City Development Strategies (CDS) and Sustainable Urbanization in Developing World

Abstract

A process that balances among economic, environmental and social perspective on urban area is prominently known as “Sustainable urbanization”. There is an expert system required to create this balance. Alternatively, to balance various aspects, urban planning is a conventional tool adapted. To achieve sustainability, urban planning has a key role in providing the balance. In significantly represented portion of developing countries, City Development Strategies (CDS) is an emerging strategic urban planning approach to maintain sustainability. This achievement varies at different level based on various definitions of CDS. By choosing some specific definitions of CDS by international agencies, this paper studies and compares the accomplishment.

Full text

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 36 ( 2012 ) 623 – 631
1877-0428 © 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies(cE-Bs),
Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.068
AcE-Bs 2011 Bandung
ASEAN Conference on Environment-Behaviour Studies, Savoy Homann Bidakara
Bandung Hotel, Bandung, Indonesia, 15-17 June 2011
City Development Strategies (CDS) and Sustainable
Urbanization in Developing World
S. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh
*
, Nurwati Badarulzaman & Mastura Jaafar
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Abstract
A process that balances among economic, environmental and social perspective on urban area is prominently known
as “Sustainable urbanization”. There is an expert system required to create this balance. Alternatively, to balance
various aspects, urban planning is a conventional tool adapted. To achieve sustainability, urban planning has a key
role in providing the balance. In significantly represented portion of developing countries, City Development
Strategies (CDS) is an emerging strategic urban planning approach to maintain sustainability. This achievement
varies at different level based on various definitions of CDS. By choosing some specific definitions of CDS by
international agencies, this paper studies and compares the accomplishment.
© 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Centre for Environment-
Behaviour Studies (cE-Bs), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
Keywords: City Development Strategies (CDS); sustainable urbanization; developing countries
1. Introduction
The balance between economic, environmental, and social necessities is the aim of sustainable
urbanization. Cities should develop their social and economic structure to build the sustainable
urbanization, without damaging their natural environment and achieve appropriate equilibrium amidst
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +60176617503
E-mail address: rasooli1352@yahoo.com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
© 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Centre for Environment-Behaviour
Studies(cE-Bs), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia

624 S. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 36 ( 2012 ) 623 – 631
humans and the natural resources, upon whom they depend to live. (Abu-Ghazalah, 2008) Attainment of
this equilibrium is possible based on system that combines individual opinion provided by participation of
citizens with in this process and scientific knowledge that can be provided by scientific analysis. (Jepson,
2001 as cited in Roy, 2009) In this system, sustainable urban development accounts for “as a new large-
scale vision to guide the planning agenda for the twenty-first century”. (Saha & Paterson, 2008, p.22)
To make a balance between different aspects, urban planning is a conventional tool used which also
can be a significant tool for promoting the interaction among planners and officials and the local
community. (Diamantini & Zanon 2000) In making sustainable urban development, urban planning can
play an eminent role. In order to make balance between four aspects economic, environmental, social, and
governance is the aim of sustainable urban development .This further reaches to livable productive and
inclusive cities, towns and villages (UN-HABITAT 2009) especially the methods that render participation
of decision-makers and stakeholders and new tools that enable decision-makers to answer sufficiently.
(Malkina-Pykh, 2002)
To ascertain the social, economic, and environmental impacts of urban policies is where the where
guidance provides by City Planning Tool. It enables for a systematic analysis of the relationship between
social, economic, and environmental developments, which further helps in describing the reciprocal
dependence of city planning and consistent development at the strategic and operational level. (Rotmansa,
Asselta & Vellingab, 2000) In order to find a new role for urban planning in sustainable urban
development, the current approaches of planning must change toward strategic planning. The main aim
especially for developing world is played by planning area for sustainable urbanization in promotion of
future urban and regional sustainability in response to global changes and major trends in the world that
affect in cities. In order to evaluate the sustainability of city policies, the strategic urban planning systems
evolved over the last decade(s) most of the times comprise of a framework coupled with a set of
indicators. ( Rotmansa, Asselta & Vellingab, 2000) So in order to evaluate of sustainability in the process
of development, it should compare significant features of sustainable urban development to key features
of the process of urban development.
Cities Alliance and its member organization such as World Bank, UN-Habitat, Asian Development
Bank (ADB) and others basically funded and made prominence of CDS as a strategic urban planning
approach. By developing and enhancing of local governance, CDSs try to improve local economics and
reduce urban poverty while also contributing towards relationship between sustainable urbanization goals
and local objectives and priorities. (ECON & CLG, UTS, 2005) Greater than 200 cities in developing
world applied CDS until the year of 2009. However CDSs have many definitions and are different
especially in content and themes and do not possess equal proportion of attaining sustainable
development and as such study of this achievement is very important. In order to find the relationship
between CDS and sustainability in this paper, the definitions of CDS in developing world has been
reviewed and compared to aspects of sustainable urbanization.
2. City Development Strategies (CDS), Concepts and Contents
In 1998, the CDSs were started by the experiences in East Asia. The earliest of CDSs were funded by
the World Bank and were applied in Indonesia, Philippine, Thailand, Vietnam and China. In 1999,
poverty reduction became one of the fundamental objectives of CDS after establishing Cities Alliance.
Few of the focuses that some cities had were on the local economic growth, enhancement of local
governance, sustainable development, Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and so on. (ECON &
CLG, UTS, 2005) Till date, more than 200 cities mostly in developing countries have adopted and reaped
the benefits associated with this approach.

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“For answering to economic realities within a competitive environment, CDS targets on the process
change, focuses on urban dynamics and opportunities, and adopts a flexible strategy. It also helps to build
stakeholder capacity to manage a city more effectively and to reassure and invite businesses in national
and global markets. It does this by encouraging stakeholder participation and empowerment. Thinking
about the future within a CDS framework often changes the way that a city is managed and planned.”
(ADB, 2004, P.5)
Developing cities require the effective approaches to use restricted financial and human resources in a
competitive and unpredictable economic condition in order to accomplish objectives. The capital flows to
cities having good economic situation and an effective CDS can attract both capital and usage in suitable
condition. (Cities Alliance, 2006a) Local stakeholder plans a process called CDS to formulate a vision for
their city through a participatory process. This engages assessment and analysis of the city’s perspectives
for development, the acceptance of priorities for investment and development, and implementation of this
vision via partnership-based approaches. It is therefore both a process and a content to promote
competitiveness, livelihood, management, and bankability of the respective city (Kyung-Hwan, 2002). To
develop a sustainable vision for their cities and a strategy for achieving it The City Development
Strategies (CDS) provides a methodology for mayors, private sectors, and citizens. However,
comprehensive approaches to connect the environmental sustainability to economic growth, poverty
reduction, and the other urban challenges are not yet customary in many CDSs (Cities Alliance, 2006b).
Depending on the location, the context, and the involvement of players, CDSs assume different forms.
There are a several city objectives and themes. For cities there are wide ranges of objective and themes
and the two categories of themes by the World Bank and UN-Habitat has been explained in Table 1 as
follows. (ECON & CLG, UTS, 2005) The two international agencies namely the World Bank and UN-
Habitat set up and fund some CDSs in developing countries. The World Bank and UN- habitat which
focuses on four and five themes respectively have some of them in common.
Following five themes for CDS have been presented by cities Alliance (2006b) after having attained
the experience of preparing 150 CDS around the world and having conducted most important research in
East Asia that have emphasized the importance of infrastructure in pro-poor development and urban
competitiveness by ADB & JBIC and the World Bank has presented five themes for CDS.
x Livelihood;
Livelihood covers three areas: (i) the business climate and capacity for creating small-business, the
business climate is very different in cities, but cities try to attract investment in a diversity business
climate and make a suitable business area to organize small business and business network (ii) urban
competitiveness, a CDS should determine a comparative and competitive advantage that and create
economic cluster in order to attract investor and achieve economic growth ; and (iii) human resource
development, that has key role to prevent or relieve poverty. It fulfils based on accessing to training,
quality of that.
x Environmental sustainability;
Environmental sustainability in CDS process can be brought out designers in three areas: i)
environmental quality such as air & water quality are very important in environmental sustainability; ii)
service delivery including geographical coverage, accessibility and affordability should be sustainable
especially in developing countries, this concerns is very significant; and iii) energy efficiency that affect
in welfare of residents.
x Spatial form and its infrastructure;
Without required infrastructures, urban economic competitiveness and welfare of a city’s residents
can’t be accomplished. A major role is played by spatial form in urban congestion, energy efficiency
accessibility and distribution of services; therefore it can be essential in poverty reduction.

626 S. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 36 ( 2012 ) 623 – 631
Table 1: The Themes of CDS defined by the World Bank and UN- Habitat. Source: (ECON & CLG, UTS, 2005)
The World Bank
UN- Habitat
Liveability: the poor achieve a healthy and dignified living
standard
Shelter: Adequate housing and basic services; security of tenure;
access to land and credit
Competitiveness: buoyant, broad-based growth of
employment, incomes and investment
Social Development & Eradication of Poverty: Equal
opportunities for a safe and healthy life; social integration;
support for disadvantaged groups; gender equality
Good governance: inclusion and representation of all groups
in the urban society; accountability, integrity and
transparency of local government
Economic Development: Stronger small and micro enterprises;
public/private partnerships; access to productive employment
Bankability: sound financial management of local
government
Governance: Participation and civic engagement; transparent,
accountable and efficient governance; sound financial
management; decentralization and strong local authorities
Environmental Management: Balanced settlement structures;
water management; reducing pollution; disaster prevention;
environmentally sound transport etc
x Financial resources;
How finance resources need to enforce infrastructures, public facilities etc. can be determined by
financial analysis of a city. Financial analysis predicts and provides prior condition to attract private
sector funding, issuing bonds, and financial innovation. Revenue diversity and rising them on one hand
and the control of expenditures, cash-flow management on the other hand, and in sum financial planning
and budgeting are very important in a CDS.
x Governance;
Due to close proximity between local government and main decision makers, Governance has a main
role in CDS playing a critical role of a catalyst between public and private sectors, civil society and labor
market decreasing negative effects in low-income and vulnerable people. (Cities Alliance, 2006b)
Relating to the objective of the CDS, location, and players involved, the contents and themes of CDSs
differ from one city to another. There is a wide range of objectives and themes. To evaluate and compare
CDS content with the principle of sustainable development, we need specific definitions of CDS. The
three chosen definitions of CDS by international agencies in this paper to assess the commitment of CDS
to sustainable development are the World Bank, UN-Habitat, and Cities Alliance.
3. The concepts and aspects of Sustainable Urbanization
In 1972 at the United Nations Conference, the concept sustainable development was brought out on the
Human Environment in Stockholm and in 1992 among the United Nation Conference on Environment
and Development in Rio De Janeiro approved Agenda 21 in order to promote Sustainable Human
Settlement Development and in 1996 in Habitat II try to present a statement to Localize Agenda 21
(LA21) in urban areas. (Whitehead, 2003) In response to urban challenges, the concept of sustainable
development was stated. Due to some major trends such as globalization, decentralization, and rapid
population growth, cities faced some challenges. The problems such as social inequalities, slums and
informal settlement, and climate change had the impact in economic, social and environmental condition.
In economic, social, environmental and governance aspects the sustainable development was articulated
in order to respond to urban conflicts. (Malkina-Pykh, 2002) There are about 200 definitions for
sustainable development but the definition of sustainable development is still not clear. (Parkin, 2000, as
cited in Keivani, 2010) The review of definitions of sustainable development often presents the problems

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that sustainable development should response those but the endpoint seem so broad and there is not
specific point. (Saha & Paterson, 2008)
However the urban sustainability can categorize in two major sections; i) Urban sustainability or
sustainable city, and ii) sustainable urban development or sustainable urbanization. The terms urban
sustainability, and sustainable city apply to the suitable conditions such as the proper use of resources,
protection of the natural environment, least possible use of non-renewable resources, economic growth
and variety, community self-confidence, individual welfare, and satisfaction of basic human needs. (Shen
et al. 2011 & Roy, 2009) According to the United Nations Sustainable Cities Program, development of a
sustainable city depends on its continuing natural resources. A sustainable city sustains a stable security
from environmental adventures that may threaten development achievements. (Whitehead 2003)
According to Whitehead (2003, p.1188), “it is asserted that the sustainable city represents an economic
space within which the social, economic and ecological contradictions of capitalism are being managed
and strategically addressed.” whilst sustainable urbanization and sustainable urban development apply to
a dynamic process towards the suitable conditions, that in this process is paid attention to environmental,
economic, social and governance sustainability as an equal concern. (Shen et al., 2011)
In order to balance economic, environmental, and social necessities, sustainable urbanization is
needed. Local Agenda 21 (LA21) was proposed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED) in 1996 to make the balance. LA21 is “an agenda that sets tasks and a vision in
order to promote sustainable development at the local level and shows the menu of action.” (Nakaguchi,
2004, p. 28 as cited in Mori, 2007) According to LA21 sustainability has four dimensions, social,
economic, environmental and institutional aspects. (Spangenberg, Pfahl & Deller, 2002)
Saha & Paterson’s (2008) study reviewed Protney (2003), Jepson (2004) and Conroy (2006) and
defined four aspects of sustainable urbanization, i) Environmental Protection, ii) Economic Development,
iii) Social Justice and Equity, and iv) Administration and Governance that Saha & Paterson emphasize on
environmental, economic and equity aspects. (Table 2) The elements of these aspects and the principle of
sustainable urban development are presented in this research. To evaluate the commitment of principles
of sustainable urban development on CDS this study is befitting because these activities have been used
to assess local government and urban plan to accomplish sustainability.
Table 2: the Aspects of Sustainable Urbanization. Source: (Saha & Paterson, 2008)
Environmental protection
Economic Development
Social Justice and Equity
1. Alternative energy offered to
consumers
2. Energy conservation effort (other than
green building requirements)
3. Environmental site design regulations
4. Green building program
5. Renewable energy use by city
government
6. Curbside recycling program
7. Environmental education programs for
the community
8. Green procurement
9. Water quality protection
1. Agricultural protection zoning
2. Brownfield reclamation
3. Cluster or targeted economic
development
4. Eco-industrial park development
5. Infill development
6. Purchase of Development Rights
and/or Transfer of Development Rights
7. Tax incentives for environmentally
friendly development
8. Urban growth boundary and/or urban
service boundary
9. Business retention programs
1. Affordable housing provisions
2. Daycare services for service sector and
low-income employees
3. Homeless prevention and intervention
programs
4. Inclusionary and incentive zoning
5. Jobs–housing balance
6. Living wage ordinance
7. Mass transit access with local income
subsidies
8. Neighborhood planning
9. Sustainable food systems or food
security programs

628 S. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 36 ( 2012 ) 623 – 631
4. Comparison of City Development Strategies and the principle of Sustainable Urbanization
There has been a comparison between three definitions of CDS by the World Bank, UN-Habitat, and
Cities Alliance and a specific definition of sustainable urban development presented by Saha & Paterson
(2008) that has been applied by some cities and local government in this section. The three aspects of
sustainable development, namely, environmental protection, economic development, and social equity
have been compared to the themes and contents of definitions of CDS (Tables 2, 3, and 4).
The four major themes i.e. livability, competitiveness, good governance and management, and
bankability are included in the definition of CDS by the World Bank. Livability includes poverty
reduction, reducing inequality, building a healthy urban environment, increasing personal security,
political accountability, and creating recreational facilities available to all. Some parts of environmental
protection activities which are found in Table 2 come under the components of this theme (livability)
cover, and many activities on social equity which is found in Table 4. However, according to Table 2, the
environmental protection dimension is weak in this definition of CDS, because the key attention of the
World Bank definition focuses on the economic and social aspects. A competitive city with competitive
advantages attracts capital investment and creates a good business climate, promotes city products,
provides employment, and increases citizen satisfaction. This theme covers activities on economic
development which are found in Table 3, and social equity.
Table 3: The Comparison Environmental Aspect of Sustainability with CDS Themes
10. Environmentally sensitive area
protection
11. Open space preservation program
12. Operation of inner-city public transit
(buses and/or trains)
13. Transportation demand management
14. Ecological footprint analysis
10. Empowerment/enterprise zones
11. Local business incubator programs
10. Women/minority-oriented business
Community Development Corporations
(CDCs) and investment programs
11. Youth opportunity and anti gang
programs
Environmental Protection
CDS Themes
Cities Alliance
CDS Themes
The World Bank
CDS Themes
UN- Habitat
1. Alternative energy offered to consumers
√
√
2. Energy conservation effort (other than green building
requirements)
√
√
3. Environmental site design regulations
√
√
√
4. Green building program
5. Renewable energy use by city government
6. Curbside recycling program
√
7. Environmental education programs for the community
√
8. Green procurement
√
9. Water quality protection
√
√
√
10. Environmentally sensitive area protection
√
√

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S. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 36 ( 2012 ) 623 – 631
9 : relevant (Yes)
Shelter, Social development, Economic development, Governance, and environmental management
are the five themes defined in The UN-Habitat definition. Shelter theme mainly aims at the needs of poor
and low- income people by improving their housing .Social development focuses on public health, gender
and minority rights, education, crime and so on. Some issues such as access to job, attention to small
business, infrastructure, and competitiveness are focused by Economic development. Governance theme
includes transparency and accountability, improving local democracy, and stakeholder’s participation.
And environmental theme include water and air quality & pollution waste management, public space
management, preventing disaster, energy efficiency, and public transport. These themes based on the
comparison in Table 2,3, and 4 cover eight activities on environmental aspect, four activities on economic
aspect, and eight activities on social equity aspect of sustainable urbanization.
The Cities Alliance definition of CDS has five key themes, in which livelihood covers three major
areas, namely, i) business climate and the capacity for creating small-businesses (creating suitable jobs,
especially for low-income and poor people), ii) urban competitiveness (a CDS should determine a
comparative and competitive advantage that creates economic clusters) to attract investors and achieve
economic growth, and iii) human resource development, that plays a key role in preventing or reducing
poverty. This theme covers economic development and social equity of sustainability in Tables 3, 4.
Environmental sustainability and spatial form are two other key themes defined by the Cities Alliance.
These include such areas as i) environmental quality, such as air and water quality; ii) service delivery,
including geographical coverage, accessibility, and affordability; iii) energy efficiency, which affects the
welfare of residents; iv) infrastructure; and v) spatial form, which plays a key role in urban congestion,
energy efficiency, accessibility, and distribution of services.
Table 4: The Comparison Economic Aspect of Sustainability with CDS Themes
9 : relevant (Yes)
11. Open space preservation program
√
√
√
12. Operation of inner-city public transit (buses and/or trains)
√
√
√
13. Transportation demand management
√
√
√
14. Ecological footprint analysis
√
√
Economic Development
CDS Themes
Cities Alliance
CDS Themes
The World Bank
CDS Themes
UN- Habitat
1. Agricultural protection zoning
√
2. Brownfield reclamation
√
3. Cluster or targeted economic development
√
4. Eco-industrial park development
√
√
√
5. Infill development
√
6. Purchase of Development Rights and/or Transfer of Development Rights
√
7. Tax incentives for environmentally friendly development
√
8. Urban growth boundary and/or urban service boundary
√
√
9. Business retention programs
√
√
√
10. Empowerment/enterprise zones
√
√
√
11. Local business incubator programs
√
√
√

630 S. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 36 ( 2012 ) 623 – 631
This theme covers many activities on environmental protection in Table2 and some activities on
economic development and social equity. Financial resources is another theme defined by Cities Alliance,
which is important in the implementation of a sustainable plan, but as mentioned earlier, does not take
into account other definitions of sustainability.
This analysis and comparison clarify various definitions of CDS, which result in different forms and
proportion of sustainability. In other words the focus of CDSs seems to lie solely on one aspect and there
is yet to be a comprehensive approach to connect all aspects of sustainability.
An appropriate and universally accepted definition of sustainability is very important. Different result
comes with different definitions and components of sustainability. Considering this, relationship between
CDS and sustainable urban development assessed, it is vital for one to know which type of CDS and
definition of sustainable urban development is to be used adequately to measure sustainability.
Table 5: The Comparison Social aspect of Sustainability with CDS Themes
Social Justice and Equity
CDS Themes
Cities Alliance
CDS Themes
The World Bank
CDS Themes
UN- Habitat
1. Affordable housing provisions
√
√
√
2. Daycare services for service sector and low-income employees
√
√
√
3. Homeless prevention and intervention programs
√
√
√
4. Inclusionary and incentive zoning
√
√
√
5. Jobs–housing balance
√
√
√
6. Living wage ordinance
√
√
√
7. Mass transit access with local income subsidies
√
√
√
8. Neighborhood planning
√
√
√
9. Sustainable food systems or food security programs
√
√
10. Women/minority-oriented business Community Development
Corporations (CDCs) and investment programs
√
√
11. Youth opportunity and anti gang programs
√
√
9 : relevant (Yes)
5. Conclusion
Due to global changes and changes in urban area the cities face new challenges, and require different
approaches in urban planning. The strategic planning can pact with these challenges and attains
sustainable urban development. CDS is a strategic planning approach that applies to reduce urban
poverty, improve economic growth and achieve sustainable development. However, what need to be
resolved is the relationship between CDS and sustainable urbanization. The varied definitions and
concepts of CDS and sustainable urbanization were discussed in section 2 and 3. In order to compare the
content of CDS and the aspects of sustainable urbanization, three concepts of CDS and one set of
elements and activities of sustainable urbanization were picked out. This comparison explained varied
definition of CDS result in different proportion and different form of sustainability. So the proportion of

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S. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 36 ( 2012 ) 623 – 631
achievement to urban sustainability by CDS relates to definition of CDS that apply and the definition of
sustainable urbanization that are used to assess sustainability.
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