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Physical prompts to anthropomorphism of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris)
... This underpins the emerging interest in the dog-human dyad and the attributes that characterise successful bonds between members of the two species . Exploring which characteristics of canine morphology may lead to handlers ascribing anthropomorphic traits, such as guilt, is an interesting development in this area (Hecht and Horowitz, 2013). The anthrozoology of interactions between humans and horses has been effectively categorised to provide a template of how to interact with horses safely and has been shown to deliver excellent results under the banner of equitation science (Goodwin et al., 2009;Hawson et al., 2010;McLean and McGreevy, 2010). ...
This chapter begins with the evolutionary history of dogs. A debate rages about how long ago, and where, a distinct species of dog appeared, given conflicting evidence from archeological sites and genetic analyses. When interacting with dogs, people need to be aware of dog visual, acoustic, and olfactory communication. Olfaction plays an important role in intra- and inter-specific social encounters. The chapter discusses the various patterns of dog communication that are particularly relevant for shelter and foster-care settings. It also presents some of the factors that can affect dog in-shelter behavior. Dogs tend to be on leash (or in kennels) when seeing other dogs, and interaction might be thwarted due to shelter regulations. Because of the importance of inter- and intra-specific interactions and exposure to stimuli and social experiences, shelters with puppies under their care should prioritize early-life socialization or find appropriate housing outside the shelter.
As a companion to humans, the domestic dog is naturally interpreted from a human-centered (anthropocentric) perspective. Indeed, dog behavior and actions are often explained by using anthropomorphisms: attributions to the dog that would hold if the actor were human. While sometimes useful, anthropomorphisms also have the potential to be misleading or incorrect. In this chapter we describe work to replace an anthropocentric perspective with a more dog-centered research program. First we detail research systematically testing anthropomorphisms of emotional complexity-the appearance of guilt and jealousy-that are made of dogs, by testing the context of appearance of the guilty look and by testing advantageous and disadvantageous inequity aversion. Relatedly, we describe research looking at the contribution of specific dog physical attributes to human preference and anthropomorphizing. Finally, we identify anthropocentric and canid-centric elements of our own and others' research, and suggest ways that research can be more sensitive to the dog's umwelt. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. All rights are reserved.
Hired 253 male undergraduates to perform clerical work for 7 consecutive 1/2-days. Feelings of inequity were experimentally induced by making ss feel overpaid, underpaid, or equitably paid. The naturally occurring induction was produced by changing the pay system 1/2 way through the week's work. Results in general are supportive of equity theory deductions. There were trends for (a) underpaid ss to decrease productivity in both conditions, and (b) overpaid ss to parallel the equitably paid groups over time. Effects on overall job satisfaction show that ss under both overreward and underreward conditions were less satisfied than ss made to feel equitably paid. Effects on job satisfaction were particularly strong under high-incentive conditions (modified piece-rate payment) as opposed to low-incentive conditions (flat hourly pay). (21 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)