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Efficiency of ethanolic extract of peppermint (Mentha piperita) as an antibiotic growth promoter substitution on performance, and carcass characteristics in broiler chickens
Abstract
Objective
This trial was conducted to examine the effect of usage different levels of ethanolic extract of peppermint (Mentha piperita) in drinking water in comparison with an antibiotic growth promoter (Virginiamycin) on the growth performance, and carcass traits of broiler chicks.Methods
Birds were assigned to 5 treatments: control feed, antibiotic group receiving 5 mg/kg virginiamycin, and 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 % ethanolic extract of peppermint supplemented to drinking water. Body weights of broilers were determined at d 1, 21 and 42, feed intake was determined at the same periods, and feed conversion ratio was calculated accordingly. At day 42, two birds per replicate were slaughtered for the determination of carcass traits.ResultsPerformance indices were not significantly influenced by the dietary treatments at day 42. Carcass yield increased in broilers supplemented with 0.3 % peppermint extract in drinking water, also, abdominal fat pad decreased in broilers supplemented with 0.3 % peppermint in drinking water (P>0.05).Conclusions
In conclusion, the results of this study showed that addition of 0.3 % ethanolic extract of peppermint to drinking water seem to have a positive influence on broiler performance productive via more carcass yield and decrease abdominal fat deposition.
... Due to pressing need for proper substitution for IFAs some feed additives such as probiotics Kavyani, 2014), prebiotics (Ceylan andÇiftci, 2003), phytogenic and herbal products (Nanekarani et al. 2012;Goodarzi et al. 2013;Ghanima et al. 2021;Moharreri et al. 2021), organic acids (Sobotik et al. 2021) and bioactive peptides (Landy and Kheiri, 2021) have widely received remarkable attention. ...
... Similarly, Liukkonen-Anttila et al. (2001) reported that carcass traits of grey partridges fed diets containing 60 g quebracho tannin/kg was not affected by the dietary treatment. Several researches indicated that dietary supplementation of antibiotic or medicinal herbs didn't influence internal organ weights (Nanekarani et al. 2012;Fekri Yazdi et al. (2014); Kheiri et al. 2018). ...
... One of the world's oldest medicinal herbs, and is used in Eastern and Western traditions, Peppermint (Mentha piperita) or mint which is a member of the Labiatae family. It is widely used in herbal medicine and believed to be particularly beneficial in building of the immune system and fighting secondary infections (Nanekarani et al., 2012). Mentha has been used as a carminative, antispasmodic, diuretic, and used as flavorings in breath fresheners, drinks, antiseptic mouth rinses, toothpaste, chewing gum, desserts and candies. ...
... The birds in this group were fed on the basal diet provided with peppermint oil at dosage rate of 300mg/Kg basal diet (Nanekarani et al., 2012 for dose) and (Emami et al., 2012 for route of administration). ...
This study was carried out to evaluate the biochemical and histopathological effects of dietary supplementation
of Nigella sativa and Mentha piperita oils to broilers for 6 weeks. A total 80 unsexed one day
old Cobb broiler chicks was obtained from Cairo Company with average body weight 55g were used
.The chicks were taken and randomly allocated into 4 equal groups (20 each) named control, Nigella
sativa oil treated group, Mentha piperita oil treated group and Nigella sativa + Mentha piperita oils
treated group. Serum samples and tissue samples (liver and kidney) were obtained at 21 and 42 days
old for some serum biochemical analysis (ALT, AST and ALP activities; creatinine, Urea, Total protein
and Albumin levels) and histopathological examination (Liver and Kidney processed slide sections). The
obtained results indicated that dietary supplementation of broilers diet with Nigella sativa, Mentha
piperita and their combination for long period (6 weeks) couldn’t alter liver and kidney functions as
cleared from biochemical findings but could caused slight hepatic and renal histopathological changes
as showed from histopathological examination.
... Aromatic plants and herbal products have been used worldwide as natural additives for medicinal purposes because they have been accepted by consumers as natural additives [4][5][6] . Various biological activities, such as antioxidative [7,8] , anticoccidial [8,9] , immunostimulator [10] or antimicrobial [11] properties have been identified in these plants. ...
... All the dietary treatments were added to the basal diets at the expense of corn. Chicks were raised on floor pens (120 cm伊120 cm伊80 cm) for 6 weeks and had free access to feed and water throughout the entire experimental period. The lighting program consisted of a period of 23 h light and 1 h of darkness. ...
Objective
To evaluate the effect of inclusion of three levels of anise seed (Pimpinella anisum L.) as an antibiotic growth promoter substitute on growth performance, carcass traits, and immune responses in broiler chickens.
Methods
Two hundred and forty, 1-day-old, hatched Ross broilers received a maize-soybean meal basal diet and were allocated randomly in the following five experimental treatments for 6 weeks: basal diet-no additives, basal diet containing 1 g anise/kg diet, basal diet containing 5 g anise/kg diet, basal diet containing 10 g anise/kg diet and basal diet containing flavophospholipol at 4.5 mg/kg diet. At Day 42, two birds per replicate were slaughtered for determination of carcass and organ weights. At Day 28, serum antibody titers against avian influenza virus were measured by the hemagglutination inhibition test.
Results
Bodyweight of broilers fed basal diet was higher at 42 d of age than other groups but it was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Broilers receiving basal diet had higher feed intake compared to broilers receiving difference levels of anise seed (P<0.05). The most efficient feed conversion throughout the study was observed in chicks fed diets supplemented with 1 g anise/kg (P<0.05). Most of the carcass characteristics of broilers slaughtered at Day 42 were not influenced by treatments but carcass yield significantly increased (P<0.05) in broilers supplemented with 10 g anise/kg compared to antibiotic group. Antibody titer against avian influenza virus increased in the group treated with 10 g anise/kg diet compared with other groups (P<0.05).
Conclusions
The results suggested that dietary inclusion of 10 g anise/kg can be applied as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics for broiler diets.
... as growth promoters in poultry farming at low levels for their positive effects on performance traits and health status of poultry (Landy et al., 2011;Nanekarani et al., 2012;Kheiri et al., 2018;Foroutankhah et al., 2019). The antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) such as avilamycin, flavophospholipol and virginiamycin appearing to be capable to enhance performance traits of the birds by limiting the proliferation of the pathogenic bacteria which are strong of causing harm in the birds which a parasite or commensal organism lives, eventuating in greater nutrient digestion and absorption (Afiouni et al., 2023;Fekri Yazdi et al., 2014a,b;Shokraneh et al., 2016;Gheisari et al., 2017). ...
The current study was carried out to examine the effects of dietary supplementation of cottonseed protein hydrolysate (CPH) as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics on growth performance, carcass characteristics, immunity, jejunum morphology, coliform bacteria of ileum, and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of serum in Japanese quails. A total of one hundred and ninety two 7-day-old mixed-sex broiler quails (Coturnix japonica) were allotted to 6 treatments with 4 replicates. Four dietary were formulated to contain 0 (basal diet as a control), 5, 6, and 7 g CPH/kg of diet in comparison with basal diet+ 15 IU vitamin E/kg or basal diet+ 2 mg lincomycin. At 35 d of age final body weights of broiler quails were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments although it tended to increase in broiler quails supplemented with vitamin E or 5 g CPH/kg of diet (P> 0.05). The FCR of broiler quails fed diets containing antibiotic was significantly improved (P< 0.05). The relative weight of bursa of fabricius was significantly higher in broiler quails supplemented with 5 g CPH/kg of diet (P< 0.05). The broiler quails fed diets containing antibiotic or 7 g CPH/kg of diet had significantly lower coliform counts (P< 0.05). The T-AOC of serum was higher in boiler quails fed diets supplemented with vitamin E or different levels of CPH compared to those fed basal diet (P< 0.05). In conclusion the findings of the present study indicated that supplementation of 5 g CPH/kg of diet could induce favorable influences on coliform counts and T-AOC of serum and it can be used in broiler quails diet as an alternative for in-feed antibiotics
... The improvement in the relative weights of the internal organs (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) in experimental diet may be due to the fact that the mentha pulegium or lemon extract causes an equalization of stomach contractions. This result is similar to that of researchers who studied mentha pulegium extract on a broiler [22]. Different superscripts in each row are significantly different (P < 0.05). ...
The research was conducted to detect some of growth and gastrointestinal performance of broiler chickens fed with aqueous extract of mentha pulegium or lemon, which are alternative growth stimulants. In the study 324 day-old chicks (Ross 308) were used. There were 4 feed treatments each consisting of 3 replicates (27 chicks per iteration). The control group ( C ) was fed on basal diet without adding, while the other three groups were fed on basic ration with the addition of (0.5%) aqueous extract of mentha pulegium (AEM) and (0.5%) aqueous extract of lemon (AEL) and (0.2.5%) aqueous extract of mentha pulegium plus (0.2.5%) aqueous extract of lemon (AEM+AEL) in drinking water, respectively. Feed intake and body weight were measured every week. At the age of 35 days, four birds were slaughtered for each replicate, the relative weights of edible internal organs, intestines, relative length of intestines and abdominal fat were calculated. Results showed that from 1 to 35 days of age, body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion coefficient were higher (p < 0.05) in broiler chickens fed on the aqueous extract of mentha pulegium compared to the control. Lemon treatment and the mix has no obvious effect on productive characteristics compared to control group. The prorated weights of internal organs (edible), intestines and the prorated length of the intestines were impacted by the contents of mentha pulegium. The use of mentha pulegium and lemon alone or in combination reduces the weight of abdominal fat compared to the control group. Thus, mentha pulegium and lemon have an extensive range of investigation and future studies and need to take advantage of their potential benefits in order to develop animal production, particular the poultry industry.
... Menthol is one of the main constituents of the essential oil derived from Mentha sp. It has a number of properties, including being antibacterial, anti-helmintic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant [29][30][31][32]. The presence of a large number of phenolic compounds, terpenes, and terpenoids or phenylpropanoids is the direct cause of menthol's strong antioxidant properties. ...
Simple Summary
Food safety is becoming one of the key criteria for consumer choices. More and more importance is being attached to the use of alternatives to classical antibiotic therapy, not only in terms of increasing drug resistance but also because of the risk of residues of substances dangerous to humans. Phytobiotics have become some of the most popular and, what is very important, effective forms of support for the classical antibiotics and their reduction in livestock animals. Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine the effect of a phytobiotic composition that contained several phytoncides—menthol, trans-anethole, methyl salicylate, 1,8-cineole, organic acids, and metal ions (Zn and Mn) on meat quality and safety. The results showed that different doses of this mixture (D1—0.5 mL/L, D2—1 mL/L, D3—2 mL/L), used 4 times during the rearing, do not have negative impacts on bird health or meat quality. No residues of menthol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate, or anethol were found above the limit of quantification in the investigated samples. Furthermore, no residues of the used product were found in tissues intended for human consumption.
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of different doses of a phytobiotic mixture on selected production parameters and meat quality and to assess the residue of the preparation in tissues and the possible toxic effects in broiler chickens. Broiler chicks aged 160 days, divided into four equal groups, were supplemented with the phytobiotic mixture at different doses, D1—0.5 mL/L, D2—1 mL/L, and D3—2 mL/L, four times during a 42-day trial. There were no statistically significant differences in weight gain per week of life and mortality in the birds. The study also demonstrated that the use of the mixture of phytobiotics had no significant effect on colour, pH, WHC, and natural leakage. However, a beneficial effect of the additive was found in the group treated with a dose of 1 mL/L, where less thermal leakage from the meat was demonstrated. Furthermore, significant differences in the change in thigh muscle tenderness were also observed. In the histopathological analysis of the liver no significant differences were observed. In addition, no residues of the mixture or its metabolites were found in the tissues analysed. In conclusion, the proposed scheme of administration of the phytobiotic additive, regardless of the dose, does not cause pathological changes in organs and does not carry the risk of residues of the product in tissues intended for human consumption.
... The aim in animal husbandry is to obtain high yields (Cilek and Tekin, 2005). For several years, the in-feed antibiotics (IFA) as a growth promoter have been administrated in chicken farms widely at low dosages for high performance and healthiness of the chickens (Nanekarani et al. 2012;Fekri Yazdi et al. 2014a;Fekri Yazdi et al. 2014b;Kheiri et al. 2018;Foroutankhah et al. 2019). The IFA appears to be efficient to increase the performance criteria of poultry by diminishing the propagation of microorganisms that are capable of causing gastrointestinal diseases in the host, resulting in better digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients in the body (Goodarzi et al. 2014;Landy and Kavyani, 2014;Kavyani et al. 2012;Shokraneh et al. 2016;Gheisari et al. 2017). ...
This experiment was designed to assess the efficacy of dietary inclusion of cottonseed protein hydrolysate (CPH) as a substitute to in-feed antibiotics on performances, carcass characteristics, immunity, microbial and morphological respond of the small intestine and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of serum, and
small intestine in broiler chickens. A total of four hundreds Ross 308 day-old female broilers were assigned to 4 treatments each with 5 replicate. Three dietaries were formulated to possess 0 (control), 4, and 6 g CPH/kg of diet in confronting with control + 2 mg lincomycin. The broilers receiving 6 g CPH/kg of diet had significantly (P<0.05) greater final body weight and feed conversion ratio in contrast with that fed basal diet. The percentage of pancreas and cecum was a premiere in broilers fed diets containing 6 g CPH/kg of diet confront to those fed basal diet (P<0.05). Broilers supplemented with lincomycin or 6 g CPH/kg diet had fewer Coliform counts than that fed basal diet (P<0.05). The T-AOC of jejunum was higher in broilers
fed diets containing CPH than those fed diets supplemented with lincomycin (P<0.05). The addition of 6 g CPH/kg of diet enhanced antibody titers against avian influenza virus (AIV) compared to other groups (P<0.05). In conclusion the outcomes demonstrated that the inclusion of 6 g CPH/kg of diet could induce
beneficial impacts on performances by cause of an improvement in small intestine health and it could enhance antibody titers against AIV.
... The carcass characteristics, gizzard, intestine and abdominal fat of broiler chicks were also not affected by peppermint powder [38]. On the other hand, Nanekarani et al. [39] showed that abdominal fat in broilers decreased with the supplementation of 3.0 g/kg peppermint leaves. In addition, Al-Kassie [40] recorded positive effects in the carcass and liver yields of broilers due to the inclusion of dry peppermint powder at levels ranging from 2.5 to 15 g/kg. ...
Simple Summary
Sustainable poultry production has become essential to satisfy a growing global demand for high-quality meat protein. It is of the utmost importance to explore the merit of a new phytobiotic for the sustainable production of broiler chickens under tropical weather conditions. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate supplementation of jojoba bioactive lipid compounds to broiler diets and its effects on growth performance and meat quality. The growth performance of broiler chickens fed with jojoba seed oil under tropical hot climatic conditions was linearly improved compared to the control group. Jojoba seed oil supplementation lowered abdominal fat and increased dressing percentage and meat quality compared to the control group.
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of dietary addition of jojoba seed oil on productive performance, physicochemical attributes and carcass quality of broiler meat under tropical weather conditions. A total of 384 one-day-old Ross-308 were subdivided into four dietary treatments of jojoba seed oil: 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg of control diet. Each treatment group included twelve replicates with eight birds each. The results showed that dietary supplementation of jojoba seed oil linearly increased (p < 0.01) feed intake, body weight gain and improved (p < 0.01) feed conversion ratio. Interestingly, diets supplemented with jojoba seed oil linearly (p < 0.05) improved the percentage of dressing and reduced abdominal fat percentage compared to the control group. Dietary supplementation of jojoba seed oil showed no effects (p ≥ 0.05) on the weight of internal organs, including liver, heart, gizzard, spleen and pancreas of broiler chickens. Increasing jojoba seed oil levels in the diet decreased (p < 0.001) percentages of cook and drip losses of breast and leg (drumstick and thigh) muscles of broilers. It was concluded that jojoba seed oil used as a feed additive up to 150 mg/kg improves growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens in tropical weather conditions.
... Sefidcon (1996) showed that peppermint has reinforced slow motion stomach and intestinal due to alpha humlone (NRC,1994). A further research has shown that peppermint extract induces ileum spasm neutralization in Indian pigs (Nanekarani et al., 2012). On the other hand, many researchers recorded numerous results on peppermint use such as Al-Ankari, et al., (2004) analyzed DPM supplementation (Mentha piperita) at rates of 0.25, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 percent in 35-day broiler diets and found that 1.5 percent DPM had beneficial BW and FCR. ...
The study designed to investigate the impact of different peppermint leaves powder concentrations (Mentha piperita) on the production and content of triiodothyronine (T 3), thyroxine (T 4) in the blood of broiler chickens (serum). Broiler chickens 120, one-day-old (ROS 308) were divided into four nutritional treatments with 3 replicates of 10 birds each, with complete randomized design. A basal diet as control, a basal diet supplemented with 100(1%), 200 (2%) and 300(3%) mg/kg diet of peppermint powder, respectively. The findings showed substantial variations (P<0.05) in body weight (BW), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and body weight gain, as well as a decrease in feed consumption at 35 days after the experiment in birds fed 200 mg of peppermint leaves powder. In treatment supplemented with 200 mg of peppermint leaves powder, the production index was found to be a significantly higher than other treatment classes at thirty-five days of age. Also, the results showed that the treatment of peppermint leaves powder concentration at 200 mg/kg of diet improved significantly serum T 3 and T 4 concentrations at 35 days of age compared to other treatments. Overall, results showed that supplementing peppermint leaves powder in the diet at a range of 200mg / kg has improved performance and product index, but an oxidative potential to improve thyroid gland function through the experimental period.
... Antibiotic growth promoters were added in poultry diets to promote growth rate, feed conversion and reduce mortality through improved intestinal microbiota (Miles et al., 2006;Pfaller, 2006). The continuous use of antibiotics in diets could possibly lead to cross-resistance and development of antibiotic resistant bacteria in humans (Goodarzi et al., 2014;Nanekarani et al., 2012). This has brought the ban of antibiotics in poultry diets and exposed poultry producers to decrease the use of antibiotics and find potential alternatives in the poultry diet (Kadykalo et al., 2018). ...
The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of stinging nettle powder (SNP) on laying performance, egg quality, and some selected serum biochemical parameters of quails. One hundred and forty-four 10-wk-old Japanese quails (initial body weight = 199 ± 18 g) were divided into 3 dietary treatment groups (basic diet without SNP [SNP0], SNP0 with 3% SNP [SNP3], SNP0 with 6% SNP [SNP6]) with 4 replicates of 12 quails for a rearing period of 12 wk. At 22 wk of age, the final body weights of the SNP3 and SNP6 groups were significantly (P = 0.001) reduced compared to that of the SNP0 group. Daily feed intake was not statistically different among the groups. The mean number of eggs laid ranged from 65 to 69 with laying rates from 76.8% to 82.1%. The percentage of cracked eggs was not significantly different among the groups and ranged from 1.6% to 1.9%. The egg weight was similar and the feed conversion ratio was closer among the groups. The egg yolk cholesterol, serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels in the SNP6 group were significantly reduced (P < 0.001) compared to those of the SNP0 group. Serum Ca, P and Mg were not significantly influenced by the supplementation. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that the supplementation of SNP to the quail diet at the level of 6% reduced quail egg yolk cholesterol, serum total cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels and did not negatively influence quail performance.
... Peppermint (Mentha piperita) or mint is a member of the Labiatae family and one of the world's oldest medicinal herbs, and is used in both Eastern and Western traditions. It is widely used in herbal medicine and believed to be particularly beneficial in building of the immune system and fighting secondary infections (7). Mentha is an important raw material that has been used as a carminative , antispasmodic ,diuretic ,and used as flavorings in breath fresheners, drinks, antiseptic mouth rinses, toothpaste , chewing gum, desserts and candies. ...
This study conducted to determine the effect of dietary mint, fenugreek and combination on productive and immune parameters of broiler chicks (Ross308).A total of 80 broiler chicks of one day old have been reared for 35 day under good hygienic condition .The chicks were randomly divided into four groups :Treatment 1 (Mint 1%) ,Treatment 2 (fenugreek 1%) ,Treatment 3 (Mint 1%+ fenugreek 1%) & Treatment 4(Control), each of one have 2o chicks with 2 replicate for each treatment .the addition of dry leaves of Mint and fenugreek started at one day until end of experiment, while the control group given the standard feed only .the productive parameters are measured weekly, and immune status of chicks are measured at 21 and 35 day by ELISA technique. The results have appeared that there is an improvement in performance and immunity traits for all treated groups if compared with the control group. However, the chicks feed with 1% mint and 1% fenugreek performed better than those fed with others concerning live body weight and body weight gain. with regards to feed consumption, the first treatment that supplemented with 1% mint achieved better one. the second treatment that supplemented with 1% fenugreek recorded high antibody titter against Newcastle disease virus and Gumboro disease virus at 21 and 35 day of broilers age. from these results we can say that the dietary addition of herbs will improve the production and immunity in broiler chicks. : الخالصة أخزَد ِهذ تهذف انذراسح يعزفح ذأثُز إضافح أوراق وانحهثح انُعُاع وخهُطهًا ًعه األداء ٍوانًُاع ٍاإلَراخ نفزوج انهحى اسرخذو. 80 واحذ َىو تعًز نحى فزوج وسعد عشىائُا ًعه 4 يعايهح (كم يعايالخ 20)طُز وتىاقع ٍَيكزر نكم يعايهح و 10 طُىر نكم ، يكزر ذضًُد انًعايالخ وانثاَُح ًاألون إضافح 1 ٍي % أوراق انعهُقح ًان وانحهثح انُعُاع ًعه اوراق ٍي خهُظ اضافح ذضًُد فقذ انثانثح انًعايهح .ايا ٍانرىان وانحهثح انُعُاع وتُسة 1 % ٍي كهُهًا ، ايا انزاتعح انًعايهح فرًثم انسُطزج ٍوه انخانُح ٍي ٌأ إضافح. . انردزتح َهاَح ونغاَح األول انُىو ٍي األعشاب اضُفد انصفاخ حساب ذى األعًار ٍف قُسد فقذ انًُاعُح أيا أسثىعُا اإلَراخُح 21 و 35. االنُشا فحص تاسرخذاو َىو أظهزخ انُرائح ذفىق ا انًعُىَح ٍعان ((p<0.01)) نًعايالخ اإلضافح انصفاخ ًعه وانًُاعُح اإلَراخُح انًذروسح يقارَح ، انسُطزج يعايهح يع تصفح وانثاَُح ًاألون انًعايهح ذفىق ٍي تانزغى ٍانح اندسى ٌوس و ان ش انىسَُح َادج. أيا اس ر انعهف هالك السره يعذل ًأعه سدهد حُث انُعُاع تأوراق انًشودج ًاالون انًعايهح ذفىقد فقذ انًعايالخ ٍتاق يع يقارَح انعهف الك. انًذروسح تُسثح تانحهثح وانًشودج انثاَُح انًعايهح سدهد فقذ ٍانًُاع نالداء تانُسثح ايا 1 ضذ انًُاعُح نألخساو يسرىي ًأعه % نهعًز وانكًثىرو َُىكاسم يزض فاَزوص 21 و 35. األفزاخ عًز ٍي َىو انقىل َسرطُع انُرائح ِهذ ٍي اسرخذاو ٌأ وانحهثح انُعُاع وتُسثح عهفُح كأضافح 1 ًإن أدي قذ انهحى فزوج عهُقح ٍف %. انهحى نفزوج ٍوانًُاع ٍاإلَراخ األداء ٍف ٌيعُى ٍذحس Introduction :
... It has been shown that the use of peppermint in broiler diets had no effect on gizzard weight (Durrani et al., 2007). However, Nanekarani et al. (2012) showed that abdominal fat in broilers decreased with the supplementation of 3.0 g/kg peppermint leaves. In addition, Al-Kassie (2010) recorded positive effects in the carcass and liver yields of broilers due to the inclusion of dry peppermint powder at levels ranging from 2.5 to 15 g/kg. ...
This study was conducted to investigate effects of dietary peppermint leaves and menthol supplementations on performance, survivability rate, cost economics, meat physicochemical properties, and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks. A total of 384 1-day-old, unsexed Ross 308 broiler chicks, were divided into 2 experiments. Each experiment included 192 birds that were assigned to 4 dietary treatments that included peppermint leaves at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, or 15 g/kg in the first experiment or menthol at concentrations of 0, 26, 52, or 78 mg/kg in the second experiment. Each treatment had 6 replicate pens with 8 birds. The experiments lasted for 35 D. The peppermint leaves contained 1.48% essential oil that contained 35.1% menthol, and the levels of menthol were selected based on the concentrations in peppermint leaf levels. Body weight and body-weight gain increased with the increase in dietary peppermint leaves (linear, P < 0.01) and menthol concentrations (linear, quadratic, P < 0.01) during the trial periods. In addition, the feed intake linearly increased (P < 0.01) with increasing peppermint leaves or menthol levels and, in turn, caused linear improvements (P < 0.01) in feed conversion values. Interestingly, a lower mortality rate was recorded in the supplementation groups and, therefore, a higher net return was observed. However, pH values and drip loss percentage of breast and leg muscles were not affected by either dietary peppermint levels or menthol levels. Increasing peppermint or menthol levels decreased (P < 0.001) cook-loss percentage of breast and leg muscles. On the other hand, dietary supplementation of peppermint leaves or menthol had no effect (P ≥ 0.05) on the relative weights of dressing, breast, leg, liver, heart, gizzard, spleen, or pancreas. Interestingly, abdominal fat percentage was decreased by either supplemental peppermint or menthol. Hence, the present investigation demonstrates that peppermint leaves can be used as an effective novel nutritional bio-agent up to 15 g/kg to improve the performance of broiler chicks, mainly due to its active component.
... The region has a number of phytobiotics which may have the potential to promote production performance in chicken; and one amongst them being Mint (Mentha piperita), locally known as Pudina. Mint is a member of the Labiatae family and is widely used in herbal medicine and believed to be beneficial in as immunity enhancer (Nanekarani et al., 2012). Mint is mostly consumed after a meal because of its ability to reduce indigestion and intestinal spasms by reducing the gastrocholic reflux (Spirling and Daniels, 2001). ...
A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of Mint leaves (Mentha piperita) with or without enzyme treatment on blood chemistry, carcass characteristics and sensory attributes of broiler chicken production. 225 day old commercial broiler chicks reared together until 7 days of age. On 8th day, the chicks were individually weighed, distributed randomly into 5 treatment groups of 3 replicates with 15 chicks each for a period of 42 days of age. Birds in the control group (T1) were fed diets without additives, whereas in T2 and T3 basal diet was supplemented with raw mint leaves @ 1% (T2) and 2% (T3). In T4 and T5, enzyme treated mint leaves @ 1% and 2% were added to the basal diet respectively. At the end of experimental period, blood biochemistry, carcass characteristics and sensory attributes were recorded. The results revealed that there was no significant (P > 0.05) effect on serum glucose, total protein, cholesterol, SGPT and SGOT levels of birds fed diets either supplemented with raw or enzyme treated mint leaves both at 1 and 2% levels when compared with the group of birds fed control diet. Further, various carcass characteristics viz. feather loss, evisceration loss, giblets, shank, head and dressing % in the groups fed raw or enzyme treated 1 and 2% mint leaves showed a non significant (P > 0.05) difference compared to control group. Moreover, no effect (P > 0.05) on various sensory attributes and the overall acceptability of meat among the various treatment groups and control group was observed. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of raw or enzyme treated mint leaves had no negative effect on the health of birds as could be figured out from the normal SGPT and SGOT levels of birds.
... Antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) were supposed to improve growth rate, feed conversion and reduce mortality as a result of improved intestinal microbial flora (Miles et al., 2006;Pfaller, 2006). However, there is the fear that the continuous use of feed grade AGP could lead to, not only cross-resistance, but also to the risk of development of antibiotic resistant bacteria in humans (Nasir and Grashorn, 2006;Nanekarani et al., 2012;Goodarzi et al., 2014). Therefore, efforts have been made to reduce the use of chemical additives in poultry diet. ...
The present study was to evaluate thyme and ajwain as antibiotic growth promoter substitutions on growth performance, carcass characteristics and serum biochemistry in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). A feeding trial was conducted over 28 d with 4 groups of Japanese quails fed experimental diets formulated to provide no supplementation (control), or control + 55 mg zinc bacitracin/kg, 2 g thyme/kg, and 2 g ajwain/kg. At 35 d of age, 2 quails from each replicate were sacrificed and eviscerated. Liver, empty small intestine and heart were weighed and calculated as a percentage of live body weight. The carcasses were weighed and the cuts were performed to evaluate the yield of legs and breast. At 35 d of age, 2 quails per replicate were chosen and approximately 1-mL blood samples were collected through brachial vein, and concentrations of albumin, total protein, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein (HDL) -cholesterol were determined. Final body weight were not affected by the dietary treatment whereas, it tended to increase in quails supplemented with antibiotic. Overall feed conversation ratio values were similar though it tended to improve in quails supplemented with thyme compared with other groups. Daily feed intake, internal organ weights and carcass traits were not influenced by the dietary treatments. Serum total cholesterol contents were lower (P < 0.05) in quails supplemented with ajwain compared with control and quails supplemented with antibiotic and thyme. The highest serum HDL-cholesterol was seen in the group supplemented with thyme compared with other groups. It was concluded that the addition of 2 g/kg thyme can improve serum biochemistry in quails, although its effects on performance criteria was negligible.
... 18 Another study showed that peppermint extract causes neutralization of the ileum spasms in Indian pigs. 19 It seems that the presence of active compounds such as essential oil in the plant stimulate appetite and improve the digestion and mineral absorption and increase feed efficiency in broilers. Peppermint has also been shown to cure indigestion and gastroparesis and indigestion in humans. ...
This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of peppermint ( Mentha piperita L.) on the performance of broiler chicks. 500 Ross broiler chicks were divided into 5 treatment groups of 4 replications in a completely randomized design format. The diets were ISO-caloric and ISO-nitrogenous ones and contained 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 g/kg of peppermint powder. At start, growing, and end periods, the effects of peppermint powder on average daily weight gain, feed conversation ratio, and mortality rate were studied. The results of the present study showed that over a production period of 42 days peppermint had a significant effect on average daily weight gain and feed conversation ratio when compared with the control group ( P < .05). The level of 4.5 g/kg had the highest average daily weight gain (52.78 g), and control treatment with 46.98 g had the least average daily weight gain among different levels of peppermint. The level of 4.5 g/kg and 6 g/kg of peppermint had the least mortality compared to control treatment during training period ( P < .05). From this experiment, we can conclude that treatment with 4.5 g/kg peppermint powder has better performance and carcass characteristics in broilers.
... Jafarzadeh et al. (2015) reported that in Japanese quails, aloe vera gel powder increased the number of Lactobacillus bacteria and reduced the number of E. coli bacteria; how-ever, the aloe vera gel powder did not significantly improve growth performance of Japanese quails. Other researchers reported the positive influence of peppermint and aloe vera on growth performance of chickens, however, they used peppermint essential oils in the feed (Emami et al. 2012), ethanolic extract of peppermint in drinking water (Nanekarani et al. 2012) or added aloe vera gel powder (Alemi et al. 2012) or aloe vera gel to the feed (Darabighane et al. 2011) of broiler chickens. The differences in the influence of medicinal plants on growth performance broiler chickens might be due to the type of Peppermint processing product (powder, extract or essential oil), products of aloe vera processing (powder or gel) and their incorporation into the feed or drinking water of broiler chickens. ...
This research was conducted to compare the effects of two medicinal plants (peppermint and aloe vera) and antibiotic growth promoter on ileum microflora population and growth performance of broiler chickens. In this experiment, 375 one-day old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were used on a completely randomized design with 5 dietary treatments which were replicated 5 times with 15 birds per replicate. The experimental treatments were: 1) the control diet (basal diet with no additive); 2) basal diet + 10 g/kg dry peppermint leaves (DPL); 3) basal diet + 10 g/kg aloe vera gel (AVG); 4) basal diet + 5 g/kg DPL + 5 g/kg AVG and 5) basal diet + 10 ppm virginiamycin. Growth performance parameters were evaluated during the starter, grower and finisher periods and the populations of Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli bacteria was determined on the 42nd day of age. The maximum number of Lactobacillus bacteria was observed in the ileum of broilers fed diets containing DPL + AVG (P<0.05). The birds receiving the medicinal plant supplements had lower Escherichia coli population in comparison with control birds (P<0.05). The antibiotic fed broilers had higher feed intake, body weight gain, and dressing percentage than the control treatment and those fed medicinal herbs. The broilers fed medicinal herbs had higher feed intake, body weight gain and dressing percentage than the control (P<0.05). The birds fed mixture of DPL + AVG has better growth performance and dressing percentage. This study suggests that using a mixture of peppermint and aloe vera as a feed supplement of broiler chickens could be a potential alternative for antibiotic growth promoter.
... Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have been used for around 60 years in agricultural animal production to enhance growth performance and protect health of animals [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. AGPs have been supposed to enhance growth performance of poultry because it changes the intestinal tract, and hence, improving absorptive capacity [8]. ...
Aim
An in vivo experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of ethanolic extract of propolis, on growth performance, carcass traits, serum biochemistry, and humoral immune responses of chickens, as compared with the antibiotic flavophospholipol.
Materials and Methods
312 1-day-old as-hatched broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allotted to 6 treatments with 4 replicate pens per treatment. The 6 dietary treatments fed for 42 days consisted of a corn-soybean meal basal diet (control); control plus 4.5 mg/kg flavophospholipol, and control plus 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg ethanol extracts of propolis, respectively.
Results
Neither propolis nor antibiotic affected the performance criteria; however, dietary treatments tended to enhance to enhance body weight and daily feed intake of broiler chickens compared with control group (p>0.05). None of the dietary treatments significantly altered feed: Gain though; broilers fed diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg propolis had better feed: gain values compared with other groups in starter, and grower phases as well as the whole experimental period (p>0.05). Carcass yield and internal organ relative weights were not affected by treatments on day 42, except for abdominal fat pad weight that decreased in broilers supplemented with antibiotic. None of the treatments significantly affected humoral immune function. Dietary treatments failed to induce any significant effect on serum biochemistry (p>0.05); though broilers receiving 100 mg/kg propolis had greater high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and lower triglyceride concentrations compared with other groups.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the results indicated that addition of ethanolic extract of propolis to routine dietary components of broilers, such as corn and soybean, seems not to have a positive influence on performance criteria.
... Thus, efforts have been made to substitute antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) with possible alternative growth promoters. Phytogenic and herbal products have received increased attention as natural additives in recent years because they have been accepted by consumers as natural additives [9][10][11][12]. ...
Aim: The risk of bacteria resistance to specific antibiotics possibly by continuous subtherapeutical administration of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in poultry feed led to a ban on the use of AGP in poultry production. As a result of this ban, alternative substances for poultry growth promotion and disease prevention are being investigated, among which phytogenic and herbal products have received increased attention as natural additives because they have been accepted by consumers as natural additives. The effect of water supplementation of Aloe vera (AV) as an AGP substitute on performance, intestinal microflora, and immune responses of broilers.
Materials and Methods: The five experimental treatments were allocated to four replicates. The following treatments were applied (1) a basal broiler diet (C) and normal drinking water, (2) 0.5% AV gel in drinking water, (3) 0.75% AV gel in drinking water, (4) 1% AV gel in drinking water, and (5) diet C supplemented with flavophospholipol at 4.5 mg/kg and drinking normal water. Vaccines against influenza disease and sheep red blood cell (SRBC) were administrated to immunological stimuli. The populations of Lactobacilli spp. and coliforms were enumerated in ileum.
Results: Body weight of broilers supplemented with different levels of AV increased compared with control group (p
... The region has a number of phytobiotics which may have the potential to promote production performance in chicken and one amongst them being Mint (Mentha piperita), locally known as Pudina. Mint is a member of the Labiatae family and is widely used in herbal medicine and believed to be beneficial in as immunity enhancer (Nanekarani et al., 2012). Mint is mostly consumed after a meal because of its ability to reduce indigestion and intestinal spasms by reducing the gastrocholic reflux (Spirling and Daniels, 2001). ...
... Dry leaves of Thyme and Peppermint in poultry diets showed no significant impact on the intestinal length (Ocak et al., 2008). Nanekarani et al. (2012) showed that abdominal fat in broilers decreased with supplementation of 0.3 percent Peppermint. ...
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of combination of two herbs Peppermint and Thyme powder on broiler performance and carcass characteristics. This experiment was done in a completely randomized design using 300 one day-old broilers (Ross) with five treatments and three replicates. Treatments include control (without any additives; T1), 1% Peppermint and 0.5% of Thyme (T2), 1% Peppermint and 1% Thyme (T3), 2% Peppermint and 0.5 % Thyme (T4) and 2% Peppermint and 1% of Thyme (T5). Results showed that feed intake in whole period (42 d) was not affected by treatments (P>0.05), although in the period of 1 to 21 d, there was significant increase (P<0.05) in T2 in terms of daily feed intake. Average daily gain in 1-21d, 22-42d and in the entire period was not affected by treatment (P>0.05), although numerically the largest weight gain was found in T5. The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in T3 in total periods although FCR was not affected significantly in all three experimental periods (P>0.05). The results showed that carcass weight, thigh weight, wing weight, chest weight, neck weight and liver weight at the end of the period was significantly high in T5 (P<0.05). However, the back weight, gizzard weight, intestinal length and abdominal fat were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). The results showed that the use of T5 in poultry rations have a good impact on performance and carcass characteristics.
... Antibiotic growth promoters have been successfully used in subtherapeutic dosage to promote growth and protect health of chickens in poultry industry since 1940 (Landy et al., 2011a,b;Landy et al., 2012;Fekri Yazdi et al., 2014a,b;Nanekarani et al., 2012;Goodarzi et al., 2014). Antibiotic growth promoters were supposed to promote muscle growth in the poultry as a result of improved gut health, resulting in better digestion of feed (Visek, 1978). ...
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of milk or molasses kefir as a probiotic on growth performance, carcass traits, serum biochemistry and humoral immune responses in broiler chickens. A total of 192 one-d-old as hatched broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments, each with 4 replicate pens of 12 chicks. The following treatments were applied: 1) a basal diet (C) and normal drinking water, 2) 2% milk kefir in drinking water, 3) 2% molasses kefir in drinking water, and 4) the diet C supplemented with commercial probiotic. At d 42, eight birds per treatment were killed for determination of carcass traits. Broilers at 28 days of age were bled for measuring antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian influenza virus (AIV), at 30 days of age for antibody titers against sheep red blood cell (SRBC), and at 42 days of age for biochemical analysis. Supplementing 2% milk kefir increased body weight of broilers at 28 and 42 days of age (P
... In general, it 2008;Bonos et al., 2010;Agiang et al., 2011; Aminzade et al., 2012;Biricik et al., 2012;Akram et al., feed rations affected both growth performance and 2013; Karami et al., 2013). Contrary to this study, no difference was reported in the weight of internal organs by Khaksar et al. (2012) as a result of the incorporation of thyme oil into quail rations or by Nanekarani et al. (2012) as a result of mint incorporation into broiler rations. ...
This study was conducted to determine the effect of Mentha caucasica on growth performance and carcass characteristics in Japanese quails. A total of 150 day old Japanese quail chicks were used in the study. The quails were allocated to 3 groups each comprising 50 animals including the control group, mint group I (given feed added with 0.75% of mint) and mint group II (given feed added with 1.5% of mint). Statistically significant differences were determined between the feeding groups for the body weights measured on days 35 and 42 (p<0.05; p<0.01). In conclusion, it was ascertained that the supplementation of the feed ration with mint (Mentha caucasica) affected both the growth performance and carcass characteristics of the Japanese quail. However, as Mentha caucasica decreases liver weight in quails, it should be used with caution.
... As a result, probiotics and prebiotics [9,10] , phytogenic and herbal products [11] have received increased attention as possible antibiotic growth promoter substitutions. Aromatic plants and herbal products have received increased attention in recent years because they have been accepted by consumers as natural additives [12] . ...
Objective: To evaluate the effect of Tribulus terrestris L. (puncture vine) as an antibiotic growth
promoter substitute on growth performance, carcass traits, and immune responses in broiler
chickens.
Methods: A total of 1 92 one-day-old as hatched broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly
allocated to four treatment groups, with 4 replicates of 12 birds. The following treatments were
applied: basal diet (control), control+4.5 mg flavophospholipol/kg, or control+1 or 5 g puncture
vine powder/kg. Vaccines against newcastle, influenza disease, and sheep red blood cells were
administered to immunological stimuli.
Results: Daily feed intake, internal organ weights, and carcass traits were not influenced by
the dietary treatments except for carcass yield that increased in broilers fed diet supplemented
with 1 g puncture vine powder/kg at 42nd day. Broilers receiving 1 g puncture vine/kg tended to
have a lower feed conversion ratio compared to other groups during starter, finisher and entire
experimental period (P>0.05). Broilers receiving 1 or 5 g puncture vine/kg had higher antibody
titer against Newcastle disease virus compared to other groups (P
... Antibiotic growth promoters are used worldwide within the poultry industry to promote growth performance and protect flock health [1][2][3] . Antibiotic growth promoters were supposed to increase growth rate as a result of improved gut health, resulting in better nutrient utilization and decreased feed conversion ratio [4] . ...
Objective: To examine the effect of onion (Allium cepa L.) as an antibiotic growth promoter
substitute on growth performance, carcass traits, and microflora composition in broiler chickens.
Methods: A total of 192 one-day old mixed sex broiler chicks (Ross 308) were weighed and
randomly allocated to four treatment groups, each with 4 replicate pens of 12 chicks. The dietary
treatments consisted of the basal diet (control), antibiotic (15 mg virginiamycin/kg), and control+10
or 30 g fresh onions bulb/kg diet. Body weights of broilers were determined at Day 1, 21, and
42, feed intake was determined at the same periods, and feed conversion ratio was calculated
accordingly. At Day 42, two birds per replicate were slaughtered for determination of carcass
and organ weights. The populations of Lactobacilli spp. and Escherichia coli were enumerated in
ileum by conventional microbiological techniques using selective agar media.
Results: Dietary supplementation of 30 g/kg onion increased final body weight of broilers at 42
d of age compared to that of the other treatments (P
Menthol, the primary active compound in the widely cultivated peppermint plant (Mentha piperita), is well known for its use in human products such as topical analgesics and cold remedies. Menthol’s cooling sensation and ability to locally modulate pain through interactions with transient receptor potential channels make it a valuable bioactive compound. In recent years, menthol’s antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative properties have drawn attention in the livestock industry as a natural alternative to synthetic antibiotics in feed additives. This review comprehensively examines the existing literature to assess menthol’s effects on animal growth performance, product quality, immune function, gastrointestinal microbial ecosystems, and metabolism across various livestock species. Notably, menthol shows potential for improving feed efficiency, mitigating chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, inhibiting environmental and gastrointestinal pathogens, and enhancing calcium absorption. However, optimal dosages, treatment durations, synergies with other phytogenic compounds, and regulatory mechanisms require further investigation. Additionally, with increasing global temperatures and growing concerns about animal welfare, menthol’s cooling, methane-reducing, and analgesic properties present promising opportunities for advancing sustainable livestock practices.
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of peppermint essential oil (PEO) and an emulsifier called artifier on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens fed low-energy diets. A total of 240 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were divided into five treatments: control, low-energy diet, low-energy diet + 150 ppm PEO, low-energy diet + 300 ppm artifier, and low-energy diet + 150 ppm PEO + 300 ppm artifier. Each treatment was replicated four times in a completely randomized design. The chickens were fed these treatments during the starter, grower, and finisher periods for a total of 42 days. The results indicated that broiler chickens receiving the low-energy diet supplemented with PEO + artifier had similar body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and breast percentage, but exhibited significantly lower abdominal fat percentage compared to those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). Furthermore, birds receiving PEO and artifier in low-energy diets, either individually or in combination, demonstrated higher digestibility of dry matter and fat during the starter and grower periods in comparison to those receiving the low-energy diet without any additives (P < 0.05). Over the entire rearing period, the simultaneous inclusion of 150 ppm PEO and 300 ppm artifier in the low-energy diet resulted in comparable growth performance to the control diet. Additionally, the concurrent use of PEO and artifier in the low-energy diet for broiler chickens led to a decrease in abdominal fat, increased digestibility of fat and dry matter, and enhanced nutrient utilization compared to the control diet.
This study was carried out to determine the effects of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) essential oil addition to growing Japanese quail diets on growth performance, carcass and some serum parameters. In the study, a total of 300 mixed-sex Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) chicks at daily age were fed for 35 days with control and diets that were supplemented with peppermint oil at the levels of 0.15, 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60 %. The study was carried out in 5 treatment groups, with 6 replications, in a total of 30 subgroups. At the end of the experiment, the diet peppermint oil levels did not significantly affect the body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. The effects of experimental diets containing different levels of peppermint oil on serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, HDL, LDL, AST and ALT concentrations were statistically insignificant. There was no statistically significant difference between the treatment groups in terms of carcass weight, carcass yield, liver and heart weights, and small intestine length. According to the results of the present study, it was concluded that the addition of different levels of peppermint oil to growing quail diets did not cause any change in performance, carcass, visceral weights and serum parameters.
This study was done on 5 groups of poultry chicks from one day up to 45 days of age. We used blue green algae as source of feed additives added to the water and ration in addition to peppermint to evaluate the protective effect of peppermint against the toxicity induced by the blue green algae. The administration of blue green algae in chicken food and water caused hepato-and cardio toxicity indicated by significant increase in liver (ALT and AST) and heart enzymes (CK and LDH) and decrease in MDA and CAT. The algae showed histopathological alterations in the liver in form of congestion in the central vein, degeneration in the hepatic cords and circumscribed areas of lymphocytic infiltrations between the hepatic cords. While it was mild in heart tissues as it showed also lymphocytic infiltration and congestion of myocardial blood vessels. The biochemical parameters were corrected except the CK and LDH. The histopathological alterations were corrected by the addition of peppermint.
Drinking water quality is considered a continuing concern of human health. Herein, for the improvement of water quality, dual functioning core‐shell (CS) nanofibers were developed by use of polysulfone (PSU)/graphene oxide (GO) as the adsorbent core layer for removing heavy metal ions and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/mint extract as the shell layer for inducing antioxidant activity to the water. Various analyses on the strip samples before and after the water treatment experiment were performed. ATR‐FTIR by appearing or disappearing chemical bonds, TEM micrographs based on the formation of shell layer around the nanofibers, FESEM according to the uniformity and diameter of nanofibers, and EDX analysis based on the elemental and mapping results, verified the core‐shell structure of nanofibers. The results of the antioxidant activity demonstrated that after the dissolution shell layer, radical scavenging capability of water was improved effectively. Thereafter, the remained core layer had a high capacity and efficiency for the adsorption of metal ions especially for CS3 with 70.9% and 58.7% efficiency for Fe(III) and Ni(II). By achieving 0.975 and 0.568 L/g partition coefficient (PC), the desired performance of CS3 (core layer: 15 wt% PSU, 0.5% GO and shell layer: 5 wt% PVP, and 2.5 wt% mint) was confirmed.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of peppermint oil added to quail diets on growth performance, meat quality characteristics, meat color and blood oxidative stress characteristics. For this purpose, 40 Japanese quails were used at the age of 10 days and the experiment was continued for 35 days. The study groups were divided into 4 groups, each containing 10 quails. The control group was fed with a diet without any additives while 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% peppermint oil (PO) were added to the feed of the other groups. There was no significant difference between groups in terms of body weight (BW), daily body weight gain (DBWG), daily feed consumption (DFC), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass and slaughter characteristics, color and pH values. However, it was found that addition of 0.1% PO significantly reduced total oxidative status (TOS) and increased total antioxidant status (TAS) in blood. The results indicated that adding peppermint oil to quail rations at rate of 0.1% PO would be useful as an additive improving TAS and reducing TOS values although PO addition did not change feeding performance and carcass characteristics of quails.
Effect of Mentha piperita (peppermint) extract and its juice on performance, egg quality
traits, hematological and biochemical parameters in laying hens
Antibiotics are used to improve growth rate, to minimize or control the incidence of diseases and/ or increase the immune response. In the recent past a great concern regarding drug resistance has become an issuecame in light which has a major impact on human health. Resistance to antibiotics has launched a search and exploration for alternative products which can be used in poultry to improve performance and immune status. The present study has been designed to evaluate the effect of Menta extract having essential oils and Menta juice in feed and drinking water respectively, on the performance and immune parameters of laying hens. A total of 252 Hyline laying hens have been divided into 7 groups and each group has been divided into 4 subgroups having 9 hens in each. Group A served as a control while the other 6 groups were treatments groups. Group A was fed a Basic Diet without any supplementation. Group B, C and
D were offered diets supplemented with Menta extract at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of feed while groups E, F and G had the same dose of Menta juice in drinking water. Lighting schedule of 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness was followed. Water and feed was offered ad libitum. The poultry were vaccinated against New Castle virus at the start of the trial for antibody determination in blood. The body weights were recorded at the start and end of the experiment. Feed intake was measured weekly. Eggs produced were recorded daily and weekly average egg production was calculated. Eggs were weighed one day per week. Three eggs from each replicate were collected randomly at the start, mid and end of trial and analyzed for egg quality parameters like egg weight, egg shell thickness, color index of the yolk, Haugh Unit and egg cholesterol level. At the end of the trial 3 eggs were collected from each replicate and analysed for internal egg quality traits while in storage at 0, 15 and 30 days at 4C. At the end of the trial three birds
from each replicate were selected and blood samples were collected from their hearts. Complete blood cell count, Lymphocyte, monocyte, blood Glucose, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, total protein, liver enzymes like AST, ALT and blood Ca-P level were analyzed. Serum anti-ND antibody titer was determined. The results of the study showed non-significant difference in all the groups for all body weight, mean weekly egg weight, mean weekly egg mass, egg production, feed intake while FCR was observed significantly better in group C and D and lower in group G and F as compared with the control group during 8th week. Regarding egg quality traits egg shell breaking strength remained unaffected, yolk color index and haugh unit also showed no difference between all the groups and similarly no effect was seen on internal egg quality traits during storage at 40C for 0, 15 and 30 days. Hematological parameters and biochemical parameters were not affected by mentha oil and mentha juice supplementation. It is concluded that Menta oil and juice supplementation had shown a better effect on FCR during 8th week while other parameters remained unaffected. It has been observed that generally Menta oil and
juice exhibited similar results which explain the similar potential of juice with oil. Further
detailed studies are suggested to be conducted with multiple dose levels and for longer duration to investigate and explore the potential of mentha juice and oil.
Keywords: Mentha, extract, mentha juice, laying hen, performance, metabolism
To evaluate the effect of dietary dried peppermint (Mentha piperita) (DPM), leaf powder on histomorphological parameters of small intestinal mucosa of broiler chicks, 50, 1-day-old chickens were randomly divided into five equal groups and fed with diets containing 0 (basal diet), 10, 20, 40, and 80 g/kg of DPM for 45 days. At the end of the experiment, all chickens were slaughtered, the whole small intestine was removed, and 1-cm-thick samples were taken from the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Six-micrometer-thick transverse cross sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for measuring length and width of the villi and depth of the crypts by using a linear graticule under light microscope. Effects of DPM on intestinal mucosa were relatively limited and included a significant increase in villus height/crypt depth ratio in duodenum of DPM-treated birds due to an increase in villus heights without appreciable change in crypt depth accompanied by a significant increase in villus height in the jejunum of experimental groups especially DPM 80 group. The ileum was the least affected part of the intestine with only appreciable increase in villus depth in DPM 80 group. The results of present study showed that dietary inclusion of M. piperita can partially improve histomorphological structure of small intestinal mucosa of broiler chickens with the duodenum as the most affected part.
This experiment was designed to study the effects of feeding different levels of Peganum harmala seeds (PHS) and antibiotic on the performance, immune responses and liver function of Ross broiler chickens. A total of 240 one-d-old unsexed broiler chickens were randomly allocated to each of the 4 treatment groups, each with 4 replicate pens of 15 chicks. The dietary treatments included of control (C) - without PHS and antibiotic - the diet contains 300 mg/Kg Lincomycin 0.88% (A) and the diets contain 20g/kg (H1) and 40g/kg (H2) PHS. The performance parameters were measured during the experimental period. The chicks were raised on floor pens and received diets and water ad libitum for 6 weeks. Blood samplings were performed for determine of antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) on 14 and 21 days and for liver function test on 42 days of age. The using of PHS at rate of 20g/kg feed improved some traits such as live body weight and FCR, but the consumption of 40g/kg had undesirable effect on these traits. Antibody titer against NDV was not affected by experimental treatments, but the relative weight of bursa and spleen increased by dietary treatments of antibiotic and H2. Broilers receiving 40g/kg PHS had a significantly higher activity of SGOT, SGPT and SALP in serum compared to control group. It can be concluded that Peganum harmala seeds cannot be applied as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics, but 20 g/kg inclusion of it in diet can improve production efficiency of broiler chickens.
In this article effects of (Mentha piperita) on Growth rate, Intestinal Bacteria in Rainbow trout and survival rate were studied in expose of Yersinia ruckeri in Rainbow trout (O.mykiss)
Virginiamycin (VM) efficacy was evaluated and noted under conditions of varying sanitation levels (clean and dirty) and ambient temperature profiles (normal and heat stress). No interactions were detected between VM (0, 15 20 ppm) fortification, sanitation level, and ambient temperature profile for weight gain (G), feed consumption (FC), gain/feed ratio (G/F), survivability (SURV), carcass weight (carcass), carcass specific gravity (SPGR) or saleable carcass weight (SC). Poor sanitation level main effect adversely (P <.05) influenced broiler SURV and SC. The high ambient temperature adversely impacted F, FC, G/F, SURV, carcass, SPGR, and SC. Virginiamycin at 15 ppm improved (P <.05) G (2.1%), while at 20 ppm it reduced (P <.05) mortality (5.1%), resulting in SC increasing linearly with VM fortification level.
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of Ziziphora (Thymyus valgaris), Oregano (Oreganum valgare) and Peppermint (Lamiaceae Mentha piperita) on performance [feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR)] and carcass characterization of broiler chickens. 240 ROSS strain broiler chicks were selected and divided into 4 treatments and 3 replicates based on completely randomized design. The groups comprised group 1 or control (fed basal diet, without medicinal plant supplementation), group 2 (fed 1% Ziziphora, 0.5% Oregano and 0.5% Peppermint), group 3 (fed 1% Oregano, 0.5 Ziziphora and 0.5% Peppermint) and group 4 (fed 1% Peppermint, 0.5% Ziziphora and 0.5% Oregano). Significant effects of dietary medicinal plants mixture on performance and carcass quality were observed (P<0.05). The highest feed intake (163.53 g) was recorded for group 2, while the highest daily weight gain (166.53 g), best feed conversion ratio (FCR: 1.91), highest carcass yield (70.76% of body weight), lowest abdominal fat (2.34%) and lowest gastrointestinal weight (6.34%) were recorded for group 3, in comparison with other experimental groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 2% from this combination of medicinal plants (1% Oregano, 0.5% Ziziphora and 0.5% Peppermint) caused performance and carcass quality improvement via more weight gain increase in carcass yield and then decreases abdominal fat deposition.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with black seed and peppermint on the performance, carcass traits, immune responses, serum biochemistry, hematological parameters and meat acceptability in broilers. A total number of 240 day-old male broilers (Ross 308) were randomly allocated to five treatments with four replicates. The dietary treatments consisted of the basal diet as control, 2 and 4 g/kg black seed, 4 and 8 g/kg peppermint added to the basal diet. Body weights of broilers were measured at 1, 14, 28 and 42 days, feed intake was measured for different periods and FCR was calculated accordingly. At 42 days two birds per replicate were slaughtered for determination of carcass and organ weights and also meat sensory evaluation. At 18 and 28 days blood samples (8 samples per treatment) were taken for measuring antibody titers and at 42 days for biochemical and hematological analysis. Supplementing 4 g/kg peppermint increased body weight of broilers at 28 days of age (P < 0.05), but final body weight at 42 days was not affected. Broilers fed 4 g/kg black seed significantly showed the most efficient FCR (0–42 days). Internal organ weights and carcass characteristics were not significantly influenced by treatments. Black seed supplementation also caused a marked (P < 0.05) increase in the weight of lymphoid organs at 42 days but other immune related parameters were not statistically different among treatments. Biochemical parameters including serum protein, albumin, triglyceride, LDL, HDL and total cholesterol, SGOT and SGPT enzymes concentrations were not statistically (P > 0.05) influenced. Black seed significantly increased RBC count, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit percentage compared to control birds (P < 0.05). Sensory evaluation of thigh meat displayed no abnormal odor or flavor in meat induced by feed additives.
A study was conducted to determine the performance, carcase and gastrointestinal tract (gut)
characteristics of broilers fed diets supplemented with dry peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) or thyme (Thymus
vulgaris L.) leaves, which are among the alternative growth promoters. In the study, 312 one-week-old
broilers (Ross-308) were used. There were 3 dietary treatments, each consisting of 4 replications (13 males
and 13 females in each replication). The control group was fed basal diet, while the peppermint and thyme
groups were fed diets supplemented with 0.2% peppermint or thyme (w/w) as menthol and thymol (70 mg
per kg diet) sources, respectively. From 7 days to 35 days of age, the body weight gain was higher (P < 0.05)
in broilers fed the peppermint-supplemented diet compared to the control, but the effect of peppermint
on body weight gain disappeared at 42 days of age. Feed intake, feed to gain ratio, carcase weight, carcase
yield, and the relative weights of the edible inner organs and whole gut, and the relative length of the whole
gut were not significantly affected by peppermint and thyme contents. The peppermint or thyme leaves
increased (P < 0.05) the abdominal fat pad at 42 days of age. Thus, the dry peppermint leaves had a higher
growth promoting efficacy than the dry thyme leaves at an early stage of broilers’ life, but an increase in
abdominal fat should be taken into account for carcase quality and processing.
An attempt has been conducted to evaluate the effect of habek on performance and immunity of broiler chickens. Five levels of whole habek, 0, 25, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg were incorporated into basal diet of 125 broilers for 5 weeks. The results of the study showed that including 150 g/kg habek into broiler diet make a significant improvement in the mean body weight, daily average gain, feed intake and food conversion ratio. However, in another experiment, habek had no effect on the immune response of the birds against Newcastle disease virus live vaccine when a group of 25 birds was given basal diet supplemented with 150 g/kg habek compare to that fed basal diet only.
A study was made of the effect of antibiotics on growth of chicks and on intestinal absorption of fats and carbohydrates.
Around the 8th day of life, chicks fed an antibiotic-free casein-sucrose diet developed a transitory syndrome of malabsorption of fats and carbohydrates, associated with disturbance of the efficiency of feed utilization and poor weight increase. Administration of virginiamycin, at a level of 20 ppm, suppressed this period of malabsorption and resulted in improved feed conversion and increased weight gain.
The temporary growth depression and malabsorption were not observed in disinfected rooms in new quarters. Under these conditions virginiamycin did not stimulate growth nor was the efficiency of feed utilization improved by the antibiotic. However, the growth-depressing flora could be introduced to the new quarters by feeding each bird 50 mg of fresh feces collected from chicks in old quarters.
Both the intestinal absorption and the growth-promoting effect of virginiamycin were influenced by the type of carbohydrate in the basal diet, and have been found to be most pronounced when sucrose was fed as the sole source of carbohydrate. The malabsorption was less obvious when cornstarch was substituted for sucrose. In this case virginiamycin had only a limited effect on growth and on feed conversion.
The present investigations suggest that antibiotics stimulate growth of chicks by their antibacterial action against Gram-positive microorganisms which interfere with the absorption of nutrients. Furthermore, the growth-promoting effect seems to be most pronounced during a limited period of a few days around the 8th day of life.
An experiment was conducted with broiler chicks to determine the influence of Virginiamycin on chicks fed diets with four levels of energy. Addition of the Virginiamycin to the diet resulted in significantly improved body weight and feed efficiency at all levels of energy. The greatest improvement was obtained at the lowest level of energy. Addition of Virginiamycin to the diet decreased the energy required to produce a unit of body weight.
Two experiments were conducted with broilers to determine the effect of Virginiamycin supplementation on performance and shank
pigmentation. Virginiamycin supplementation at 10 ppm resulted in significantly increased body weights in both experiments.
Feed efficiency was significantly improved in Experiment 1 by the supplementation of 5 and 10 ppm Virginiamycin. In Experiment
2, 20 ppm Virginiamycin was included and resulted in no greater response than that observed at 10 ppm. Pigmentation values
as measured by a reflectance colorimeter and Roche color fan favored (P≤.05) Virginiamycin supplementation in both experiments.
Data indicated that when the diet was supplemented with Virginiamycin an increase in the utilization of xanthophyll resulted.
Mortality was not influenced by dietary treatment.
A feeding experiment was carried out over 42 d with four groups of broiler chickens fed experimental diets formulated to provide
no supplementation, 20 mg zinc bacitracin, 60 mg salinomycin, or both feed additives in combination. During the fifth week
of the experiment, four chickens from each pen were killed, and the contents of gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ceca, and
rectum were separately collected and pooled. In all intestinal segments, the pH and the concentration of lactic acid were
measured, and the numbers of anaerobic bacteria, coliforms, lactic acid bacteria, lactobacilli, enterococci, and Clostridium perfringens were counted. In homogenates of pancreas obtained from four animals, the activities of amylase, lipase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin
were measured. A significant growth-promoting effect was observed in the group receiving zinc bacitracin in combination with
salinomycin. Zinc bacitracin significantly reduced the number of coliform bacteria in the ileum and increased the activities
of amylase and lipase in pancreas homogenates. Supplementation with salinomycin and zinc bacitracin, alone or in combination,
resulted in significantly lower counts of C. perfringens as well as Lactobacillus salivarius, which was a dominant lactic acid bacterium found in broiler intestinal contents. High numbers of these lactobacilli may play
a role in broiler growth depression related to competition in nutrient uptake or impaired fat absorption due to bile acid
deconjugation.
1. The present experiment was conducted to describe the effects of thymol, cinnamaldehyde and a commercial preparation of essential oil components (CRINA Poultry), in female broilers. Feed and water were provided for ad libitum consumption. 2. Feed intake, weight gain and feed:gain ratio were not different among the treatments. Water intake was significantly lowered by cinnamaldehyde. Relative liver weight (g/100 g of body weight) was highest in birds given thymol, but this was seen only at the age of 21 d and not at 40 d. Patterns of digestive enzymes in pancreatic tissue were similar for the 4 treatments. 3. Amylase activity in intestinal digesta was highest in chickens given CRINA Poultry for 21 d, but the effect had disappeared after 40 d. Ileal digestibility coefficients for starch and protein were high and identical for all treatments. 4. Fatty acid composition of diet was reflected in that of adipose tissue. Plasma lipid concentrations were not changed by any dietary treatment. 5. Thus, the present results show no effect of essential oil constituents on growth performance in female broiler chickens, but it cannot be excluded that positive effects would have been observed under less hygienic environmental conditions or when using a less digestible diet.
A 42-d trial was conducted to study the influence of 2 plant extracts on performance, digestibility, and digestive organ weights
in broilers. The feeding program consisted of a starter diet until 21 d and a finisher diet until 42 d. There were 4 treatment
groups: control; 10 ppm avilamycin (AB); 200 ppm essential oil extract (EOE) from oregano, cinnamon, and pepper; and 5,000
ppm Labiatae extract (LE) from sage, thyme, and rosemary. No differences in feed intake or feed conversion were observed.
From 14 to 21 d of age, broilers fed the LE diet grew faster than the broilers fed the control or EOE feeds (68.8 vs. 63.9
and 61.6 g/d, respectively). Antibiotic and plant extract supplementation improved apparent whole-tract and ileal digestibility
of the nutrients. For starter feed, LE supplementation improved apparent fecal digestibility of DM (P < 0.01), and all additives increased ether extract digestibility (P < 0.001). However, no effect was detected for CP digestibility (P > 0.1). At the ileal level, the AB, EOE, and LE supplementation of the starter feed increased DM and starch (P < 0.01) digestibility but not CP digestibility (P > 0.1). All additives improved apparent fecal digestibility of DM and CP of the finisher diet. No differences were observed
for proventriculus, gizzard, liver, pancreas, or large or small intestine weight. In the present study, both plant extracts
improved the digestibility of the feeds for broilers. The effect of different additives on digestibility improved the performance
slightly, but this effect was not statistically significant.
This experiment was conducted to examine the effects of using different forms and levels of Echinacea purpurea L. (EP) in comparison with an antibiotic growth promoter (flavophospholipol) on performance, carcass characteristics and immune responses of broiler chicks. In this trial, 336 one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were weighted and randomly assigned to the 7 treatment groups, each with 4 replicates and with 12 broilers in each replicate. The 7 treatments were as follows: Basal diet (control), Basal diet + antibiotic (4.5 mg flavophospholipol/kg diet), Basal diet + dried aerial part powder of EP continuously (5 g/kg diet), Basal diet + the dried aerial part powder of EP continuously (10 g/kg diet), Basal diet + the ethanolic extract continuously (0.25 gr/kg diet), Basal diet + the dried aerial part powder of EP with 3-days application followed by 11 application free days intermittently (5 g/kg diet), and Basal diet + the dried aerial part powder of EP with 3-days application followed by 11 application free days intermittently (10 g/kg diet). The contents of flavonol-o-glycosides as quescetin in the Echinacea dried aerial part and the ethanolic extract were determined, and the amount of flavonol-o- glycosides as quescetin in the 5 g/kg diet EP continuously to the ethanolic extract was equal. At the 28th and 31st day, blood samples were taken and analyzed for immune responses. The results showed that the use of the 5 g/kg diet EP continuously led to the highest DFI, DWG and antibody titres against sheep red blood cell (SRBC) and Newcastle virus when compared to other groups. The intermittent application of 10 g/kg diet EP had significant effect in the grower period on DWG, FCR and immune responses against SRBC (p<0.05). DFI and DWG were increased by 5 g/kg diet EP continuously than the ethanolic extract significantly (p<0.05). The percentage weight of carcass traits were not affected by dietary treatments except for the percentage of the small intestine that decreased in the intermittent groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, performance and immune responses of broiler chicks were improved by continuous application of 5 g/kg diet EP.
This experiment was conducted to examine the effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) as an antibiotic growth promoter substitute on growth performance, carcass traits, and humoral immune responses in broiler chickens. A total of 192 one-d-old mixed sex broiler chicks (Ross 308) were weighted and randomly allocated to four treatment groups, each with 4 replicate pens of 12 chicks. The dietary treatments consisted of the basal diet (control), control+4.5mg flavophospholipol/kg, or control+7 or 12g neem fruit powder/kg. Body weights of broilers were determined at d 1, 14, 28, and 42, feed intake was determined at the same periods, and feed conversion ratio was calculated accordingly. At d 42, two birds per replicate were slaughtered for determination of carcass and organ weights. Antibody titers against Newcastle, influenza viruses, and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were determined. Dietary supplementation of flavophospholipol increased final body weight of broilers at 42d of age compared with those fed diets supplemented with neem (P
On the basis of improving effects of antibiotic growth promoters in pigs and poultry being mediated through their regulating influence on the gastro-intestinal nora, a number of alternative additives and feeding strategies are reviewed. Nutrient absorption is facilitated by dietary incorporation of suitable enzyme preparations, thereby decreasing intestinal disorders and upsets. As a result, performance is improved, particularly in juveniles. Microbial preparations (probiotics) have also been claimed as alternatives to growth promoters of antibiotic type. However, the efficacy of probiotic preparations seems to be less consistent than the use of antibiotic-type preparations. Dietary acidifiers have also been proposed. Furthermore, the choice of ingredients and their technological treatment should also be considered as a strategy to tailor diets according to the specific capacity and requirements of the animal group. Recently, feed induced formation of lectins or peptides has been proposed as an efficient method to prevent diarrhoea in pigs by their action on the central regulating system of intestinal fluid secretion. Finally, the environmental and management conditions of the production systems are of very great importance to secure a safe development of animals. The need for more research in the area of alternatives to antibiotic-type antibiotics is emphasised. ((C) Elsevier / Inra).
After the ban of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in the EU many alternative substances have been investigated for their potential to replace AGPs. Phytobiotics are discussed as one promissing alternative due to their high content of pharmacologically active compounds. A huge number of in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed a wide range of activities of phytobiotics in poultry nutrition like stimulation of feed intake, antimicrobial, coccidiostatic and anthelmintic effects. The present paper gives a short review on the characteristics of phytobiotics, on the potential mode of action and on the observed effects of phytobiotics in diets on performance, carcass and meat quality and health status in broilers. Furthermore, it addresses safety concerns which may arise during application of phytobiotics.
Les promoteurs de croissance dans l'alimentation des porcs et des vollailes. II. Modes d'action des antibiotiques. Cette revue decrit les modes d'action des antibiotiques utilises comme promoteurs de croissance dans l'alimentation des porcs et des volailles et les effets variables qu'ils engendrent sur le plan microbiologique et physiologique. Une caracteristique importante de ce type de promoteurs est leur action de regulation sur la flore intestinale potentiellement pathogene, limitant de ce fait les risques d'infections gastro-intestinales. Au niveau systemique, lorsque le systeme immunitaire est active, les performances animales peuvent etre reduites. Cette activation peut se traduire par la production de cytokines qui peuvent soit affecter le systeme nerveux central et/ou le systeme endocrine soit agir comme messagers specifiques. Elles peuvent aussi reduire la masse corporelle des muscles en stimulant la liberation d'hormones cataboliques. Au regard des effets systemiques, il est tentant d'affirmer que les antibiotiques, agents promoteurs de croissance, pourraient attenuer la reponse immunitaire de l'organisme de par leurs actions specifiques sur la flore intestinale.
The virucidal effect of peppermint oil, the essential oil of Mentha piperita, against herpes simplex virus was examined. The inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) was tested in vitro on RC-37 cells using a plaque reduction assay. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of peppermint oil for herpes simplex virus plaque formation was determined at 0.002% and 0.0008% for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. Peppermint oil exhibited high levels of virucidal activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 in viral suspension tests. At noncytotoxic concentrations of the oil, plaque formation was significantly reduced by 82% and 92% for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. Higher concentrations of peppermint oil reduced viral titers of both herpesviruses by more than 90%. A clearly time-dependent activity could be demonstrated, after 3 h of incubation of herpes simplex virus with peppermint oil an antiviral activity of about 99% could be demonstrated. In order to determine the mode of antiviral action of the essential oil, peppermint oil was added at different times to the cells or viruses during infection. Both herpesviruses were significantly inhibited when herpes simplex virus was pretreated with the essential oil prior to adsorption. These results indicate that peppermint oil affected the virus before adsorption, but not after penetration into the host cell. Thus this essential oil is capable to exert a direct virucidal effect on HSV. Peppermint oil is also active against an acyclovir resistant strain of HSV-1 (HSV-1-ACV(res)), plaque formation was significantly reduced by 99%. Considering the lipophilic nature of the oil which enables it to penetrate the skin, peppermint oil might be suitable for topical therapeutic use as virucidal agent in recurrent herpes infection.
Water-soluble extracts from the Mentha species M. aquatica L. and M. haplocalyx Briq., the hybrids M. x dalmatica L. and M. x verticillata L., the varieties M. arvensis var. japanensis [M. arvensis L. var. piperascens Holmes ex Christ] and M. spicata L. var. crispa Benth, and M. x piperita L. "Frantsila", M. "Morocco", and M. "Native Wilmet" cultivars were screened for potential antioxidative properties. These properties included iron(III) reduction, iron(II) chelation, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, and the ability to inhibit iron(III)-ascorbate-catalyzed hydroxyl radical-mediated brain phospholipid peroxidation. Total phenol content and qualitative and quantitative compositional analyses of each extract were also made. The extracts demonstrated varying degrees of efficacy in each assay, with the M. x piperita "Frantsila" extract being better than the other extracts, except for ferrous iron chelation. With the exception of iron chelation, it appeared that the level of activity identified was strongly associated with the phenolic content.
Growth performance, serum biochemistry, and blood hematology of broiler chicks fed different levels of black seed (Nigella sativa) and peppermint
- M Toghyani
- M Toghyani
- Ghalamkari Aa Gheisari
- Gh
- Mohammadrezaei
Toghyani M, Toghyani M, Gheisari AA, Ghalamkari Gh, Mohammadrezaei M. Growth performance, serum biochemistry, and blood hematology of broiler chicks fed different levels of black seed (Nigella sativa) and peppermint (Mentha piperita).
Review -Growth promotants in feeding pigs and poultry. II. Mode of action of antibiotic growth promotants
- S Thomke
- K Elwinger
Thomke S, Elwinger K. Review -Growth promotants in feeding
pigs and poultry. II. Mode of action of antibiotic growth
promotants. Ann Zool Technol 1998; 47: 153-167.