HIGH, with emissions of 80 t/year MEA and 15 t/year DEYA. Maximum MEA deposition fluxes would exceed toxicity limits for aquatic organisms by about a factor of 3–7 depending on the scenario. Due to the formation of nitrosamines and nitramines, the estimated emissions of DEYA are close to or exceed safety limits for drinking water and aquatic ecosystems. The “worst case” scenario approach to determine maximum tolerable emissions of MEA and other amines is in particular useful when both expected environmental loads and the toxic effects are associated with high uncertainties.
In a power-generation system, power plants as major CO2 sources may be widely separated, so they must be connected into a comprehensive network to manage both electricity and CO2 simultaneously and efficiently. In this study, a scalable infrastructure model is developed for planning electricity generation and CO2 mitigation (EGCM) strategies under the mandated reduction of GHG emission. The EGCM infrastructure model is applied to case studies of Korean energy and CO2 scenarios in 2020; these cases consider combinations of prices of carbon credit and total electricity demand fulfilled by combustion power plants. The results highlight the importance of systematic planning for a scalable infrastructure by examining the sensitivity of the EGCM infrastructure. The results will be useful both to help decision makers establish a power-generation plan, and to identify appropriate strategies to respond to climate change.Highlights► We model an infrastructure for planning electricity generation and CO2 mitigation. ► We examine changes in prices of carbon credit and electricity demands, respectively. ► Results propose that the electricity demand fulfilled by combustion plants be low. ► The policy managers can make an optimal decision considering energy and environment.
One of the highest priorities in carbon sequestration science is the development of techniques for CO 2 separation and capture, because it is expected to account for the majority of the total cost (∼75%). The most common currently used method of CO 2 separation is reversible chemical absorption using monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent. In the current study, solvent degradation from this technique was studied using degraded MEA samples from the IMC Chemicals Facility in Trona, California. A major pathway to solvent degradation that had not been previously observed in laboratory experiments has been identified. This pathway, which is initiated by oxidation of the solvent, is a much more significant source of solvent degradation than the previously identified carbamate dimerization mechanism.
In this article, we address the design of hydrogen supply chains for vehicle use with economic and environmental concerns. Given a set of available technologies to produce, store, and deliver hydrogen, the problem consists of determining the optimal design of the production-distribution network capable of satisfying a predefined hydrogen demand. The design task is formulated as a bi-criterion mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem, which simultaneously accounts for the minimization of cost and environmental impact. The environmental impact is measured through the contribution to climate change made by the hydrogen network operation. The emissions considered in the analysis are those associated with the entire life cycle of the process, and are quantified according to the principles of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). To expedite the search of the Pareto solutions of the problem, we introduce a bi-level algorithm that exploits its specific structure. A case study that addresses the optimal design of the hydrogen infrastructure needed to fulfill the expected hydrogen demand in Great Britain is introduced to illustrate the capabilities of the proposed approach. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
For the option of ‘‘carbon capture and storage’’, an integrated assessment in the formof a life cycle analysis and a cost assessment combined with a systematic comparison with renewable energies regarding future conditions in the power plant market for the situation in Germany is done.
The calculations along the whole process chain show that CCS technologies emit per kWh more than generally assumed in clean-coal concepts (total CO2 reduction by 72–90% and total greenhouse gas reduction by 65–79%) and considerable more if compared with renewable electricity. Nevertheless, CCS could lead to a significant absolute reduction of GHG-emissions within the electricity supply system.
Furthermore, depending on the growth rates and the market development, renewables could develop faster and could be in the long term cheaper than CCS based plants. Especially, in Germany, CCS as a climate protection option is phasing a specific problem as a huge amount of fossil power plant has to be substituted in the next 15 years where CCS technologies might be not yet available. For a considerable contribution of CCS to climate protection, the energy structure in Germany requires the integration of capture ready plants
into the current renewal programs. If CCS retrofit technologies could be applied at least from 2020, this would strongly decrease the expected CO2 emissions and would give a chance to reach the climate protection goal of minus 80% including the renewed fossil-fired power plants.
The increasing pressure resulting from the need for CO2 mitigation is in conflict with the predominance of coal in China’s energy structure. A possible solution to this tension between climate change and fossil fuel consumption fact could be the introduction of the carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. However, high cost and other problems give rise to great uncertainty in R&D and popularization of carbon capture technology. This paper presents a real options model incorporating policy uncertainty described by carbon price scenarios (including stochasticity), allowing for possible technological change. This model is further used to determine the best strategy for investing in CCS technology in an uncertain environment in China and the effect of climate policy on the decision-making process of investment into carbon-saving technologies.
In this paper we present a decision-support tool to address the strategic planning of hydrogen supply chains for vehicle use under uncertainty in the operating costs. Given is a superstructure of alternatives that embeds a set of available technologies to produce, store and deliver hydrogen. The objective of our study is to determine the optimal design of the production–distribution network capable of fulfilling a predefined hydrogen demand. The design task is formulated as a multi-scenario mixed-integer linear problem (MILP) that considers the uncertainty associated with the coefficients of the objective function of the model (i.e. operating costs, raw materials prices, etc.). The novelty of the approach presented is that it allows controlling the variation of the economic performance of the hydrogen network in the space of uncertain parameters. This is accomplished by using a risk metric that is appended to the objective function as an additional criterion to be optimized. An efficient decomposition method is also presented in order to expedite the solution of the underlying multi-objective model by exploiting its specific structure. The capabilities of the proposed modeling framework and solution strategy are illustrated through the application to a real case study based on Spain, for which valuable insights are obtained.