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Entrepreneurship Policy: Theory and Practice
... Bwisa further observes that it is possible for a region to be rich in perceived opportunity but impoverished in terms of actual entrepreneurship activity because few people are motivated to take advantage of the opportunities. Lundstrom and Stevenson (2005) operationalize motivation to include the social value placed on entrepreneurship and its desirability and feasibility as a career and employment option. They further submit that entrepreneurship promotion as a key ingredient to the motivation component. ...
... This begs the question of why not. There could be several reasons according to Lundström and Stevenson (2005). Firstly, they argue that there could be some question about the specific role of government in promoting entrepreneurship among the general population. ...
... Stevenson and Lundstrom further argue that these activities will enhance the attainment of the following objectives: Raise the profile of entrepreneurship; Increase awareness of entrepreneurship; Present credible role-models; Stimulate favorable attitudes towards entrepreneurship and its role in society; Generate interest in exploring entrepreneurship as an option and; Increase societal support for entrepreneurs. Lundström and Stevenson (2005) came up with an entrepreneurship promotion policy scale. Some of the indications include: The national government having a stated objective to create more awareness of entrepreneurship or to promote a culture of entrepreneurship; The government sponsoring events that profile entrepreneurship and provide start-up information; The government alone, or in partnership with private sector organizations, recognizing entrepreneurs through national, high profile award programmes that recognize diversity in entrepreneurship (e.g. ...
Following the recognition of self-employment in small enterprises as a partial solution to unemployment in Kenya, a number of government funds aimed at generating sustainable employment creating growth firms (otherwise called gazelles in economic jargon) have been established. They include Youth Enterprise Development Fund (YEDF), Women Enterprise Fund, and Uwezo Fund. However, the unemployment levels still remain high, and this could be a clear indication that these institutions have had very little or no effect on the unemployment situation in Kenya. The major concern then is whether the funds are founded on an entrepreneurship policy. This study sought to assess the opportunity component of entrepreneurship policy in the funds and adopted an exploratory case study research design. Out of the eight items on opportunity component under consideration, the funds scored 58.375% which is slightly above average. The study concluded that there are policy objectives and measures in the funds that are geared towards addressing the opportunity component of entrepreneurship policy. As a result, there may be higher chances of survival given the right support but the motivation and skills components need to be addressed too.
... To enhance entrepreneurship development, a country or region must address the three pillars of entrepreneurial policy cited by Lundstrom and Stevenson (2005) and Bwisa (2011). These are motivation, skills and opportunities. ...
... Lundstrom and Stevenson (2005) submit that in order to address the area of opportunities, SME policy has more traditionally focused on certain measures such as: reduction of administrative burden, access to business support (including networking) and access to capital. Specific attention however, must be paid to the extent to which access in these opportunities areas is targeted to meet the needs of nascent entrepreneurs (pre-start-up), start-up entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs in the early stages of business survival and development (post-start period up to 42 months), i.e., reducing start-up barriers, increasing start-up support International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 2017, Vol. 7, No. 1 ISSN: 2222 287 www.hrmars.com ...
... Lundstrom and Stevenson (2005) observe that there are a number of possible areas where a national/central government can make adjustments in its administrative, regulatory and legislative systems to facilitate entrepreneurial activity. Certain actions can be taken to reduce the time and cost of registering businesses, while others will improve the opportunities entrepreneurs have to start and grow businesses (e.g., more open competition policies, tax breaks). ...
... In this approach, the financing of technology-related area takes an equal share for business angels and venture capitals. However, for groups that have not yet been introduced, businesses are financed through mortgage loan and guaranteed loans programs (Kirby, 2005). ...
... The first factor, promoting legitimate mechanism (Hall & Sobel, 2006), refers to the rules of the game for the organization's business creation policies (Kirby, 2005), efficient procedures and rules for entry and exit of entrepreneurs, the establishment of legitimacy for companies with advanced technologies to eliminate uncertainty and ambiguity for investors (Navis & Glynn, 2011). Start-up financial performance improves by improving the legal mechanisms(Di Paola, Spanò, Caldarelli, & Vona, 2018). ...
Purpose
As technological entrepreneurship has distinctive characteristics and needs particular conceptualizations, it is also important to have specific theoretical developments about its technological entrepreneurship. Studying the related domains like entrepreneurship and technology can be helpful in this path; however, their differences should be considered as well. The purpose of this study is to design a model in support of technological entrepreneurship. Since financing is considered as the main restriction on creating and developing technological entrepreneurship, the focus of this study is the research of financial policies of technological entrepreneurship..
Design/methodology/approach
This research is from the qualitative point of view and in terms of the purpose of application-development that has been done in the second part. At the first step, Iran’s (IRI) national comprehensive policies have been studied from 1993 to 2020; out of 52 documents, 7 were relevant, of which 38 policies were eventually selected. Then, policy statements were explored, and open coding and categorization has been done through theme analysis approach to attain fundamental themes and organizational themes. In the second step, the themes were extracted in the form of soft research method with the approach of interpretive structural modeling to level the financing policies of technological entrepreneurship in Iran.
Findings
The results show that the most important factors influencing financing and entrepreneurship in Iran are increasing the productivity of goods and services, supporting entrepreneurship, increasing the efficiency of monetary policies that are in the first level.
Research limitations/implications
Research limitations include access to upstream documents, strategies, administrative and organizational coordination to study documents.
Practical implications
These findings are very important to scholars, the policymakers and technological entrepreneurship operators in designing their financing strategies. The results show that the most important factors influencing financing and entrepreneurship in Iran are increasing the productivity of goods and services, supporting entrepreneurship, increasing the efficiency of monetary policies.
Originality/value
To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first study to explore the explanation and classification of technology-based entrepreneurship financing policies in Iran. Moreover, the findings of this study would prove useful in detailed studies of financing policies in the Middle Eastern countries as well.
... Being a solo-owned business requires the most significant effort concerning financial resources, acceptance to risk, time and energy of business achievement. For Lundstrom and Stevenson entrepreneurial process is the process whereby individuals become aware of business ownership as an option or viable alternative, develop ideas for business, learn the processes of becoming an entrepreneur and undertake the initiation and development of business ( Lundstrom & Stevenson, 2005, p. 42). The process of starting a new venture comprise three phases ( Fielden, Davidson, & Makin, 2000;Lundstrom & Stevenson, 2005;Stevenson & Lundström, 2001): the pre-start-up stage period, which has no pre-defined time duration, is the phase where individuals decide to implement a business idea, usually after the perception or the identification of an opportunity, and decide to start a new business; and, the start-up process or business operation, which is commonly defined as the first year of the new business after the formal entry in the market, yet. ...
... For Lundstrom and Stevenson entrepreneurial process is the process whereby individuals become aware of business ownership as an option or viable alternative, develop ideas for business, learn the processes of becoming an entrepreneur and undertake the initiation and development of business ( Lundstrom & Stevenson, 2005, p. 42). The process of starting a new venture comprise three phases ( Fielden, Davidson, & Makin, 2000;Lundstrom & Stevenson, 2005;Stevenson & Lundström, 2001): the pre-start-up stage period, which has no pre-defined time duration, is the phase where individuals decide to implement a business idea, usually after the perception or the identification of an opportunity, and decide to start a new business; and, the start-up process or business operation, which is commonly defined as the first year of the new business after the formal entry in the market, yet. as for them the two semesters are distinctive, they consider them as two distinct phases. ...
This main paper goal is to propose a model of digital education methodologies and tools to develop knowledge and entrepreneurial capacity in Higher Education (HE) students. Digital education is increasingly influencing both classroom/campus-based teaching, but more import is leading to new models or designs for teaching and learning.
The paper makes a literature review on e-education, start-up stages and e-education methodologies and tools to develop the entrepreneurial capacity and uses quantitative methodology based on an online questionnaire applied to a sample of 75 HE Students and 75 Entrepreneurs in order to identify differences in their perceptions regarding the stages of the start-up process and also the most relevant methodologies to develop the entrepreneurial capacity of a potential entrepreneur.
The paper is structured of the following research questions: RQ1. What are the most important stages of the entrepreneurial start-up process? Moreover, RQ2-Which methods and methodologies can be employed to promote the entrepreneurial activity?
Besides the analysis of the methodologies and the tools of digital education, the research will also propose a model of E-Education methodologies for entrepreneur's strategic knowledge and skills development in each stage of the start-up process.
Keywords
Entrepreneur's skills and knowledge; Digital learning; Learning methodologies; Learning systems
... (opportunities) such as accessibility to information, consultancy services, financial resources and incentives. Based on this framework entrepreneurship development policies should formulate indicators that affect these three dimensions (Lundstrom & Stevenson, 2006). ...
... Fields of entrepreneurship policies studies in different countries 1 have proven that there were two kinds of entrepreneurship goals or effects: Create a more positive attitude towards entrepreneurship in society (cultural promotion) and remove barriers to start a business (elimination of obstacles). Entrepreneurship policies can be classified into six groups regarding to these effects (Lundstrom & Stevenson, 2006). Entrepreneurship promotion: these policies try to increase awareness of society about entrepreneurship and promote a positive attitude towards entrepreneurship which include TV programs, introduction of entrepreneurial role models and support of conferences related to entrepreneurship. ...
During the previous decades, policy makers have formulated policies for developing entrepreneurship in different countries in order to decrease unemployment and poverty toward sustainable development. Some of these policies include encouraging people to be an entrepreneur, opportunity creation, educating new skills to entrepreneurs and so on. In recent years an appropriate context has been formed for entrepreneurship development in Iran and some programs have been executed. Therefore, formulating appropriate frameworks to guide Iranian government in this way is a necessity. This paper evaluates the impact of entrepreneurship policies on opportunity to startup in Iran. The results of path analysis indicate that supportive financial and non-financial actions influence positively on opportunity to startup. In addition, education and culture also influence positively on opportunity to startup. Finally, legislation also positively influences on opportunity to startup.
... For instance, if there is high unemployment rate in the country and the government is under lot of pressure to control it, then it could focus on new firm creation policy, which could help reduce the unemployment pressure on the government and the economy at large. Irrespective of the typology of the entrepreneurship policy, the entrepreneurship policy proposed byLundstrom and Stevenson (2005)is generic in nature. If we have to understand it from a localized perspective, then understanding the context within which the policy is designed become critical. ...
... Hence the context is seen as an important factor in entrepreneurship. Though most studies within entrepreneurship research seem to define context from an individual's perspective; we use the broader definition offered byLundstrom & Stevenson (2005), which comprises of a range of economic, social, cultural, attitudinal and structural aspects of a country. They define context, in the case of entrepreneurship policy, as a combination of three sets of variables – Outcome variables; Structure variables; and SME/Entrepreneurial variables. ...
Entrepreneurship is the buzzword today, not just in India, but also around the world. It is being touted as the panacea for most socio-economic challenges. While everyone acknowledges the power of entrepreneurship, it remains a mystery to most policy makers. What is an entrepreneurship policy? How should Governments create entrepreneurship policy? What should it contain and not? How should it interface with existing policies? These and a number of other questions create complexities, which have resulted in piecemeal policy solutions. This is reflected in the constant qualms and complaints from various stakeholders in the entrepreneurship ecosystem. In this paper we make an attempt to find order in chaos. Using the inputs from Babson’s BEEP Project and various GEM studies, we build on Lundstrom and Stevenson (2005) to build an indigenous framework, which can act as a starting point in reviewing and creating coherent, complete and competent entrepreneurship policies in an emerging economy setting. India serves as the context for this study. Since policy relies on contextualization for effectiveness, our research begins a much needed research stream (entrepreneurship policy in emerging economies). This paper contributes to literature by bringing in an emerging economy perspective to entrepreneurship policy and identifying areas of future research. We hope to positively influence entrepreneurship policy creation in India by providing one of the first contextually developed guiding frameworks.
... Kewirausahaan kerap dilekatkan pada orang yang bekerja untuk dirinya sendiri (self employed), bukan bekerja untuk orang lain (Minniti, 2007). Wirausahawan adalah orang-orang yang pada tingkat usia yang berbeda-beda berada pada tahapan bisnis yang berbeda; ada yang masih pemula ada pula yang sudah mapan dengan pertumbuhan bisnis yang tinggi (Lundstrom & Stevenson, 2005). Mereka adalah orang yang memiliki kemampuan mengubah gagasan menjadi tindakan dengan mengerahkan segala potensinya berupa kreativitas, inovasi, pengambilan risiko, kemampuan perencanaan, dan mengelola usaha demi mencapai tujuannya (Komarkova & Conrads, 2015). ...
Industri berbasis syariah telah menunjukkan perkembangan yang pesat karena semakin banyak negara yang terlibat. Namun demikian, meskipun Indonesia adalah negara berpenduduk Muslim terbesar di dunia, posisinya sebagai produsen produk halal dunia menempati urutan ke ke-10. Di samping itu index kewirausahaan Indonesia juga masih rendah. Pendidikan kewirausahaan perlu diperhatikan untuk meraih peluang usaha industri berbasis syariah. Untuk itu perlu dibangun sumber daya manusia wirausaha yang taat syariah. Makalah ini bermaksud mengidentifikasi nilai-nilai Islam yang dapat diterapkan dalam materi kewirausahaan Islam agar dapat digunakan pada pengajaran di sekolah maupun perguruan tinggi. Metode penelitiannya adalah deskriptif kualitatif, dengan melakukan kajian pustaka. Penulis menawarkan nilai-nilai Islam dalam bisnis dan kewirausahaan yang meliputi landasan, proses kewirausahaan, manajemen bisnis, keuntungan dan dampak sosial.
... Trabajo Social Global -Global Social Work, Vol 8, nº 14, enero-junio 2018, 26-55 Mediante a centralidade do empreendedorismo no discurso político, questiona-se: o que são as políticas de empreendedorismo? Stevenson & Lundstrom (2005) concetualizam-nas como as medidas de política adotadas para estimular o espírito empresarial, direcionadas às fases de "pré" start-up, start-up e "pós" start-up do processo empreendedor, com o objetivo de incentivar um número maior de pessoas a considerar o empreendedorismo enquanto opção de carreira. SES designa a ação social no ensino superior público, de Portugal, e a assistência estudantil nas instituições federais de ensino superior, do Brasil, conceitos distintos mas que essencialmente possuem funções homólogas (Santos & Ferreira, 2017). ...
This study analyses the implications of parents’ working conditions on families with entrepreneurs in the attribution of supports to university students in Brazil and Portugal. These supports directly influence in the frequency of university attendance of students from vulnerable social groups. The research is both, qualitative and quantitative using tests in order to validate the working hypothesis. The analysis suggests there are influences of the parents’ working situation in the students’ enrolment condition and conclusion in the regular time. This study offers contributions not only to the knowledge about the entrepreneurs’ profile in both countries, but also to social policy as well as to the Social Work practice in this field.
... Wielu badaczy podjęło się wyjaśnienia wpływu otoczenia instytucjonalno-prawnego na przedsiębiorcze działania i procesy, uznając je za kluczowe czynniki dynamizujące przedsiębiorczość (Reynolds, Hay, Camp, 1999;Wennekers, Thurik, 1999;Verheul, Wennekers, Audretsch, Thurik, 2002;Reynolds, Bosma, Autio, Hunt, De Bono, Servais, Lopez-Garcia, Chin, 2005;Sobel, 2008). Sporo badań dotyka kwestii polityki stymulowania przedsiębiorczości (Stevenson, Lundström, 2005;Audretsch, Grilo, Thurik, 2007;Hoffman, 2007). Niektóre koncentrują się na wpływie jakości regulacji (np. ...
Przedsiębiorczość ma kluczowe znaczenie zarówno dla wzrostu gospodarczego, jak i rozumianego wielowymiarowo rozwoju, co znalazło odzwierciedlenie w przyjmowaniu jej za jeden z czynników produkcji przez niektóre teorie. Zarówno teoretyczne, jak i empiryczne badania przedsiębiorczości świadczą o tym, że jest ona kształtowana przez wiele różnorodnych czynników, będąc wyjątkowo złożonym zjawiskiem. Tradycyjne metody badawcze okazują się niewystarczające wobec wspomnianej złożoności zjawiska. Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje wyniki badania dotyczącego wpływu poszczególnych wskaźników opracowanych przez Bank Światowy w World Governance Indicators na wzrost przedsiębiorczości. Celem artykułu jest empiryczna weryfikacja przydatności metod uczenia maszynowego w selekcji czynników kluczowych dla przedsiębiorczości w sytuacji, gdy dokonuje się jej z wykorzystaniem dużych zbiorów wielowymiarowych i zmiennych danych. Zastosowana metoda wykazała istotne różnice pomiędzy kluczowymi czynnikami determinującymi wzrost przedsiębiorczości w pięciu grupach krajów, wydzielonych ze względu na wartość tego wzrostu mierzoną przyrostem nowo zakładanych przedsiębiorstw. Otrzymane wyniki świadczą o tym, że do badania istoty i determinant przedsiębiorczości mogą zostać zaprzęgnięte niestandardowe metody, rzucając nowe światło na to zjawisko.
... The dynamics of internal sources supports the growth of enterprises and helps create their sustainable competitive advantage. The importance of the key factors of the meso environment and macro environment are analyzed in the works of Kirchhoff (1994), Storey (1994), Porter (2012, 2015), Slávik and Romanová (2005), Lundström and Stevenson (2005). Porter (2012, 2015) introduces a different view of the methods of the situation analysis and states that the strategy of enterprises does not depend on the ability to predict changes but on the broad idea about what groups of customers there are and which needs will be significant in the next three to five years. ...
Strategic analysis of business environment influences the growing efficiency, stability, and sustainability of enterprises. The entry is aimed at analyzing internal and external strategic methods between profit-making and non-profit-making enterprises from the perspective of their sector differentiation and size categorization focusing on small and medium-sized enterprises. The entry highlights the managers’ knowledge of the individual methods and their usability in business practice. The research was conducted based on a sample of 456 enterprises from the entire Czech Republic using a Student’s T-test of the differences of two percentages and the Fisher’s exact test. The conclusion of the entry is dedicated to the results of the tests, as well as new trends that are used in the area of strategic analysis and which have been indicated as a part of the set of tested enterprises.
... Government policy is the part of environmental factors that should support the development of entrepreneurship. Lundström and Stevenson (2005) define the term entrepreneurship policy as a policy taken to stimulate entrepreneurship at the pre-start, start-up, and early post start-up phases of the entrepreneurial process. Reynolds et al. (1999) emphasize that the aim of entrepreneurship policy is to foster a socially optimal level of venturing; to raise the level of entrepreneurship. ...
This article aims to evaluate entrepreneurship policy at the agenda-setting stage and to answer whether or not entrepreneurship programs fit the public or entrepreneur’s needs. The agenda-setting stage is one of the stages in policy life cycle, the process of which focuses on which problems and alternative solutions gain or lose public elite’s attention. At this stage, groups, powers, and agenda interact to set the boundaries of political policy debate. Public actors could consider the agenda setting as a mechanism for filtering of problems. The research approach taken in this study is stakeholder analysis in order to determine stakeholder engagement and program sustainability. Elite interview is conducted as one of the techniques to collect the data. The result shows that both New Entrepreneurs Creation Program (Program Wirausaha Baru or WUB) and Soft Loan Program (Kredit Cinta Rakyat or KCR) have followed the same procedure in the agenda-setting stage of policy making. Effectiveness indicators of needs evaluation are mostly considered to be high, both for stakeholder engagement and program sustainability.
... All of these recommendations appear to have been taken into the design of the Littleton EG program. This identification of a relatively small number of high-growth Gazelle firms as the generators of significant numbers of jobs, shifted government policy attention 5 towards new venture creation and entrepreneurship ( Lundström & Stevenson, 2010). In turn, this spawned a focus on the concept of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (EE) , which is a more holistic approach to stimulating and sustaining entrepreneurship within a region or country ( WEF, 2013;Mason & Brown, 2014). ...
... Some of these include incentives and promotion of knowledge-based startups and small companies. In fact, over the last two decades, it is a recurrent part of public policy to create institutions and programs that support the conception and development of firms with high-growth potential, particularly those based on knowledge and innovation ( Audretsch et al., 2002;Lundström and Stevenson, 2005). Business incubators and accelerators, university programs, the promotion of academic spin-offs, and the development of venture capital supply are the main instruments that have been used to this end ( Gilbert et al, 2004;European Commission, 2004;Zavatta, 2008, Kantis et al., 2004). ...
... Many governments seek to develop the conditions for entrepreneurship in the quest of fostering an entrepreneurial society ( Lundström and Stevenson 2005). Thus, promoting entrepreneurship has become a key governmental strategy worldwide; various states have begun to develop policies that promote and institutionalise entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial activity ( Audretsch and Beckmann 2007;Minniti 2008). ...
This study examines and characterizes the governmental discourse regarding entrepreneurship policy in the Israeli education system as a case study to expand existing knowledge regarding national entrepreneurship policy in education. The study is based on in-depth interviews with key governmental policymakers (holding the top of the pyramid position in the Ministry of Education) involved in the creation and formulation of the education policy in Israel for over a decade. We provide a unique glimpse into the mindset where decisions that shape the entire Israeli education system are made, and present new insights regarding the components of entrepreneurship policy in education in Israel, as well as the characteristics of such policy, its expressions and the construction of entrepreneurship as a field of policy in the education sector.
... Some of these include incentives and promotion of knowledge-based startups and small companies. In fact, over the last two decades, it is a recurrent part of public policy to create institutions and programs that support the conception and development of firms with high-growth potential, particularly those based on knowledge and innovation (Audretsch et al., 2002;Lundström and Stevenson, 2005). Business incubators and accelerators, university programs, the promotion of academic spin-offs, and the development of venture capital supply are the main instruments that have been used to this end (Gilbert et al, 2004;European Commission, 2004;Zavatta, 2008, Kantis et al., 2004. ...
... However, there is little evidence that entrepreneurship policy itself has become more systemic in nature. Like many socioeconomic policy areas, entrepreneurship policy has traditionally employed top-down, siloed approaches designed to address specific, well-defined market and structural failures by, for example, providing subsidized funding for new businesses or enhancing SME access to R&D facilities (Audretsch, 2011;Lundström, & Stevenson, 2005). However, siloed approaches may not be effective in redressing complex, systemic challenges that span across policy domains (Blackburn, & Schaper, 2012;Stam, 2015). ...
There is an increasing policy interest toward entrepreneurial ecosystems. Yet, little is actually known about how an entrepreneurial ecosystem works and what the related policy challenges are. Drawing on research on ecological economics and community governance, this chapter develops a theoretical framework for entrepreneurial ecosystem management. Using a Scottish entrepreneurial ecosystem initiative as an example, the authors conclude that policy approaches that emphasize deep stakeholder engagement are likely to give rise to better informed, targeted, and more effectively implemented policy initiatives in entrepreneurial ecosystems than will market failure and structural failure approaches.
... Some studies have found that the previous experience, including previous entrepreneurial experience, industry experience, management experience, specific R & D work experience and other functional work experience, affects EI[13,[19][20][21]. Other studies have studied the impact of human capital factors such as education, training experience, and skills on entrepreneurship[22,23]. Entrepreneurship is an important development strategy for individuals to solve problems related to employment discrimination and unemployment[24,25]. Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom have encouraged unemployed people to pursue self-employment and solve the persistent problem of unemployment. ...
Landless peasants have been a great concern for both the government and academics in China. Entrepreneurship is promoted as one of the most important approaches to achieving civilization and urbanization. However, few studies have systematically examined the influencing factors of landless peasants’ entrepreneurial intention (EI). This research gap presents barriers for making effective policies to promote entrepreneurship among landless peasants. This study aims to examine the critical factors influencing the EI of landless peasants and their interrelationships. The critical factors of landless peasants’ EI are identified using logistic regression analysis. The logical and structural relationships among critical factors are mined by interpretative structural modeling. A chain of factors with an interrelated and clear hierarchy is built to clarify the explanatory structure of landless peasants’ EI. The results show that the EI of landless peasants is significantly influenced by five factors: gender, achievement motivation, innovation orientation, land expropriation scenario, and entrepreneurial experience. Entrepreneurial experience is a direct surface factor; innovation orientation is an indirect intermediate layer factor; and gender, achievement motivation, and land expropriation scenario are deeply rooted factors. The results provide a good reference for formulating effective entrepreneurship policies to address landless peasants’ employment and sustainable livelihoods.
... Lundstrom andStevenson (2005)suggested the typology of four types of state support instruments: E-extension policy, new strategy for business development, new business establishment, and " niche " entrepreneurship policy. The goal of these support measures is to stimulate innovative business technologies such as social entrepreneurship, new technology development, and holistic entrepreneurship support. ...
... Becker and Murphy 2000). The flipside of the coin is that reforms of formal institutions may prove counterproductive if undertaking them destroys the existing benefits of informal institutions (Berkowitz et al. 2003;Lundström and Stevenson 2005;Ebner 2009). ...
This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license.
... Entrepreneurship is essential for the prosperity of a country, and therefore there is a constant need to create favorable and equal business conditions for men and women (Lundström & Stevenson, 2005). Although women run companies to a lesser degree than men do, their entrepreneurship makes a significant contribution to the welfare of society, both as innovators and as employers (Brush, Carter, Gatewood, Greene, & Hart, 2006). ...
Nature-based businesses – such as those involving the land, forest, garden, or rural environment – are industries with significant growth potential. Female entrepreneurs within nature-based businesses are often invisible in statistics, as well as in research, since traditionally men have owned such companies. This had led to a lack of knowledge about the opportunities for women to start and run nature-based businesses. The aim of this paper was to explore the ambition, working conditions, and life situation for female entrepreneurs within nature-based businesses in sparsely populated areas of Sweden. Interviews were carried out with 18 female entrepreneurs within nature-based businesses in Sweden. One conclusion that was drawn from this study is that women within this industry are mainly pulled into entrepreneurship, that is, the entrepreneurship is opportunity based. Four different types of entrepreneurs were identified based on their ambitions when it comes to time spent in business and the degree of innovation. This study shows that it is often difficult to achieve profitability in a company, and the female entrepreneurs highlight that that self-employment implies hard but rewarding work. The findings of this study can be used by public actors in the design of support systems for female entrepreneurs in nature-based businesses.
... Psikolojik çalışmalar girişimcinin kişisel özelliklerine ve girişimciliği tetikleyen unsurlara odaklanırken; sosyolojik çalışmalar girişimciliğin gelişimine; ekonomik çalışmalar ekonomik iklime etkisine (kıtlık, fırsat maliyeti, teknolojik gelişmelerin girişimciliğe etkileri gibi) ve demografik bakış açısı ise girişimciliğin demografi kompozisyonuna odaklanmaktadır (Verheul, Wennekers, Audretsch, & Thurik, 2001). Lundström & Stevenson, 2005). Çeşitli faktörlerin girişimcilik üzerindeki etkileri araştırılırken kısa dönemli arz-talep dengesinin bir sonucu olan aktif girişimcilik oranı ile ekonomik gelişim düzeyi, teknoloji ya da Pazar yapısı gibi unsurlar tarafından belirlenen denge girişimcilik oranı arasında da ayrım yapılmalıdır(Verheul, Wennekers, Audretsch, & Thurik, 2001, s. 8). ...
... The policy formulation is hidden from view (Dennis Jr, 2011). It is complex and messy (Lundstrom & Stevenson, 2005). Very often, the politicians use of policies for short-term electoral gains rather than have a coherent agenda designed to achieve clear objectives ( Arshed et al., 2014;Storey, 1994). ...
Existing women-owned SMEs are found to make a significant contribution to the economic growth of the nations, particularly in their ability to create large scale employment, poverty alleviation and inclusive growth. Because of non-availability of sex- disaggregated data, it is difficult to know the exact economic impact of women entrepreneurship in India. The committee setup by the Govt. of India (Mitra, 2012), to study the status of Angel Investment and Early Stage Venture Capital recommended the need for a catalytic government and regulatory environment, adequate capital flows (both debt and equity), support from business and society, and availability of appropriate talent and mentoring as the key to boost a vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem. Women constitute 50 percent of the country‟s population. However, they own less than 13 percent of enterprises in the registered MSME sector. This clearly indicates that they are an under harnessed economic resource for India. Prior studies reveal that, very few women entrepreneurs seek and avail the benefits intended for them under various schemes and programmes of the government. They are essentially supported (financial and otherwise) by their families, in particular by their spouses. Shah‟s (2013) study finds that women entrepreneurs are mostly unaware of the existence of the schemes and programmes specially designed for them to help them succeed.
... It is widely believed that the entrepreneurial function is a vital component in the process of economic growth[Schumpeter (1950) andReynolds et al. (1994)]. The recognition for entrepreneurship has accelerated since the mid-1990s, with policy makers in many countries and international organisations beginning to explicitly recognise its importance by developing policies to improve the entrepreneurial environment, either by removing obstacles or by direct targeted actions such as subsidies [Lundström and Stevenson (2005)]. This has engendered to lay enough emphasis on entrepreneurial behaviour of entrepreneurs.Minzberg (1976)stated that entrepreneurial behaviour is characterised by active search, expansionist outlook and decision making.Heredero (1979)described agricultural entrepreneur as a person, who introduces changes, which directly or indirectly lead to higher agricultural product. ...
Mushrooms are appreciated world over for their nutritional and medicinal properties. Though, global mushroom industry has seen a rapid growth, India is beginning to see the spurt in its growth only recently. Mushroom entrepreneurship offers major scope both for small farmers and large entrepreneurs. Absence of standardised scale to measure the performance of mushroom entrepreneurs has rendered us unclear about the status of mushroom entrepreneurship and in turn the mushroom industry in India. Hence, a scale on mushroom entrepreneurial behaviour is developed to address the existing research gap. The social research methodology using Guilford procedure was followed to develop the scale. The eleven dimensions of entrepreneurial behaviour assumed different scale values from 7.469 to 1.071, with innovativeness of entrepreneurs getting highest weightage. The scale developed will have utility in identifying and studying the successful and unsuccessful mushroom entrepreneurs in framing policies by the Government and designing trainings and seminars by training and research institutions. The researchers of social sciences will find the scale useful for studying entrepreneurial behaviour of mushroom growers and similar entrepreneurs. The financial institutions can adopt the scale in deciding criteria for extending the loans to the newentrepreneurs. The entrepreneurs themselvesmayuse the scale toassess their own entrepreneurial skills.
The paper sheds light on the path-dependent development of the Viennese entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE). By taking into account temporal dynamics from the 1990s onwards as well as region-specificities we are able to demonstrate the evolution of the EE is not a linear process, but rather the various pillars of the EE may develop in distinct directions and find themselves in discrete development stages. Our in-depth analysis supports the understanding of how various pillars of the EE – especially the regulatory and finance/funding pillar – interrelate. Furthermore, the detected cause–effect interlinkages are not balanced, but are rather shaped by power-constellations and temporal imprinting as well as other regional specificities, which influence the overall success of the EE.
https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/nZIJ4ZI9wWIiBGvgmD2R/full
What determines the effectiveness of government entrepreneurship policies on the regional development of entrepreneurial activities in China? Using panel data analysis, this study develops a comprehensive framework that examines the effects of various factors, including government efficiency and government support for business, finance and technology, on facilitating the creation of new ventures. Based on provincial data collected between 2009 and 2014, we find that the level of infrastructure development, government incubators and venture capital‐guided funds have positive and significant effects on entrepreneurial activities. The findings of our study suggest that local government efficiency is a fundamental precondition for entrepreneurship policies to effectively boost the regional economy.
We study how the proximate and distal sociocultural environments affect the well-established relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions. We focus on the institutional individualism-collectivism orientation of nations and the presence of nascent entrepreneurs as moderators of this relationship to account for the multilayered nature of the context. We observe that for individuals with entrepreneurial self-efficacy the positive effect of knowing nascent entrepreneurs as a driver of entrepreneurial intentions is weaker than for individuals who do not believe to be able to successfully launch a business venture. This effect is contingent on the individualistic-collectivistic character of the national culture.
A ausência de indicadores de empreendedorismo validados, relevantes e comparáveis pode dificultar o avanço das pesquisas em empreendedorismo e a formulação e avaliação de políticas públicas de apoio ao empreendedorismo. Um indicador é uma medida usada para quantificar ou operacionalizar um conceito (Jannuzzi, 2002).
Conceitos abstratos derivados de realidades complexas e objetos de múltiplas compreensões, não podem ser reduzidos a apenas um indicador (Iversen et al., 2008; Jannuzzi, 2002). Este é o caso do empreendedorismo, conceito considerado complexo, multifacetado, multidimensional e definido de diferentes maneiras (Brush et al., 2003; Bruyat & Julien, 2001; McKelvey, 2004; Shane & Venkataraman, 2000). Não existe apenas um conceito ou apenas um tipo de empreendedorismo e, dessa forma, não pode haver apenas uma medida de empreendedorismo.
Indicadores de empreendedorismo são importantes para governos, pois contribuem com dados que permitem conhecer as condições atuais de uma região e balizar a formulação de novas políticas, e também para analisar os resultados das políticas adotadas, ao evidenciar se elas resultam em mais empreendedorismo e em impactos econômicos e sociais (OCDE, 2009; Stevenson & Lundstrom, 2005).
Não menos importante, os indicadores são também essenciais para o avanço das pesquisas no campo do empreendedorismo, cujos pesquisadores podem alicerçar seus achados com diferentes objetivos ao analisar e comparar condições e a manifestação do empreendedorismo em uma determinada região (Iversen et al., 2008).
Em 2006, a Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE), em conjunto com a Agência de Estatísticas da Comissão Europeia (Eurostat), criou o Entrepreneurship Indicators Programme (EIP), cujo objetivo é desenvolver e difundir dados sobre empreendedorismo que sejam comparáveis internacionalmente. Um dos legados do EIP foi a produção de um modelo com os principais indicadores, divididos em três categorias: determinantes, desempenho e impactos do empreendedorismo. Este modelo foi concebido para medir o empreendedorismo de negócios e deliberadamente excluiu o empreendedorismo social (OCDE, 2009).
Os indicadores dos determinantes do empreendedorismo retratam as medidas dos fatores individuais ou sociais que influenciam a atividade empreendedora e podem sinalizar aos governantes como o município, estado ou país avaliado está em relação à criação das condições que seriam ideais para o empreendedorismo. Medem, dessa forma, fatores que são semelhantes aos encontrados no modelo de Ecossistema Empreendedor de Isenberg (2010). O número de indicadores propostos pela OCDE nessa categoria aumentou ao longo dos anos. Em sua versão de 2011 (OCDE, 2011), existem seis subitens (ambiente regulatório, condições de mercado, acesso a capital, criação e difusão de conhecimento, capacidades empreendedoras e cultura) que, por sua vez, são compostos por 35 indicadores.
Os indicadores do desempenho empreendedor medem a quantidade e o tipo de empreendedorismo existente na região, com foco no nascimento, crescimento, sobrevivência de empresas e na avaliação das empresas segundo a participação destas no emprego (OCDE, 2009). Um exemplo de indicador utilizado nessa categoria é a da quantidade de novas empresas criadas em um determinado período. E, por fim, os indicadores do modelo da OCDE (2009) reúnem os indicadores de impacto do empreendedorismo nos diferentes níveis: indivíduos, empresa e sociedade, como criação de empregos, de riqueza e a redução da pobreza.
O modelo da OCDE é semelhante ao modelo de Thurik, Wennekers e Uhlaner (2002), que também contempla três categorias de indicadores: condições sociais (tecnológicas, econômicas, demográficas, cultural e institucional), taxa de empreendedorismo (nascente, novos e número total de empresas) e desempenho econômico (riqueza pessoal e crescimento econômico). A lógica desses dois modelos é que certos fatores ligados aos indivíduos ou ao ambiente socioeconômico são determinantes para que o empreendedorismo aconteça e esse, por sua vez, vai impactar a sociedade com a criação de riquezas e crescimento econômico. Apesar das três categorias serem apresentadas de uma forma linear, os autores (OCDE, 2009; Thurik, Wennekers & Uhlaner, 2002) ressaltam que há retroalimentação entre elas.
A OCDE adotou apenas indicadores disponíveis ou passíveis de coleta pelos países membros do programa. Além da disponibilidade de dados e a possibilidade da comparação entre eles, a relevância para as políticas públicas foi o outro critério que guiou a escolha de indicadores para o modelo (Ahmad & Hoffmann, 2008). Ou seja, nem todos indicadores de empreendedorismo são contemplados. Para fins de uso na formulação e avaliação de políticas públicas, o modelo da OCDE tornou-se a principal referência (Julien & Cadieux, 2010), utilizado em variados países e contextos, inclusive no Brasil (IBGE, 2012). Mas, para fins de pesquisa científico-acadêmicas, o desenvolvimento ou uso de outros indicadores são necessários.
Julien e Cadieux (2010), por exemplo, se inspiraram no modelo da OCDE e propuseram um modelo com as mesmas três categorias, que chamaram de determinantes, efeito empreendedor e impactos socioeconômicos, mas adicionaram indicadores que enfatizam as redes e o capital social, elementos que caracterizam o trabalho de Julien (2010).
Em geral, além de sua própria base de dados e dos fornecidos por agências de estatísticas dos países membros, a OCDE utiliza dados de agências públicas e privadas que façam levantamentos globais e tenham credibilidade internacional, como o Banco Mundial, o Fórum Econômico Mundial, o Fundo Monetário Internacional e o Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM).
Desafios na Construção de Indicadores de Desempenho Empreendedor
O caráter dinâmico e processual do empreendedorismo produz situações cuja mensuração de suas manifestações pode se tornar difícil ou, ao menos, objeto de debate. Por exemplo, uma empresa que está em processo de criação, em que momento ela pode ser considerada criada e dessa forma contabilizada como uma nova empresa?
A literatura sobre a criação de empresas trabalha principalmente com três parâmetros considerados em conjunto ou isoladamente para caracterizar que um empreendimento nascente terminou o processo de criação e se tornou uma empresa: o registro legal, o início das operações comerciais com o mercado (venda de produtos) ou o alcance do ponto de equilíbrio (Carter, Gartner & Reynolds, 1996; Reynolds & Miller, 1992).
A escolha de um ou outro desses três critérios pode caracterizar um país empreendedor por um indicador e pouco empreendedor por outro. O GEM, por exemplo, considera em sua taxa de empreendedorismo qualquer tipo de negócio, inclusive aqueles que são informais, ou seja, que ainda não foram registrados legalmente (Reynolds et al., 2005), o que faz com que países em desenvolvimento apresentem uma alta taxa de empreendedorismo. A OCDE (2009), por sua vez, utiliza como critério de indicador de novas empresas aqueles negócios que foram registrados legalmente, independente de realizarem ou não operações comerciais. Neste caso, países em desenvolvimento, com forte presença da informalidade na economia, podem aparecer como menos empreendedores.
Assim é possível que certos negócios sejam contabilizados pelo GEM, mas não pela OCDE (um negócio informal que já realiza operações comerciais) e outros estejam nos indicadores da OCDE, mas não são contemplados no GEM. Este é o caso, por exemplo, de um negócio que já foi registrado, mas ainda não opera. Algumas pessoas registram empresas e demoram para operar, outras registram apenas para fins fiscais, sem a intenção de operar. No Brasil, por exemplo, alguns empreendedores abrem empresas para continuar em uma categoria fiscal mais vantajosa, como o Simples, ou para terceirizar empregados. Nenhum desses casos poderia ser tratado, necessariamente, como um novo negócio.
Os indicadores de sobrevivência das empresas também enfrentam desafios para retratar fielmente os fatos. Uma empresa pode continuar existindo legalmente, mas não mais operar comercialmente. É o caso de inúmeras empresas brasileiras que mesmo tendo encerrado suas atividades comerciais, ainda constam como abertas na Junta Comercial ou na Receita Federal e são, em geral, contabilizadas como empresas em funcionamento. Por outro lado, empresas que são vendidas ou se fusionam com outras são consideradas como “mortas” e vão contribuir para o aumento da taxa de mortalidade empresarial, uma taxa considerada negativa, quando na verdade elas não morrem involuntariamente. A aquisição de uma empresa nascente por outra de maior porte proporciona ganhos financeiros a muitos empreendedores, em especial àquelas do setor de tecnologia da informação e comunicação.
Agenda para indicadores de empreendedorismo no brasil
Esta seção final analisa a disponibilidade de indicadores de empreendedorismo no Brasil, para tanto será utilizado como parâmetro o modelo da OCDE (2009).
Sobre o primeiro grupo de indicadores, o de determinantes, que tratam dos fatores que motivam ou impedem o empreendedorismo, há indicadores brasileiros já disponíveis ou em fase de consolidação. Um exemplo de inciativa em reunir indicadores deste tipo é a do Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). Desde 2001, o Instituto Brasileiro da Qualidade e Produtividade (IBQP), em parceria com o Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas (SEBRAE) e, em alguns anos, com o Centro de Empreendedorismo e Novos Negócios da Fundação Getúlio Vargas (CENN/FGV), realiza o levantamento GEM no Brasil. Entre os temas investigados pelo GEM, encontram-se dois que reúnem indicadores que podem ser utilizados para análise dos fatores determinantes do empreendedorismo, são eles: i) a postura da população brasileira em relação à atividade empreendedora; e ii) a avaliação dos especialistas sobre as condições para empreender no país (GEM Brasil, 2012).
Um outro exemplo é a da Endeavor Brasil, que criou em 2012 o Observatório do Empreendedorismo, o qual reuniu dados sobre as condições do empreendedorismo no Brasil. O modelo que a Endeavor utilizou é o da OCDE (2009), não só no que diz respeito aos tipos de indicador, mas também nas fontes de dados utilizadas, possibilitando, dessa forma a comparação com outros países. Também utilizando o modelo da OCDE (2009) como parâmetro, mas acrescendo alguns elementos de Isenberg (2010), um grupo capitaneado pela Fundação Dom Cabral, realizou o projeto intitulado Ecossistema Brasileiro de Empreendedorismo. Mais recentemente, em 2014, a Endeavor passou a analisar os determinantes do empreendedorismo no nível municipal e criou o “Índice de Cidades Empreendedoras”.
Sobre o segundo grupo de indicadores da OCDE, o de desempenho empreendedor, o GEM Brasil produz anualmente a TEA, que é a Taxa de Atividade Empreendedora. Mas esta tem o limite de não distinguir os negócios informais dos formais e de ser um levantamento apenas sobre os indivíduos e não sobre as empresas (GEM Brasil, 2012), não sendo possível assim fazer análises sobre o estoque ou o fluxo de empresas. Ainda sobre a categoria desempenho empreendedor, o IBGE produziu uma série de indicadores sobre as empresas de alto crescimento no Brasil (IBGE, 2012). Para tanto, utilizou a mesma metodologia de indicadores de empresas de alto crescimento propostos pela OCDE (2009). Por fim, utilizando dados do censo de 2010, o IPEA produziu em 2013 o Ranking Municipal do Empreendedorismo no Brasil.
Se os grupos de indicadores de determinantes e de desempenho já começaram a ser trabalhados por diferentes iniciativas, o mesmo não se pode dizer do terceiro grupo: o de impactos do empreendedorismo. Quando se trata deste tipo de indicador, a referência mais habitual é o Sebrae, que compila de forma periódica a participação das micro e pequenas empresas no estoque de empregos. O setor de estudos e pesquisas do Sebrae Nacional produz uma série de estudos sobre este tipo de indicador e permite ainda acesso ao DataSebrae, que disponibiliza um bom número de indicadores.
Outros indicadores de impacto, como a contribuição do empreendedorismo para o crescimento econômico ou para a redução de pobreza no Brasil ainda não estão disponíveis. Estudos que tentam estabelecer essa relação no Brasil ainda são poucos e quase sempre utilizam o número de trabalhadores por conta própria como variável independente, é o caso, por exemplo, dos estudos de Barros e Pereira (2008) e Fontenele et al. (2011).
Se existem lacunas e limites na disponibilidade nacional de indicadores de empreendedorismo, estas lacunas são ainda maiores quando se trata de indicadores estaduais. Indicadores estaduais são importantes, pois as taxas de empreendedorismo podem variar muito entre os estados de um mesmo país (Julien & Cadieux, 2010).
Utilizando o modelo da OCDE (2009) como referência, pode-se afirmar que os governos estaduais brasileiros têm hoje poucos indicadores que os permitam conhecer a situação de seus estados em termos de empreendedorismo e compará-los com outros estados. Com exceção dos indicadores sobre empresas de alto crescimento (IBGE, 2012), de indicadores sobre inovação da Pintec (IBGE, 2011) e da distribuição de empregos entre as micro e pequenas empresas, em geral, não há, em nenhuma das três categorias de indicadores (determinantes, desempenho e impacto), indicadores nacionais com recortes estaduais que sejam comparáveis. Há dados dispersos que poderiam ser reunidos em indicadores, como aqueles sobre registro de empresas existentes nas Juntas Comerciais. Sugere-se, dessa forma, que projetos futuros façam essa consolidação. Da mesma forma, a RAIS, do Ministério do Trabalho, e o Cadastro Central de Empresas do IBGE, reúnem dados que podem ser consolidados em indicadores de empreendedorismo.
Essa construção de indicadores de empreendedorismo com recortes estaduais é um novo passo necessário para o aperfeiçoamento da formulação e avaliação das políticas públicas de empreendedorismo no Brasil e ampliação do conhecimento da área, por meio de pesquisas científico-acadêmicas.
The rate of nascent entrepreneurship is crucial for economies of countries in order to identify economic well-being and promote dynamics for new business start-ups. Supportive governmental programs, proper entrepreneurship education and predisposition of cultural and social norms are encouraging factors that assist new businesses and develop entrepreneurial and innovative structures in economies. This research classifies countries and examines the clusters according to their governmental supportive programs, educational incentives, cultural and social norms on entrepreneurship and the rate of new entries into self-employment in the country. For the analyses, fuzzy clustering method is applied on the entrepreneurship key indicators data, obtained from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study. Although our analyses do not allow the identification of causal relationships, they provide useful comparisons among the countries and suggest incentive mechanisms for policy makers according to their clusters. Given the importance of entrepreneurship and new business ventures, the findings of this study form an important base for further empirical studies, in addition to its practical value on public, educational and social point of views in entrepreneurship.
In this book, I look at entrepreneurship from the macroeconomic, country-wide perspective. The key question is the one relating to the role that entrepreneurship plays in the process of socioeconomic development. The late 20th and the early 21st centuries brought a significant shift in the predominant paradigm regarding the drivers of economic development. The dominance of large corporations was increasingly disputed and researchers and policymakers turned their attention towards the role of young and/or small firms in the economy. These trends were closely linked to a shift observed particularly in developed countries, which have already created a strong manufacturing base and modern service sectors, and have moved towards a knowledge- and innovation-based economy. Entrepreneurship has been a key driving force behind these radical changes.
We investigate the ability of small business borrowers to signal to investors their credit worthiness through the use of text descriptions in the peer-to-peer lending market. Specifically, we examine the relationship between the loan description written by a borrower and whether or not the project is funded by investors. Using textual analysis, we find that small business loan descriptions can be used to predict the likelihood that the loan will be funded. We also find that an index, created from a textual analysis of the words used in the loan description, can forecast the performance of the loan, specifically whether or not the loan defaults. This index has the strongest impact when we focus on borrowers with low FICO scores, suggesting that for these individuals the description can signal information that standard measures used for lending purposes cannot. Overall, it appears as though investors are making investment decisions based on proper and relevant signals given by the borrowers through the loan description. (JEL D47, D53, D82, D83, G14, G21)
Hätte man vor 30 Jahren einen Wirtschaftspolitiker danach gefragt, welche Unternehmen den größten volkswirtschaftlichen Beitrag zu Innovation und Beschäftigung leisten, so wäre die Antwort sicher ‚Große Unternehmen ’gewesen. W ürde man die gleiche Frage heute stellen, wäre die Antwort vermutlich nicht so eindeutig und ein Großteil der Befragten w ürde mit ‚Innovative Unternehmen’ oder ‚Unternehmensgr ündungen ’antworten. Tatsächlich beobachtet man seit den 1990er Jahren eine Verschiebung der Wirtschaftspolitik und die Entstehung der Entrepreneurship-Politik (Audretsch und Beckmann 2007). Dazu gehören Fördermaßnahmen, die den Entrepreneurship-Prozess, d.h. Aktivitäten von der Entdeckung neuer Geschäftsideen bis zur Kommerzialisierung, unterst ützen. Ziel der Entrepreneurship-Politik ist es, Entrepreneurship-Aktivitäten in einer Volkswirtschaft oder einer Region zu erhöhen. Dieses wirtschaftspolitische Ziel, das seit den 1990er Jahren die Wirtschaftspolitik zahlreicher Länder bestimmt, unterscheidet sich grundlegend von vormals dominanten wirtschaftspolitischen Konzepten der Wettbewerbs- oder Mittelstandspolitik, die Einfluss auf die bestehenden Unternehmen in der Volkswirtschaft nahmen. Das folgende Kapitel stellt den Wandel der unternehmensbezogenen Wirtschaftspolitik, zu der auch die Entrepreneurship-Politik gehört, dar. Die Bandbreite entrepreneurshipfördernder Politikstrategien und deren Zielrichtung variiert erheblich zwischen Ländern und Regionen.
Higher education institutions worldwide are increasingly investing in ‘internationalisation’, although its meanings and measures differ significantly between contexts, countries, and institutions. This article analyses the implementation of internationalisation in three second-tier higher education institutions specialising in teacher training programmes in Israel under an EU-funded TEMPUS (Trans-European Mobility Programme for University Studies) project. We show how internationalisation is implemented at these institutions, where diverse motivations, power relations, and ideas intervene. We discuss the main themes that emerged through semi-structured interviews with the colleges’ leadership, supporting our findings with a content analysis of the colleges’ strategic plans. Our study provides new insights, revealing how the EU internationalisation agenda is interpreted locally in such settings, thereby highlighting the importance of the particular context in this process.
In this chapter, we discuss the institutions that the previous literature identifies as the most relevant for nurturing the activities of entrepreneurs and other actors in the ecosystem’s skill structure. Overall, we discuss nine areas: (i) the rule of law and the protection of property rights; (ii) the tax system; (iii) regulations governing savings, capital and finance; (iv) the organization of labor markets and social insurance systems; (v) regulations governing goods and service markets; (vi) regulations governing bankruptcy and insolvency; (vii) R&D, commercialization and knowledge spillovers; (viii) human capital investments; and (ix) informal institutions. Although our starting point is that some institutions or institutional forms are simply the most propitious for entrepreneurship and economic growth, we complement this first-best perspective with insights offered by the perspectives discussed in Chap. 2, and clarify the extent to which policies and institutions interact with and reinforce one another.
Social entrepreneurship is studied from a semantic, typological and historical approach. From its origins in the concept entreprendre (undertaking) to the contributions of renowed authors nowadays. This evolution of the concept is approached, to some extent, from six languages (latin, english, portuguese, italian, spanish and german). From a purely philological approach and from disciplines such as economics, sociology and business. The typological study cites, analyzes and compares some classifications of both social entrepreneur and social enterprise. In the historical study, a review is made of the evolution of social entrepreneurship from its antecedents in other practices such as charity to the current social enterprises.
Social entrepreneurship has captured the increasing interest and imagination of scholars, practitioners, governments, and the general public since the early 1990s. It has extended the concept of entrepreneurship by including (and in some cases, emphasizing) the ‘social dimension’ of entrepreneurial ventures. This book defines social entrepreneurship as an entrepreneurial process initiated by social entrepreneurs with social goals/missions in pursuit of social value creation; social entrepreneurship outcomes are social enterprises, including social businesses using commercial means and non-profit organizations. This volume is truly international, with contributions from nine different countries by twenty-two different researchers. One aim has been to present papers from different contexts on the economy, politics, and cultural issues, and in national and regional contexts, combining the needs of commercial, social, and human development. For social entrepreneurship, such contexts might comprise sparsely populated areas or urban areas, social entrepreneurship education, social entrepreneurship for healthcare, social entrepreneurship finance, and so on. In all this, we seek to conceptualize the notion of social entrepreneurship, both social and societal. Therefore, this volume develops social entrepreneurship research and takes it in practical directions, synthesizing the numerous streams of social entrepreneurship research and theory for the benefit of educators, libraries, scholars, non-profit researchers, public policymakers, practitioners, students, and any organization or individual interested in staying abreast of advances in this area. It is also an important reference book for faculty and students interested in conducting research or teaching social entrepreneurship.
This article explores some current issues concerning entrepreneurship policy. It begins by examining the case for and against entrepreneurship policy followed by an analysis of the following issues: (1) the importance of context, which refers to the circumstances in which the policy was introduced and possibly maintained or modified; (2) the need for both researchers and practitioners to pay more explicit attention to the policy process which includes policy formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation; (3) the call for evidence-based policy in which it is suggested that what constitutes evidence is not always agreed between researchers, practitioners and policy-makers; (4) the need for a strengthened commitment to policy evaluation and (5) public procurement as an under-utilized type of policy intervention, yet one which is potentially very powerful.
This paper assesses the evolution of public policy affecting small business in the United States both in terms of content and process since the 1979 publication of David Birch’s Job generation process. It focuses on four major trends – a change in the prevailing policy agenda, the increasing use and importance of carve-outs, the failure to distinguish between small and entrepreneurial business for policy purposes, and the rise and subsequent ebb in small business’s political influence. The paper concludes that the small-business agenda and policy affecting it will continue to evolve with a divide in the priorities among small business and technology-oriented business as one major political party will tend to champion the former and the other will tend to champion the latter.
Exposure to prior entrepreneurial activities has been found by many studies to influence peoples mindset towards starting their own businesses. However, while much research on exposure to prior entrepreneurial activities have been carried out in terms of family businesses, limited research have focused on the use of entrepreneurial exposures through trade fairs and entrepreneurial events carried out by government agencies to aid the development of entrepreneurial culture. Using a descriptive study, 195 participants of entrepreneurship programmes offered by the government in Akwa Ibom, Nigeria were examined and findings reveal that to a large extent, exposing individuals to entrepreneurial activities using trade fairs and entrepreneurial events does aid in the development of entrepreneurial culture in Akwa Ibom, Nigeria. The findings contribute new knowledge to the entrepreneurship literature in terms of the use of trade fairs and entrepreneurship events to stimulate business startups.
The paper outlines the evolution of small business policy in Australia and New Zealand. Adopting an historical perspective, changes in policies and programs from the 1970s to the present for these two nations are discussed and compared. Starting with an overview of the nature of small business policy and its emergence internationally, the distinction between small business policy and entrepreneurship policy is considered. Details of the major policy developments for each country are presented by decade, linked to their national governments and the core policy fields. Both countries follow similar patterns of increasing policy sophistication and the transition from small business to entrepreneurship policy. Similarities are most likely due to their closer economic and social ties, and the tendency to look at international trends and adopt them. Australia has retained significant focus on small-to-medium enterprises, whereas New Zealand has moved towards entrepreneurial firms and the enabling environment for all businesses.
What is it that we are trying to explain? Nothing could be more important in research than clarity about the explanandum, the “dependent variable.” This chapter discusses explananda at different stages of the entrepreneurial process and at different levels of analysis. The spectrum stretches from an individual’s intention to engage in entrepreneurship to success at establishing a new venture in the market to the societal level impact of entrepreneurial endeavors. An important argument is that intermediate explananda like continuation (rather than termination) of the process or evidence of making progress in it should be regarded as theoretical constructs in their own right rather than as proxy operationalizations of success.
Entrepreneurship is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon. Despite extensive research having been conducted since the early 18th century, controversy and debate persist among researchers in relation to fundamental issues, such as the definition of an entrepreneur and the role of entrepreneurship in the economic and social development. Most vividly debated issues include the distinction between “true” entrepreneurs and small business owners, stage of company development and entrepreneurship, overlapping between entrepreneurship, innovation and management, whether one can be entrepreneurial outside the business sector and to what extent entrepreneurial success depends on the personal traits or relevant know-how and skills can be learned. The concept of ambitious entrepreneurship deserves particular attention of policymakers in emerging economies.
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
• explain the channels through which government supports small businesses
• explain the rationale for public sector interventions
• discuss the role of the public sector in MSME development
• identify government- and donor-supported funding schemes
Entrepreneurial ecosystems provide a rich context for analyzing entrepreneurial outcomes such as new venture
growth. In most entrepreneurship research, influence of context or environment is undermined or controlled.
Also, most studies consider either macro- or micro-level factors using single-level analysis, which mute
the higher-level influences on new firm growth. To overcome these gaps, we empirically consider macro- and
micro-level factors together, and their cross-level interactions to portray the nexus of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial
ecosystem in growth of new independent ventures in the various US metros. Our findings provide
interesting insights on the moderating effects of prior experiences of founders on ecosystem attributes and
firm growth.
Many scholars have dedicated their studies to understanding the kind of assistance given to small business. Likewise, numerous studies have concentrated on how government in particular, through a small business policy, can be instrumental in providing business support. This article evaluates South Africa?s small business policy by concentrating on its objectives, outputs and outcomes. Studies evaluating small business policy according to its objectives, outputs and outcomes, have been limited. Such policy evaluation goes beyond merely reporting to understanding why certain phenomena take place. As an emerging economy, South Africa is in dire need of well-developed policies. This article proposes that understanding the link between small business policy and the age and location of a business may help government to refine policy formulation and design. Using a survey method and cross-sectional research design, the sample size of 340 respondents consisted of start-up and established business owners. This study found that not the age of the business, but only its location (the metropolitan municipality where the business is located) has a statistically significant effect on the objectives, outputs and outcomes of the small business policy. These findings should assist both national and international policymakers to identify specific context-bound interventions relevant to the location of businesses with a view to improving them.
Research paper investigates various societal attributes including; male employees' performances, living standards, level of poverty, and employment opportunities in relation with feminine leadership and style of management in urban regions of Pakistan's SMEs and Cottage Industries. 'Socio-Anthropological Paradigm' undertaken for exploring research variables. Epistemology under Post-positivism philosophy is used. Moreover, considering mixed method, 4 points Likert scale survey questionnaire and open ended interviews are used as research instruments for data collection. The survey sample size contains 37 female entrepreneurs and interviews with 30 male employees working under feminine leadership and style of management through quota, stratified, and convenience sampling in Pakistan's five urban regions. The results confirmed positive relationship between feminine leadership and management style and various societal attributes. Furthermore, male varying performances are due to situational commitment. Moreover, in male dominated society, cultural barriers and lack of governmental support is limiting the female entrepreneurship to urban regions.
Vor dem Hintergrund der Wichtigkeit von unternehmerischem Verhalten
im Allgemeinen und der wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung von Unternehmensgründungen
beschäftigt sich der Beitrag mit den Elementen eines
„fruchtbaren Nährbodens“ für unternehmerisches Verhalten. Diese Elemente
(Gründerperson und -persönlichkeit, Ressourcen, Umweltbedingungen
und Gründungsprozess) werden aus der „Nascent Entrepreneurship“-
Forschung abgeleitet und in komprimierter Form aufgearbeitet.
Darauf aufbauend werden Ansatzpunkte für Maßnahmen zur Unterstützung
von unternehmerischen Einstellungen und unternehmerischem
Verhalten entwickelt. Aufgrund der Kontextabhängigkeit von
Gründungsprozessen besteht die besondere Herausforderung darin,
personen- und situationsadäquate Maßnahmenbündel zu generieren.
Encouraged by research on the importance of entrepreneurship for innovation and sustained economic growth, governments aim to implement policies and programs that support entrepreneurs. The incubator model evolved into the accelerator model over the years, which is increasingly used as part of a broad-based approach to enable entrepreneurial eco-systems. This study focuses on a specific accelerator program initiated by the EU called Speed Up! Europe (SUE). Our preliminary research has shown that the involvement of multiple stakeholders in a public-private partnership (PPP) can result in a program that contains several rules and procedures that are perceived as obstructive to the entrepreneurial progress by participants. If so, this could leave participants to be dissatisfied with their experience. Through survey research we set out to find out whether this holds true in the case of SUE. Findings indicate that the SUE-program indeed contains various rules and procedures that are perceived as obstructive by participants. Through statistical analysis, a strong correlation between perceived bureaucracy and satisfaction with the accelerator program was proved to be significant. The high level of perceived bureaucracy in the SUE program contributes to the very low level of satisfaction with the program. Qualitative responses on the survey confirm these outcomes. The results of this study could have implications for policymakers aiming to stimulate and enable entrepreneurial eco-systems in the future.
From the early 1970s, the Governments of Finland, Norway, and Sweden have shown considerable concern for the plight of rural consumers consequent on the closure of small stores in sparsely populated areas. In each country, special commissions were established to consider the consequences of retail concentration and legislation has been introduced to provide aid to small retail business in rural areas. The paper examines the background to this legislation and compares and contrasts the measures adopted in each of the three countries. While the policies attempt to improve the viability of rural small stores, it is argued that the measures are essentially a special type of consumer policy and that not only is there a need for more research into the effectiveness of the policies, but that perhaps the measures ought to be extended somewhat, particularly to protect the interests of consumers in urban areas.